DOCSLIB.ORG

As the Peloponnesian War Drew to a Close Early in 404 BC, Athens' Enemies Blockaded Piraeus, the City's Main Port

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
As the Peloponnesian War Drew to a Close Early in 404 BC, Athens' Enemies Blockaded Piraeus, the City's Main Port WHAT ATHENIAN FORTIFICATIONS WERE DESTROYED IN 404 BC? DAVID H. CONWELL As the Peloponnesian War drew to a close early in 404 BC, Athens' enemies blockaded Piraeus, the city's main port. In March of that year, reduced to starvation, the Athenians formally capitulated. 1 Some· weeks later, Lysander sailed into Piraeus to supervise the destruction of parts of the Athenian fortification system in accordance with the peace terms dictated by the Spartans. 2 While it is clear from the numerous ancient accounts that Athenian fortification walls were demolished in 404, there is substantial disagreement among the ancient reports as to which walls exacdy were destroyed. Generally, modern opinion follows Thucydides and Xenophon, who report the demolition of the Long Wails and the circuit wall of Piraeus only. It is often forgotten, however, that many ancient sources, including Lysias, Andocides, Plutarch, and Pausanias, iden­ tify the walls in question differendy. Moreover, well-known modern scholars from Lenschau to Bengtson to Knigge, who hold that the Athenian city wall was destroyed in 404, reflect certain of the alter­ native accounts but remain unchallenged. The lack of uniformity in the ancient tradition and the continuing disagreement among mod­ ern scholars demand a thorough examination of the evidence. A full review of the ancient and modern evidence demonstrates that Thucydides and Xenophon provide our most accurate evidence. In 404, the Spartans razed the Long Walls and the enceinte of Piraeus, while they left Athens' city wall in place. 1 On dating the surrender in March, see Munro (1937) 32, 37; Gomme (1945-81) 4.12. 2 Plutarch (Lysander 15.1) dates Lysander's arrival specifically to the sixteenth of Mounychion. Normally assigned to late April in modern terms (e.g., Munro (1937) 32; Gomme (1945-81) 4.12; Green (1991) 2, 4), that date on the ancient calendar could actually have fallen up to a few weeks earlier (Krentz (1982) 32 n. 8; (1989) 188-9). 322 DAVID H. CONWELL Ancient Accounts Xenophon reports the terms of the peace that ended the Peloponnesian War:3 The Lacedaemonians . offered to make peace on these conditions: that the Athenians should destroy the long walls and the walls of Piraeus, surrender all their ships except twelve, allow their exiles to return, count the same people friends and enemies as the Lacedaemonians did, and follow the Lacedaemonians both by land and sea wherever they should lead the way. 4 Thucydides, in his 'second introduction', states that he wrote the his­ tory of the Peloponnesian War in chronological order, Up to the time when the Lacedaemonians and their allies put an end to the dominion of the Athenians and took the Long Walls and Peiraeus.5 Following these ancient statements, most modern scholars believe that the Long Walls and the circuit wall surrounding Piraeus were torn down by the Spartans in 404.6 3 For the peace terms, see Bengtson (1975) 153~5 no. 211; Green (1991) 5~6. For the stages in the conclusion of the peace, see Munro (1937) passim; Krentz (1982) 28~43. 4 Xen., Hellenica 2.2.20 (this translation by Brownson is published in the Loeb Classical Library, as are all translations provided in this paper). Accounts that agree with Xenophon include Lys. 13.14; Diod. Sic. 13.107.4, 14.85.2; Plut., Lysander 14.8. Contrary to the Loeb translation, Xenophon (as also Plutarch) actually refers only to 'destroying Piraeus'. Similarly oblique references to Piraeus' circuit wall appear in Thucydides (1.93.3, 5.26.1); the cited passages in Lysias and Diodorus prove clearly that Xenophon is referring to Piraeus' circuit. Additionally, while the Athenians had built three Long Walls during the mid-fifth century (two running from Athens and Piraeus, one from Athens to Phaleron), no reference to destruction of the Long Walls actually specifies which of these three structures were involved. Even so, since the Phaleric Wall was out of use by the end of the Peloponnesian War (Xen., Hellenica 2.2.3), the Spartans must have destroyed the two Athens-Piraeus Long Walls (see Conwell (1992) 103~10). 3 Thuc. 5.26.1 (trans. Smith). Note that the verb katelabon, here translated 'took', might better be rendered 'destroyed', while the fact that Piraeus was 'taken' means specifically that the city's circuit wall was demolished. Further references to the destruction of the Long Walls and Piraeus' fortification wall include: Xen., Hellenica 2.2.23, 3.11; Diod. Sic. 14.85.2; Plut., Lysander 15.5. Xenophon and Plutarch refer simply to 'the walls', but each passage almost directly follows one which identifies the walls specifically as the Long Walls and Piraeus' circuit (Xen., Hellenica 2.2.20 [quoted above]; Plut., Lysander 14.8). 6 Citing every instance of this widely held view would be pointless; for examples spanning different periods and types of scholarship, see Wachsmuth (1874) 574; Underhill (1900) 325;Judeich (1931) 81; Maier (1959) 21; Boersma (1970) 155 no. 9, .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Central Balkans Cradle of Aegean Culture
