05AMTuesday.p65 TMS 2005Annual Meeting: including; silver,gold,platinum, copper, rhodium,PMA,graphiteep- can behashighas60%. A varietyofmaterialshavebeendeposited suspended inaliquidwithviscosity of1to1000cp.Particleloading types. Theprocesscandepositmost anynano-particlethatcanbe that usesnano-particlesinkstobuild micron-scaleelectronicproto- MasklessMeso-ScaleMaterial (M3D)isaDirectWritetechnology Joseph St., RapidCity, SD57701USA School ofMines& Technology, Electl.&ComputerEngrg., 501E.St. Lab., 501E.St. JosephSt., RapidCity, SD57701USA; W. Sears Components Micron ScaleDepositionforRapidPrototypingofElectronic 9:10 AM using simulatedporesproducedblindholes. both stainlesssteelandTi.Theprocessingapproachwasoptimized have usedlaser-generatedsurfacewavestointerrogateLPDparts in sensor incontactornear-contact withthework piece.Inthisstudy, we Laser ultrasonicsisidealforin-linemeasurementsbecausethere no surface displacementwhenthiswavearrivesatthepointofdetection. wave andacontinuous-wavelaserinterferometertodetectthesmall produced. Laserultrasonicsusesapulsedlasertogenerateanultrasonic this way, defectscanthenbecorrectedbeforemanydefectivepartsare rameters oralerttheoperatorofaproblemrequiringmaintenance.In The defectinformationcanbethenusedtocontrolcriticalweldpa- cess, wewishtodetectdefectsoneachlayerasitisbeingdeposited. product integrityinlaserpowderdeposition(LPD).IntheLPDpro- Laserultrasonicsshowsgreatpromiseforon-linemonitoringof nologies, 6059BristolPkwy., 1stFl.,CulverCity, CA 90230USA Lab., 501E.St. JosephSt., RapidCity, SD57701USA; Sears Laser Powder Deposition Development ofLaserUltasonicsforDefectDetectionDuring 8:50 AM used successfullyforrapidtooling. results andsuccessfulmanufacturepracticeprovedtheM4-Cocanbe tool steelpowder,M4-Co,wasinvestigated.Promisingexperimental density. Inthiswork,supersolidusliquidphasesinteringofprealloyed level aliquidphasemustpresentinthethermalprocesstoattainhigh gether, andtheremainderbeingporespace.Becauseofhighporosity powder, about10volumepercentbindertoholdmetalpowderto- made by3DPusuallyconsistoflessthan60volumepercentmetal technique usingmetalpowderasthebuildingmaterial.Greenperforms Threedimensionalprinting(3DP)isasolid-freeformfabrication ProMetal, 1IndustryBlvd.,POBox1000,Irwin,PA 15642USA Tooling Supersolidus LiquidPhaseSinteringof Tool Steel for Rapid 8:30 AM Corporation, ProMetal,Irwin,PA 15642USA Technology, RapidCity, SD57701USA;JianxinLiu,ExtrudeHone Session Chairs: February 15,2005 Tuesday AM ries, Department8724,Livermore,CA94551-0969USA 43210-1179 USA;John E.Smugeresky, SandiaNationalLaborato- Department ofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,Columbus,OH Corp, Warren, MIUSA;HamishL.Fraser, OhioState University, Lansing, MI48824-1226USA;JohnE.Carsley, GeneralMotors Department ofChemicalEngineeringandMaterialsScience,East Program Organizers: Control Committee Engineering Committee,MPMD/EPD-ProcessModeling Analysis & Committee, MPMD-SolidificationMPMD-Surface Powder MaterialsCommittee,MPMD-ShapingandForming Phase TransformationCommittee-(Jt. MPMD- ASM-MSCTS), MSCTS), MPMD-NanomechanicalMaterialsBehavior,MPMD- MPMD-Computational MaterialsScience&Engineering-(Jt. ASM- Sponsored by: Transportation Industries: RapidPrototyping Materials andManufacturing Technologies for 6th GlobalInnovations Symposium: Trends in 1 ; : 1 1 ; South DakotaSchoolofMines&Technology, Additive Mfg. Jianxin Liu 1 South DakotaSchoolofMines& Technolgy, Additive Mfg. : JohnPreheim Materials ProcessingandManufacturingDivision, James W. Sears,South 1 ; HowardKuhn Thomas R.Bieler, MichiganState University, Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 2005 : JasonNemeth 115 2 ; JacobColvin TechnicalProgram 1 ; Dakota SchoolofMines& 1 Extrude HoneCorporation, 1 ; MarvinKlien 1 ; KeithWhites 2 2 South Dakota Lasson Tech- 2 ; James W. 2 TUESDAY ; James H13 Tooling Microstructure andMechanicalPropertiesofSpray-Formed 10:25 AM 10:10 AM Break posed. parameters ontheseissuesareinvestigatedandthesolutionspro- are discussed.Theeffectsoftherheologicalbehaviorandextrusion cracking undertheweightoftoplayersanddimensionalaccuracy, overfilling, generationofporosity, resistanceofthegreenbodyto units, suchasslumping,overhangangles,bridgingcapability, material strated usingtheM2SEmethod.Issuesrelatedtofabricationofdental porcelains aloneanddentalplussilvermetalsaredemon- slurries afterdelivery. Dentalcrownsandsolidteethmadeofdental are controlledbythesolidsloading,pHvalue,anddryingspeedof logical andextrusionbehaviorofdentalporcelainsilverslurries artificial teethmadeofdentalporcelainsandsilvermetals.Therheo- material slurryextrusion(M2SE),hasbeendevelopedtofabricate A solidfreeformfabrication(SFF)basedtechnique,calledmulti- Burlington, NJ08016USA Jiwen Wang Multi-Material ExtrusionforFabricationof Artificial Teeth 9:50 AM processing zone. of thefabricatedcomponenthasbeenundertakentooptimize process parametersonthecharacteristicsandmechanicalproperties component wereevaluated.Finally, adetailedstudyoftheinfluence sis. Themechanicalandelectrochemicalpropertiesofthefabricated copy. X-raydiffraction studyandenergy dispersivespectroscopicanaly- nents werecharacterizedusingopticalandscanningelectronmicros- fabrication, thesurfaceandcrosssectionoffabricatedcompo- speed. Powderfeedratewasmaintainedconstantto20mg/s. After ronment. Themainprocessvariableswere,appliedpower,andscan a highpowercontinuouswaveDiodelaserusing Ar asshroudingenvi- been fabricatedbylaserassisteddirectmetaldepositiontechniquewith pre-determined shape.Inthepresentstudy, 316L stainlesssteelhas deposition ofthemoltenmetalinalayer-bylayerfashiontoinduce lasers tomeltmaterialsintheformofapowderorwireandcontrolled Laserassistedfabricationisatechniquethatutilizeshigh-power Mfg. & Aeros. Engrg., ManchesterM601QDUK 2 Metallurgl. &Matls.Engrg.,Kharagpur, W. Bengal721302India; Majumdar Prototyped 316LbyDirectLaserDeposition Structure-Property-Process ParametersCorrelation inRapid 9:30 AM have beencharacterizedandcomparedtosimulations. several electronicdevices(e.g.,capacitors,filters,resistors,inductors) oxy, kapton,andbariumtitanatetonameafew. The responseof Chen Fabrication ofPEMFuelCell BipolarPlatesbySLS 10:45 AM cessed viaspray-formedtooling. crostructures andmechanicalproperties ofH13alloysamplespro- mold/die distortionduringheattreatment. Thispaperreportsthemi- ing willsaveenergy, productioncostandtimeavoid ventional mold/diemakingtechniques.Therefore,spray-formedtool- tional austenitization/quench/temperheattreatmentisrequiredincon- subsequent aging(tempering)heattreatment.Incontrast,conven- result, diepropertiessuchashardnessandtoughnesscanbetailored via can producemetastablephasesinthedepositedtoolingmaterial. As a ing. Furthermore,rapidsolidificationassociatedwithspraydeposition grinding, andpolishingstepscanbeeliminatedinspray-formedtool- techniques formold/dieproduction,aseriesofdelicatemachining, tion toformthedesiredmoldordie.Comparedwithconventional where theyaccuratelycapturefeaturesofthepatternduringsolidifica- proach, atomizeddropletsaredirectedtowardsapre-designedpattern demonstrated tosuccessfullyfabricatemoldsanddies.Duringthis ap- Sprayformingisarecentlydevelopedtechnologythathasbeen Tech. Dept.,IdahoFalls,ID83415USA National EngineeringandEnvironmentalLaboratory, Industl.&Matl. Engrg. &Matls.Sci.,OneShields Ave., Davis,CA 95616USA; Yizhang Zhou N. EaglevilleRd.,U3136,Storrs,CT06269USA; Connecticut, Dept.ofMetall.&Matls.Engrg.,Inst.Sci.,97 University ofManchesterInstituteScienceand Technology, Mech., 1 ; DavidBourell 1 ; IndranilManna 1 ; : 1 ; EnriqueJ.Lavernia Leon L.Shaw Yaojun Lin 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM 1 ; 1 University of Texas, Lab.forFreeformFabri- 1 1 ; KevinM.McHugh ; LinLi 1 ; ThomasB.Cameron 1 ; 2 ; 1 University ofCalifornia,Cheml. 1 Indian Instituteof Technology, 2 ; Young-SooPark 2 Dentsply Ceramco, 2 : ; Jyotsna Dutta 1 University of : Ssuwei 2 Idaho 115 1 : ; TUESDAY AM : : Ohio 1 ; 1 Sergey F. Sergey : ; Richard W. ; Richard 2 Technical Program Technical Ford Motor Company, 1 ; Jianhui Shang 1 ; 2 Institute of Problems of Mechanical ; Mala Seth 2 1 ; Nickolas M. Bessonov St. Petersburg Polytechnical University, Petersburg St. 2 1 Room: 2009 Convention Center Location: Moscone West Thomas R. Bieler, Michigan State University, Michigan State Thomas R. Bieler, 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM M. R. Stoudt, National Institute of Standards and M. R. Stoudt, National ; Viacheslav S. Mamutov Viacheslav ; ; Manish Kamal 1 Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division, and Manufacturing Materials Processing 1 technology combines the advantages of conventional TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: TMS 2005 Annual Ford Motor Company, Mfg. & Processes Dept., 2101 Village Mfg. & Processes Dept., 2101 Ford Motor Company, 1 ; 3 Davies Rd., Dearborn, MI 48124 USA; 199178 Russia; Petersburg St. Engineering, 61 Bolshoy prospekt V.O., 6th Global Innovations Symposium: Trends in Trends Symposium: Innovations 6th Global for Technologies Manufacturing and Materials Sheet Metal Forming Industries: Transportation by: Sponsored ASM- Science & Engineering-(Jt. Materials MPMD-Computational MPMD- Materials Behavior, MSCTS), MPMD-Nanomechanical ASM-MSCTS), MPMD- Committee-(Jt. Phase Transformation and Forming Committee, MPMD-Shaping Powder Materials Committee, MPMD-Surface MPMD-Solidification Committee, Analysis & MPMD/EPD-Process Modeling Engineering Committee, Control Committee Organizers: Program Engineering and Materials Science, East Department of Chemical Motors General USA; John E. Carsley, Lansing, MI 48824-1226 University, Ohio State Hamish L. Fraser, MI USA; Warren, Corp, Science and Engineering, Columbus, OH Department of Materials Laborato- Sandia National E. Smugeresky, USA; John 43210-1179 Livermore, CA 94551-0969 USA ries, Department 8724, Tuesday AM February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: Matls. Performance Grp., Gaithersburg, MD 20899- Technology, Dept. of Matls. University, 8553 USA; Glenn S. Daehn, Ohio State Sci. & Engrg., Columbus, OH 43210 USA AM Invited 8:30 Impulse Sheet Metal Forming Using Mechanical for Strategies Glenn S. Daehn Advd. Engrg., Rd., Ford Rsch. & Village Mfg. & Processes, 2101 Dearborn, MI 48124 USA; 29 Politekhnitcheskaya st, St. Petersburg 195251 Russia In this presentation, results on sheet metal forming using pulsed electrohydraulic technology will be discussed. Pulsed electrohydraulic forming is an electrodynamic process, based upon high-voltage dis- charge of capacitors between two electrodes positioned in a fluid-filled This chamber. hydroforming and high-rate forming processes. Compared to tradi- tional forming in steel dies, electrohydraulic forming allows more uniform distribution of strains, makes wider the formability window, and reduces springback of parts. Parameters of electrohydraulic dis- charge and experimental results on formability of outer body skin panel material will be reported. 9:15 AM Aluminum Body Panels Forming of Pulsed Electromagnetic Golovashchenko F. Sergey State University, Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., 2041 College Rd., 2041 of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Dept. University, State Columbus, OH 43210 USA exclusively thought of, Presently sheet metal forming is almost “inertial forces are negli- performed and analyzed in a manner where are: 1) There are gible”. The main emphases of this presentation predictably and robustly impart dramatic methods that can reliably, metal forming, 2) High velocities and acceleration levels in sheet improve the stability of velocity and acceleration can dramatically Ac- to wrinkling, 3) metal flow improving formability and resistance on the surfaces of celeration due to impact can be used emboss textures 4) Elegant methods exist metals and strongly modify springback, and technologies with more for combining these high velocity forming in a strategic manner, traditional metal forming methods. When used problems in sheet impulsive metal forming can treat many persistent two focus areas. First, metal forming. This overview will also highlight coil configuration is the design and operation of an electromagnetic uniform electromagnetic that is very efficient, robust and gives a very useful for forming nomi- pre ssure distribution. This coil is especially Second, we will high- nally flat components with fine surface features. improved through impul- light how formability can be controlled and reason to consider sive means. Improved formability is a compelling high velocity forming in sheet metal working. 8:55 AM Automotive Panels Forming of Electrohydraulic Golovashchenko : ; C. V. ; C. 1 ; Yizhang 2 ) Process TM is achieved by Sandia National Sandia National 1 1 TM ; ; University of Cali- 2 2 2 J. E. Smugeresky Sandia National Laborato- 2 : ; Leonardo Ajdelsztajn ; Leonardo 2 ; M. L. Griffith 2 deposition, both a constant melt pool deposition, both a constant 116 TM ; Enrique J. Lavernia 2 ; Baolong Zheng ; M. F. Harris ; M. F. 1 2 ; D. D. Gill 2 ; Julie M. Schoenung 2 116 Robino Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94551 USA; John E. Smugeresky Zhou Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA ries, metal hardware using The repair and/or modification of expensive instead of complete re- LENS® (Laser Engineered Net Shaping™) in cost and delivery time fabrication has the potential for huge savings As such, the interface between LENS for transportation industries. must be metallur- deposited material and the underlying base material equal to/or better than gically sound and possess mechanical properties evaluation was conducted on thir- metallurgical A the base material. deposited material and teen different such interface configurations of spectrum of deposition the underlying base material, representing a substrate-LENS builds, conditions from complete part build, to hybrid bars, with the interface at the to repair/ modification builds. Tensile center of the gauge length were pulled to failure to determine mechani- Good mechani- cal properties and characterize the fracture behavior. cal properties and full density were observed for all configurations. When tested to failure, fracture occurred by ductile micro-void coales- cence. Based on microstructure charactereization, the repair and hy- brid interfaces showed the same metallurgical integrity and properties by Sandia is supported by the U. S. Work as monolithic LENS deposits. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. Laboratories, Dept. 8724, Livermore, CA USA; Laboratories, Dept. 8724, 95616 Davis, CA Ave., & Matls. Sci., 1 Shields fornia, Cheml. Engrg. USA of metallic parts with LENS Direct fabrication melt pool created by a high-powered laser beam feeding powders to the LENS on a substrate. During for height are of importance, in particular size and a constant deposit and dimension accuracy of the parts. microstructural homogeneity the same melt pool size, Using a melt pool sensor (MPS) to maintain same deposit height are and a Z-height control system to retain the uniform features. The seen as positive measures to insure the most of process param- objective of this work is to establish the correlation microstructure and eters to the geometrical features of the deposit with and without MPS dimensional accuracy of the deposited parts, characteristics and and Z-height control system. The microstructure as a function of type of micro-hardness of the laser deposited parts, by the by Sandia is supported Work control environment, are reported. DE-AC04-94AL85000. U. S. Department of Energy under contract Science Foundation at UC Davis is supported by the National Work under grant number DMI-0423695. AM 11:25 LENS® Deposited and Characterization of Interfaces Between Steel Stainless 304L Wrought Cast or cation, TX Matls. Inst., 1 Univ. Sta., MC C2200, Austin, TX 78712- TX Austin, MC C2200, Sta., Inst., 1 Univ. TX Matls. cation, USA 0292 Polymer Exchange of commercialization barriers to of the One bipolar of the fabrication is economic fuel cells (PEM) Membrane machined bipolar plates with of pure graphite plate. Manufacturing The advantage of apply- and costly. is both time consuming flow fields is that for bipolar plate fabrication Laser Sintering (SLS) ing Selective on the cen- simultaneously formed channel can be integrated cooling back-to- by gluing two half plates of the plate rather than tral surfaces as electri- Requirements such in many other techniques. back as is used re- bipolar plates are etc. for gas impermeability, cal conductivity, material selection and fabrication process. ported as affected by AM 11:05 Melt Pool Sensor and Z-Height Control Application of In-Situ Net Shaping (LENS System to Laser Engineered

TUESDAY AM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 TMS 2005Annual Meeting: Energy Technology, Dept.ofProcess &FluidFlow Tech., POBox40, Hallvard G. Fjaer opment ofLocalHeatingProcesses for Automotive Structures Microstructure BasedModellingof Al-Mg-Si Alloys inDevel- 10:50 AM should producearobustgenericmodelofrougheningbehavior. be discussedwithemphasisondevelopmentofabetterapproachthat col characterizingtherougheningofa6xxxseriesaluminumsheetwill ther degradetheprecision.Theresultsofarigorousstatisticalproto- tions ofthesurfacefeatureswithinroughnessdatathatmayfur- assessments frequentlycontaintacitassumptionsaboutthedistribu- spect tothelengthscaleofrelevantfeatures.Furthermore,these plex surfaceinformationintoquantitiesthataretoocoarsewith re- roughness dataarederivedfromassessmentsthatcompressthecom- required forbetterpredictiveaccuracy. Mostoftheavailablesurface between deformationandtheensuingroughnessatfreesurface is indicate thatabetterunderstandingofthefundamentalrelationships methods andwhatismeasuredonrealsurfaces.Thesediscrepancies significant discrepanciesexistbetweenwhatispredictedbynumeric forming arecentraltotheautomotivedesignprocess;yetpresently, Numericpredictionsofmechanicalbehaviorandfrictionduring 8553 USA formance Grp.,100BureauDr., Stop 8553,Gaithersburg, MD20899- J. Liu erated inan Aluminum Alloy Sheet Evaluation ofDeformation-InducedSurfaceMorphologiesGen- 10:30 AM 10:15 AM Break steel, a5182aluminiumalloyandan AZ31 magnesiumalloy. determined. All investigationswerecarriedoutforadeepdrawing properties andthegrainstructureofformelementsgeneratedwere which weregeneratedusingthebulge-test.Moreover,mechanical the material’s formabilityisshownbyforminglimitcurves(FLC) in theplasticdeformationdistribution. A significantimprovementof fied usingaspecialbeamformingoptics.Thisleadstoimprovements pressure, temperaturedistributionisveryimportantandcanbemodi- are 20-50timeshigher. Besidestheformingtemperatureandwork low pressuresof2MPa,whereascoldformingrequireswhich local heating,smallformelementslikecreasescanbeformedatvery presses. Byreducingtheyieldstrengthandstrainhardeningusing cesses shouldreducetheworkpressuresnecessaryforhydroforming Localisedlaserheatingusedduringsheetmetalhydroformingpro- Hannover Germany ser ZentrumHannover,Matls.&Processes,Hollerithallee8,30419 droforming Material CharacterisationforLaser-AssistedSheetMetalHy- 9:55 AM tive aluminumcomponents. ceptual studiesareshownforLTM infabricationofvariousautomo- bilities forthroughprocesssimulation.Practicalexamplesandcon- tions inthisfieldhavespurrednewproductdesignsandexitingpossi- members, innewformingtechniquesandassemblymethods.Innova- manipulation isrecentlyappliedindifferentarease.g.crashabsorbing num alloysataccuratepositions.Thebasicprincipleoflocalthermal pulses itispossibletomanipulatethemechanicalpropertiesofalumi- aluminum forthetransportationsector. Byintensifiedheatinginshort mension indesignandfabricationofcomponentsstructures Thepresentpaperdescribesaconceptthatintroducesnewdi- Auto. Struct.,Fabrikkvei1,PB15,RaufossN-2831Norway lation of Aluminum Product andProcessDevelopmentwithLocalThermalManipu- 9:35 AM will bealsodiscussed. ogy oftestingdurabilitycoilsforpulsedelectromagneticforming merical simulationandexperimentaldatawillbepresented.Methodol- propriate stampingratewithoutoverheatingthecoil.Resultsofnu- for simulationofheattransfer,whichisimportanttodefinetheap- theory ofelastic-plasticflow. Energy conservationlawisemployed is modeledusingsolidmechanicsequationofmotionandmodified formed inLagrangianform.Dynamicsofelastic-plasticdeformation magnetic fieldisdefinedbyquasi-stationaryMaxwellequationstrans- to dothework.Intheoreticalanalysis,propagationofelectro- magnetic fieldinthecoilthatappliespressuretometalwork-piece of capacitorsthroughacoil.Thispulsegeneratesanintensetransient Pulsedelectromagneticformingisbasedonhigh-voltagedischarge Blvd. K2-03,Richland, WA 99352USA 3 Pacific NorthwesternNationalLaboratory, Energy Matls.,902Batelle 1 ; 1 National InstituteofStandards and Technology, Matls.Per- : HeinzHaferkamp 1 ; Børge I.Bjørneklett : Børge IverBjørneklett 117 1 ; JensBunte TechnicalProgram : M. R.Stoudt 2 ; OleR.Myhr 1 ; Lars Engelbrecht 1 ; 1 Hydro Aluminium, 1 ; J.B.Hubbard 2 ; 1 Institute for 1 ; 1 La- 1 ; : Steels The PotentialofBakeHardeninginHotRolledMultiphase 11:10 AM initial bucklingperformanceofacrashbox. duced triggersandfinallytosimulatetheeffectoftheseon plied insimulationsofinductionheatingforcreatingthermallyin- microstructure onflowstressandworkhardening.Themodelisap- where constitutiveequationsincorporatetheeffectofevolving an integratednumericalmodelforpresipitateshasbeendeveloped, trial implementationofsuchlocalheatingprocesses. A FE-modelwith use ofanappropriatemodellingtoolisessentialforasuccessfulindus- ately imposinglocalsoftzones(i.e.thermallyinducedtriggers).The controlling thebucklingbehaviourduringacrashsituationbydeliber- One particularlypromisingapplicationoflocalmaterialdesignisin of theyieldstrengthandultimatestrain(i.e.localmaterialdesign). reduction oftheflowstressinformingoperations,andmanipulation applied formanypurposes,e.g.correctionofgeometricalshapes, tive partsofagehardeningaluminiumalloys.Localheatingcanbe Thisworkaddressestheexploitationoflocalheatingonautomo- Product &ProcessDvlp.,POBox15,NO-2831RaufossNorway Kyung SooPark Study ontheColdFormabilityofDrawn Dual-PhaseSteels 11:50 AM Strip ProcessingPlant. rolling conditionsusedtomanufacturethesesteelsinaContinuous grain boundaries.Theresultsobtainedarediscussedintermsofthe hot formation andstrain-inducedofferritefilmsataustenite tility minimumwasattributedtoasynergisticeffectofmicrovoid characterize thechemistryandstructureoftheseinclusions.Theduc- ray microanalysisandelectronbackscatteringdiffractionwereusedto ferrite orausteniteand(Al,Si)-richinclusions.EnergydispersiveX- ation, growthandcoalescenceofmicrovoidsatinterfacesbetween below andabovetheductilityminimum,fracturetakesplacebynucle- near thefracturesurfaceoftestsamplesshowedthatattemperatures terization bySEMoffracturesurfacesanddeformedmicrostructures of areaatfractureexhibitsaminimum1000°C.Extensivecharac- was foundthatthetemperaturedependenceofpercentreduction thermal tensiletestsfrom850to1150°Catastrainrate5x10-4s-1.It plates alloyedwith0.2%wt Al and0.5%wtSiwasinvestigatedbyiso- Theeffectoftemperatureontheductilityhotrolled,lowCsteel Nuevo León66452Mexico Sanchez Fracture Behavior ofLowC, Al-Si Steels The RoleofNon-MetallicInclusionsontheHigh Temperature 11:30 AM Design ofExperimentsDoE. strip. Themechanical-technologicalpropertiesareanalyzedusingthe struction unitmadeofmultiphasesteelsmanufacturedashotrolled Bake-Hardening-Effect onmechanicalpropertiesofaformedcon- main aspectoftheinvestigationistodetermineinfluence ing-Effect concerninglightweightoptimisedbodystructures?The and whenisthemaximumreached?