The Fourth Century Crisis

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The Fourth Century Crisis The Struggle for Hegemony Stasis: 404-3 Lysander’s Settlement: Patrios Politeia The constitution of our ancestors Oligarchy – rule by aristocratic elite Patron Politeia The constitution of our fathers Literal interpretation: the democracy of the 450’s Theramenes Friend of Socrates Not a member of a hetaireia Leader of the Kaloi K’Agathoi from 413 Leader of the revolution of 411: Supported the recall of Alcibiades Turned against the Four Hundred Rejoined the Fleet in 410 Theramenes the tube sock Prosecuted Arginusae strategoi Supported the democrats in 404 Threatened with execution Elected one of the Thirty Opposed the Rule of the Thirty Executed in 403 The Thirty Tyrants Critias: Leader of the Thirty Ordered execution of Theramenes Asked Lysander to execute Alcibiades Proscriptions: Spartan garrison Over 1500 executed Wealthy flee Athens Civil War: 403 Sparta: No exiles given sanctuary Argos and Thebes refuse the order Thrasybulus: Fortifies Phyle Repels an attack by Critias Moves to Munychia Critias Removed the democrats to Peiraeus Defeated and killed in battle Munychia Cyrus the Pretender Darius II (423 – 405) Artaxerxes & Cyrus Cyrus: Satrap of Sardis under Darius (408) Assisted Lysander At war with Tissaphernes Hired Clearchus Pharnabazus: 404 BC Alcibiades: learned of Cyrus’ Plot Reported it to Pharnabazus Pharnabazus: Satrap of Phrygia Arrested and executed Alcibiades Reported the plot to Artaxerxes March of the Ten Thousand Cyrus the Pretender Gathered an army of 70,000 13,000 Greek mercenaries War on Pisidia and Cilicia Defeated at Cunaxa in 401 BC. Xenophon Took command of 10,000 Greeks Marched from Cunaxa to Trapezus March of the Ten Thousand Sparta and Persia: Tissaphernes: Chased mercenaries out of Asia Given Cyrus’ Satrapy Sparta: Based at Ephesus Thibron (400/399) Dercylidas (399/8) Truce with Tissaphernes Spartan Hegemony Harmosts installed in Aegean cities Democracies dissolved War with Persia: 398: Agesilaus succeeds Agis 396: Leads invasion of Asia 395/4: Tissaphernes defeated Tithraustes Replaced Tissaphernes Financed Boeotian League Conon Exiled after Aegospotami Fled to Cyprus Hired by Pharnabazus in 398 Recovers Aegean Islands 394: Defeats Spartan fleet off Cnidus 393: Begins to rebuild Long Walls The Boeotian War Thebes – Argos – Athens 395/4: Lysander killed at Haliartus Agesilaus recalled from Asia 393 - 91 Corinthian War Lechaeum 387: The King’s Peace Ten Thousand Persian Archers Second Athenian League 383: Sparta takes citadel of Thebes 379: Spartans forced out of Thebes 377 Second Athenian League 371 Battle of Leuctra Spartan phalanx beaten Theban Hegemony Pelopidas and Epaminondas Sacred Band The Peloponnese: 370/69 Arcadian League Messenia liberated Athens allies with Sparta Mantinea 362 BC: Sparta, Athens, Achaea, Ellis and Arcadia Epaminondas: Chose Mantinea Victorious, but killed in battle Nothing resolved New Geopolitics.

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