    ANTONIJE SHKOKLJEV SLAVE NIKOLOVSKI - KATIN PREHISTORY CENTRAL BALKANS CRADLE OF AEGEAN CULTURE Prehistory - Central Balkans Cradle of Aegean culture By Antonije Shkokljev Slave Nikolovski – Katin Translated from Macedonian to English and edited By Risto Stefov Prehistory - Central Balkans Cradle of Aegean culture Published by: Risto Stefov Publications [email protected] Toronto, Canada All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without written consent from the author, except for the inclusion of brief and documented quotations in a review. Copyright 2013 by Antonije Shkokljev, Slave Nikolovski – Katin & Risto Stefov e-book edition 2 Index Index........................................................................................................3 COMMON HISTORY AND FUTURE ..................................................5 I - GEOGRAPHICAL CONFIGURATION OF THE BALKANS.........8 II - ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES .........................................10 III - EPISTEMOLOGY OF THE PANNONIAN ONOMASTICS.......11 IV - DEVELOPMENT OF PALEOGRAPHY IN THE BALKANS....33 V – THRACE ........................................................................................37 VI – PREHISTORIC MACEDONIA....................................................41 VII - THESSALY - PREHISTORIC AEOLIA.....................................62 VIII – EPIRUS – PELASGIAN TESPROTIA......................................69
    [Show full text]
  • War and Peace in Ancient and Medieval History
    War and Peace in Ancient and Medieval History edited by Philip de Souza and John France CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521817035 © Cambridge University Press 2008 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2008 ISBN-13 978-0-511-38080-8 eBook (Adobe Reader) ISBN-13 978-0-521-81703-5 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Contents List of contributors page vii Acknowledgements ix Note on abbreviations xi 1 Introduction Philip de Souza and John France 1 2 Making and breaking treaties in the Greek world P. J. Rhodes 6 3 War, peace and diplomacy in Graeco-Persian relations from the sixth to the fourth century BC Eduard Rung 28 4 Treaties, allies and the Roman conquest of Italy J. W. Rich 51 5 Parta victoriis pax: Roman emperors as peacemakers Philip de Souza 76 6 Treaty-making in Late Antiquity A. D.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Were the Ancient Greeks? the Ancient Greeks
    Who were the Ancient Greeks? The Ancient Greeks • The Ancient Greeks were people who lived in Greece from around 3,500 BC. • They also lived in the north and east in lands that we now call Bulgaria and Turkey. • Some lived in small rocky islands in the Aegean Sea. This timeline shows some key events that happened in Ancient Greece. 508 BC Democracy in Athens begins. 450 BC 432 BC 146 BC ‘Democracy’ is Athens becomes a The Parthenon in Athens 404 BC Romans said to be one of very powerful city is finished being built. Sparta defeats conquer 455 AD the Ancient 2020 AD and controls an Athens. Greece. End of End of Roman Greeks’ greatest PRESENT DAY. empire! Greek empire. empire. ideas. 1896 AD 776 BC 490 BC 440’s BC 431 BC – 404 BC 0 AD Modern The first Olympic Greeks defeat Greek theatre War between Athens Jesus Christ was born Olympic games. Persian invades at thrives in Athens. and Sparta. games begin. the battle of Many of the most Marathon. famous Greek plays are written. BC- Before Christ AD- Anno Domini (After Christ) • By 500 BC the Greek world was large, rich and powerful. • It stretched from France to Turkey. • The Greeks were very talented people. • They had good laws and strong armies. How am I different from a soldier today? • The Greeks built beautiful temples and theatres. • They were great thinkers, artists and athletes. The ruins of a historical Greek temple. Greek life • Ancient Greece had a warm, • Most wealthy Greek dry climate, as Greece does households had slaves.