-PotentialofBake-Harden- strength asafunctionoftemperatureandholdingtimetomaximum given bythekindofprestrain(oneand/orbiaxial)?-Riseyield increase ofyieldandtensilestrengthatagivenprestrain?-Influence ment. Fundamentalquestionshavetobeanswered:-Maximumforthe pillar) alocallydifferentstrengthbehaviourresultsafterthermaltreat- degree ofprestrain.Usingacomplexshapedconstructionunit(e.g.B- Martensite steel,showaclearBake-Hardening-Effectrisingwiththe Hotrolledmultiphasesteelqualities,e.g.ComplexPhaseor 38678 Germany Collaborative Rsch.Ctr. 362,Robert-Koch-Str. 42,Clausthal-Zellerfeld NO-2027 KjellerNorway; treatment; intercriticalquenching (IcQ), intermediatequenching(ImQ) gated withthevariationofmicrostructure throughdifferentheat- in thisstudy, thecoldformabilityofdual-phasesteelswereinvesti- non-heat treatedsteelsduetoitshigh hardeningcapability. Therefore, phase steelreceivesagreatinterest nowadaysasacandidateforthe involved duringtheprocessing,reducing theproductioncosts.Dual- since thespheroidizationandquenching-temperingtreatmentare not Non-heattreatedsteelsareattractiveinthesteel-wireindustry Nam-gu, Pohang,Gyeongbuk790-600S.Korea Korea; Engrg., San31,Hyoja-dong,Nam-gu,Pohang,Gyeongbuk790-784 S. 1 2 Saltillo-Monterrey km13,Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila25900Mexico; de InvestigacionyEstudios Avanzados delIPN,Metalurgia, Carretera Pohang UniversityofScienceandTechnology, Dept. ofMatls.Sci.& HYLSA-DAP, Ave.Los Angeles : Heinz Palkowski 2 1 Pohang Steel Company, Techl. Rsch.Labs.,Koedong-dong, ; Armando Salinas-Rodriguez ; Armando 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM 1 ; SeongIlHong 1 ; Thorsten Anke 2 Hydro Aluminium Stru Hydro Aluminium 325 Ote,SanNicolasdelosGarza, 1 ; DukLakLee 1 ; LuisLeduc-Lezama 1 ; 1 Institut forMetallurgie, : Edgar OmarGarcia- 2 ctures Raufoss AS, ; ChongSooLee 2 ; 1 Centro 117 1 : ; TUESDAY AM ; : 1 ; J. 3 Guo He : Northwestern 1 ; 1 ; J. B. Hannon 3 Technical Program Technical ; F. Ross ; F. 2 IBM Watson Research Cen- Research IBM Watson 3 P. W. Voorhees W. P. ; 3 ; S. H. Davis Northwestern University, Engrg. Sci. & Northwestern University, 2 2 National Institute for Materials Science, Light ; M. C. Reuter 1 3 ; University of California, Dept. of Chmst., Berkeley, of California, Dept. of University 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM 1 1 ; A. Golovin 2 TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: TMS 2005 Annual ; 1 ; C. T. Black T. ; C. 3 : T. Savin : T. Masuo Hagiwara Tersoff 60208 USA; Appl. Math, Evanston, IL USA NY Heights, Yorktown ter, (VLS) process that is used to examine the vapor-liquid-solid We microscopy images of growth nanowires. Motivated by insitu electron examined the effects of the later stages of Si nanowire growth, we have composition of the liquid capillarity on the growth rate of a wire, the into the surrounding droplet, and the evaporation rate of the liquid the time rate of change atmosphere. Using this information we examine and the growth rate of of the volume of a liquid droplet during growth The planarity of the solid- the wire as a function of wire diameter. that the composition liquid interface is extremely important to insure examine the morphological stabil- We of the resulting solid is uniform. find We VLS growth. ity of the growing solid-liquid interface during that the diameter of most wires are less than the critical wavelength implying that the solid- for the onset of morphological instability, liquid interface can remain planar without the presence of faceting. AM 11:00 Arrays Embedded in Con- Nanorod In Situ Formed Beta-Ti(Ta) tinuous Matrix in a Multicomponent Metallic System Ibaraki 305-0047 Japan Tsukuba, Matl. Grp., 1-2-1 Sengen, When the size of a solid is reduced into nanoscale in one, two or three dimensions, its properties usually deviate from those of “large” crystals and/or glasses with the same average chemical composition. The novel properties of nanometer scale structure have shown their advantages in many applications, such as nanoelectronics, probe mi- and other photonic crystals, molecular sieves, semiconductors croscopy, functional nanostructured materials. So far, many different physical or chemical methods have been successfully used to synthesize or fabricate one-dimensional nanometer scale structure, e.g., nanowires, nanotubes, and nanorods. For example, using sputter deposition to from tungsten nanorods, using arc-discharge to synthesize GaN nanorods, using chemical vapor deposition to synthesize SiC nanorods, etc. The successful synthesis and/or fabrication of one-dimensional ZnO, GaN, SiC, Ta, nanometer scale structures mainly include C, Si, SiN, etc. In this presentation, we describe an in situ formed beta- nanorod arrays embedded in continuous matrix in a multicom- Ti(Ta) ponent metallic system. CA 94720 USA interest. They and technological are of both fundamental Nanowires elec- in the potential nanoscale critical components represent the will introduce In this talk, we device applications. tronic and photonic crystal growth mechanism for the general syn- the vapor-liquid-solid different compositions, sizes, orientation and thesis of nanowires of different synthesis and organization of doping profile. Particularly, nanowires will be discussed. Wide band gap types of heterostructured with near-cylindrical geometry and large semiconductor nanostructures two-dimensional ultraviolet and visible dielectric constants exhibit waveguiding). Combined with optical gain, photonic confinement (i.e. facilitates highly directional lasing at room the waveguiding behavior nanowires with suitable resonant temperature in controlled-growth optical emission has been studied in detail feedback. The nanowire The waveguiding behavior optical microscopy. using high-resolution (ZnO, GaN) nanowires depends on the wave- of individual zinc oxide and the directional coupling of the photo- length of the emitted light the emission dipoles of the nanowire. Pumping luminescence (PL) to from spontaneous to at high pulse intensity leads to the transition linewidth, and stimulated emission, and analysis of the polarization, of the trans- spacing of the spectral features facilitates identification gain properties. The verse and longitudinal cavity modes and their ZnO/GaN nanowires observation of lasing action in arrayed and isolated the single-crystalline, without requiring fabrication of mirrors suggests as effective resonance well-facetted nanowires can indeed function as natural opti- cavities. This concept of using well-cleaved nanowires different semiconductor cal cavities may be extendable to many other systems. AM Invited 10:30 and Growth Ki- Nanowire Formation: Interfacial Morphology netics Cook Hall, 2220 Campus Dr., Matls. Sci. & Engrg., University, 60208 USA; Evanston, IL demonstrated active nanoscale devices. The implication of these re- of these The implication devices. nanoscale active demonstrated discussed. will be nanophotonics and nanoelectronics sults for AM Break 9:35 AM Invited 10:00 Properties Their Optical Nanowires and Semiconductor Peidong Yang University of 1 ; 1 Deli Wang : Georgia Institute of Technology, Sch. Technology, Institute of Georgia 1 118 ; 1 Room: 3018 Convention Center Location: Moscone West Jud Ready, Georgia Tech Research Institute - Tech Georgia Jud Ready, Jud Ready, Georgia Tech, GTRI-EOEML, Atlanta, GTRI-EOEML, Tech, Georgia Jud Ready, Electronic, Magnetic & Photonic Materials Electronic, Magnetic & Zhong Lin Wang : 118 California, ECE Dept., 9500 Gilman Dr., EBU1 3201, La Jolla, CA California, ECE Dept., 9500 Gilman Dr., 92093 USA Semiconductor nanowires are attractive and versatile building blocks to assemble and electrically interconnect active devices, which enable potential integration of multi-functional components on a single chip. In this presentation, I will first describe LEDs and FET based decoders assembled from bottom-up approach using semiconductor nanowires. The FET based decoders show substantial signal gain enabling signal restoration without external amplification. Second, bistable nanoscale switches based upon core-shell nanowire heterostructures organized in a crossbar architecture have been demonstrated to exhibit well-defined ON/OFF ratios and long retention time, and from large bistability, which the crossed nanowire nonvolatile RAM arrays have been as- sembled. Furthermore, we have integrated the new decoder with crossed- crystal epitaxially branched single NVRAM arrays. Lastly, NW nanowires were synthesized by a multiple step VLS synthesis with well controlled dimension, density and properties of nanobranches, and of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Atlanta, GA 30332-0245 USA Atlanta, GA of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., been demonstrated as Nanowire and nanotube based materials have and nano-optoelectron- building blocks for nanocircuits, nanosystems (so called nanobelts or ics. Quasi-one-dimensional nanostructures for semiconducting nanoribbons) have been successfully synthesized by simply evaporat- oxides of zinc, tin, indium, cadmium and gallium, at high temperatures. ing the desired commercial metal oxide powders and common struc- The belt-like morphology appears to be a unique oxides with cat- tural characteristic for the family of semiconducting of distinct crystallo- ions of different valence states and materials for measuring graphic structures. Using the technique demonstrated based on in-situ trans- the mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes modulus of the oxide the bending mission electron microscopy, is shown to be a dual nanobelts has been measured, and the nanobelt transistors Field effect mode nanoresonator for NEMS technology. nanoresonators and and ultra-sensitive nano-size gas sensors, on individual nanobelts. nanocantilevers have also been fabricated based Very been measured. Thermal transport along the nanobelt has also nanobelts, nanorings and nanosprings that exhibit piezoelec- recently, tric properties have been synthesized, which are potential candidates for nano-scale traducers, actuators and sensors. The discovery of single- crystal perfect nanorings and its “slinky” growth model will be pre- sented. AM Invited 9:05 Semiconductor Nanowires as Building Block for Nanoelectronics and Nanophotonics 8:30 AM Opening Remarks 8:30 AM Invited 8:35 Nanosprings and Semiconducting and Piezoelectric Nanobelts, Nanorings Applications and Fundamentals of High Aspect and Fundamentals Applications Inorganic Nanostructures Ratio Nanomaterials: Sponsored by: and step quenching (SQ). The cold formability was studied by estimat- studied by was cold formability (SQ). The quenching and step The deforma- forming limit. and the resistance deformation ing the esti- die life, was determining factor in important an tion resistance, forming limit Also, the energy. the deformation by calculating mated crack initia- critical strain revealing by measuring the was estimated was found to The IcQ-DP steel tip of the specimens. tion at the notch than other microstructures. superior cold formability represent the Committee Division, EMPMD-Nanomaterials Organizers: Program Agere H. Kang, 30332-0826 USA; Seung Atlanta, GA EOEML, 18109 USA; Allentown, PA R&D, Systems, Device and Module Maryland, Materials Salamanca-Riba, University of Lourdes G. Department, College Park, MD 20742- Science and Engineering and Forschungzentrum Juelich, IFF Valanoor, Nagarajan USA; 2115 Materials, Juelich, Germany D52425 Institute for Electronic Tuesday AM February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: GA 30332-0826 USA; Lourdes G. Salamanca-Riba, University of 30332-0826 USA; Lourdes G. GA Valanoor, USA; Nagarajan Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-2115 Forschungzentrum Juelich, Juelich D52425 Germany

TUESDAY AM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 TMS 2005Annual Meeting: Using Iron Oxides Gases Smelter from Removal Scaling Arsenic for An Approach 9:45 AM viewed. gies orotherrecentlyproposed extraction technologiesarealsore- arsenic asaby-productorinother ways.Somebenchscaletechnolo- authors reviewseveralindustrialtechnologiesusedforextraction of of thestate-of-theartpastandpresentarsenicmetallurgy the play animportantrole.Inthispaper,inordertohaveaclearpicture As aresultindustrialandfeasibletechnologiesforarsenicextraction metallurgy howeveritsextractionasabyproductsmightbebeneficial. batteries. Arsenic isrightlyacauseforconcerninnon-ferroussmelting primarily usedinthemanufactureofleadalloysforuselead-acid larly arsenicmetalisslightlypoisonousbutitbeneficialsince is fields suchasinwoodpreservation,agriculturalchemicalsetc.Simi- cause forcertaintypesofcancers.Ithasalsobeneficialeffectsinother compounds ofarsenicisclassifiedasasuspectedhumancarcinogen a process involvedorrelatedto. Arsenic trioxide,oneofthecommon desirable andundesirabledependingonthefieldofapplicationor the Arsenic isaparticularelement whosepropertiesmakeitequally #791, Wilmington,DE19808USA H3S 2C3Canada; gies Inc.,MetalsDept.,5757Decelles Ave., Ste. 511, Montreal, QC Kongoli Industrial Technologies Relatedto Arsenic Extraction 9:20 AM distribution indifferent operational strated thatcanbeaveryusefultooltopredicta-priorithearsenic at theCodelcoNorteSmelterofCodelco-Chile.Themodeldemon- validated withthedataobtainedinpilotandindustrialtestsperformed As amongthecopper,whitemetal,slagandgasphases.Themodelwas The modelisbasedonthequasiequilibriumfractionaldistributionof developed forthe Teniente ContinuosConvertingProcess, TCCP. A thermodynamicmodelforthedistributionofarsenichasbeen Chuquicamata Chile Codelco Norte, Avenida Tocopilla s/N,FundiciónCodelcoNorte, Metall., Avenida del Valle 738,SantiagoChile; Carlos Caballero ProcessConverting Fractional Distributionof Arsenic inthe Teniente Continuous 8:55 AM discussed intermsofthemineralogy. removing morethan90%ofthearsenicfromconcentrate,are of thearsenicimpurity. The pretreatments,whichweresuccessfulin as calciumchloride)tofacilitatethedecompositionandvolatilisation chlorine producedbytheinsitudecompositionofaddedchloridessuch tional pyrite)orchlorine(addedeitheraselemental with additionsofsulphur(addedeitherassulphurvapouroraddi- tory scaleinvestigationwascarriedoutinasmallvibratedbedreactor nickel concentratecontainingapproximately0.5% As. The labora- ing pretreatmentswereassessedandappliedtothetreatmentofa tal andsafetyissuesduringdownstremprocessing. A numberofroast- elements suchasarsenicwhichwillposequalitycontrol,environmen- Thebodiesofthefuturewillcontainincreasingamountstoxic Ave., Clayton,Melbourne, Victoria 3168 Australia Jorgensen Arsenic RemovalfromaNickelConcentrate 8:30 AM Canada Teck ComincoMetalsLtd.,Trail Operations, Trail, BC V1R 4L8 Metals Dept.,Montreal,QCH3S2C3Canada;TrevorM.Bergfeldt, Session Chairs: February 15,2005 Tuesday AM 1352 USA 35487-0202 USA; V. RamRamachandran,Scottsdale, AZ 85262- Department ofMetalsandMaterialsEngineering, Tuscaloosa, AL Program Organizers: EPD-Pyrometallurgy Committee,LMD/EPD-RecyclingCommittee Nickel, CobaltCommittee,EPD-ProcessFundamentals Sponsored by: Thermodynamics andPyrometallurgy Arsenic Metallurgy:Fundamentals&Applications: 1 ; RobertBudd 1 ; TerryP. Hall Extraction &ProcessingDivision,EPD-Copper, 2 ; Florian Kongoli,FLOGEN Technologies Inc., 2 FLOGEN Technologies Inc.,3422OldCapitol Trail, : 1 : Eduardo V. Balladares Codelco-Chile, Inst.forInnovationinMining& 2 Jonkion Font ; IanMcBow Ramana G. Reddy 1 Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 2014 ; Steve Sanetsis 119 TechnicalProgram 1 1 ; S.Llubani ; Gerardo Alvear configuration ofthe 1 ; , University 1 1 CSIRO, Minerals,Bayview ; RobertoF. Parra 1 ; 2 1 Codelco-Chile, Div. FLOGEN Technolo- : 1 of Alabama, ; Alex Moyano ; Alex Frank Richard TCCP. : 1 Florian ; Mario 2 ; Boulder City, NV 89005USA & Engrg.,Clausthal-ZellerfeldGermany;PaulBania,TiProLLC, Session Chairs: February 15,2005 Tuesday AM 29634-0921 USA University, SchoolofMaterialsScience&Engineering,Clemson,SC TIMET, Henderson,NV 89009USA;HenryJ.Rack,Clemson Ladish Co.,Inc.,Cudahy, WI 53110-8902 USA;JohnC.Fanning, 20J1, Seattle,WA 98124-2207USA;RobertF. Denkenberger, Program Organizers: Committee Sponsored by: Beta Titanium Alloys ofthe00’s: PhaseEquilibria Engrg., EdmundoLarenas285,ConcepcionChile; M. Sánchez multi-component phaseequilibrium calculations,andPanTitanium,a component titaniumalloys.This toolincludesPandat,softwarefor chemistries, partitioningcoefficients andphaseboundariesofmulti- LLC, isbeingutilizedtopredictbeta transus,phaseproportions, study, athermodynamicmodelingtooldevelopedatCompuTherm, through theeliminationofshop/laboratory trialsandtests.Inthis ing viaparameteroptimizationhasresultedinsignificantcostsavings material. Implementationofsuchtoolstoimprovetitaniumprocess- standing theeffectofalloychemistryonfinalmicrostructure a Thermodynamicmodelinghasbecomeessentialtoolsinunder- USA WI 53110 USA; 437 S. Yellowstone Dr.,Ste. 217,Madison, WI 53719USA; tin Chang Modeling Tools Predictions of Titanium Alloy 8:55 AM phase transformationkineticsofweldmetal. material andcanthereforebeexpectedtomorecloselysimulatethe rial hasalargeprior-betagrainsizerelativetoalpha-beta-processed metric measurementscarriedoutinaGleebletestmachine.Thismate- the CCTcurveforbeta-processedTi-6246wasdeterminedfromdilato- of weldthermalhistory. To provideastartingpointfortheseefforts, preventing orthorhombicmartensiteformationthroughoptimization embrittlement. Weld developmentefforts atP&Warefocusedon precipitates formduringthepost-weldstressrelieftreatment,causing the weldpool.Whilethisphaseissoftandductile,fineinterfacialbeta niques. Orthorhombicmartensiteformsduringrapidcoolingbehind tigue crackgrowthpropertieswhenweldedusingconventionaltech- pability. However, thisalloysuffers frompoorweldductilityandfa- applications duetoitshigh-strengthandthick-sectionhardeningca- Thenear-betaalloyTi-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Moisusedforaeroengine Middletown, CT06457USA Engines, Matls.&ProcessesEngrg., 100 Aircraft Rd.,M/S403-35, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo Continuous Cooling Transformation Curvefor Beta-Processed 8:30 AM results tohigherprocessingrates. strictions. Thekineticsparametersareusedtoscaleuplaboratory stability, anditallowsasafedisposalkeepingthe environmental re- The arsenicwasretainedasferricarsenatewiththermalandaqueous treatment withaninterestingandattractivetechnicaldevelopment. was upto10%.Theobtainedresultssuggestanewalternativeforgas stream wasstudied,andtheironoxideconvertedintoferricarsenate sample porosityonthefixationofarseniccontainedinagaseous was evaluated.Theeffectoftemperature,oxygenpotentialandthe oxide, anewprocesstotreatcopperconcentratescontainingarsenic data obtainedatlaboratoryscaleonfixationofarsenicusingiron for treatinggascontainingarsenicwereconsideredinthiswork.From thermal andaqueousstablecompound.Therefore,variousalternatives a solidstableform.Inthisregards,ferricarsenatehasbeenreportedas according torecentenvironmentalregulations,itisrequiredfixin in thegasphaseduringsmeltingandconvertingprocessesand, Mostofthearseniccontainedincopperconcentratesisremoved Atacama, Metallurgl.Engrg. Madison, WI 53706USA; sity of Wisconsin, Dept.of Matls.Sci.&Engrg., 1509Univ. Ave., 2 ; DaveFurrer 1 ; JoséG. Palacios 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM : Structural MaterialsDivision,SMD-Titanium 4 Lothar Wagner, TU Clausthal,Inst.ofMatls.Sci. Fan Zhang TIMET, R&D,POBox2128,Henderson,NV 89015 : Rod R.Boyer, BoeingCompany, Metall./6- Location: SanFranciscoMarriott Room: Salon10/11 John E.Matz 3 ; Vasisht Venkatesh 3 Ladish Co.,Inc.,POBox8902,Cudahy, 1 2 ; FanyouXie ; 1 Universidad deConcepción,Metallurgl. Properties Using Thermodynamic 1 ; 1 1 ; ShuanglinChen Pratt & Whitney Aircraft 4 ; 1 CompuTherm, LLC, 2 Universidad de 1 ; Y.; Aus- 2 Univer- 119

TUESDAY AM Uni- 1 ; 1 ; Rajarshi 1 Ohio State University, Ohio State Technical Program Technical 1 ; 1 Mehmet Sarikaya Megan Harper : : ; Hamish L. Fraser ; Hamish L. 2 Room: 3009 Location: Moscone West Convention Center Marc Andre Meyers, University of California, Andre Meyers, University of Marc 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM Sungho Jin, University of California, Matls. Sci. & Structural Materials Division, Electronic, Magnetic TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: TMS 2005 Annual Air Force Research Laboratory, Matls. & Mfg. Direct., Matls. Air Force Research Laboratory, 2 ; Daniel J. Evans 1 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, La Jolla, CA Department of Mechanical and California, Department 92093-0411 USA; Sungho Jin, University of Roger J. Narayan, of Materials Science, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA; Atlanta, Engineering, School of Materials Science and Tech, Georgia GA 30332-0245 USA Tuesday AM February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: Engrg., La Jolla, CA 92093-0411 USA; Subra Suresh, Massachusetts Cambridge, Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Technology, Institute of MA 02139-4307 USA Roberts Hall, Box 352120, Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Washington, versity of 98195 USA WA Seattle, Physical and chemical functions of organisms are carried out by a very large number (billions) of proteins through predictable and self- sustaining interactions. Using biology as a guide, we design, synthesize, genetically tailor and utilize short polypeptides as molecular linkers and fabrication of ordered organization, and erectors in self-assembly, hybrid systems. Our objectives are accomplished in four focused areas: Selection of inorganic-binding short (7-15 amino acids) polypeptides using combinatorial biology protocols using metals, oxides and semi- conductors; Quantitative assessment of the nature of binding and as- sembly of polypeptides on inorganics using experimental (SPR, QCM, AFM, NMR, TOF-SIMS) and modeling (molecular dynamics) ap- proaches; Nanoassembly using functionalized designer biomolecules (chaperonins, phages, and S-layers, DNA), and electrochemically nano- patterned substrates; Creation of synthetic/biological molecular hy- brids and inorganics using polypeptides in functional materials and Banerjee Engineering: Biological Materials Science and I Biological Materials/Bio-Medical Applications Sponsored by: Surfaces in & Photonic Materials Division, Society for Biomaterials, Behavior of Materials- Biomaterials Foundation, SMD-Mechanical EMPMD/SMD-Biomaterials Committee ASM-MSCTS), (Jt. Organizers: Program AM Invited 8:30 Molecular Biomimetics: Materials Science and Engineering Using Genetically Engineered Proteins beta phase field material have been used. On all the different combina- On all the been used. have field material beta phase and mechanical microstructure treatment, + heat of raw material tions been character- have Microstructures assessed. have been properties been have properties while mechanical FEG-SEM OM and ized using The results fracture toughness tests. by tensile tests and characterized paper. will be discussed in this characterization of this extensive AM 11:20 in Ti-5Al- Relationships Property-Microstructure Modeling (TIMETAL-5553) 5Mo-5V-3Cr-1Fe Columbus, OH Hall, 2041 College Rd., Watts 477 Matls. Sci. & Engrg., 43210 USA; Dayton, OH USA is developed beta titanium alloys which One of the more recently of different applications is the Ti-5Al-5Mo- promising for a number This TIMETAL-555. as commercially referred to alloy, 5V-3Cr-1Fe in microstructure resulting from differ- alloy exhibits wide variations microstructural evolution and resultant me- ent heat-treatments. The this alloy have not yet been explored in great chanical properties of was subjected to a Ti-555, processed As-received, alpha+beta detail. with the objective of studying the micro- number of heat treatments in this alloy and obtain widely varying structure and phase evolution the have been carried out in both microstructures. Heat-treatments phase fields. The typical heat-treatment beta as well as the alpha+beta in the beta phase field or the alpha+beta consisted of solutionization ageing treatment in phase field, cooling at different rates, and a second at each stage of the the alpha+beta phase field. The microstructure in detail using SEM and heat-treatment cycle has been characterized be quantified using rig- TEM based studies. These microstructures will room tempera- orous stereological procedures and the corresponding resulting database will be ture tensile properties will be measured. The model that will used to train and test a fuzzy-logic neural-network from the micro- allow for the prediction of the mechanical properties functional dependen- structure. The model will also be used to develop features. cies of the mechanical properties on the microstructural ; - 1 β β β β β ; Patrick Peter C. Nathalie 2 : ; 2 John C. Fan- grain size or : β ; Pascal J. Jacques phase strongly influ- (weight percent). This (weight percent). 1 α Pylon has been chosen. In ; Daniel J. Evans ; Daniel J. 1 nucleation. α ; Karl-Heinz Rendigs 1 Astrid Lenain Ohio State University, Matls. Sci. & Matls. University, Ohio State 1 : EADS CCR, Ctr. Commun de Recherches EADS CCR, Ctr. 120 1 Phase Nucleation in a Two Phase Two Phase Nucleation in a ; phase during several thermomechanical ; 1 α α α α α the TIMET Ti LCB is more and more used Ti the TIMET 3 555 (Ti-5.5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr) Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr α oach to the Elemental Optimization of a Elemental Optimization oach to the ; A. Dalloz ; Rajarshi Banerjee 1 1 AIRBUS A380 Engine is a high strength near-beta titanium alloy designed titanium is a high strength near-beta TIMETAL TIMETAL J. Panter Airbus-France, M0122/4 ESW-T, 316, Rte. de Bayonne, Airbus-France, M0122/4 ESW-T, : 3 titanium alloys are best choice materials for the automotive titanium alloys are best choice materials for β TIMET, PO Box 2128, Henderson, NV 89009 USA PO Box 2128, Henderson, NV TIMET, ; Wegmann Gerhard Wegmann ; ; Daniel Huber 1 ; Hamish L. Fraser ; Hamish L. 3 1 2 / ; α 1 Airbus Deutschland, Abt. ESWG, Hünefeldstraße 1-5, 28199 Bremen Hünefeldstraße Abt. ESWG, Airbus Deutschland, Université catholique de Louvain, IMAP, Place Sainte Barbe 2, Louvain- Université catholique de Louvain, IMAP, Air Force Research Laboratory, Matls. & Mfg. Direct., Dayton, OH Matls. & Mfg. Direct., Air Force Research Laboratory, Louis Bleriot, 12, Rue Pasteur, BP 76, 95152 Suresnes, Cedex France; 120 31060 Toulouse cedex 03 France Toulouse 31060 alloy re- Titanium (VST55531) is a beta Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr-1Zr AIRBUS and cently developed in the frame of a collaboration between VSMPO. For the introduction of this new alloy on an airplane, a static sized part on the new AIRBUS, and especially to produce in the order to increase its use at future damage tolerance sized forged parts with a excellent compro- mise between strength and damage tolerance resistance, a study has been carried out to increase our knowledge on the relationship between thermo-mechanical treatments, microstructure and mechanical prop- materi- do so, as received rolled and forged To erties of this new alloy. als, forged in the beta phase field material and forged in the alpha + 2 Germany; ence the mechanical properties of the resulting microstructures. Sev- ence the mechanical properties of the resulting cold rolling or anneal- eral heat treatments were conducted after either by SEM, EBSD, ing. The resulting microstructures were characterised of the XRD and TEM, showing a strong influence deformation level on the conditions of AM Break 10:10 10:25 AM of Properties ning 555 TIMETAL for improved producibility and excellent mechanical property combi- The nominal chemical composi- nations, including deep hardenability. is 555 TIMETAL tion of paper provides a summary of available data for this relatively new alloy. 10:55 AM on Microstruc- Treatments Thermo-Mechanical Influence of Alloy Beta Titanium of Near ture and Mechanical Properties VST55531 Hellard since it presents excellent mechanical properties and a lower cost since it presents excellent mechanical properties deals with the nucle- compared to other Ti alloys. The present study ation and growth of the processes. Indeed, distribution and size of the Martin 1 la-Neuve B-1348 Belgium performance to density and aerospace industries due to their high Among these alloys, ratio. Collins Beta Titanium Alloy Using Directed Laser Deposition Using Directed Laser Alloy Titanium Beta 2 USA a the alloy Timetal 21S has been selected as The chemistry of the development of a new high temperature baseline chemistry for been used to rapidly combinatorial approach has A beta titanium alloy. of em- This combinatorial approach consists develop the new alloy. in deposition of blends of elemental powders ploying directed laser test alloys of varying compositions. Subse- order to rapidly process of testing and microstructural characterization mechanical quently, out to populate databases that will be used these alloys has been carried the fuzzy logic based models for predicting for training and testing the These models will also be used to optimize mechanical properties. to specific property requirements. In addition alloy composition for Al, and Si), a Mo, Nb, the base elements (Ti, varying the amounts of are also being tested as potential alloy- variety of additional elements (Zr and Sn), b stabilizers ing additions. These include neutral elements on the results of the (W), and dispersoid formers (C and B). Based a new group of alloys coupled mechanical tests and computer models, protection systems are for application in high temperature thermal being developed. 9:45 AM Characterisation of the thermodynamic database for titanium alloys. Model predictions are predictions alloys. Model titanium for database thermodynamic beta and near-beta number of for results to experimental compared the especially elements, of the alloying The effect alloys. alpha-beta be discussed. transus will C, on beta N, H, and O, light elements: 9:20 AM Appr Combinatorial A OH 43210 USA; Rd., Columbus, Hall, 2041 College Watts 477 Engrg., Metastable Titanium Alloy Metastable Titanium

TUESDAY AM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 Luo TMS 2005Annual Meeting: were alsoinvestigated.SEMand TEMmicrostructuralanalysisand is alsointhenanoregime. Additional nano-inspirednanostructures significantly acceleratestheformation ofhydroxypaptitephasewhich found thatsuchananotubestructure withaverylargesurfacearea Ti implantsurfaceasathree-dimensional nanoscalestructure.Itis diameter hasbeensynthesized,whichisfirmlyattachedontothesolid An arrayofverticallyalignedtitaniumoxidenanotubeswith~80 nm with variouscrystalstructures(includinganatase)andmorphologies. erties. We havestudiednanoscalesurfacestructuresoftitaniumoxide alloys becauseoftheirbio-compatibilityanddesirablemechanicalprop- Orthopedicanddentalimplantsfrequentlyutilizetitanium its Jolla, CA92093-0411USA California, Dept.ofMechl.& Aeros. Engrg., 9500GilmanDr., La Enhanced BoneGrowth Titanium OxideNanotubeswithControlledMorphologyfor 10:50 AM Invited 10:35 AM Break will bedescribed. create thedefects.Forpatternparticlerelease,holographictechniques tinuous wavesinglebeamlaser,polystyreneparticleswerereleasedto formation andsubsequentcreationofcontrolleddefects.Usingacon- crystals willbedescribedwiththecriticalimpactofDNAon substrate byDNAhybridization.Theapproachesusedtocreatethese polystyrene particleswereassembledinclose-packedarrayonaglass dimensional waveguide.To createatwo-dimensionalphotoniccrystal, defect inthecrystalorcanbechanneledbyaseriesofvoids,one propagation. Lightinphotoniccrystalscanbetrappedbyapoint Photoniccrystalsprovideaninnovativewayforcontrollinglight USA Dept. ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg.,Chmst.Dept,Storrs,CT06269-3136 Controlled Defects Using DNAforFormationofPhotonicCrystalsandIntroducing 10:15 AM it encodesbeingrecordedduringtoothdevelopment. tion orchangeintimingfortheexpressionofageneandprotein the organizationofenamelisareflectionaddition,diminu- the varioustypesofenamelmatrixproteins.Evolutionarychangein expression, theirabilitytoself-assembleandthestoichiometryamong depend entirelyonthenumberofgenesexpressed,timingtheir ponents. Thephysicalpropertiesoftheenamelcompositeceramic a self-assemblyprocessatthenanoscaleleveloforganicmatrixcom- cal propertiesofmatureenamelstemfromtheregulationimposedby tion, rateofgrowthandhabittheinorganiccrystallites.Thephysi- extracellular organicmatrixthatiscompetenttocontroltheinitia- ameloblasts, synthesizeproteinsthatself-assembletoformanenamel , bacteria-laden-environment.Enamelformswhenspecializedcells, strophic failuredespitealifetimeofrepeatedloading,inwet-,acidic- Theouter-mostcoveringofteeth,enamel,rarelyundergoescata- lar Bio.,2250 Alcazar St., CSA Rm.109,Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA Biomineralization Protein Self-AssemblyCreatesaNanoscaleDevicefor 9:45 AM Invited human pancreaticcancerarealsoexamined. differences incellelasticityanddiseasestatesbetweenmalaria similar resultsfortheP. vivaxparasite.Finally, thesimilaritiesand from P. falciparuminfestationarealsocomparedandcontrastedwith sponse. Themechanicalpropertiesofchangestocelldeformability cell arealsoperformedtoquantifythenanomechanicsofre- lecular-level computationalsimulationsofthedeformationredblood transported tothemembranefromparasite.Continuumandmo- and examinecontributionstocellelasticityfromspecificproteins we extractdirectforceversusdisplacementrelationshipsforthecell dium falciparummalaria.Byrecoursetoopticaltweezersexperiments, tic propertiesofhumanredbloodcellsparasitizedinvitrobyPlasmo- we provideexperimentalresultsonsystematicalterationstotheelas- introduced bytheprogressionofhumandiseases.Inthispresentation, eton canundergodramaticalterationsduetobiochemicalchanges Themechanicalresponseoflivingcellsandsubcellularcytoskel- 4307 USA & Engrg. &Div. ofBiologl.Engrg., Rm.8-309,Cambridge,MA 02139- Suresh Single-Cell NanomechanicsandHumanDiseaseStates 9:00 AM Keynote and nanobio-technology. Research systems forpotentialutilityinawidevarietyofapplicationsnano- 1 ; 1 1 ; University ofSouthernCaliforna,Ctr. forCraniofacialMolecu- 1 Massachusetts Instituteof Technology, Dept.ofMatls. Sci. : : Malcolm l.Snead Harris Marcus : BrianOh 121 TechnicalProgram supported by 1 1 ; ; Sungho Jin 1 1 University ofConnecticut, ; MichaelL.Paine ARO-DURINT. 1 ; 1 University of : 1 ; Wen Subra Biomaterials Synthesis andCharacterizationofFunctionalizedMagnetic 12:00 PM MacIntosh MurchisonEndowedChair(LEM). RCMI GrantG12RR008124(AC,TGP,KMG) andMr. andMrs. ity Participation(LSAMP)BridgestoDoctorateFellowship(KFS), part byaUniversityof Texas SystemLouisStokes Alliance forMinor- to repeatthematerialsmistakesofpast.Researchsupported in important issueistorecognizethenecessityforprecautionssoas not not areasontoimposemoratoriumontheirproductionoruse.The the factthatnanoparticulatematerialsmaybetoxic,thisiscertainly discussed inthiscontext.Finally, itwillbeemphasizedthatinspiteof occurrence ofanthropogeniccarbonnanotubeswillalsobebriefly asbestos tradedevelopmentsandhealthconcerns.Theatmospheric cussed intermsoftheirparallelwiththehistoricalandworld-wide ments andespeciallynanoparticulatematerialsprocessingwillbedis- certain skindiseases.Theimplicationsfornanotechnologydevelop- nanoparticulates haveremarkablepropertiesintreatingwoundsand known bactericide;andcurrentointments demonstrated tobemorecytotoxicthanasbestos,but Ag isalsoawell- Si3N4, Al2O3, Fe2O3,ZrO2,andnanoparticulate Ag. Silverisalso gates ofspherules.Theseincludecommercialcarbonblack,TiO2, from fibrilsandfibrilbundlestocomplex,branched,fractal-likeaggre- microscopy exhibitavarietyofnanoaggregatemorphologiesranging characterization ofthesenanoparticulatesbytransmissionelectron nanoparticulate materialsexhibitthesamelevelsoftoxicitywhile same relativetoxicityaschrysotileasbestos.Infact,ahostof multi-walled carbonnanotubesandaggregatemorphologiesexhibitthe cell linehaveshownthatavarietyofcommercialsinglewalland reported hereincytotoxicityassaysusingamurinelungmacrophage pulmonary fibrosis,lungcancer,andmesothelioma.Inworktobe animal studieshaveindicatedthatinhalationofasbestoscanresultin have beentreatedastoxicmaterialscommercially. Epidemiologicand dramatically. Bothchrysotileasbestosandmulti-wallcarbon nanotubes time; andtheuseofnanoparticulatematerialsiscurrentlyescalating proach 1000tonsofcarbonnanotubesprocessedannuallyatthesame walled carbonnanotubes,whichstartedaround1995,begantoap- annually. Bycontrast,plasticcompositedevelopmentusingmulti- 20th Centurymorethan2milliontonsofasbestoswereprocessed to besomewhatpervasiveworld-wide.Forexample,attheendof variety ofcompositeblends,includingcementandplasticscontinues Theuseofchrysotileasbestosnanotubesandfibrilbundlesina 2 Texas, Dept.ofMetallurgl. &Matls.Engrg., ElPaso, TX 79968USA; ofNanoparticulateMaterials Biological Effects 11:40 AM ciency couldbesignificantlyincreased. detection ofbreastcancerwouldbeimproved,thustreatmenteffi- cells throughreceptormediatedendocytosis.Usingthismethod,early can betargetedtothecancercells,andincorporatedinto pounds linkedtoLHRH.ByconjugatingtheseligandsMNPs,they releasing hormone(LHRH)andcanbespecificallytargetedbycom- Human breastcancercellsexpressreceptorsforluteinizinghormone into cancertissues,sothatMRIcontrastissignificantlyenhanced. using currentmethod. We developedanovelapproachtosendMNPs resonance imaging(MRI)isnotefficientforearlycancerdetection techniques forearlydetection.However,thesensitivityofmagnetic suggest thatitisextremelycriticalandimportanttodevelopnew 40% ofbreastcancerpatientsalreadyhaveoccultmetastases.These At thetimeofdiagnosisusingcurrentmethodsandtechniques,34- Breastcanceristhesecondleadingcauseofdeathinwomen. 6400 PerkinsRd.,BatonRouge,LA70808USA MAE &PRISM,E-Quad,OldenSt.,Princeton,NJ08540USA; cer Detection Functionalized MagneticNanoparticlesforEarlyBreastCan- 11:20 AM phosphate nanostructurewillalsobediscussed. possible formationmechanismsoftitaniumnanotubesandcalcium gery, radionuclidetherapy, hyperthermiaetc. Itisoftenessentialto nance imaging(MRI),drugandgene delivery, minimallyinvasivesur- applications, includingcellseparation, immunoassay, magneticreso- Magneticmaterialscanbeused foravarietyofbioengineering Singapore 639798 logical University, Sch.ofMatls. Engrg., BlockN4.1, Nanyang Ave., ton Rouge,LA70806USA; siana State University, Ctr. for Advd. Microstructures&Devices,Ba- Josef Hormesa Carrasco University of Texas, Dept.ofBiologl.Scis.,ElPaso, TX 79968USA 2 ; T.; G. Powell : : 2 Jikou Zhou ; Raju V. Ramanujan 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM Wole O.Soboyejo 2 ; L.E.Murr 1 ; ChallaS.S.R.Kumar 3 Pennington BiomedicalResearchCenter, 1 1 ; ; L. Wong 1 ; K.M.Garza 1 Princeton University, Dept.of utilizing Ag or utilizing Ag 1 ; 2 ; CarolaLeuschner 1 Nanyang Techno- 2 : ; K. F. Soto 1 Ag compound University of 2 Loui- 1 121 ; A. 3 ; TUESDAY AM ; 1 ; C. 1 Peter A. : ; Reinhold 1 ; Gong Yao Wang Yao ; Gong 1 ; Peter K. Liaw ; Peter 1 Technical Program Technical Oak Ridge National Labora- Oak Ridge 2 Kimberly K. Cameron Stanford University, Matls. Sci. & University, Stanford : 1 ; ; Mark L. Morrison ; Mark 1 1 William Hutchison Peter Hutchison William : Stanford University, Matls. Sci. & Engrg., 416 University, Stanford 1 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: TMS 2005 Annual ; 1 ; Raymond A. Buchanan ; Raymond 2 ; Reinhold H. Dauskardt 1 University of Tennessee, Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., 434 Dougherty & Engrg., Dept. of Matls. Sci. Tennessee, University of H. Dauskardt Escondido Mall, Bldg. 550, Rm. 555F, Stanford, CA 94305 USA CA Stanford, Escondido Mall, Bldg. 550, Rm. 555F, molecular dynamics study was conducted on a four component, A Lennard-Jones amorphous solid in order to understand the atomistic mechanisms of deformation and fatigue. The deformation behavior observed was typical of that seen experimentally involving both elas- tic and plastic strains, load history dependence and strain rate sensitiv- Changes in free volume and excess strain were monitored during ity. deformation to demonstrate how the stress state affects the distribu- tion of free volume and how regions with excess free volume will preferentially deform. Under monotonic shear loading, the system developed a shear band in the region with the highest free volume. The same system developed a shear band under much lower stress under cyclic fatigue loading. This fatigue behavior can be related to the notion of directional shear transformation zones. Once a particular cluster of atoms undergoes a shear transformation, it does not return to its original state on unloading. Furthermore, in subsequent cycles although this cluster will not transform again, the surrounding region is more likely to have further shear transformations. This localization of the deformation process accelerates the shear banding process and is used to rationalize the poor fatigue properties commonly reported for metallic glasses. 9:10 AM Effectsa Zr-Based of Fatigue Lifetimes on the Testing-Volume Metallic Glass Bulk 1 USA; TN 37996-2200 Hall, Knoxville, TN Oak Ridge, 2008, MS 6115, PO Box Metals & Ceram. Div., tory, USA 37831-6115 glasses” (BMGs), some “bulk metallic After a decade of fabricating mecha- regarding the fracture concepts and observations fundamental understanding made. However, a full glasses have been nisms of these of BMGs during fatigue has not been real- of the degradation process of Zr-Based BMGs have revealed large vari- ized. Early fatigue studies of various testing proce- abilities between fatigue-endurance-limits studies of BMGs have resulted in low dures. While four-point-bend tensile-tensile fatigue testing of radial notched fatigue-endurance-limits, in fatigue-endurance-limits comparable or higher specimens has resulted the crystalline materials. Changes in than conventional high-strength that experiences the maximum stress state volume of BMG material in lifetime results. The present research will may cause the variation the lifetimes of tensile fatigue specimens address this issue by studying and comparing the results. The location with various testing volumes, initiation will also be addressed. This research and mechanism of crack by the funding of the National Science Foun- effort was made possible (IGERT) Education and Research Training dation Integrative Graduate Engineering” (DGE Program on “Materials Lifetime Science and as Pro- L. Goldberg Jennings, and W. 9987548) with Drs. L. Clesceri, Science and Engi- gram Directors; and by the Division of Materials DE-AC-00OR22725 neering, Department of Energy under contract operated by UT-Battelle, with Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) LLC. 9:30 AM Anomalously High Fatigue Cyclic Fatigue Damage Zones and Glass Crack Growth Rates in Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Hess Stanford, CA 94305 Engrg., 416 Escondido Mall, Bldg. 550, Rm. 551A, USA to fatigue pro- Zr-based bulk metallic glass (BMG) is susceptible remain largely cesses, however, the fatigue crack growth mechanisms overloading and unknown. The relaxation effect of time-dependent was measured. Re- block loading on subsequent fatigue crack growth of material ahead of the sults indicate a damaged and/or relaxed zone low fatigue thresh- Anomalously high growth rates and fatigue crack tip. at low testing tempera- olds were measured following overloading and fracture surface features tures. This rapid growth was associated with manner as the crack V-shaped that initiate from a point and widen in a of those found in some propagates. The features were reminiscent simultaneous cracking amorphous polymers, and are associated with that the features in on multiple planes. It is analogously proposed ahead of the fatigue BMG are a result of multiple shear band formation on BMG fatigue mecha- crack tip. The role of multiple crack planes nisms was examined. 9:50 AM Molecular Dynamics Investigation of Deformation and Fatigue Alloy Metallic Amorphous of an T. Liu T. Yoshihiko : University of 1 ; Reinhold H. ; 1 3 ; A. Inoue 2 . However, these drawbacks can be 4 122 Brian Christian Menzel ASM-MSCTS) to 10 ; R. A. Buchanan A. ; R. : 3 2 Room: 3006 Convention Center Location: Moscone West Peter K. Liaw, University of Tennessee, University of Peter K. Liaw, IMR Tohoku University, Katahira, 2-1-1, Sendai University, Tohoku IMR 3 Reinhold H. Dauskardt, Stanford University, Matls. University, Reinhold H. Dauskardt, Stanford Structural Materials Division, SMD-Mechanical Structural Materials Division, Stanford University, Matl. Sci. & Engrg., 416 Escondido Matl. Sci. & Engrg., University, Stanford 1 Materials-(Jt. ; ; Peter K. Liaw 1 1 University of Tennessee, Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Knoxville, University of Tennessee, 122 improved by addition of Pd element, which can promote excess free volume and nano-network structure formation. The Zr50Cu37Al10Pd3 BGA indicates a significant increase of fatigue limit over 1 GPa. 2 TN 37996 USA; 980-8875 Japan Relative difference of free volume can be estimated by density measurement using same rod shape bulk glassy alloys (BGAs). In order to decide the standard (as crystalline state), we use ideal solution with close packed structure as mixed faced centered cubic and hexagonal define the free volume to be a volume We close packed structures. expansion ratio from the ideal solution to glassy state. Therefore, the free volume as cast state can be divided into two factors, one is the minimum required free volume for amorphization, and the other is the excess free volume. The origins of the strength and toughness in Zr- Cu-Al ternary BGAs are considered as Zr-Al networks and excess free Wöhler curve of Zr50Cu40Al10 BGAs, which A volume, respectively. composition is close to ternary eutectic point, indicates two draw- backs, i.e., low fatigue limit and significant decrease in fatigue strength in the cycle range of 10 Mall, Bldg. 550, Rm. 551A, Stanford, CA 94305 USA Mall, Bldg. 550, Rm. 551A, Stanford, CA 94305 on a Zr-based high-cycle stress-life fatigue study was conducted A low endurance limits bulk metallic glass to elucidate the anomalously was observed to initiate that have been reported. Distributed damage bands or mixed mode very early in the fatigue process as either shear mode loading condi- surface cracks. Damage initially grew under mixed On reaching a character- tions in the maximum shear stress direction. and continued to grow as istic size, they abruptly changed orientation focused ion beam was used to introduce a well-defined A mode I cracks. elucidate damage ini- distributions of initial defects to systematically techniques were used to tiation and growth processes. High-resolution orientation on damage characterize the effect of defect size, shape and The effect of stress initiation and the early stages of damage growth. under uniaxial com- state was investigated using cylindrical specimens Surface modifica- pression and uniaxial tension-compression loading. and e-beam re-melting tion techniques including coating/anodization remove damage quality, were investigated as ways to improve surface fatigue life. initiation sites from the material and improve 8:50 AM of Zr-Cu-Al and Mechanical Properties Volume Free Yokoyama Hyogo, Matl. Sci. & Engrg., Shosha 2167, Himeji 671-2201 Japan; 8:30 AM Glass: Damage High Cycle Fatigue in Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Initiation and Growth Bulk Metallic Glasses: Fatigue and Fracture Bulk Metallic Glasses: Sponsored by: Behavior of February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: Lehigh 94305 USA; Gary Harlow, CA Sci. & Engrg., Stanford, 18015 USA & Mech., Bethlehem, PA Mechl. Engrg. University, Program Organizers: Organizers: Program Engineering, Knoxville, TN 37996-2200 Materials Science and Materials Tennessee, A. Buchanan, University of USA; Raymond Knoxville, TN 37996-2200 USA Science and Engineering, Tuesday AM coat the particles with suitable materials, such coatings can provide can such coatings materials, with suitable particles coat the syn- particles. The uncoated to the compared functionality increased coating by powders, followed magnetic of and characterization thesis and XRD, EDX SEM, TEM, described. gold will be and with dextran particles investigation. Iron oxide were used in this VSM techniques coated with micelle technique and by the reverse were synthesized the were also synthesized, iron nanoparticles dextran. Gold-coated particles from in protecting the was found to be effective gold coating and the were determined optimum coating parameters oxidation. The were deter- and uncoated powder of the coated magnetic properties of the coating the versatility investigation demonstrated mined. The of functionalized magnetic biomaterials. techniques in the production Dauskardt