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline of Ancient Greek Coins and Events Historical Events and Eras Numismatic Events Archaic Period (Prior to 500 BC)
    Timeline of Ancient Greek Coins and Events Historical Events and Eras Numismatic Events Archaic Period (prior to 500 BC) 2200 BC Earliest palaces of the Minoan civilization on Crete 1400 BC Earliest Mycenaean palaces 12th C. BC Trojan War, depicted in Homer’s Iliad 1200-900 Destruction of Mycenean BC civilization; the Dark Ages 900-800 BC Population and agriculture begin to revive; iron used for tools and weapons 776 BC First Olympic Games c. 750 BC Greek city-states begin to form 750-550 BC Greek colonies form all Colonies become future sites of around the Mediterranean: diverse coinages, each with its Western Turkey, North own “tipos” or design-type Africa, Italy and Sicily Late 7th C. First coins struck in electrum, BC (Perhaps probably in Lydia (west coast of 650-625) Turkey), from Temple of Artemis at Ephesos: striations, lion’s head, cocks By Early 6th Diverse early electrum coinages C. BC established in Asia Minor, from Cyzicus (Sea of Marmara) in the north to Halicarnassus in the south 560-546 BC Reign of King Croesus of Croesus abandons electrum in Lydia (“rich as Croesus”) favor of bimetallic coinage of gold and silver, with head of lion confronting bull (siglos, double- siglos), with gold:silver ratio of 1:13 1/3. First silver staters (“Turtles”) 575-550 BC minted on island of Aegina, Europe’s first mint, replacing currency of obelos (iron spits) and drax (a handful of six obelos), from which the terms “obol” and “drachma” are derived. Silver coinages appear at Athens (Gorgons, amphora, wheels, etc.; the “Wappenmünzen,” literally, “heraldic coins”), Corinth (Pegasus), and other island and mainland city-states At Athens, evolution towards double-sided coins 546 BC Oracle of Delphi tells In Lydia, Persians continue Croesus: “If you make war minting coins with lion and bull on the Persians, you will for about 30 years after Croesus’ destroy a mighty empire.” defeat Croesus attacks the Persians and his empire Electrum continues in use in the falls.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissertation
    DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation „Studies in the Prosopography of the Four Hundred Oligarchy in Athens 411 B.C.” Verfasser Nikolaos Karkavelias angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktor der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) Wien, 2014 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 792 310 Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt: Alte Geschichte und Altertumskunde Betreuer: ao. Univ.-Prof. Doz. Mag. Dr. Herbert Heftner Contents Acknowledgements 3 Abstract 4 Introduction 5 Alexicles 25 Andron 42 Archeptolemus 57 Aristarchus 79 Aristocrates Skelliou 89 Cleitophon 124 Dieitrephes 147 Laispodias Andronymios 162 Melesias 178 Onomacles 181 Phrynichus Stratonidou Deiradiotes 188 Theramenes Hagnonos Steirieus 250 Thymochares 272 Appendix 1: Was Hippodamus of Miletos Archeptolemus father? 279 Appendix 2: The prytany and archon year of 412/11 295 Appendix 3: The chronology of Peisander’s mission to Athens re-visited: Thucydides 8.53-54 297 Appendix 4: εύθύς in Thucydides 316 Appendix 5: Beyond the Four Hundred 317 Afterthought: The social origin of the known members of the Four Hundred and their motives for joining the movement 319 Bibliography 324 Vita 354 2 Acknowledgements I am extremely grateful to Dr. Christos Zapheiropoulos for his warm support and encouragement back in 1997 to undertake the long project that this thesis has proven to be. During my studies at the University of Vienna I was fortunate enough to attend classes of professors Fritz Mitthof, Thomas Corsten, Bernhard Palme and Walter Pohl; they became my mentors and guides to the marvellous world of antiquity and I very much thank them for this unforgettable experience. I am deeply indebted to my supervisor Herbert Heftner for the enthusiastic welcoming and all the unconditional support and help which he so lavishly has offered to me all these years.