TUESDAY AM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 Glasses to An Approach 10:50 AM standing ofthefatiguebehaviorZr-basedBMGsissuggested. initiate fromtheoutersurfaceofsample. A mechanisticunder- based BMGs.Thefracturemorphologyindicatesthatfatiguecracks ume andnanostructuresimprovethefatigueresistancesofZr- which indicatesthattheinclusionsofPdincreasedfreevol- fraction resultsshowthatZr Zr Dougherty Hall,Knoxville,TN37996USA; Y. Yokoyama TMS 2005Annual Meeting: strated ashorterfatiguelifethan the (BMG). However,athighstress levels, theamorphoussteeldemon- about 5timesgreaterthanthatof theZr-basedbulk-metallicglass compared. Thefatigue-endurance limitofFe stress levels.Thefatiguebehavior of Fe-BasedandZr-BasedBMGs time decreasedabruptlywithincreasing thetensilestressathigher of fatiguecyclescurveFe fatigue-endurance limit(694MPa).However,thestressversusnumber ronment wasinalaboratoryair. Fe applied minimumandmaximumstresses,respectively. The testenvi- form) withanRratioof0.1,where= an electrohydraulicmachineatafrequencyof10Hz(sinusoidalwave- the amorphoussteel.Specimenswerecycledunderaloadcontrolusing tional steel.Four-point-bendfatigueexperimentswereconducted on cent), generallyhasathree-timesgreaterstrengththantheconven- A non-magnetic amorphous steel, Fe of Virginia, Dept.ofPhysics,Charlottesville, VA 22904USA Engrg., 434DoughertyHall,Knoxville,TN37996USA; Buchanan Liaw Fatigue Behavior ofan Amorphous Steel 11:10 AM and probabilisticlifeprediction. ered. Adoption ofthisapproachisrecommendedforsoundscientific ity associatedwithmanufacturingandmaterialvariablesareconsid- with anamalgamatedsetofS-Ndataforbulk-metallicglasses. Variabil- damage evolution.Theeffectivenessofthisapproachisdemonstrated paramount forpredictingfatiguecrackgrowthandthesubsequent posed model.Theidentificationandsignificanceofthesevariablesare both deterministicandrandom,thatarereadilyidentifiedinthepro- the variabilityinfatiguelivesbyrelatingittokeymaterialvariables, standard fatiguecrackgrowthmodelisproposed.Thecaptures ment, orloading. An approachformodelingtheS-Nresponseusinga contributions torandomnessarisingfrommicrostructure,environ- Furthermore, theydonotidentifythekeysourcesandextentoftheir Consequently, theydo not adequatelyreflectlong-termperformance. primarily empiricalbasedonstatisticalanalysesofexperimentaldata. CurrentapproachestomodelingtheS-Nbehaviorofmaterialsare of Tennessee, Matls.Sci.&Engrg., Knoxville, TN 37996-2200USA Mech., 19MemorialDr. W., Bethlehem,PA 18015USA; Wang to besignificantlygreaterthanthoseofZr those inair. Thefatigue-endurancelimitofZr apparent meltingregion.Thefatiguelivesinvacuumarelongerthan pattern anddropletswithameltedappearancewereobservedinthe final fracturemomentofZr Zr phenomenon wasobservedatthefinalfracturemomentof Limited temperatureevolutionwasobservedduringfatigue. A sparking tion ofthetemperatureevolutionduringfatigueexperimentsBMGs. (IR) imagingsystemhasbeenusedforthenondestructiveinvestiga- and vacuum. A high-speedandhigh-sensitivitythermographic-infrared and maximumstresses,respectively. The testenvironmentswereair loading, whereR= frequency of10HzwithanRratio0.1andundertension-tension experiments wereperformedusinganelectrohydraulicmachineata contains muchmorefreevolumesandsomenanostructures.TheHCF Zr nium (Zr)-basedbulk-metallicglasses(BMGs):Zr High-cyclefatigue(HCF)experimentswereconductedonzirco- Matls. Sci.&Engrg.,Shosha2167,HimejiCityJapan A. Buchanan of Zr-Based BulkMetallicGlasses Influence ofCompositionandStructure onFatigueBehavior 10:30 AM 10:10 AM Break 50 50 50 Cu Cu Cu 1 2 ; J.Poon ; Raymond A. Buchanan 37 30 30 : Al Ni Ni D. GaryHarlow 1 10 10 10 ; C.R.Brooks Al Pd Al 2 1 ; M.Freels 10 ; 3 10 haveanamorphousstructure.However,Zr , andZr 2 . However,nosparkingphenomenonwasfoundatthe ; M. W. Freels 1 University ofTennessee, Matls.Sci.&Engrg., 434 Modeling theS-NBehavior ofBulk-Metallic σ min. 50 / 1 1 Cu ; D.L. Weinberg ; PeterK.Liaw 1 σ ; 37 max. 123 50 Al 48 1 University of Tennessee, Matls.Sci.& Cu , 2 Cr ; 10 σ 1 Pd ; D.L. Weinberg TechnicalProgram 40 15 min. 1 50 Lehigh University, Mechl.Engrg. & Mo Al 48 3 and Cu , inatomicpercent.TheX-raydif- Cr 10 : 14 andZr σ 40 15 Er Gongyao Wang 48 min. 50 Mo Zr-based BMG Al 2 σ Cr ; WilliamH.Peter 2 Cu 1 C max. ; B. Yang / 10 15 14 15 40 , Zr σ Mo Er aretheappliedminimum : B Al max. 50 50 48 Gongyao Wang 6 2 2 revealedthatthelife- Cu Cu Cr C 14 University ofHyogo, 10 , Er 50 andZr 15 σ 15 37 37 B 1 Cu min. 2 ; D.Qiao 1 Al Mo Al C 6 ; ; W. H.Peter exhibitedahigh 15 and 30 10 10 1 14 B . The fracture . The Ni ; P. K.Liaw Pd Pd 50 Er 6 (atomicper- 50 Cu 3 10 3 σ wasfound Cu 2 2 50 2 2 . Thevein University University Al C ; Gongyao max. 30 Cu 15 37 1 Ni 10 1 ; R. A. arethe B Al ; P. K. 40 , and 10 6 Al was 10 1 Al ; R. Pd 10 10 1 3 ; , , K. Liaw Bulk-Metallic Glasses A ComprehensiveSynopsisofFatigueBehaviorinZr-Based 11:50 AM S. Goldberg,L.Clesceri,andC.Huberascontractmonitors. under DMR-0231320,withMs.M.Poats,andDrs.P. W. Jennings,L. 9987548, andtheInternationalMaterialsInstitutes(IMI)Program, ate EducationandResearch Training (IGERT) Program,underDGE- gram, underEEC-9527527andEEC-0203415,theIntegrativeGradu- (NSF), theCombinedResearch-CurriculumDevelopment(CRCD)Pro- The presentworkissupportedbytheNationalScienceFoundation The resultsarecomparedtosimilarconventionalcrystallinealloys. σ dal waveform)withanRratioof0.1,where= chine underaloadcontrolmodeatfrequenciesof1and10Hz(sinusoi- fatigue experimentswereperformedusinganelectrohydraulicma- ducted on(Cu60Zr30Ti10)99Sn1 (atomicpercent)BMGsinair. The BMGs. Inthisstudy, four-point-bend fatigueexperimentswerecon- our knowledge,nofatiguestudieshavebeenperformedonCu-based have shownmuchhigherfatiguestrengthsthantheinitialresults. To anticipated. However,morerecentfatiguestudiesofZr-basedBMGs fatigue studiesofBMGsshowedlowerstrengthsthanwere cations, itisimportanttounderstandtheirfatiguebehavior. Initial Ifbulkmetallicglasses(BMGs)aretofindusesinstructuralappli- China for Matls.Sci.,Inst.ofMetalRsch.,72 Wenhua Rd.,Shenyang110016 S. Zhang W. Freels Fatigue BehaviorofaCu-BasedBulkMetallicGlass 11:30 AM nisms offatigue-crackinitiationandgrowtharesuggested. and thefatigue-crack-propagationregionwasverysmall.Themecha- Fatigue cracksinitiatedfromtheoutertensilesurfaceofspecimen, morphology indicatedthatFe S. Goldberg,L.Clesceri,andC.Huberascontractmonitors. under DMR-0231320,withMs.M.Poats,andDrs.P. W. Jennings,L. 9987548, andtheInternationalMaterialsInstitutes(IMI)Program, ate EducationandResearch Training (IGERT) Program,underDGE- gram, underEEC-9527527andEEC-0203415,theIntegrativeGradu- (NSF), theCombinedResearch-CurriculumDevelopment(CRCD)Pro- The presentworkissupportedbytheNationalScienceFoundation to commonlyacceptedresultsinthewell-studiedcrystallinealloys. lower endurancelimitsthanaxialfatiguetests,whichcouldbecontrary the comparisonimpliesthatfour-pointbendHCFexperimentsyield frequency oftheHCFexperimentalloadingisreduced.Furthermore, studies. Onesuchtrendappearstobedecreasingendurancelimitsasthe were observed,whichpresentaclearopportunityforfuturefatigue tion, samplegeometry, andtestingprocedure,severalinterestingtrends cult tomaketruecomparisons,givenvariationsinmaterialcomposi- amplitude/tensile strengthversuscyclestofailure. Although itisdiffi- organized bytestingmethodandgraphedasstressrange based BMGsaswellcommoncrystallinealloyswascombinedand difficult toanalyze.DatafromavarietyofHCFexperimentsonZr- various academicjournalsensuringthatcomparisonsandtrendsare glasses (BMGs).However,thepublishedresultsremainscatteredin cycle fatigue(HCF)behaviorofzirconium(Zr)-basedbulk-metallic als sciencefieldinrecentyearstoquantifyandunderstandthehigh- A greatdealofresearchhasbeenperformedthroughoutthemateri- Sci. &Engrg.,434DoughertyHall,Knoxville,TN37996-2200USA Freels 37996-2200 USA; see, Matls.Sci.&Engrg.Dept.,434DoughertyHall,Knoxville,TN max. , aretheappliedminimumandmaximumstresses,respectively. 1 ; Gongyao Y. Wang 1 ; Raymond Allen Buchanan 2 1 ; Z.Q.Hu ; PeterK.Liaw 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM 2 Chinese Academy ofScience,ShenyangNatl.Lab. 2 ; Raymond A. Buchanan : 1 ; Gongyao Y. Wang Devin LanceWeinberg 1 ; DongchunQiao 48 Cr 15 Mo 1 ; 14 1 University of Tennessee, Matls. Er 2 C 1 15 ; ; William H.Peter 1 1 ; DevinL. Weinberg ; B 6 σ hasabrittlefracture. 1 min. University of Tennes- 1 ; Matthew Webster / σ max. , and : Matthew σ 1 min. ; Peter , and 1 123 ; Q.

TUESDAY AM ; ; 2 3 Oak 3 Brian : Albany Re- 4 Argonne Na- Argonne 4 U. S. Dept. of 1 ; Tianxiang Li ; Quinyou Han 1 ; 1 Thermcon Ovens 4 1 ; 1 Technical Program Technical Purdue University Calumet, Purdue University 2 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 3 ; Antoine Quenette ; Michael C. Hayes 2 ; Brian M. Golchert 1 the results from model experiments from the results 2 ; Jan D. de Groot 1 Paul E. King 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM Argonne National Laboratory, Energy Systems, 9700 Energy National Laboratory, Argonne : 1 ; Chenn Q. Zhou ; Chenn Q. TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: TMS 2005 Annual 1 ; ; Mohamed Hassan 4 3 Jan Migchielsen : University of Kentucky, Dept. of Mechl. Engrg., 151 RGAN Dept. of Mechl. Engrg., University of Kentucky, 2 Qingyou Han Albany Rsch. Energy, OR Albany, Ctr., 1450 97321 SW, Queen Ave. USA; TN 37831-6083 USA; Oak Ridge, Valley, One Bethel ES/ Ave, Modlg., 9700 S. Cass Process Simulation & tional Laboratory, 60439 USA IL Argonne, 362, in cooperation Albany Research Center, The U. S. Dept. of Energy, with industrial support through Secat, Inc. has designed, built and is Albany Re- in the operating a test-bed reverberatory furnace. Studies search Center (ARC) experimental reverberatory furnace (ERF) in- clude melt efficiency as a function of combustion space volume, power This paper details the furnace design, experi- alloy. input and charge mental equipment, conditions, procedure, and measurements and in- Bldg., Lexington, KY 40506 USA; Bldg., Lexington, KY tained for the small scale model furnace was favorably compared with compared was favorably furnace scale model for the small tained of agreement Well prototype. scale can use the that we validates tests on ERF from with these of processes on the melting the physics to infer technique modeling industrial furnaces. 9:45 AM Furnace Aluminum of an Space Modeling Combustion Mark Golchert Paul E. King 60439 USA; IL Argonne, Ave., S. Cass St., Hammond, IN 46323-2094 USA; Mechl. Engrg., 2200 169th OR 97321 USA Albany, SW, Ave., 1450 Queen search Center, production (melting from aluminum ingots, Secondary aluminum energy savings and environmental ben- scraps, etc.) offers significant production since the former consumes efits over primary aluminum energy used in the latter process. The indus- only five percent of the of further improving furnace faces technical challenges however, try, has been lacking tools that can help understand melting efficiency and detail and that will facilitate furnace design. combustion process in (CFD) modeling has played increas- Computational Fluid Dynamics As part of a evaluating industrial processes. ingly important roles in at a CFD model has been developed by SECAT, program run larger to simulate fuel combustion, heat trans- Argonne National Laboratory flow (mainly CO2 fer (including thermal radiation), gaseous product species/greenhouse and H2O), and production/transport of pollutant the surface heat fluxes gases in an aluminum furnace. Using this code, code. In order to have a are calculated and then transferred to a melt the output from the high level of confidence in the computed results, in-furnace measurements code will be compared and validated against Once validated, the combustion code may Albany furnace. made in the to investigate methods be used to perform inexpensive parametric studies will present results from to optimize furnace performance. This paper as well as results the combustion modeling of an aluminum furnace from several parametric studies. AM Break 10:10 10:20 AM Aluminium Melting Efficiency Increasing of Potentials for Furnaces The Nether- CB Process Dept., PO Box 97, Geldermalsen 4190 B.V., lands melting furnaces The introduction of heat recovery on aluminium fuel requirement for has lead to a considerable reduction of the specific melt- time now, the melting of aluminium. Since already a considerable are generally the most ing furnaces equipped with regenerative burners the Kyoto treaty and economic solution for melting solid metal. With new incentives are created to further the increased cost for energy, aluminium. Operating a reduce the specific energy cost for melting procedures and fine- furnace in a “smart” way by optimizing charging additional energy saving. tuning existing burner systems, does achieve into the furnace control A smarter operation can also be incorporated system. Dynamically adjusting the air-fuel ratio and optimizing the regenerative burner setting will reduce energy cost and increase pro- both regen- The introduction of a hybrid type furnace with ductivity. erative burners and high velocity burners to optimize heat transition will lead to a further reduction of the fuel cost for specific applica- tions. This paper addresses the latest developments on the field of aluminium melting furnaces to achieve both by design and smart op- eration of the furnaces lower specific fuel consumption, minimized maintenance and balanced productivity. 10:45 AM Alu- Design and Operation of an Experimental Reverberatory minum Furnace Ridge National Laboratory, Metals & Ceram. Div., One Bethel Valley One Bethel Metals & Ceram. Div., Ridge National Laboratory, Ridge, TN 37831-6083 USA; Rd., PO Box 2008, Oak ; 1 U.S. 2 ; Kazunori 1 University of 1 Claude Allaire ; 1 ; 1 : Sita Rama Raju Hydro Aluminium AS, Hydro Aluminium ; Mohamed Hassan ; Kozo Saito 2 2 : Roger Pelletier 124 ; Paul King ; Paul King 1 1 University of Kentucky, Dept. of Mechl. University of Kentucky, 1 Room: 2001 Convention Center Location: Moscone West ; Gerd Ulrich Gruen, Gerd Ulrich 1 U.S. Department of Energy, Albany Rsch. Ctr., U.S. Department of Energy, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Engrg. Physics, 2 1 Paul King, Albany Research Center, Albany, OR Albany, Albany Research Center, Paul King, ; Light Metals Division, LMD-Aluminum Committee Division, LMD-Aluminum Light Metals 1 Tianxiang Li Tianxiang Tianxiang Li Tianxiang : ; 1 ; Kozo Saito 1 124 1450 Queen Ave., SW, Albany, OR 97321-2198 USA Albany, SW, Ave., 1450 Queen Secondary (recycled) aluminum constitutes around 35% of the to- tal aluminum used in the United States. Secondary aluminum melting is accomplished in large reverberatory furnaces, and improving its en- a major interest to the aluminum industry. efficiency has been of ergy assist the aluminum industry in improving the melting efficiency, To an experimental research furnace (ERF as a prototype) of about 907 Albany Research Center of the U.S. kg (2000 lbs) has been built at Department of Energy as part of multi-partner research program. This paper describes the scaling laws of aluminum melting furnace, the design of a small scale model furnace (14 kg capacity), and the scale scale modeling technique was applied to partial A model experiments. derive achievable scaling laws on temperature distributions in and at distributions ob- Temperature the furnace walls including the roof. CIREP, Campus CRIQ, 8475, Christophe-Colomb, Montréal, Québec CIREP, H2M 2N9 Canada is a well known phe- The interaction between stress and corrosion engineering sys- nomenon observed in many environment/material tems. This paper presents the results of a study whose objective is to verify if stress-corrosion interactions are possible between liquid alu- observe the possible interaction, speci- To minum and refractories. mens are submitted to a creep flexion test while being partially sub- merged into liquid aluminum. Pure corrosion and pure creep tests are used as references to put forward the interactions. The results obtained so far suggest that tensile stresses enhance corrosion of refractories. 9:20 AM Aluminum Melting Furnace Scale Modeling of S. Penmetsa Vincent Ébacher Vincent Dept. of Mechl. Engrg., 151 RGAN Bldg., Lexington, KY Kentucky, 40506-0108 USA; 8:30 AM Aluminum Melt- Optimizing Analytical Furnace Model for An ing Furnaces Kuwana Lexington, KY 40506-0108 USA; Engrg., 151 RGAN Bldg., SW, Ave., 1450 Queen Albany Rsch. Ctr., Department of Energy, OR 97321-2198 USA Albany, originally established by Essenhigh An analytical furnace model, application of this The practical in this paper. is developed Tsai, and and was verified by model is to predict optimum furnace operation Research Furnace (ERF) experiments conducted in the Experimental The Albany Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy. at model is based on a few melting development of the Essenhigh/Tsai the thermal conduction and holding tests with two main assumptions; melting and holding loss in aluminum melting is the same for both gases is lineally propor- processes, and the heat loss through the flue because the ther- tional to the melting rate. The former is reasonable the firing rate, while the mal conduction loss is small as compared with of aluminum Tests later is quite accurate as shown in the test results. in the cases of high, melting were conducted on the ERF furnace the relations between normal and low roof heights. From the tests, and energy efficiency firing rate, heat absorption rate, melting rate, conditions under which were developed, and the optimum operation were predicted. In the maximum energy efficiency can be achieved efficiency was deter- addition, the effect of roof height on the energy in diagnostic analysis of mined. This model could be a valuable tool day-to-day operations in aluminum melting. 8:55 AM of Refracto- Experimental Investigation on Stress-Corrosion Aluminum ries Exposed to Liquid Cast Shop Technology: Aluminum Melting: Furnace Melting: Aluminum Technology: Shop Cast and Refractories Design by: Sponsored Organizers: Program Alcoa Alcoa Inc., Chesonis, Germany; Corleen Bonn 53117 USA; Halvor Kvande, 15069 PA Center, Alcoa Center, Technical Oslo N-0240 Norway ASA, Norsk Hydro Tuesday AM February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: Lexington, Tech., Al for Das, Secat Inc., Ctr. 97321 USA; Subodh K. KY 40511 USA