    [Show full text]
  • UCLA Historical Journal
    UCLA UCLA Historical Journal Title Reasons for the Coup of the Four Hundred Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3mc6m50g Journal UCLA Historical Journal, 6(0) ISSN 0276-864X Author Ellis, Walter Publication Date 1985 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California 5 NOTES AND DOCUMENTS Reasons for the Coup of the Four Hundred Walter Ellis Introduction The Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.) between Athens and Sparta came to a temporary halt during the period between 42 1 and 413. In 4 1 the Athenians, under the influence of Alcibiades, inaugurated an ambitious invasion of the island of Sicily that by 413 had turned into a disaster for the invaders. The Athenians lost thousands of men, most of their navy, and their two leading statesmen, the generals Nicias and Alcibiades. Nicias died in Sicily and Alcibiades defected to the Spartans. Also, in 413 the Spartans formally reopened the war by occupying on a permanent basis the fortress at Decelea which was on the Athenian frontier. Bereft of effective leadership and the greater part of its navy, Athens was on the verge of losing its empire as more and more of its subject allies began to rebel. The foundation upon which Athens' strength was built seemed to be on the verge of collapse. This crisis led directly to a coup in Athens in the year 411; the democracy was overthrown by a group of oligarchs known as the Four Hundred. The Four Hundred held power in Athens for about four months through mid-September before they were replaced by a more moderate oHgarchy known as the Five Thousand.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influx of Money Into Sparta at the End of the Fifth Century B.C.*
    THE INFLUX OF MONEY INTO SPARTA AT THE END OF THE FIFTH CENTURY B.C.* “Ἄρχῇν μὲν ούν διαφθορὰς καὶ τοῦ νοσεΐν ἔσχε τὰ πραγματα τῶν Αακεδαιμονΐων σχεδὸν ἀφ’ οὐ τὴν Άθηναίων καταλυσοιντες ῇγεμονίαν χρυσίου τε καὶ αρυρίου κατεπλησαν ἐαυτοός.”1 (“ThE statE of the LacedaeMoNiaNs bEgan to suffer disteMpEr and corruptioN soon after they had subVErted thE AthENiaN supremacy and fillEd themselves with gold and silVEr.”) This statEMENt of Plutarch, which opENs a coNcisE description of Sparta’s decline — based, Most probably, MaiNly on Phylarchus2 — suMs up thE commonly accepted ViEw of anciENt sources oN this subject. This ViEw ascribed thE beginning of Sparta’s decline to thE VEry days of her apogEE as a grEat power, aftEr hEr decisive victory oVer AthENs iN thE PeloponNEsian War. Ironically, it was that VEry factor which had helped hEr so Much iN gaining this Victory and iN obtaining thE hegEMony iN GrEEcE — foreign capital — that was also held chiEfly responsible for having ENgENdErEd thE roots of thE decline. This opinioN had already bEEN currENt in thE fourth cENtury B.C., that is, iN coNtEMporary or almost coNtEMporary sources, such as XENophoN, Plato, Isocrates aNd Ephorus. ThEir ViEws were to have a far-reaching influence iN later sources such as Phylarchus, Polybius, Posidonius, Diodorus, Plutarch, Pausanias aNd AEliaNus.3 * This papEr is based on aN introductory chaptEr of My doctoral dissertation. Internal Problems of Sparta from the End of the Fifth to Mid-Third Century B.C. and their Place in Contemporary Greek Consciousness. The work was carried out under the supervision of the late Professor AlexaNder Fuks, to whoM I aM deeply indebted.