TUESDAY AM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 Devesh K.Misra TMS 2005Annual Meeting: The advancedaustenitestainlesssteel Super304Halsoshowedexcel- Inconel740 showedreductionof eta phaseandbettercreepstrength. tested, inadditiontogammaprime rafting. A modifiedversionof 1050 precipitates wereMC,M strated goodthermalstabilityand strengthupto750 plants. Inconel740isanewnickel-basesuperalloywhichhasdemon- mands forhigherthermalefficiencyandloweremissionincoalpower Newalloyshavebeendevelopedtomeethighertemperature de- MS6155, POBox2008,OakRidge,TN37831USA USA; Cheml. &Matls.Engrg., 2624Clifton Ave., Cincinnati,OH45221 John Shingledecker Ultra Supercritical Application The PrecipitationBehaviorsofInconel740andSuper304H for 8:55 AM interface oftheferrite/pearlite. ite. Ingeneral,themicrostructureisfreeofdislocationsexceptat the bainite regionischaracterizedbyacompleteprecipitationofcement- partitioning isnotobservedinthepearliticorbainiticferrite.The cipitates exhibitanorientationrelationshipwiththematrixandtheir niobium carbonitridesexhibitaringSADpattern.Thedifferentpre- pattern aschemicallysensitiveorsuperlatticereflection. Additionally, precipitates intheferritelattice,whichisdisplayedbydiffraction matrix. Theniobiumandvanadiumcarbonitridescauseorderingof tate alongthegrainboundaries,whereaslatteraredispersedin cipitates ofcarbonitrides.Theformertendstopreferentiallyprecipi- cuboidal carbonitrides,andniobiumvanadiumformveryfinepre- rite, finepearlite,andasmall%ofbainite.Titaniumformscoarse structure ofV-Nb-Ti steelsconsistsofpredominantlypolygonalfer- ferences intheprecipitationbehavioroftwosteels.Themicro- While themechanicalpropertiesaresimilar,theresignificantdif- cipitates inequivalentstrength V-Nb-Ti andvanadium-containing steels. mission electronmicroscopywasemployedtocharacterizethepre- effective cumulativeroleofthe addition ofNb-Ti to V-steel. Trans- behavior of V-Nb-Ti andonly V-containing steelstoinvestigatethe Thepaperdescribesacomparativeevaluationoftheprecipitation USA erence MetalsCompany, 1000OldPondRd.,Bridgeville,PA 15017 Box 1228,5929E.State Hwy. 18,Blytheville, AR 72316USA; 44130, Lafayette,LA 70504-4130USA; Louisiana, Cheml.Engrg.Dept.,Matls.Sci.&Grp.,POBox During Processing ofStructural Beams Strengthlent V-Nb-Tiand V-Containing SteelsMicroalloyed A ComparativeEvaluationofPrecipitationBehaviorinEquiva- 8:30 AM Neuve Belgium Catholique deLouvain,Physl.Chmst.&Matls.Engrg.,Louvain-la- Ottawa, OntarioK1A0G1Canada;LouisEvrard,Universite Session Chairs: February 15,2005 Tuesday AM 1295 USA University, InstituteofMaterialsProcessing,Houghton,MI49931- Skokie, IL 60077USA;J. Y. Hwang,Michigan Technological Construction Technology Laboratories,Inc.,MicroscopyGroup, CANMET, Program Organizers: Characterization Committee Sponsored by: Materials -II Characterization ofStructuralEngineering Characterization ofMinerals,MetalsandMaterials: tions. utilized tovalidatenumerical(computationalfluiddynamics)predic- determine overallcharacteristicsofthefurnace.Experimentaldatais analysis ofthetheoreticalefficiencyfurnaceiscarriedoutto combustion spacevolumehasonthemeltingefficiency. An analytic nace asafunctionofpowerinputandtheeffectchanging sults reportedincludeananalysisoftheoverallefficiencyfur- cludes resultsanddiscussionsofmeltefficiencyresearch.Specificre- ° C. EtaprecipitatesformedaWidmanstatten patternwhencreep 2 Oak RidgeNationalLaboratory, Ceram.&Metals,Bldg.4500S, Ottawa, OntarioK1A 0G1Canada; Ann M.Hagni, Extraction &ProcessingDivision,EPD-Materials 1 Jian Li,NaturalResourcesCanada,CANMET-MTL, ; DhirenPanda 2 ; RobertSwindeman Tzong T. Chen,NaturalResourcesCanada, Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 2010 23 C 6 125 , andgammaprimewhensolutionized at : TechnicalProgram 2 Quanyan Wu ; FulvioSiciliano 2 ; 2 : 1 Nucor-Yamato Steel,PO University ofCincinnati, Sankaran Shanmugam 1 ; Vijay 3 ; K. Vasudevan ° 1 C. Themajor University of 3 Ref- 1 1 ; ; Manifold Development ofHeatResistantCast Alloy for EngineExhaust 10:20 AM 10:10 AM Break of ashuntinglocomotivewereappliedandpresented. eral engineeringcharacterizationtechniquesforthelifetimeanalysis coachwork andbogiepartsinlocomotive.Inthisinvestigation,sev- ation techniqueswereemployedtodemonstratethewearstatusof current wearinformation. Also, corrosiontestandnondestructiveevalu- inspection wasconductedoneachpartoftransmissiontoprovidethe tests wereperformedonthedieselengineandgearbox,precision terms ofthedegreedeterioration.Theperformanceevaluation part ofmajorcomponentsinthediesellocomotivewasanalyzed total priceofthelocomotive.Therefore,inthisinvestigation,each gear box,brakesystem,etc.,whichcovermorethan70percentofthe is composedofmajorcomponentssuchasdieselengine,transmission, rolling stocksinrailwayapplications,thedieselshuntinglocomotive tion methodsforthelocomotivepartswereintroduced.Unlikeother in steelindustry, andinthispaper, varioustypesoftechnicalevalua- the lifetimeassessment.Thelocomotivewasusingforshuntingworks Thedeteriorationofashuntinglocomotivewascharacterizedfor Engrg., Seoul426-791S.Korea Kyunggi 437-757S.Korea; Institute, RailroadSafetyRsch.& Testing Ctr., 360-1 Woulam, Uiwang, for Lifetime Assessment Characterization ofDeteriorationinaShuntingLocomotive 9:45 AM bination ofadvancedcharacterizationtechniques. typical ofindustrialcontinuousgalvanizingwasexaminedusingacom- vanized coatingsproducedonavarietyofsteeltypesunderconditions coating performance.Inthepresentstudy, themicrostructureofgal- acteristics onthecoatingmicrostructureiscriticaltooptimize understanding oftheeffectsprocessparametersandsubstratechar- galvannealing treatmenttoallowinterdiffusion ofironandzinc. An tain athinnerinhibitionlayerwhichisbrokendownduringthe galvannealed products,thegalvanizingparametersareadjustedtoob- iron-zinc intermetallicsandtoobtainaductilecoating.Inthecaseof inhibition layermustbethickenoughtopreventtheformationof during continuoushotdipgalvanizing.Onagalvanizedproduct,this An ironaluminideinhibitionlayerisformedonthesteelsurface 12036, Rsch.TrianglePark,NC27709-2036USA Ontario L8S4M1Canada; University, Dept.ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg., 1280MainSt. W., Hamilton, ratory, 568BoothSt., Ottawa,OntarioK1A 0G1Canada; nized andGalvannealedSteels Characterization oftheInhibitionLayeronHotDipGalva- 9:20 AM between thesetwoalloyswillbepresented. tures willbecharacterizedusingTEM,EDS,SEMandcomparison tion behaviors,afterageingandcreep-testunderaseriesoftempera- precipitation offine-scalecopper-richprecipitates.Theseprecipita- lent long-termstrength,andmicrostructuralstudyrevealedmassive Petralia Roberto Montanari Maria G. Ienco Donato Firrao structural ChangeswithLimited orNoMacro-Deformation AISI 304KSteel Subjectedto SmallChargeExplosions:Micro- 10:45 AM for bettermanufacturing. Casting designandconditionareoptimizedbynumericalsimulation cycle fatigueandhightemperatureoxidationpropertiesareevaluated. on alloydesigntoimprovedurabilityofengineexhaustmanifold.Low cal constraint,becomesanimportantissue.Ourreserachworkfocuses fatigue occureddirectlyasaresultofthermalexpansionandmechani- tion resistantdemandsonexhaustmanifoldalloy. Besides,thermal This hasledtomuchhigherelevatedtemperaturestrengthandoxida- proved fuelefficiency anddesigntowardhigherspecificenginepower. higher exhaustgastemperaturebytighteremissionrequirement,im- manifold haveincreasedsignificantlyoverthepastdecadebecause of fold ofnewpassengerdieselengines.Operatingdemandsonexhaust Theheatresistantcastalloyhasbeendevelopedforexhaustmani- 706 S.Korea R&D Ctr./Matl. Rsch. Team, Jangduk772-1, Whasung, Kyunggi445- Ko Sik Pyun G.Botton A. 1 ; HyounSooPark 4 ; 1 : ; Yong-Ki; Hong Sung HwanPark 1 2 Politecnico di Torino, Dip.diScienzadeiMateriali e ; F. E.Goodwin 1 ; PaoloMatteis 2 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM ; PaoloPiccardo 3 ; MariaElisa Tata 1 ; JongDaeLim 1 : ; Dae-SungBae Jeongguk Kim 1 3 3 ; ILZRO, 2525MeridianPkwy., POBox ; 1 2 Jong MoonKim ; GiorgioScavino Hanyang University, Dept. ofMechl. 1 2 CANMET-Materials T : S.Dionne ; MariaR.Pinasco 1 3 ; ; GiovanniBrandimarte 2 ; 1 1 ; Jong-DukChung Hyundai-Motor Company, 1 1 Korea RailroadResearch ; 1 ; J. Li 1 Hak JinKim ; GrazianoUbertalli 2 1 ; EnricaStagno ; V.Guertsman echnology Labo- 2 McMaster 1 1 ; ; Jang- Se Jin 4 125 ; S. 1 2 1 : ; ; ; TUESDAY AM ; 1 ; Lyle E. ; Lyle 1 Carleton Univer- tate Sci., Tempe, tate Sci., 1 ; Michael J. Mills 2 ; 2 Technical Program Technical Mingdong Cai : . for Solid S ; Ali Merati 1 ; Stephen A. Court ; Stephen 1 National Institute of Standards and Tech- National Institute of Standards 2 Washington State University, Physics Dept., University, State Washington National Research Council of Canada, Inst. 1 2 ; Room: 2012 Convention Center Location: Moscone West 1 Tzong T. Chen, Natural Resources Canada, Chen, Natural T. Tzong Alcan Technology & Management, Badische Technology Alcan 2 Jonathan Tsang : 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM Roderick I.L. Guthrie, McGill University, McGill McGill University, Roderick I.L. Guthrie, Extraction & Processing Division, EPD-Materials & Processing Division, Extraction TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: TMS 2005 Annual Libor Kovarik : Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0G1 Canada; Ann M. Hagni, Ann M. Canada; 0G1 K1A Ottawa, Ontario ; J. T. Dickinson T. ; J. 2 Ohio State University, 2041 College Rd., Watts Hall #477, Columbus, Hall #477, Watts 2041 College Rd., University, Ohio State sity, Dept. of Mechl. & Aeros. Engrg., 1125 Col. By Dr., Ottawa, Col. By Dr., Aeros. Engrg., 1125 Dept. of Mechl. & sity, Ontario K1S 5B6 Canada; Levine 99164 USA; Pullman, WA MD 20899 USA Gaithersburg, 100 Bureau Dr., Metall. Div., nology, aluminum sample was Uniaxial deformation of a cube-oriented A photoelectron emission technique. monitored by a laser-induced the energy dis- retarding-field energy analyzer was used to determine of the surface work tribution of photoelectrons. Due to anisotropy 248-nm laser radia- function in aluminum, electrons of 0.5 eV (using energy spectra indi- tion) were found to dominate the photoelectron After deformation, obvious increases in cating a strong cube texture. the intensities of photoelectrons with 0.7 and 1.0 eV kinetic energies were detected, which correspond to increases of {111} and {110} surface area. Quantitative texture analysis by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) data showed an increase of {110} surface area after deformation. Laser-induced photoelectron emission is sensitive to slip events and possible grain rotation, while EBSD demonstrates texture evolution as a result of slip and lattice rotation. The higher energies observed in the photoelectron spectra are consistent with the mea- sured evolution in texture during deformation. 9:20 AM Nucleation and Early Growth of Fatigue Cracks in 2024-T3 Aluminum Alloy Aeros. Rsch., 1200 Montreal Rd., Bldg. M-13, Ottawa, Ontario for K1A 0R6 Canada While the long crack regime has been well established and under- stood, our understanding of the mechanisms controlling fatigue crack nucleation and short crack growth are still under debate. Crack nucle- ation and short crack growth consume up to ~95% of the fatigue life. Therefore, early crack growth is of great importance and must be fully understood before an accurate holistic and materials-based life predic- An extensive study has been carried out tion model can be developed. to evaluate the main factors affecting the fatigue crack nucleation process and to characterize the growth of physically short cracks. In Characterization of Minerals, Metals and Materials: Metals and of Minerals, Characterization - I Materials Weight of Light Characterization by: Sponsored Committee Characterization Organizers: Program CANMET, Group, Laboratories, Inc., Microscopy Technology Construction Technological Hwang, Michigan Y. J. 60077 USA; Skokie, IL Houghton, MI 49931- Materials Processing, Institute of University, 1295 USA Tuesday AM February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: J. 2B2 Canada; Michael Montreal, Quebec H3A Metals Procg. Ctr., Arizona McKelvy, State University, Ctr 8:30 AM the S-Phase with a Modified Orientation Characterization of Relationship 1 OH 43210 USA; Bahnhofstrasse 16, Neuhausen CH 8212 Switzerland (OR) are known for the S- possible orientation relationships Two that one of the Al-Cu-Mg alloys. It has been previously shown phase in particles that do not two OR is metastable and found only for S-phase with low Cu/Mg ratio exceed certain dimensions. In our work on alloys and Z-contrast imag- and small additions of Si, we employed HRTEM As compared to the ing to study the origin of the metastable OR. invariant line concept, previously published explanation based on an by a particular S-phase/ we find that the OR may be governed instead matching for the meta- matrix interface that has excellent atom-site are supported by a stable OR considered. Microscopy observations Based on EDX model interface that shows this atom-site matching. metastable OR may be analysis, we also find that the creation of facilitated by the local enrichment of Si. 8:55 AM Aluminum Using La- of Deformation of Cube-Textured Study Emission Photoelectron ser-Induced AZ 85287-1704 USA ; 1 Y. Sikaddour Y. parallel to the : Ni Università di Roma “Tor di Roma Università 3 FAMU-FSU College of Engi- FAMU-FSU 1 ; 1 Ti Eutectic Alloy Eutectic Ti 3 Ti eutectic alloy has been prepared by 126 3 ; P. N. Kalu ; P. 1 ). Ni-Ni 24 Marina Militare, Istituto di Chimica Esplosivi, Viale S. Viale Esplosivi, Istituto di Chimica Marina Militare, Ti(Do structure, the presence of misfit dislocation with cores Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Technologie Université des Sciences et de la 4 3 1 24 Ti eutectic alloy as cast exhibit a widmanstätten structure in Ti eutectic alloy as cast exhibit a widmanstätten D. R. Waryoba 3 ; : 1 Università di Genova, Dip. di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Via Industriale, e Chimica di Chimica Dip. di Genova, Università 126 interface facets. the nickel matrix, it has been found that depending on cooling rate and the nickel matrix, it has been found that depending plates of the hexago- chemical composition. The precipitates are thin nal phase Ni a widmanstätten unidirectional solidification in order to investigate images has demon- Analysis of HRTEM structure in FCC Nickel phase. strate in Do associated with very small ledges with a height of four close-packed plans spacing and its burgers vectors is (-1/6)[112] K. Taibi K. & Génie des Boumedienne (USHB), Faculté de Génie Mécanique Alia Bab, Ezzouar 32 EL Procédés, Dépt. des Scis. des Matériaux, BP 16000 Alger Ni-Ni neering, Dept. Mechl. Engrg., 2525 Pottsdamer St., Tallahassee, FL Tallahassee, 2525 Pottsdamer St., Engrg., neering, Dept. Mechl. 32310-6046 USA inhomogeneities have been investigated in oxygen free Textural at room temperature to a high conducting (OFHC) copper wire drawn at 250°C and 750°C for true strain of 2.31, and isothermally annealed were Local orientations annealing times ranging from 10 s to 1 hr. microscopy (OIM). The mapped by means of orientation imaging <111> + weak <100> microtexture of the drawn wires showed a strong the mid and surface duplex fiber texture at the inner core, whereas Annealing at 250°C resulted regions had a comparatively weak texture. the mid section, pro- into a recrystallization which originated from the inner core. Recrystal- ceed towards the surface regions and ends in duplex fiber texture. lization resulted into a strong<100>+weak<111> during short annealing A similar textural inhomogeneity was observed rise to abnormal grain- at 750°C. However, prolonged annealing gave the outer surfaces with a growth that proceed from the inner core to region and mixed com- dominant <111> fiber component at the inner outer surfaces. ponents of <111>, <100>, and <112> at the AM 11:35 Charaterization of Ni-Ni HRTEM Ingegneria Chimica, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, Torino 10129 Italy; 10129 Torino Abruzzi, 24, degli Corso Duca Chimica, Ingegneria 2 16146 Italy; Genova 30, Dodecanneso, 1, Roma del Politecnico, Via Meccanica, di Ingegneria Dip. Vergata”, 00133 Italy; Italy n. 400, La Spezia 19100 Bartolomeo by AISI 304 K steel disks on variations induced Microstructural are illustrated. macro-deformation do not cause gross explosions which charges and explosive-target g NSP explosive spherical 50 and 100 achieve pick to 0.8 m were used to the range from 0.05 distances in (60 and 30 µm) grain sizes Two the 960 to 3 bars range. pressures in features were studied by XRD, OM, SEM were tested. Microstructural OM and SEM evidenced dark spots, due Surface and STM microscopy. of explosive components, zones with to oxidation and deposition grain boundary melting, and twins. Phe- recrystallization phenomena, be of the samples restricted to twins. They can nomena in the interior from the explosion impinged surface and seen up to some distance around the reflecting surface. The maxi- again for a smaller distance distance at which the phenomena disappear has mum charge-to-target the each charge and grain size and related to been singled out for stress for twinning. critical resolved shear AM 11:10 OFHC Cop- Annealed and Inhomogeneities in Drawn Textural Wire per

TUESDAY AM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 TMS 2005Annual Meeting: Nancy Cedex54042France Gautier Dehmas Homogenisation During 3003 AluminiumAlloys Experimental Study andModelling ofPhase Transformation in 11:10 AM contact experiments. contacts wereinvestigated.Numericalresultstestedbynormal normal loadanddistancebetweentheasperitiesonmultipleasperity tiple asperitycontactsituationwasemployed.Theeffectsoffriction, model capableofaccountingforlargestrainaccumulationundermul- occurs inaluminumalloyssubjectedtoslidingcontact. An Eulerian build afiniteelementmodeltoanalyzesubsurfacedeformationthat loading conditions. Accordingly, themainobjectiveofthisstudyisto sure andhencedeterminethesubsurfacedamagegradientundervarious to determinethemagnitudeanddistributionofhydrostaticpres- damage accumulationrateishighest.Numericalanalysesarenecessary delamination ofthesubsurfacelayersatacertaindepthwhere the the basisofthisconcept,debrisformationcanbeattributedto the sidered toberesponsibleforthegenerationofadamagegradient. On void growth,andthehydrostaticpressure,whichsuppressesit,iscon- surfaces, thecompetitionbetweenplasticstrain,whichenhances under lightloads.Inthesubsurfacelayersadjacenttocontact faces involveslargeplasticdeformationandsubsurfacedamage,even Incertaintribologicalapplicationsofaluminum,slidingwearsur- 3P4 Canada Windsor, Dept.ofMechl., Auto., 401Sunset Ave., Windsor, ONN9B tacts minum Alloys SubjectedtoMultiple Asperity SlidingCon- Characterization ofSubsurfaceDamage Accumulation in Alu- 10:45 AM barrier layerusingaTiadditioninmoltenaluminum. sented forcontrollingtheinterfacialreactionbyforminganin-situ allography andscanningelectronmicroscopy. A novelmethodispre- ucts wereinvestigatedusingthermodynamiccalculation,opticalmet- ture. TheinstabilityofB4Cinliquidaluminumanditsreactionprod- reaction duringtheliquidmixingprocessandresultingcaststruc- paper describesworkconductedtobetterunderstandtheinterface detrimental tothecastabilityandmaterialproperties.Thepresent major challengesistheinterfacereactionbetweenB4Cand Al thatis limited duetoitscomplicatedmanufacturingandcost.Oneofthe ever, furtheruseoftheB4Cparticle-reinforcedcompositematerialis capture neutrons,lightweightandsuperiorstiffnessstrength.How- B4C isadesirablereinforcementbecauseofitsspecialcapabilityto neutron-shielding componentsandaircraftaerospacestructures. B4C havebeenusedincertainhigh-performanceapplicationssuchas Aluminum matrixcompositescontainingreinforcingparticlesof Québec G7S4K8Canada ited, Arvida R&DCtr., 1955,MellonBoul.,POBox1250,Jonquière, posites anditsControl Interface ReactionofBoronCarbidein Aluminum MatrixCom- 10:20 AM 10:10 AM Break mensional space. neighborhood spatialheterogeneitiesofmicrostructureinthree-di- acterize localparticlemorphologies,connectivity, andnear reconstruct the3Dvolume.Thereconstructionisutilizedtochar- total ofhundredsections,approximately1mmapart,wereusedto and characterizethreesampleswithdifferentprocessingparameters. A sional microstructuralvolumeofthe Al-SiC MMCfromserialsections In thispaper,wepresentatechniquetoreconstructthethreedimen- and SiCparticleswhichprovidemechanicalstabilitytothecomposite. it usefulforthewidevarietyofapplicationsarelightweightaluminum tural tofunctionalmaterial).ThekeyfactorsofthisMMCthatmake ous fieldsrangingfromautomotive,aerospacetoelectronics(i.e.struc- Al-SiC metal matrix composites (MMC’s) find applications in vari- Ferst Dr., NW, Atlanta, GA 30318USA 1 of Microstructural Volume Digital Image Analysis for Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Characterization of CompositebyUsing Al-SiC Particulate 9:45 AM and anovelhypothesisfortheshortcrackmechanismwaspresented. at constituentparticles.Earlycrackgrowthpatternsweredocumented been used.Itwasobservedthatalmostallthefatiguefailuresoriginated surface replication,markerbands,andelectricalpotentialdrophave this work,differentcrackdetectionandmonitoringtechniquessuchas Georgia Institute : S. Akarca 1 ; Charles-AndreGandin 1 ; MickaelSerriere of Technology, Schl.ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg., 771 1 ; W.; J. Altenhof : X. GrantChen 1 ; Pierre Archambault 127 : 1 Harpreet Singh ; TechnicalProgram 1 LSG2M, ENSMN,ParcdeSaurupt, 1 ; A. T. A. ; Alpas 1 ; 1 Alcan InternationalLim- 1 1 ; Arun M.Gokhale ; ElisabethM. Aeby- 1 ; 1 University of : Moukrane 1 ; improved mechanicalproperties. results willbediscussedwithrespecttoalloydesignstrategiestowards ciation ofmechanicaltwinningandfracture.Theimplicationsthe tates onthekinematicsanddynamicsoftwinpropagation,(iii)asso- (i) twinnucleationandpropagation,(ii)effectsofsolutesprecipi- tigations oftwinningarrangements.Themajorareasthestudyare: paper byconventionalandhigh-resolutionelectronmicroscopeinves- association oftwinningandfractureisinvestigatedinthepresent planes. Thus,blockedslipmayeasilyleadtofracture.Thiscomplex gamma -TiAlserveasslipplanes,twinhabitplanesandcleavage polycrystalline materials.Ontheotherhand,octahedralplanesof can operateatcomparablestressesand,thus,supportstheplasticityof apparently compensatesforthelackofindependentslipsystemsthat tion ingamma-TiAlbasedtitaniumaluminidealloys.Themechanism Deformationtwinningisanimportantmodeofplasticdeforma- 21502 Germany ture in Two-Phase An Electron Microscope Study ofMechanical Twinning andFrac- 11:35 AM and then,bytheenrichmentofprimaryparticles. tion model.Thismanganesecontentevolvesbythefineprecipitation the manganesecontentinsolidsolutionpredictedbyaprecipita- second time,theevolutionofelectricalresistivityarecomparedto dispersoïds andprimaryparticlesasafunctionoftemperature.In image analysis)andleadtoevolutionsofthevolumefraction tive methodsareanalysed(synchrotronresults,andMETquantitative ity andtoaprecipitationmodel.Infirsttime,thedifferentquantita- tion andbyimageanalysis,arecomparedtoin-situelectricalresistiv- tive experimentalresults,obtainedbyhighenergysynchrotronradia- an eutectoïdtransformationoftheprimaryparticlesoccur. Quantita- from equilibriumandduringheating,aprecipitationofdispersoïds lidification, boththesolidsolutionandprimaryprecipitatesarefar aluminium alloysduringtheheatingfromas-caststate. After so- Thispaperaimstostudymicrostructuralevolutionsinthe3003 into theatomisticregionandthat connectdiscretedislocationor progress onrelatedmultiscalemodels thatembedquantummechanics eling forcapturingcomplexmechanical phenomenainsolids.Finally, These examplesdemonstratethe power ofintegratedmultiscalemod- temperatures, anddislocationpile-up/grain-boundary interactions. including brittleandductilecrack growthin Al, Ni,andFeatfinite atomic region.Thenewmethodisappliedtoseveralbasicproblems, the atom/continuumboundaryofenergeticpulsesemanatingfrom the vide atemperaturereservoirfortheatomsandpreventreflection at boundary conditions”intheatomisticregionthatsimultaneouslypro- and dislocationdynamics.Thisisachievedthroughtheuseof“stadium method isextendedtoincludefinite-temperaturemoleculardynamics description orvice-versa.Here,thezero-temperaturequasistatic pass throughtheboundary, changingfromanatomistictocontinuum communicate acrossacoherentboundarywhiledislocationsseamlessly method hasbeendevelopedwhereinatomisticandcontinuumregions To handleplastic deformationatmultiplescales,acomputational University, Dept.ofMechl.Engrg., OttawaCanada 1 Dislocation Model A Finite-Temperature, DynamicCoupled Atomistic/Discrete- 8:30 AM Invited UT 84112USA Chandran, UniversityofUtah,Metallurgl. Engrg., SaltLakeCity, Matls. Sci.