    [Show full text]
  • The Failure of Athenian Democracy and the Reign of the Thirty Tyrants Lucas D
    Eastern Washington University EWU Digital Commons EWU Masters Thesis Collection Student Research and Creative Works 2013 Tyranny and terror: the failure of Athenian democracy and the reign of the Thirty Tyrants Lucas D. LeCaire Eastern Washington University Follow this and additional works at: http://dc.ewu.edu/theses Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation LeCaire, Lucas D., "Tyranny and terror: the failure of Athenian democracy and the reign of the Thirty Tyrants" (2013). EWU Masters Thesis Collection. 179. http://dc.ewu.edu/theses/179 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research and Creative Works at EWU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in EWU Masters Thesis Collection by an authorized administrator of EWU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TYRANNY AND TERROR: THE FAILURE OF ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY AND THE REIGN OF THE THIRTY TYRANTS A Thesis Presented to Eastern Washington University Cheney, WA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts By Lucas D. LeCaire Spring 2013 THESIS OF LUCAS D. LECAIRE APPROVED BY _________________________________________________ Date_____ Carol Thomas, GRADUATE STUDY COMMITTEE __________________________________________________ Date_____ Julia Smith, GRADUATE STUDY COMMITTEE MASTER’S THESIS In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Eastern Washington University, I agree that the JFK Library shall make copies freely available for inspection. I further agree that copying of this project in whole or in part is allowable only for scholarly purposes. It is understood, however, that any copying or publication of this thesis for commercial purposes, or for financial gain, shall not be allowed without my written permission.
    [Show full text]
  • World History Chapter 3 Study Guide 3-1 600-500 B.C
    Name:________________________________________ Date:____________________ Period:__________ World History Chapter 3 Study Guide 3-1 600-500 B.C. Political History 1. Which century corresponds with the years 600-500 B.C.? 2. What alliance of Greek city-states was created in the 6th century B.C. and was dominated by Sparta? 3. What name is given to the Greek city-state that was a center for the arts, learning, and philosophy, and was also the birthplace of many prominent philosophers, writers, and politicians from 508 to 322 B.C.? 4. Who was an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet who lived from 638 to 558 B.C., and is remembered for his efforts to legislate against political, economic, and moral decline in Athens? 5. Who was an ancient Athenian lawgiver, and was credited with reforming the constitution of ancient Athens and setting it on a democratic footing in 508 B.C., and is known as the “Father of Athenian Democracy”? 6. Who led the successful overthrow of the Roman monarchy in 510-509 B.C. and was the founder of a new political system in Rome, and was made one of the first consuls in 509 B.C.? 7. What form of government was established in Rome in 509 B.C. and lasted for over 450 years? 8. What empire existed from 575 to 146 B.C. and extended over much of the coast of Northwest Africa as well as encompassing substantial parts of coastal Iberia and the islands of the Western Mediterranean Sea? 9. Who reigned as the King of Persia from 559 to 530 B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • 3-4 500-400 B.C. Political History
    World History Chapter 3: 600-300 B.C. Section 4: 500-400 B.C. Political History By Dallin Hardy 5th Century B.C. 500-400 B.C. Athens Athens Acropolis Religious and civic center Agora Marketplace Persia Royal Road 5th century B.C. Ionian Greeks Asia Minor Sought independence Ionian Revolt 499-493 B.C. Against Persian rule Persian Wars Greco-Persian Wars 499-479 B.C. Greeks vs. Persians First Persian Invasion 492 B.C. Second Persian Invasion 490 B.C. Battle of Marathon 490 B.C. Marathon Run Version #1 Pheidippides Ran from Marathon to Athens 26.2 Miles Marathon Run Version #2 Pheidippides Ran from Marathon to Sparta to ask for help 140 Miles 2 Days Xerxes I 486-465 B.C. King of Persia Greek League Greek