& Tech., Los Alamos, NM87545USA;K.S.Ravi Session Chairs: February 15,2005 Tuesday AM 24061 USA Department ofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,Blacksburg, VA Diana Farkas, Virginia PolytechnicInstitute andState University, Department ofMaterialsScience,San Antonio, TX 78284USA; Program Organizers: MSCTS) MPMD-Computational MaterialsScience&Engineering-(Jt. ASM- Sponsored by: Materials: Nano-ScaleandMeso-ScaleModeling Computational AspectsofMechanicalProperties Appel Brown University, Div. ofEngrg., Providence,RIUSA; 1 ; 1 GKSS ResearchCentre,Inst.forMatls.Rsch.,GeesthachtD- 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM Materials ProcessingandManufacturingDivision, M. I.Baskes,Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, : W.Curtin A. Intermetallic Titanium Aluminides Kwai S.Chan,SouthwestResearchInstitute, Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 3012 1 ; V.Shastry 1 ; M.Dewald 1 ; R.Miller 2 Carleton : Fritz 127 2 ; TUESDAY AM ’ ’ γ γ - γ Jamaa and ; Gopal γ 2 : Ian Ivan ’ precipi- γ Ohio State : 1 ; 1 FAMU-FSU College FAMU-FSU 1 Technical Program Technical ; Jaimie Tiley ; 1 matrix, and the geom- 1 γ ; Hamish L Fraser ; Hamish L 1 ; Eunha Lee 1 CA 92697-2575 USA CA ; Peter N. Kalu 1 Air Force Materials Laboratory, Matls. & Air Force Materials Laboratory, 2 matrix and influenced by the thickness of influenced by the thickness matrix and ’ unit cell. γ γ - γ ; Rajarshi Banerjee 1 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM Tower, Irvine, Tower, ; Thomas Searles 1 ’ geometry, the deformation constraint induced by the the deformation constraint geometry, ’ TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: TMS 2005 Annual matrix and the anisotropic-elasticity for the for and the anisotropic-elasticity matrix γ γ - ’-precipitate edge. The simulation results also showed a ’-precipitate edge. The γ γ ; Daudi R. Waryoba ; Daudi R. University of California, Dept. of Cheml. Engrg. & Matls. 1 1 ; 1 Sujoy Kar : ’ geometry, the applied BCs, and the flow properties of the applied BCs, and the the geometry, ’ γ -matrix channels, the flow property of the -matrix channels, the - ’ precipitates was simulated using a non-local gradient-dependent plas- gradient-dependent using a non-local simulated was ’ precipitates 11:10 AM 11:10 Al- Alpha/Beta Titanium of Properties Modeling Tensile the loys tension-compression (T-C) asymmetry, which was related to the geo- asymmetry, tension-compression (T-C) metric constraint of the etry of the phases on the macroscopic flow behavior. The simulated flow curves macroscopic flow behavior. phases on the the organized was accompanied by behavior, which showed a softening flow in the massive plastic γ γ microstructure. Numerical studies focused on clarification of the ef- focused on clarification Numerical studies microstructure. fects of the Sci., 916 Engrg. Sci., 916 Engrg. Al The tensile elastic response exhibited by open cellular 6101-T6 foams (Duocell) at 293K, 423K and 523K was simulated through finite element (FE) analysis. These results were compared with previously obtained experimental results and with values obtained from a density compensation (DC) model. FE analysis was performed with MSC Patran preprocessing software using Nastran post-processing. These simula- tions used a staggered cubic cell geometry that was comprised of hour- glass-shaped struts with morphologies similar to those observed through The simulated cells approximated the optical and SEM metallography. relative density and dimensions possessed by the actual foam cells. The [001] orientation deformation of a single-crystal superalloy of a single-crystal deformation [001] orientation The cuboidal of regularly-arrayed fraction a high volume having (CMSX-4) γ for the ticity of the for representation meshes were adopted tate. Unit-cell Babu Viswanathan 2041 College Rd., Hall, Watts & Engrg., 477 Matls. Sci. University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA; OH USA Mfg. Direct., Dayton, of a set of computational tools that permit The development predictions for the tensile properties of com- microstructurally-based is a valuable Ti-6Al-4V, alloys, such as mercially important titanium This paper will step towards the accelerated maturation of materials. Neural Network Models discuss the development of Fuzzy Logic and yield strength, ultimate based on Bayesian statistics to predict the at room temperature. tensile strength and elongation of Ti-6Al-4V the building up of The development of such rules-based models requires are microstructurally- extensive databases, which in the present case include controlled based. The steps involved in database development combinatorial approaches variations of the microstructure using novel stereology protocols to to heat-treatments, the use of standardized features, and me- rapidly characterize and quantify microstructural These databases have chanical testing of the heat-treated specimens. models to predict the been used to train and test Neural Network have been successfully tensile properties. In addition, these models features on used to identify the influence of individual microstructural the efforts towards the mechanical properties, consequently guiding models. development of more robust phenomenological AM 11:30 of Heavily De- Prediction of the Microstructure Parameters Neural Network Artificial formed OFHC Copper Using Dept. of Mechl. Engrg., of Engineering, Natl. High Magnetic Field Lab., 32310 USA FL Tallahassee, 2525 Pottsdamer St., (ANN) model has been developed for An artificial neural network heavily deformed OFHC predicting key microstructural parameters in model centered on the correlation The initial phase of the copper. microstructure of the de- between the processing parameters and the heavily drawn to The material was formed and annealed OFHC copper. for one hour at different strains at room temperature, and annealed ANN model was based on multilayer The various temperatures. backpropagation neural network, and was trained by using experimen- tal and numerical data. The input parameters were annealing tempera- tures and the processing strains, while the output parameters were orientation texture, microhardness, grain size and recrystallization good correlation was found between the predicted A temperatures. Also, the model was used to results and the original training data. predict properties of OFHC copper at different temperatures for dif- ferent strains outside the training data set. AM 11:50 Modeling the Mechanical Response of Open-Cellular 6101-T6 Through Temperatures Ambient and at Intermediate Foams at Finite Element and Density Compensation Methods Bouhattate Nieves ; : 1 ; D. M. 1 University 1 Silvester J. ; 1 : Nikolas Provatas ; 1 ; Brian D. Wirth 1 ; T. A. Parthasarathy ; T. 1 University of California, Mechl. & 1 ; Mikko Haataja ; 128 1 1 Discrete Dislocation Simulations: A Dislocation Simulations: Discrete UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Rd., Dayton, 1 Y. S. Choi Y. ; 2 : University of California, Mechl. & Aeros. Engrg., Mechl. & University of California, L. Shilkrot, R. M. Miller, and W. A. Curtin, J. W. and Miller, R. M. L. Shilkrot, ; Jae-Hyeok Shim 1 1 1 Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRL/MLLM, 2230 Air Force Research Laboratory, ; 2 1 : Peter Stefanovic ; Nasr M. Ghoniem ; M. D. Uchic 1 2 Peihua Jing : McMaster University, Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., 1280 Main St. & Engrg., Dept. of Matls. Sci. McMaster University, Dimiduk 128 OH 45432 USA; AFB, OH 45433 USA Wright-Patterson St., Tenth Aeros. Engrg. Dept., 420 Westwood Plaza, #48-121, Los Angeles, CA Plaza, #48-121, Los Westwood Dept., 420 Aeros. Engrg. 90095-1597 USA Crack-tip plastic behavior is simulated using two dimensional dis- crete dislocation dynamics simulations. 3D mechanisms are incorpo- rated in 2D dislocation dynamics simulations of crack-tip plasticity to include the effect of dislocation reactions like dislocation annihila- tion, dislocation junction formation, dynamic source generation, etc. the size and shape of the equilibrated plastic zone com- find that We pares well with the continuum mechanics predictions. The stress fields ahead of the crack along the crack plane are in excellent agreement In contrast with the small scale yielding models of crack tip plasticity. to the continuum models in which strain hardening exponent are an input parameter, in our simulations the hardening behavior evolves The variation of the hardening exponent with temperature naturally. is also recovered. 10:50 AM Microstructural Effects in Modeling the Flow Behavior of Single Superalloys Crystal Comparative Study with Continuum Mechanics Comparative Study of California, Nucl. Engrg. Dept., Berkeley, CA 94720-1730 USA CA Dept., Berkeley, of California, Nucl. Engrg. and creep proper- In precipitate hardened materials, the strength which depend on the ties are controlled by dislocation interactions, present the results of atomistic We precipitate interfacial structure. the precipitate shape, simulations specifically designed to investigate in a Ni-Ag alloy coherency loss and dislocation bypass mechanisms interatomic poten- with a large lattice misfit. Embedded atom method the elastic properties tials have been re-derived to accurately describe provide The results Ni-Ag mixing enthalpy. Ag, and the of Ni and and the effect insight into the precipitate coherency loss mechanisms and bypass. of precipitate coherency on dislocation interaction AM Break 10:20 10:30 AM Fields from Crack-Tip Noronha 1 L8S4L7 Canada Hamilton, Ontario W., elas- is presented for modeling field theory approach continuum A orienta- and multiple crystal deformation, free surfaces tic and plastic model The hexagonal and cubic symmetry. tions in systems with both incorporates both diffusive and its dynamics is based on a free energy, we By introducing a variable elastic time scale, and elastic phenomena. equilibrium while simulating micro- are able to maintain mechanical by time scales well beyond those accessible structural evolution on simulation methods (e.g. molecular dynam- conventional atomistic and to apply this model to elucidate the role of dislocations We ics). during deformation of nanocrystalline materials. study texture evolution AM Invited 9:25 Behavior in Multi-Layer Nanostructures Modeling Dislocation 90095-1597 USA Angeles, CA Los Blvd., Westwood 420 behavior in multi-layer nanostructures Understanding dislocation of ultra-strong nano-structured materials, which is critical to the design present the results of recent research We exhibit significant ductility. thin films utilizing on dislocation properties in anisotropic multilayer developed methods of several computational techniques. First, newly introduced. Such meth- dislocation dynamics in these systems will be of material deformation ods are applied to delineate the various modes applied external stress. as a function of the nanolayer size and the be presented, where we Second, Molecular Dynamics simulations will as dislocations approach focus on the determination of core properties which determines the interfaces, and on the critical Koehler barrier, an Finally, resistance of the interface to dislocation transmission. core model is used to- extension of the Peierls-Nabbarro dislocation the Ab Initio calculations of the gamma surface to describe gether with variety of conditions. structure of dislocation loop cores under a wide 10:00 AM Mechanisms in Ni-Ag Precipitate Shape and Coherency Loss Alloys impurity models into continuum crystal plasticity or diffusion, respec- diffusion, plasticity or crystal into continuum models impurity reported. is tively, Nasr M. Ghoniem Mech. Phys. Solids 52, 755 (2004). 52, 755 Phys. Solids Mech. 9:05 AM Deformations of Nanocrystalline Elastic and Plastic Modeling Materials

TUESDAY AM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 TMS 2005Annual Meeting: takes placeinthesubgrainstructure formedduringrecovery. To ad- favored duringtheearlystagesof recrystallizationwherecoarsening theory concerns“microselection” wherebythecubecomponentis example, thecubecomponent,{001}<100>, infccmetals.Onesuch stood. Manytheorieshavebeen advanced toexplaintheorigins,for of deformedmetalsisaphenomenon thathasyettobefullyunder- Thegrowthofminoritytexturecomponentsduringtheannealing versity, MSE,5000Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213USA Simulation &Theory Growth ofSpecialTexture ComponentsDuringGrainGrowth: 8:30 AM Invited Mechl. Engrg.,Strand,LondonWC2R2LSUK Session Chair: February 15,2005 Tuesday AM 48121-2053 USA Ford MotorCompany, ScientificResearchLaboratory, Dearborn,MI Albuquerque, NM87185-1411 USA;ChristopherMark Wolverton, Laboratories, MaterialsandProcessModelingDepartment, Program Organizers: Engineering-(Jt. Materials Committee,MPMD-ComputationalScience& Materials Division,EMPMD/SMD-Chemistry&Physicsof Division, MaterialsProcessing&ManufacturingStructural Sponsored by: Transformations: GrainBoundariesandInterfacesII Computational Thermodynamics andPhase out failureinothertwo-ormulti-phasematerials. different contributiontotheshock-inducedplasticdeformationwith- conclusions ofthestudycouldbedirectlyemployedinestimating dynamic responseofnonstabletwo-phasematerials.Theresultsand obtaining suchresultsisveryimportantforcomputersimulationsof material inaustenite-ferritetwo-phasecondition.Theimportanceof each testtheabsenceoffailureisobservedaftershockloading ous microstructuresandlocalizationofthedeformation.However,in croscopy analysis.Theimpactexperimentsresultedinobtainingvari- and microstructure,followedbytheoptical,scanningTEMmi- austenite/ferrite phaseratioduringloadinginthematerialflowstress carbon steelsusingSHPB.We evaluatedtheeffects ofvariationsin forming experimentsarealsoperformedonmicroalloyedandlow carbon onmechanicalresponseisminimalized. A seriesofhighrate us tocontinueinvestigationsforthecaseofIFsteelwhererole steel. Very unexpectedresultsobtainedinspalltestof A36 steelforced ployed. PresentstudyisacontinuationofpreviousanalysisC-Mn conditions, theIFsteelheatedtoaustenite-ferriteregionwasem- to examinethefailurebehaviorofmaterialstestedintwo-phase at hightemperaturesandnonstablemulti-phaseconditions.Inorder Thereisincreasinginteresttostudydynamicbehaviorofmaterials NM 87544USA 2 nology, Metall.&Matl.Sci.,Mickiewicza30,Krakow30-059Poland; Janusz Majta Dynamic Behavior ofIF Steel inthe Two-Phase Conditions 12:10 PM tures. greater contributionoflocalizedshearfailureatelevatedtempera- metallographic resultsindicatedthisdiscrepancyisdueinparttothe parisons ofFEresultsatalltestingtemperaturesandinspectionthe from thecorrespondingvaluesobtainedatothertemperatures.Com- and 523K.The523KFEexperimentalresultsalsodifferedgreatly significantly greaterstiffnessthanpredictedbytheDCvaluesat423K each other. However, boththeFEandexperimentalvaluesdisplayed mental resultsfor293Kwereallobservedtocorrespondclosely the correspondingtransverseresultsasexpected.FE,DCandexperi- The longitudinalresultsdisplayedsignificantlygreaterstiffnessthan from theexperimentaldataandwiththosederivedDCmodel. cellular elasticmodulus(E*),werethencomparedwiththoseobtained tensile testingwerethenappliedtothemeshes. Values oftheresulting to planestrainingandloadsequivalentthoseatvariousstagesof then appliedtothecellgeometries.Boundaryconditionsappropriate ratio. Tetrahedral meshesandnumericalvaluesfor Al propertieswere appropriate celldimensionsbytheexperimentallydeterminedaspect Longitudinal andtransversegeometrieswereproducedbyscalingthe Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, MST-8, MS:G755,Los Alamos, 1 ; Anna K.Zurek Mark Andrew Miodownik,King’s CollegeLondon, Electronic, Magnetic&PhotonicMaterials ASM-MSCTS) : Corbett C.Battaile,SandiaNational Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 3005 Anthony D.Rollett 129 2 ; 1 TechnicalProgram AGH UniversityofScienceand Tech- 1 ; 1 Carnegie MellonUni- : pendent SurfaceEnergies Energetics ofGe/Si(100)Island Formation:RoleofStrain-De- 10:45 AM Invited 10:10 AM Break driving forcesbetweendifferentorientations. thermodynamics ongrainboundarybehavioraswellestimation of focus oftheinvestigationisoninfluencemagnetizationand dered bccphasesarecalculatedusing Weiss molecularfieldtheory. The The magneticGibbsfreeenergyoffccaustenite,bccferriteand or- field ontheFe-SiphasediagraminFe-richcornerisinvestigated. alloy underhighappliedmagneticfields,theeffectof InparalleltothestudyofgraingrowthbehaviorFe-1wt%Si 15213 USA University, Matls.Sci.&Engrg., 5000Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA Kim Grain SizeDistributionin3DIdealGrowth 9:30 AM which thisvariationreduces. a relationshipwasestablishedbetweenappliedtractionandtherateat tion ingrainorientationreduceswithanapplieduniaxialtension,and ment ofgraintextureinresponsetomechanicalloading.Thevaria- Hybrid MonteCarlo(HMC)modelwasusedtoinvestigatethedevelop- tional freeenergyisincludedinaQ-statePottsmodel.Theresulting associated withachangeinorientationofonelatticesite.Thisaddi- harmonic modelisthenusedtocalculatethemechanicaldrivingforce elements ofatetragonalelasticsolidwithgeneraltiltorientation.The a harmoniclatticemodelareexpressedintermsoftheelasticstiffness Such acouplingisestablishedinthepresentwork.Bondstiffnesses to anevolvingelasticstressstatehasonlyreceivedpassingattention. routinely toconsidergraincoarsening,butcouplingthesesimulations MonteCarlosimulatorsliketheclassicQ-statePottsarenowused NM 87185-1411USA Coarsening InfluencedbyElasticStress Evolution withElasticEffects: Cubic Anisotropy andGrain An Inherently Discrete Approach for ModelingMicrostructural 9:00 AM Invited pinning. majority texturecomponents,whichisaneffectknownasorientation in orientationalsoplayanimportantroleconstraininggrowth grain boundaryenergy andmobility. However, long-rangecorrelations nent togrowprovidedthatamoderatelevelofanisotropyexistsinthe position. Theresultsindicateastrongtendencyforthecubecompo- and rotationsofthespecialcomponentawayfromexactcube and mobilityfunctions,spatialcorrelationofthespecialcomponent, parameters asinitialcubevolumefraction,thegrainboundaryenergy cube orientationstoparticulargrains. A sensitivityanalysisvariedsuch texture component,insertedintothemicrostructurebyassigningnear- textures infccmetals.Thecubecomponentwastreatedasaspecial polycrystal forwhichthedominanttextureisrepresentativeofrolling study thebehaviorofcubecomponentduringgraingrowthina dress thispossibility, MonteCarlosimulationofgraingrowthisusedto D. Asta University, Dept.ofPhysics,Boston,MA 02115 USA; Bennett Growth Behavior inFe-1wt%Si Effect ofMagneticFieldonFe-SiPhaseDiagramandGrain 9:50 AM first numericalconfirmationofHillert’s graingrowthmodel. growth modelproposedbyHillertabout40yearsago.Thisstudyisthe sal sizedistribution,whichisexactlysameasthepredictionofgrain grain sizedistribution,allcomputationalresultsconvergestoauniver- performed ona420x420x420gridsystem.Irrespectiveoftheinitial growth withseveraldifferentinitialgrainsizedistributionshavebeen the modeloperatesinacorrectway. Then 3Dcomputationsongrain was completelysatisfiedirrespectiveofnumberedges,indicating the modelshowedthatvonNeumann’s lawonideal2Dgraingrowth with greatlyimprovedcomputationalefficiency. Foraccuracytestof phase fieldmodelofgraingrowth,allowingunlimitednumbergrains have beenstudiedbyusingaphasefieldmodeling. We developeda Detailsongrainsizedistributionduringtheideal3Dgrowth 701 Korea sity, Dept.ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg., 68,MiryongDong,Kunsan573- Naedok Dong,Cheongju360-764Korea; 0932 USA; Company, 1835 E. BuddyDamm Mines, Mechl.Engrg.Prog.,Golden,CO80401USA; 1 ; SeongGyoonKim 1 2 ; MichaelJ.Miksis ; DavidE.Laughlin 3 Sandia NationalLaboratories,POBox5800, Albuquerque, 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM Dueber Ave. SW, POBox6932,Canton,OH44706- 2 ; J. Wei 2 ; 2 ; Elizabeth A. Holm : OlegShklyaev 2 1 ; Peter W.; Voorhees Cheongju University, Applied Sci.Div., 36 2 ; Anthony D.Rollett : Michael C.Gao : Mark T. Lusk 2 2 ; MatthewJ.Beck Kunsan NationalUniver- 3 ; 1 ; 1 Colorado Schoolof 1 Northwestern Uni- 2 2 ; Carnegie Mellon 1 1 ; T.; Schacht Northeastern 2 1 The Timken ; Tricia A. : Won Tae 1 ; Mark 129 1 ; TUESDAY AM ; ; 2 1 Dirk ; 1 ; Eugene 1 : Jesús Contreras ; Andreas Filzwieser Technical Program Technical Torben Edens Torben 1 Atlantic Copper, S.A., : 1 ; ; Vlad Ushakov 1 1 RHI Non-Ferrous Metals Engi- 3 Thomas Prietl : Ovidiu Pasca : Miguel Palacios ; 1 RHI Non-Ferrous Metals Engineering GmbH and 1 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM Norddeutsche Affinerie, Copper Production & Recy- Affinerie, Norddeutsche ; 1 TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: TMS 2005 Annual 3 ; 1 Phelps Dodge, Miami Smelter, PO Box 4444, Claypool, AZ PO Box 4444, Claypool, Phelps Dodge, Miami Smelter, 1 ; 1 Stefan Wallner Stefan Aus- 1100 Vienna 11, Wienerbergstrasse neering GmbH, Non-Ferrous, tria The use of gas stirring systems through the bottom of a furnace in the copper industry is common for anode and holding furnaces. The first implementation of a gas stirring COP KIN® system in a Peirce- Smith converter was in Sweden at the New Boliden smelter in Rönnskar. A decrease in process time and a decrease of the oxygen content in the of the gas determine the effects To blister copper were observed. stirring system and the process endpoint, an optical production con- trol ‘Semtech OPC system’ was used. The light emission of the con- verter flame as an optical process parameter provides qualitative on- line process information. This information is also used for endpoint determination of the slag making process, on-line control of iron content in white metal, quality control of slag etc. The results, ben- Hannemann 85532 USA The Phelps Dodge Miami Smelter utilizes four Hoboken converters to process molten matte from the Isasmelt vessel. This paper presents past and present improvements in operation, maintenance and pro- cess optimization, based on data collection, which has led to increased converter campaign life and copper throughput. 10:45 AM Productivity Increase in a Peirce-Smith Converter Using the System and ‘OPC’ KIN’ ‘COP Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sekundary Metallurgy of the Non- Ferrous Metals, Non-Ferrous, Magnesitstrasse 2/RHI, Franz Josef Strasse Austria; 15/CD-Lab., Leoben 8700 Rafael Fernández-Gil Huelva Espana Francisco Montenegro, s/n., 21001 Av Smelter Ops., for continuous improvement and cultural Within its program the Six Sigma methodology as a Atlantic Copper has installed change, its of management techniques in all basic tool for the improvement an implementation period, the method- production centres. Following the for analysis and improvement, not only in ology is widely used the maintenance, but also in other areas of fields of production and or energy management. The present paper business such as supplies the project that was developed to improve describes, phase-by-phase, of Six Sigma the quality of converter slag through the application results obtained. techniques, from the initial set up to the final 9:30 AM Anode Copper New Casting Moulds for cling, Hoverstrasse 50, Hamburg D-20539 Germany primary smelter continually in- (NA’s) Affinerie’s Norddeutsche ca- concentrate The smelter’s creased production in the past decade. to 1,000,000 t/a dry pacity was expanded from 500,000 in 1993 upgrade is 1,150,000 concentrate in 2000 and the goal of the present new equipment in the t/a. These goals were reached without erecting plant. The life-span anode area, but instead by refitting the existing necessary to increase extension of the casting moulds was absolutely t anodes per year the casting performance from 260,000 to 450,000 manufacturing processes on a single casting wheel. Different mould mould. In the past and alloys were tested in order to find the optimal is milled into NA now the anode mould the moulds were cast directly, shortening of Accompanying measures taken were the copper cakes. in the refining maintenance and repair times as well as improvements furnace equipment. AM Break 10:00 10:15 AM at the Phelps Hoboken Converter Performance Improvements Dodge Miami Smelter Welker Corporation (SPCC) purchased the Refinery from Minero Perú SA. Minero Perú from the Refinery purchased (SPCC) Corporation of control Mexico acquired Grupo 1999, in November Subsequently, the Ilo located at facility is production anode Perú. The Southern control prac- and quality operating of effective number A Refinery. well as as improved anode quality, developed that have tices have been These, and other to 350,000 tpy. production capacity increasing anode increase from for a current density actions have allowed optimization at 98% current efficiency A/m2, while maintaining A/m2 to 275 213 will outline the cathode. The paper the high quality of and sustaining provide Anode Plant and in the operational practices the scope of and the modernization project, on the Ilo Smelter some discussion existing anode plant. resulting impact on the 9:00 AM Methodologies to Improve the ‘Six Sigma’ Application of The Copper Atlantic Slag at Quality of Converter J. J. : Danxu : Ausmelt Princeton University, 1 Sandia National Labora- Matusewicz, 1 ; 2 ; 1 Southern Peru Copper Corporation, 1 ; ; D. R. Heine 130 1 1 4L8 Canada; Robert ; Michael E. Coltrin Room: 2016 Location: Moscone West Convention Center 1 Northwestern University, Dept. of Engrg. Sci. of Engrg. Dept. University, Northwestern 2 Alistair G. Ross, INCO, Ltd., Canadian Alistair G. ; G. S. Grest ; G. Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 5800, Albu- Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 5800, 1 Rob L. Stephens, Teck Cominco Metals Ltd, Lead Teck Rob L. Stephens, 2 cases, the facetted nature of the growth can be used to cases, the facetted nature of the growth can be Extraction & Processing Division, EPD-Pyrometal- Victor Raul Alarcon Raul Victor : ; E. B. Webb ; E. B. 1 ; David J. Srolovitz 1 130 lurgy Committee Organizer: Program Smelting & Copper Business, Copper Cliff, P0M 1N0 ON Canada Tuesday AM February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: 8:30 AM Anode and Improvements Anode Casting Operation, Process Quality Converter and Fire Refining Practices: Process Refining Practices: and Fire Converter Improvements and Anode Casting Sponsored by: V1R BC Products, Trail, Caminos del Inca 171, Pampa Caliche Km.9, Surco- Ilo Refinery, Lima, Ilo-Moquegua Peru The Ilo Refinery was commissioned in 1975, with a cathode pro- In 1994, Southern Perú Copper duction capacity of 150,000 tpy. Limited, Dandenong, Victoria 3175 Australia 3175 Victoria Limited, Dandenong, Du Princeton, E-Quad, Olden St., D214 Aeros. Engrg., Dept. of Mechl. & NJ 08540 USA; querque, NM 87185 USA films grow in a facetted Many semiconductor, ionic and oxide thin In some manner. describe a level set We manipulate defect structures and morphology. upon knowledge of the formalism for modeling faceted growth based Simple rules emerge growth rate as a function of surface orientation. for shapes. Interestingly, for the growth of both convex and concave by the fastest growing convex growth, the morphology is dominated are more important. facets, while in concave growth the slower facets rounded corners/ While corners/edges are sharp in convex growth, apply the new level We edges are more common in concave growth. of Epitaxial-Lateral- set method for facetted film growth to the case Overgrowth (ELO) of GaN. tories, PO Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA tories, PO Box 5800, (MD) simulations utilizing interatomic poten- Molecular dynamics atom type have been used to study reactive tials of the embedded Cu sub- Ag on pure liquid Ag-Cu system. For wetting in the eutectic the drop, R(t), is found to spread with time strates, the radius of law of the form R(t)~t^1/2. This dissolution according to a power Ag-Cu binary droplets of controlled regime is compared with the case at late times. The on Cu where a lower power law exponent emerges to a diffusion controlled slower kinetics suggests a possible crossover has been studied for reactive wetting mechanism. In addition, brazing of solid Ni base metal. the case of liquid Cu infiltrating a small channel the equilibrium contact The rate of infiltration, the development of as a function of time. For angle and the dissolution of Ni are monitored rate of the solid plays both reactive wetting and brazing the dissolution model for the dissolution rate is developed A a key role in the kinetics. of pure metals as a based on previous models for the crystallization function of undercooling. AM 11:45 Film Growth Continuum Simulation of Faceted Thin versity, Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., 2225 N. Campus Dr., Evanston, Dr., Campus 2225 N. & Engrg., of Matls. Sci. Dept. versity, USA; 60208-3108 IL USA 60208 IL Rd., Evanston, Sheridan Math., 2145 Applied & pyra- of nanometer-scale, formation underlying energetics The on Si(100) thin-film growth Ge islands in vapor-phase, mid-shaped first- approach combining using a computational have been calculated energies surface and interface for strain-dependent principles results elastic strain of the epitaxial continuum analysis with an analytical with associated effects point to pronounced The calculations energy. is found to be Island stability of surface energies. the strain dependence excess in the wetting-layer large part by the reduction governed in the compressive strain in the vicinity of energy arising from the leads to a substantial reduction in Ge(100) coherent islands. This strain dependence of the The origin of the pronounced strain surface energy. discussed in terms of the nature of the rebonded surface energy will be surface reconstructions. AM Invited 11:15 and Brazing Wetting of Reactive Atomistic Simulations Hoyt

TUESDAY AM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 TMS 2005Annual Meeting: systems bywastematerials,secondary rawmaterialsanddegradedsoils cal andtechnologicalsolutionsin orderto“ecologize”technogenic is atthebeginningofdevelopment ofefficientandeconomicaltechni- tions, whichwaseitherinsufficient orcompletelyabsent. Today, Serbia able naturalresourcesandnotso strict environmentprotectionregula- oped countries,theextractivemetallurgy inSerbiawasbasedonavail- contribution totheenvironmentprotection.Similarallnon-devel- rials isverysignificant,bothforrecoveryofthemetalvalueand of non-ferrousandraremetalsfromthemetallicsecondaryrawmate- from bothferrousandnon-ferrousextractivemetallurgy. Utilization secondary rawmaterialsrecyclingandreprocessingofby-products duced quantitiesofnon-ferrousandraremetalsarecompensated by Indevelopedcountries,thedifferencebetweendemandedandpro- Sasha D.Djokic RawMaterialsRecyclingStrategyMetallic Secondary inSerbia 8:55 AM with it. ronment, andthereforeaddressestheenvironmentalissuesassociated approach allowsselectiveisolationofmercuryinthehighmetalenvi- remove iteffectively forthefurthertreatmentnecessary. This novel bent isutilizedtoextractthemercuryefficiently, providing awayto acid duringtheoxidationofsulfides,asilicabasedchelatingabsor- cal verystronglyacidicconditionscausedbytheproductionofsulfuric move mercurydirectlyintheautoclaveeffluent.Becauseoftypi- effluents. Thepaperdescribesahydrometallurgicalapproachtore- system, asignificantmercurylevelappearsinthewashwatersand tamination. Whenthoseoretypesundergooxidationinanautoclave RefractoryGolddepositsareoftenassociatedwithmercuryascon- 94107 USA 1 Treatment Mercury Recoveryin fromAutoclave Effluents RefractoryOre 8:30 AM Metallurgy Inc.,Kingston,OntarioK7P1S6Canada Engrg., Osaka564-8680Japan;BoydR.Davis,KingstonProcess Session Chairs: February 15,2005 Tuesday AM cal Engineering,Butte,MT59701USA A. Young, MontanaTech oftheUniversityMontana,Metallurgi- Colorado SchoolofMines,Golden,CO80401-1887USA;Courtney Technologies, Wilmington, DE19880-0352USA;EdgarE. Vidal, Program Organizers: Waste Treatment &MinimizationCommittee Processing Committee,EPD-PyrometallurgyEPD- Sponsored by: Minimization Extractive Metallurgy: Recycling and Waste Doppler LaboratoryforSecondaryMetallurgyofNonferrousMetals. especially fornickel.TheseinvestigationsweredoneattheChristian temperature, thecontentofelementsandslagcomposition between differentelementshasbeeninvestigatedasafunctionofthe for theoptimisationofthistechnique. Additionally theinteraction activity coefficientsatthecopperrefiningprocesshavetobeknown Therefore thethermodynamicconditionslikereactionorderand well asthevaporisationbyselectiveoxidationinanodefurnace. has tobeinvestigatedinorderimprovethemetal/slagreactionsas ments (e.g.nickel,tin,lead,zincetc.)atdifferentreactionconditions trolysis. Thebehaviourofthemostimportantaccompanyingele- essary toproducehighqualityanodesforthecopperrefiningelec- provement ofthepyrometallurgicalrefiningprocessisthereforenec- leads toahighercontentofimpuritiesintheanodecopper. An im- Thedecreasingqualityoftheinputmaterialsincopperrecycling Austria Leoben 15, A-8700 versity ofLeoben,Dept.NonferrousMetall.,Franz-Josef-Strasse Ferrous Metals,Franz-Josef-Strasse 15, A-8700 Leoben Austria; sity ofLeoben,Christian-DopplerLab.forSecondaryMetall.Non- Antrekowitsch Pyrometallurgical RefiningofCopper inan Anode Furnace 11:15 AM Smith converterarereported. efits andrisksofusingtheCOPKIN®OPCsystemforaPeirce- MR3 Systems,Inc.,435BrannanSt.,Ste.200,SanFrancisco,CA : Rainer Bauder 1 ; Chr. Wenzl 1 Extraction &ProcessingDivision,EPD-Aqueous ; Junji Shibata,KansaiUniversity, Dept.ofCheml. 1 MAG, Zeleni bulevarbb,BOR19210Serbia Thomas P. Battle,DuPont Titanium Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 2018 1 ; Steven F. McGrath 1 ; 131 I. Filzwieser TechnicalProgram 2 ; D.Offenthaler 1 ; KatherineMilidakis 2 ; 1 Univer- 2 Uni- : H. 1 ; : Cobalt Recovery Aqueous ProcessingofLithiumCobaltIonBatteryScrapfor 10:25 AM 10:10 AM Break the precipitates. recycling inanefforttoimprovepurityandsolid-liquidseparationof reactor continuouscircuitemployingpH/ORPcontrolandproduct gated. Thesetestswerefollowedbysetting-upandrunningamulti- redox potential,SO2/O2ratio,mixingintensity, etc.wereinvesti- Several semi-batchexperimentswereperformedwheretheeffectsof zinc-rich solutionusingagasmixtureofSO2/O2asoxidizingagent. pose ofthepresentworkistoremoveselectivelymanganesefroma precipitate readilyashydrousmanganeseoxidecompounds.Thepur- tation. ThismethodconsistsinoxidizingMn2+toMn3+/Mn4+which An alternativemethodofmanganeseremovalisbyoxidativeprecipi- most oftheotherelementspresentinsolutionprecipitateaswell. Mn(OH)2, bypHadjustment.However,thismethodisnotselectiveas simplest methodofremovalisprecipitationashydroxide,i.e. that needstoberemovedfromsolutionpriormetalrecovery. The Inmanyhydrometallurgicalprocesses,manganeseisanimpurity Canada Metals &Matls.Dept.,3610Univ. St.,Montreal,QuebecH3A 2B2 Vincent Menard Aqueous OxidativePrecipitationofManganesebySO2/O2 9:45 AM therms andcomparedwithresultsofotherstudies. modeled accordingtotheFreundlichandLangmuirequilibriumiso- observed forthesawdustandzeolite,respectively. The resultswere Cd/g and59.7mg-Cu/gaswell29.9mg-Cd/g14.6mg-Cu/gwere comparable toweakacidionexchangeresins. A maximumof78mg- both materialspresentsorptioncapacityforcopperandcadmium Batch experimentscarriedoutatambienttemperatureshowedthat deposited duringoilcrackingandtorecoveritssorptioncapacity. also submittedtoachemicaltreatment(NaOH)removecarbon wood structureasresultoftheirmixing.Similarly, spentzeoliteswere spectroscopy confirmedthepresenceofcarboxylategroupsin acid concentrations(0.6-1.2mol/L)at120°C,for90min.Infrared sawdust wasfirsttreatedwithNaOHandmodifieddifferentcitric tion capacities.Manilkaralongifolia(aBrazilianplantknownasparajú) sawdust) werechemicallymodifiedtoincreasetheirheavymetalssorp- wastes. Inthisworktwoindustrialresidues(spentzeoliteandwood Themajorityoftheindustrialactivitiesproducesomekindsolid do Cruzeiro,s.n.,OuroPreto,MG35400-000Brazil Dept. ofChmst.,Inst.deCiênciasExataseBiológicas,CampusMorro Preto, MG35400-000Brazil; Preto, Metallurgl.Matl.Eng.,PraçaTiradentes,20,Centro,Ouro Luciano R.G. Santos Valorization ofSolid Wastes asSorbentsfor HeavyMetals 9:20 AM are discussedinthispaper. position, andexpectedeconomicalecologicaleffectsofrecycling, using theexistingtechnologies,determinationoftheirstructure,com- classification accordingtotheirpotentialityformetalextractionby technogenic systemsinSerbia,togetherwithsecondaryrawmaterials regeneration (byrecyclingandrevitalization).Severalmetallurgical batteries forelectricvehiclesapplications wouldgeneratelargeamount such batteries.Theproductionand useoflargesizedlithium-cobalt This isafastdevelopingareaand will resultintoappreciablegrowthof development oflargesizedbatteries fortheiruseinelectricvehicles. to growlarge.Currentresearchon thesebatteriesisconcernedonthe ies andduetothisreason,innear future; theirmarketshareisexpected tain advantagesovernickel-cadmiumandnickel-metalhydridebatter- been widelyusedinelectronicapplications.Thesebatterieshavecer- Since theircommercializationin1991,lithium-cobaltbatterieshave About 15%ofU.S.cobaltconsumptioncomesfromrecycledscrap. and is85%dependentonimportsforitssupplyofprimarycobalt. refining. The United States istheworld’s largest consumerofcobalt, countries iscarriedoutfrombyproductsofnickelminingand/ or African countriesZaireandZambia.Cobaltproductioninmostother cobalt isproducedfrombyproductofcopperminingandrefining in metals. Forexample,morethanone-halfoftheworld’s supplyof Cobalt ismainlyproducedfrombyproductsofothermoreabundant (carbide), catalysts,colors,sulfate,batteries,tiresandpaintdriers. and militaryapplicationssuchassuperalloys,magnets,hardmetals Cobaltisastrategicmetal,whichusedinmanydiverseindustrial Towanda, PA 18810USA Powders R&D,PrecisionMatl.&ComponentsDiv., OsramSylvania, Eucler B.Paniago 1 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM ; George P. Demopoulos 2 : ; ; Vagner L.Botaro Raj P. Singh 1 ; RafaelFalcoRodrigues 2 Universidade FederaldeOuroPreto, 1 ; Thomas ; WolfeA. 2 ; 1 1 ; Universidade FederaldeOuro 1 McGill University, Mining, 1 ; VersianeLeao Albis 1 ; 1 Chemicals & 131 1 : : ; TUESDAY AM ; ; 1 1 ; I. 1 Pacific 2 ; Darrell R. 2 ; Glen A. Stone ; Glen 2 ; Glen A. Stone ; Glen 2 L. B. Johannes Technical Program Technical : ; William J. Arbegast J. William ; 1 ; Glenn J. Grant Friction Stir Reaction Process- Friction Stir 1 ; Glenn J. Grant 1 South Dakota School of Mines and Tech- South Dakota School of Mines and 2 South Dakota School of Mines and Tech- South Dakota School of Mines and 1 ; University of Missouri, Dept. of Matls. Sci. & 3 1 South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Mines and South Dakota School of Technology, South Dakota School of Mines and 1 1 ; 1 ; ; 1 1 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM ; Stanley M. Howard 1 TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: TMS 2005 Annual Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Matls. Sci. Div., Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Raja L. Veluchamy 3 : Uma Ramasubramanian : ; Glenn J. Grant 3 Alok Vats ; R. S. Mishra 1 : Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, Matls. Procg. & Perfor- Pacific Northwest National Charit Procg., Rolla, MO 65409 USA for Friction Stir Ctr. Engrg., Northwest National Laboratories, Matls. Procg. & Performance, 902 Northwest National Laboratories, Matls. Procg. 99352 USA WA Battelle Blvd., PO Box 999, Richland, (AMP) at the South Advanced Materials Processing Center The in conjunction with the Technology Dakota School of Mines and in-situ chemical Pacific Northwest National Laboratories is exploring system is thermodynami- The titanium/graphite reactions during FSP. It is expected that during FSP. TiC cally favorable so as to produce cast iron and Ti pow- excess carbon (graphite) contained within gray will form hard, wear resistant, ders stirred into the material by FSP, research is designed to TiC compounds dispersed within matrix. This this chemical reaction test the feasibility of initiating and controlling The end point goal of the program is to increase the during FSP. and to improve the wear friction on the surface of cast iron brake disks Brake cast iron typi- characteristic of brake rotors, drums and pads. matrix and low ferrite and graphite, with a pearlitic A cally has type carbide content. 9:40 AM Superplastic Forming: Sky5083 for Technology Friction Stir Alloy Joseph St., 501 E. St. Dept. of Matls. & Metallurgl. Engrg., nology, SD 57701 USA; Rapid City, SD Rapid City, Joseph St., 501 E. St. Advd. Matls. Procg. Ctr., nology, 57701 USA; 99352 USA WA K2-03, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, The scientific understanding of superplastic forming (SPF) has evolved immensely over the last decade driven primarily by the need for economic competitiveness compared to metal stamping methods. process- thermomechanical Much research has focused on aluminum’s ing schedules to produce microstructures that exhibit superplastic be- alloys an equiax It is agreed that for aluminum-magnesium havior. methods of Typical fine-grain microstructure is the most desirable. processing aluminum sheet for SPF is by a series of hot and extensive Although a robust method sheet materials, it cold rolling schedules. requires either starting with large billet cross sections or ending up with Friction a limited gage thickness to achieve the required strain energy. Stir Processing (FSP) is an emerging processing method that has been proved can produce a fine-grain structure in most aluminum alloys. The objective was to develop FSP parameters for both linear and spot welding to produce optimum microstructures and behavior. 10:00 AM Aluminum Rate Superplastic Properties of 7075 High Strain Processing via Multiple Pass Friction Stir William J. Arbegast J. William SD USA; Joseph St., Rapid City, 501 E. St. Advd. Matls. Procg. Ctr., 2 99352 USA WA PO Box 999, Richland, mance, 902 Battelle Blvd., Processing Center (AMP) at the South Advanced Materials The with the in conjunction Technology and Dakota School of Mines stir Laboratories is developing methods to Pacific Northwest National into the surface of gray cast iron. Surface micron size TiB2 particles particles may results in improved brake ma- enrichment with ceramic brake systems. The objective is less high tem- terials for heavy-duty in wear resistance. The present work perature fading and increase of particles as a function of the pin tool investigates the distribution slit geometry and posi- design, processing parameters, powder size, tion. 9:20 AM In-Situ Composites Incorporating Titanium Powder to Create via on the Surface of Cast Iron ing (FSRP) Arbegast J. William SD 57701-3995 USA; Rapid City, Joesph St., 501 E. St. AMP, Herling homogenization and refinement of microstructure has required de- has required of microstructure and refinement homogenization Peak methods. microscopy electron optical and analysis by tailed of FSP cycle due to thermomechanical stir zone in the temperatures model to and compared microstructures from been estimated have testing has and hot compression Isothermal hot rolling predictions. of stir-zone estimates to confirm microstructure-based been employed was as- of mechanical properties The variation peak temperatures. with micro- samples and correlated of miniature tensile sessed by use material. as well as hot rolled samples from stir zones structure for be presented. processing will these results to multi-pass Extension of 9:00 AM Wear Increased Alloys for Processing of Ferrous Friction Stir Resistance ; 1 Cen- 1 ; Kwang- 1 : ; Guanghui 1 ; Tao Jiang ; Tao 1 ; Alex P. Zhilyaev ; Alex P. 1 ; Yufeng Guo ; Yufeng 1 Air Force Research Labora- ; Xiaohui Fan 1 132 ; Keiichiro Oh-ishi Yuanbo Zhang Yuanbo 1 Korea Institute of Geoscience & Mineral of Geoscience & Korea Institute 1 : the Cement Industrial Process the Cement ; Room: Nob Hill C/D Location: San Francisco Marriott 1 Kumar V. Jata, Kumar V. Naval Postgraduate School, Mechl. & Astronau- Naval Postgraduate School, Mechl. & 1 ; 1 ; Zhucheng Huang 1 Murray W. Mahoney, Rockwell Scientific Company, Rockwell Scientific Mahoney, W. Murray Materials Processing & Manufacturing Division, Terry R. McNelley Terry ; Ji-Whan Ahn ; Ji-Whan 1 : ; Yongbin Yang ; Yongbin 1 132 8:30 AM Keynote 8:30 Modification of NiAl for Microstructure Processing Friction Stir Bronze Robert A. Williams tical Engrg., 700 Dyer Rd., Monterey, CA 93943-5146 USA CA 700 Dyer Rd., Monterey, tical Engrg., Friction stir processing (FSP) has been applied to as-cast NiAl bronze materials, which are widely used for marine components, in order to selectively convert the microstructures in the near-surface layers from a cast to a wrought condition. The physical metallurgy of NiAl bronze is complex and interpretation of the effects of FSP on the Friction Stir Welding and Processing III: Friction III: and Processing Welding Friction Stir Stir Processing Sponsored by: MPMD-Shaping and Forming Committee Organizers: Program OH 45433 WPAFB, Materials & Manufacturing Directorate, tory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, J. Lienert, Los Thomas USA; Rockwell Science Mahoney, W. Alamos, NM 87545 USA; Murray Center, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360 USA; Rajiv S. Mishra, University of Missouri, Metallurgical Engineering, Rolla, MO 65409-0340 USA Tuesday AM February 15, 2005 Session Chair: Thousand Oaks, CA 91360 USA Li of primary and secondary scrap, which is expected to be a potential to be a is expected which scrap, and secondary of primary of characterization will present paper we In this for cobalt. feed source aqueous and industrial sources scrape from battery cobalt oxide lithium chloride a cobalt hexammine cobalt via scraps for of these processing of of various steps and accountability efficiency process. Chemistry, will be discussed. for cobalt processing the method 10:50 AM Derived and Chloride Alkali of Heavy Metal, The Behavior Sludge on Waste from Suk You Changsha, Sch. of Resources Procg. & Bioengrg., tral South University, Hunan 410083 China are typical refractory The complex iron ores containing tin, zinc China and have not been ores. Great reserves of the ores are found in new process of tin and zinc recovery and pellet A utilized efficiently. by controlled roasting preparation from iron ores containing tin and zinc of compression strength is developed in this investigation. The results the volatilization of tin and zinc of of product pellets of 2573 N/P, are achieved for a concentrate con- 91.49% and 82.22% respectively, strength and taining 0.39% tin and 0.28% zinc. The compression meet the requirement of chemical compositions of the product pellets and zinc are investi- mechanism of tin blast furnaces. Volatilization reduction balance curves gated. Thermodynamic study shows that the of the existence of SnO2 and SnO are proximate under the condition FeO and SnO2 is also of carbon, and the standard free enthalpy of the effective volatil- approachable. Therefore, it is difficult to realize and SnO will form ization of SnO by selective reduction. But SnO2 from the ores if they are SnCl4 or SnCl2 and can be easily volatilized transferred into their chlorides. Resources, Taejeon 305-350 Korea 305-350 Resources, Taejeon at study is to use the waste sludges generated The purpose of this Ltd.(POSCO) by the raw materials of ordi- Pohang Iron & Steel Co. applica- evaluate the possibility of its To nary portland cement(OPC). that the behavior of heavy it was investigated tion, in this study, generated from waste sludge of steel making metal, alkali and chloride as raw mixture for cement. The waste sludge industry when it is used similar as the Al2O3, and Fe2O3, CaO, SiO2, was mainly composed of It was reported that alkali and chloride main component of OPC. the in the Kiln, and heavy metals affected occur various troubles ef- This study discussed the hazardous properties of cement clinkers. characteristic of cement manufactured from fects by them and the it was concluded that From the result of study, waste by POSCO sludge. used as the source materials of iron and calcium POSCO sludge can be oxide. AM 11:15 from Iron Ores Tin and Zinc Recovery and Pellet Preparation and Zinc Containing Tin