city-states Resist Persian invasion Themistocles Athenian general Building the Athenian Navy 483 B.C. Third Persian Invasion 480 B.C. Led by Xerxes Athens’ “Wooden Wall” 480 B.C. Battle of Thermopylae 480 B.C. 300 Spartans Led by King Leonidas Defended Thermopylae Burning of Athens 480 B.C. By the Persians Battle of Salamis 480 B.C. Results Athenian victory Trireme 5th & 4th centuries B.C. Dominated Naval warfare Pausanias Spartan general Battle of Plataea 479 B.C. Last major battle of Persian Wars Results of the Persian Wars Greek victory Saved Western Civilization Athens Golden Age of Athens 480 B.C. to 404 B.C. Delian League 478 B.C. Alliance of city-states Aegean Sea Led by Athens Delos Delian League’s Meeting-ground Treasury Ostracism of Themistocles 472 B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Recursionism and Reality: Representing and Understanding the World
    Recursionism and Reality: Representing and Understanding the World Subhash Kak Louisiana State University Baton Rouge 2005 © Subhash Kak, 2005, 2007 Recursionism and Reality Preface The following pages are a summary of my ideas on intuitive and scientific representations of reality. I hope they answer the question why common sense and science are able to make sense of the world. In my view, recursive representation is the basis of mental images not only of physical systems but also of behaviour. Subhash Kak Baton Rouge Subhash Kak 2 Recursionism and Reality 1 Many Worlds 1.0 Science has revealed the laws that govern the macroscopic and the microscopic worlds. But between the outer reality and the experiencing self lies the agency of the mind and between the domains of classical physics and quantum mechanics is metaphysics. This middle space involves the subject and, therefore, it can only be addressed by philosophy – where words stretch to provide insight that cannot be reduced to simple declarations. Although metaphysics deals with existence and reality, its formal study is limited to narratives on reality and existence, and their linguistic analysis. The study of knowledge and ethics are also mutually dependent and related to politics and aesthetics, which are choices in the field of force and power and the sense of art and life. But due to the limitations of language, these conceptions are shadows whose original form remains elusive. 1.1 Language is limited because it can only relate to relations between things, whereas reality concerns change, and things are continually transformed. Language expresses associations between things in a sequential manner, whereas their unfolding is simultaneous and parallel.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fall of Athens Sheets
    REFERENCE Map Reference: Pylos MATERIAL South-west Peloponnese, Greece Lagoon Headland Main Spartan Camp Athenian Fort Spartan Camp Disused Fort on Sphacteria Pylos Sphacteria Harbour Modern Pylos 1 kilometre The pages contained within this pdf file may be photocopied and distributed to students within schools/colleges that have purchased the video, The Fall of Athens. The material is intended to give students a geographical, biographical and chronological framework which compliments the narrative of the video. 1 © ASTARTE RESOURCES, 1995 1 TIMETABLEOFTHE TIMETABLEOFTHE PELOPONNESIANWAR PELOPONNESIANWAR Athens agrees to an alliance with the island state of Corcyra 433 425 Campaign at Pylos Athenian victory - capture of Spartan prisoners BC Athenian ships openly fight against Corinthian ships at the BC Battle of the Sybota Islands 424 Spartan general, Brasidas, captures the city of Amphipolis Athenian leader, Pericles, issues the Megarian Decree BC Athenian and Corinthian armies clash at Potidaea 422 Battle of Amphipolis - Spartan victory Both Cleon and Brasidas killed 432 Anger at Corinth rises BC BC Disquiet among members of The Peloponnesian League 421 Peace of Nicias agreed to by both Athens and Sparta forced to call meeting of The Peloponnesian League Sparta. End of first phase of Peloponnesian war Ultimatum of war given to the city of Athens BC Athenians refuse to back down The Peloponnesian League declares war on Athens 415 Sicilian Expedition launched from Athens BC First phase of the Peloponnesian war 431 (The Attic war) begins
    [Show full text]