TUESDAY AM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 TMS 2005Annual Meeting: highly texturedextruded,structure intoaveryfine(approximately coupled withhotuniaxialtensile testing. FSPtransformedthecoarse, light, scanning,orientationimaging, andtransmissionmicroscopy, and superplasticbehaviourwascharacterised usingacombinationof FSP?d priortorollingsheet. The developmentofmicrostructure associated withthisphenomenon. An extruded Al-Mg-Zr alloywas tic alloysortoinducesuperplasticbehaviourinnotnormally be usedasamethodtoimproveperformanceofestablishedsuperplas- loys. FSPofthickplatefollowedbyrollingtosheetcouldpotentially conferring excellentsuperplasticbehaviourincertainaluminium al- Frictionstirprocessing(FSP)candramaticallyreducegrainsize Campus, LondonSW72AZUK Dashwood Katsas on theSuperplasticBehaviour of Aluminium Alloys The Effect ofFrictionStir Processing andSubsequentRolling 11:20 AM and morphology, and3)reactioncontrol. ing andmaintainingtheseenergeticreactions,2)productdistribution was todetermine:1)theefficacyofFSPmechanicalenergyininitiat- powders intothesurfaceofmonolithicmaterials. A goalofthiswork in nitrides,boridesorcarbidesin-situbystirringelementaloxide als andmicrostructures.Thepotentialexiststoformregionsenriched reactions duringFSPcanbesustainedtoproducenovelsurfacemateri- of severalmetallurgicalsystemstodetermineifenergeticsolid-state ing maypromotesomesolid-statereactions.Theworkoutlinesresults tic workenergycombinedwiththe“new”surfacecreatedduringshear- of fine-grainedsilicidephasesstabilizedduringnuggetformation.Plas- regions insomealuminummaterialscancontainincreasedquantities plastic deformation.Recentworkhasshownthatsurfacemodified ing thatusesaspinningtooltomodifythematerialthroughsevere FrictionStir Processing(FSP)isavariationofFrictionStir Weld- Blvd., Richland, WA 99352USA Northwest NationalLaboratory, Matls.Sci.Div., K2-03,902Battelle nology, Advd. Matls.Procg.Ctr., RapidCity, SD57701USA; Rapid City, SD57701USA; nology, Dept.ofMatls.&Metallurgl.Engrg., 501E.St. JosephSt., Grant Stanley M.Howard Friction SurfaceReactionProcessing on Aluminum Substrates 11:00 AM thickness isnotattainable. or toshapeplateformachiningofamonolithicstructurewhere plate bendingcanbeusedtosubstituteforweldingofcornerstructures thick platebentto30ºatroomtemperaturewithoutfailure.Thick minum. Inthiscase,FSPwasappliedtoadepthof6mmandvery this technique,similarprocessingwasappliedto15cmthick6061alu- perature formabilityviaFSP. To illustratetheextremecapabilityof ture. Resultsillustratetheabilitytosignificantlyenhanceroomtem- at roomtemperaturetodifferentdegreesincludingacompoundcurva- cluded bothlinearandspiralpatterns.FollowingFSP, plateswerebent (3.1 and6.3mm)usingdifferentapproaches,i.e.,theFSPrasterin- processed onthepre-tensilesurfacetoshallowanddifferentdepths temperature bending.Plate,254x21650mmthick,wasfrictionstir crostructure inthickplate7050-T7451aluminumtoenhanceroom Frictionstirprocessing(FSP)wasusedtomodifythesurfacemi- 265 CTB,Provo,UT84602USA CA 91360USA; Bingel loys Thick PlateBendingofFrictionStir Processed Aluminum Al- 10:40 AM Invited 10:20 AM Break superplastic propertiesincommercialaluminumalloys. mechanism. TheseresultsshowthepotentialforusingFSPtoobtain found tobearound0.5,indicatinggrainboundaryslidingdominant erties. Strainratesensitivitiesofregionsinthevariouspasseswerealso over thesamerangeoftemperaturesandhence,nosuperplasticprop- at thisstrainrate.Theunprocessed7075exhibitedelongations<200% sample, elongationsaveraginggreaterthan550%werefoundat490 commercially importantstrainrateof1x10 that theareaofoverlappingpassesexhibitselongations>200%at overlap). Inthetemperaturerangeof400 sample wereusedwitha6.4mmseparationbetweenpasses(~50% amined. Samplesrangingfromonetofourpassesandaninepass performing multiple,overlappingpassesofFSP on7075 Al wereex- in commercial7075aluminumplates.Inthisstudy, theeffects of Frictionstirprocessing(FSP)leadstofinegrainedmicrostructure : 3 Murray W. Mahoney ; DarrellR.Herling 1 1 ; ; Graham Todd 1 1 Rockwell Scientific,1049CaminoDosRios,ThousandOaks, ; 1 Imperial CollegeLondon,Dept.ofMatls.,S.Kensington 2 Brigham YoungUniversity; 1 ; Bharat K.Jasthi 1 ; MartinJackson 3 ; 1 ; ChristianFuller 133 1 2 South DakotaSchoolofMinesand Tech- South DakotaSchoolofMinesand Tech- TechnicalProgram 1 ; William; J. Arbegast 1 ; RogerGrimes ° C to490 1 Coll. ofEngrg. & Tech. ; MikeMiles -2 s -1 . Intheninepass ° C, itwasshown 1 ; RichardJ. 2 2 ; GlennJ. ; William : Stavros 3 Pacific ° C : presented. structure andsuperplasticperformanceoftheweldedwillbe or enhancedinthewelds.Inthispaper,weldandbasemetalmicro- from theweldedsheets.Superplasticbehaviorofsheetwasretained parameters forsuperplasticformingofthewelds,panswereformed performance ofthesheetandweldregions. After establishing ing direction),tensiletestswereperformedtoassessthesuperplastic Elevated temperature,transverse(loadingperpendiculartotheweld- quently characterizedviaopticalandscanningelectronmicroscopy. a squarebuttconfiguration.Thefrictionstirweldedsheetsweresubse- Titanium6-4alloysheets,2mmthick,werefrictionstirweldedin of Cast A356 Plates Influence ofPrior Microstructure onFrictionStir Processing 11:40 AM of factorsresponsibleforthiswillbedescribed. tain casessignificantgraincoarseningresulted. A detailedinvestigation material afterrollingandthermaltreatmentwascomplexincer- 600nm) randomlyorientated,equiaxedmaterial.Thestructureofthe fluence onSolidification Short-Range OrderinUndercooled MetallicMeltsanditsIn- 9:05 AM Invited grant DMR03-07410. ported byNASAundercontractNAG8-1682,andtheNSF The implicationsofcouplingonnucleationtheoryarediscussed.Sup- and otherexamplesofcoupledprocessesinnucleationarediscussed. order parameteroftheinitialphasewithnucleationbarrier. These mined theprimarycrystallizingphase,linkinglocalstructural strated thatfluctuationsintheshort-rangeorderofliquiddeter- studies ofanelectrostatically-levitatedTi-Zr-Niliquid,wedemon- undercooled metallicliquid.Fromhigh-energyx-rayandundercooling identified acaseoforderparametercouplingfornucleationfrom an of long-rangediffusion and interfacialattachment.Recently, wehave chemical compositions,requiringanewmodelthatcouplesthefluxes ation. Forexample,oftentheinitialandfinalphaseshavedifferent quantitatively withinthecommonlyusedclassicaltheoryofnucle- role inmanynucleationprocesses.Generally, thiscannotbeexplained Itisbecomingincreasinglyclearthatcouplingplaysanimportant Dr., St. Louis,MO63130USA ton University, Dept.ofPhysics,CampusBox1105, OneBrookings Coupled Processes inNucleation 8:30 AM Invited USA USA; MarkD. Asta, NorthwesternUniversity, Evanston,IL 60208 Session Chairs: February 15,2005 Tuesday AM Laboratory, OakRidge, TN 37831-6115 USA ing, Ames, IA 50011 USA;JamesR.Morris,OakRidgeNational Ames Laboratory, DepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineer- Program Organizers: MSCTS), MPMD-SolidificationCommittee MPMD-Computational MaterialsScience&Engineering-(Jt. ASM- Sponsored by: Frontiers inSolidificationScience:Nucleation 98124 USA; National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352USA; J. Grant Superplastic FormingofFrictionSir Welded Ti-6-4 Sheet 12:00 PM properties afterFSPwasevaluated. Influence ofpriorheattreatmentonforcesduringFSPandmechanical tion stirprocessedinascast,solutiontreatedandT6conditions. mechanical propertiesofcast A356 afterFSP. Castplateswerefric- tigates theinfluenceofpriorheattreatmentonmicrostructureand in staticanddynamicmechanicalproperties.Thepresentworkinves- and, incaseofacastmicrostructure,leadstosignificantimprovement Frictionstirprocessing(FSP)leadstomicrostructuralrefinement Rolla, MO65409USA Missouri, Dept.ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg., Ctr. forFrictionStir Procg., undercooled liquidsofthepureelements (Ni,Co,Zr,TiandFe)of Thisworkpresentsinvestigations ontheshort-rangeorderofdeeply Raumsimulation, LinderHoehe,Koeln D-51147Germany 1 ; D.Sanders 3 University ofSouthCarolina,Columbia,SC29208USA 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM Materials Processing&ManufacturingDivision, John Perepezko,UniversityofWisconsin,WI 2 : ; A. P.Reynolds ; A. S. R.Sharma Ralph E.Napolitano,IowaStateUniversity, Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 2020 : Dirk Holland-Moritz : 1 ; R.S.Mishra Kenneth F. Kelton 3 ; Wei Tang 3 2 ; 1 Boeing, Seattle, WA ; 1 1 Pacific Northwest ; 1 DLR, Inst.fuer 1 1 University of ; 1 Washing- : Glenn 133

TUESDAY AM : ; 1 National ; Jack F. ; Jack F. 2 3 2 Manfred Rühle Manfred ; 1 Technical Program Technical ; Tamas Pusztai ; Tamas 2 ; James A. Warren ; James 1 National Institute of Standards and National Institute of Standards 2 ; Thomas Wagner ; Thomas 1 ; Laszlo Granasy 1 ; Tamás Pusztai ; Tamás Room: 3020 Location: Moscone West Convention Center 1 N. (Ravi) M. Ravindra, New Jersey Institute 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM Stephen J. Pennycook, Oak Ridge National Electronic, Magnetic & Photonic Materials TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: TMS 2005 Annual ; Christina Scheu 1 National Institute of Standards and Technology, CTCMS/ Technology, and National Institute of Standards Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, POB for Solid State Research Institute 1 1 James A. Warren ; ; László Gránásy 1 : 3 : MPI für Metallforschung, Heisenbergstr. 3, Stuttgart 70569 Germany 3, Stuttgart MPI für Metallforschung, Heisenbergstr. RISSPO, Budapest Hungary of Technology, Department of Physics, Newark, NJ 07102 USA; Technology, of Department of Texas, Holland, University of North Wayne Orin Physics, Denton, TX 76203 USA; Sungho Jin, University of California, Department of Materials Science, La Jolla, CA 92093 Sold J. Pennycook, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA; Stephen State Division, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA; Rajiv K. Singh, TX 78758-4455 USA Austin, University of Texas, Tuesday AM February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: TN 37831- Ridge, Oak Condensed Matter Scis. Div., Laboratory, Laboratory, 6030 USA; Bhushan Sopori, National Renewable Energy Golden, CO 80401 USA 8:30 AM Control of Bonding and Epitaxy at Metal/Sapphire Interface Sang Ho Oh 1 The atomic structure and composition of the terminating plane of the sapphire (a-Al2O3) surface is one most crucial parameter control- Frontiers in Thin Film Growth and Nanostructured and Thin Film Growth in Frontiers of Prof. Jagdish Materials: A Symposium in Honor Coatings and Nanostructures Thin Films, Narayan: Sponsored by: Division, EMPMD-Thin Films & Interfaces Committee Program Organizers: Douglas Hungary; 49, Budapest H-1525 MD 20899 USA; Gaithersburg, Metall. Div., Technology, Gaithersburg, Polymer Div., Technology, and Institute of Standards MD 20899 USA nucleation and polycrystalline growth phase field theory of crystal A is tested for crystal nucleation in the hard is presented. The model the model parameters from molecular dy- sphere system. Evaluating phase field theory predicts the nucleation namics simulations, the of spherulites is discussed in an ex- The formation barrier accurately. incorporates branching with definite orien- tension of the model that by a metastable minimum in the orienta- tational mismatch induced is the mechanism of polycrystalline growth The tional free energy. defects (grain boundaries) into the solid due quenching of orientational rotational and translational diffusional coeffi- to a reduced ratio of a undercoolings. It will be demonstrated that cient expected at high recovered by changing broad variety of spherulitic patterns can be of metastable free energy only a few model parameters (anisotropy, minimum, branching angle, orientational mobility). AM Invited 11:55 Polycrystalline Mechanism for A Nucleation: Front Growth Growth Douglas MD 20852 USA; Stop 8554, Gaithersburg, Metall., 100 Bureau Dr., 2 considered to occur either The formation of a polycrystal is usually liquid (equiaxed grains), by the impingement of nucleating grains in a surface. In this presenta- or via the nucleation of columnar grains on a via a third mechanism: tion we consider the formation of a polycrystal manifests when new growth front nucleation. This mode of growth crystal, yielding a orientations nucleate on the front of a growing of surface effects where the classical densly branched, moprhology, develop We process. energy anisotropy are disrupted by the nucleation and demonstrate that a phase field model to describe the phenomenon, static or dynamic hetero- this type of growth can be initiated by either examine several types a growth We geneities in the solidifying system. examine prospects for forms, reexamine some older experiments, and models of this phenomenon in three dimensions. non-classical nucleation models (Shen and Oxtoby (1996); Klein and (1996); Klein and Oxtoby (Shen models nucleation non-classical nucleus after the develops order Three-dimensional Leyvraz(1986)). Rev. Phys. Leyvraz, Klein and F. W. supercritical. and becomes grows Lett. Phys. Rev. Oxtoby, W. and D. C. Shen Y. 2845 (1986). Lett. 57, National Alamos at Los This work was supported 77, 3585 (1996). W-7405-ENG-36. contract by the U. S. DOE under Laboratory AM Invited 11:20 Solidifi- and Polycrystalline Theory of Nucleation Phase Field cation , ; 6 1 M. Fe : 34 ; Wil- ; J. R. 1 2 Cu 60 Michael I. : A. L. Greer : ; Ulf Dahlborg 1 ; S. G. Srinivasan ; S. G. 1 ; T. A. Lograsso ; T. 1 134 ). The liquids were containerlessly pro- were containerlessly The liquids ). 4 Boston University, Dept. of Physics, Bos- Dept. Boston University, 2 ; Y. Ye ; Y. 1 ; Ricardo B. Schwarz 1 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Metals & Ceram. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, (Fe,Co) 3 13 University of Cambridge, Dept. of Matls. Sci. & University of Cambridge, Dept. of Matls. 1 ; 1 Los Alamos National Laboratory, MST-8, MS G755, Los MST-8, Alamos National Laboratory, Los Ecole des Mines, LSG2M, UMR 7584, Parc de Saurupt, Ecole des Mines, LSG2M, 1 2 and Al and ; 10 Iowa State University, Ames Lab., 37 Wilhelm, Ames, IA Wilhelm, Ames Lab., 37 University, Iowa State ; D. J. Sordelet 2 1 1 Co ; ; Frank J. Cherne 3 25 1 Cu 65 134 Baskes Alamos, NM 87545 USA; Metall., Pembroke St., Cambridge CB2 3QZ UK Metall., Pembroke St., Cambridge CB2 3QZ alloys has recently been Grain refinement in casting of aluminum initiation on an inocu- analyzed by assuming that the barrier for grain particle rather than for lant particle is that for free growth from the Adsorption effects can stabilize a thin layer of nucleation of the solid. temperature. In modeling solid on the particle even above the liquidus so far undertaken, the approximation has been made that grain initia- In tion depends only on undercooling, with no stochastic behavior. this paper the nature of the barrier for grain initiation is examined The relative importance of deterministic and stochas- quantitatively. tic elements of grain initiation is explored as a function of inoculant particle size and melt undercooling. The effect of dormant solid on the particles is taken into account. The nature of the adsorption and templating on the inoculant surface are also considered. AM Break 10:35 AM Invited 10:45 Atomistic Simulations of the Nucleation of Nickel ton, MA 02215 USA The dynamics of homogeneous nucleation and growth of crystal- line nickel from its super-cooled melt is examined during rapid quench- ing using molecular dynamics and a modified embedded atom potential. The character of the critical nuclei of the crystallization transition is examined using common neighbor analysis and visualization tech- find that the critical nucleus consists of a small number of niques. We atoms arranged in a stacking of planar structures. There is two-dimen- sional triangular order within each plane but the planes are randomly stacked. Because the stacking is not fcc (nor hcp), our results do not support classical nucleation models. They agree, however, with recent liam Klein Morris E. Quested T. J. Kramer 50011 USA; Nancy 54042 France; USA TN 37831-6115 Oak Ridge, PO Box 2008, MS 6115, Div., research arguing that There has been a significant amount of recent structure in the under- some simple metals, i.e., Ni, show icosahedral order in liquids is cooled liquid. Other indirect evidence for icosahedral structures and based on fast nucleation rates of certain icosahedral is also indicated by the their approximants. Local icosahedral order in some devitrified formation of metastable quasicrystalline phases experiments and present results from diffraction We metallic glasses. the converse does not ab initio calculations, that demonstrate that congruently melting always hold true: Cd5.7Yb forms a binary, liquid. This provides quasicrystal which melts into a non-icosahedral rate of this stable an explanation for the observed slow nucleation hypoth- are still in agreement with Frank’s These results quasicrystal. and solid phases indi- esis; the difference in structure from the liquid resulting in a large crystal-melt interfacial free energy, cates a large of This research has been sponsored by the Division nucleation barrier. Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering, Office of with Iowa W-7405-ENG-82 under contract U.S. Department of Energy and contract DE-AC05- Technology University of Science and State LLC. 00OR-22725 with UT-Battelle, AM Invited 10:00 Heterogeneous Grain Initiation in Solidification alloys forming quasicrystalline or polytetrahedral phases (Al phases or polytetrahedral forming quasicrystalline alloys levita- of the electromagnetic application by and undercooled cessed at scattering elastic neutron with was combined which tion technique, energy disper- in Grenoble and with (ILL) the Institute-Laue-Langevin Synchrotron at the European of synchrotron radiation sive diffraction the struc- in order to determine (ESRF) in Grenoble Radiation Facility For all of of the temperature. of the liquids as a function ture factors are well de- the experimental data metallic liquids the investigated prevail in the order is assumed to icosahedral short-range scribed if an at tem- order is observed already icosahedral short-range melt. This temperature and becomes more pronounced peratures above the melting The impact of the icosahedral short-range if the melt is undercooled. melt on the energy of the interface between order in the undercooled solid phases of different structures is discussed. the melt and nuclei of of the solid-liquid interfacial energy deci- This structure-dependence behavior of the liquids. sively influences the solidification 9:40 AM Com- A Melt Into Icosahedral Liquids? Do Icosahedral Phases CdYb of Liquid Study Theoretical and bined Experimental Al

TUESDAY AM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 TMS 2005Annual Meeting: increases withannealingtemperature upto1100°Cwhileno in thefilm.Forfilmssputtered inan Ar+O2 gasthePL intensity temperatures thePLintensitydecreases andthereareGenanocrystals These containGe-richamorphous clusters. After annealingtohigher film isreachedafterannealingat 700°Cthefilmssputteredin Ar. luminescence fortheas-prepared films.LargePLintensityfromthe emitted X-raysandenergy lossspectroscopy. There isveryweakorno transmission electronmicroscopyincombinationwithanalysis of the distributionofelementshavebeenstudiedwithhighresolution annealing temperaturehasbeenvaried.Thestructuralevolutionand Si substratebymagnetronsputtering.Thesputteringambienceand We reportonPL fromEr-doped Ge-richSiO2filmsdepositedona 1126, Blindern,OsloN-0318Norway Norway; N-0316 Norway; Li Heng Films: The InfluenceofSputter Gasand Annealing Photoluminescence fromanEr-DopedGe-RichSiO2Sputtered 10:45 AM 10:30 AM Break of thecoatedsamplestendstopreventsurfacefromoxidation. 700°C onlyonedistinctstepoccurs.Formingofoxidesonthesurface fluctuations appearatapproximately12hand18h. At temperature about parabolicratelaw. At theoxidationtemperature600°Ctwo XRD techniques.Theoxidationkineticsofboroncoatingfollows ior wasinvestigatedbymeansof TGA, OpticalMicroscopy, SEM,and perature range600-900°Cwasused.Theisothermaloxidationbehav- investigated atelevatedtemperature.Foroxidationprocesshightem- Theoxidationbehaviorofboroncoatingonsteelsubstratewas Univ. Hgts.,Newark,NJ07102 USA Jersey Instituteof Technology, Dept.ofPhysics,161 Warren St., Temperature Oxidation KineticsofBoron CoatingonFerrous Alloys atHigh 10:00 AM Invited concept forthedeterminationofbrittlegrainboundaries. doped grainboundariesbehavedifferently. Ourfindingssuggestanew three different materials(Cu,Ni3Al,and Al), inwhichpristineand aries aredramaticallyinfluencedbydopantsegregation. We willdiscuss metal grainboundaries.Themechanicalpropertiesofthesebound- sity functionaltheoryisusedtostudytheoriginofembrittlement spatially resolvedelectronenergylossspectroscopyandabinitioden- Thecombinationofatomic-columnresolvedZ-contrastimaging, & Engrg.,Columbus,OHUSA Div., OakRidge, TN USA; 27695 USA; Carolina State University, Matls.Sci.&Engrg.Dept.,Raleigh,NC aries Influence ofDopantsonEmbrittlementMetalGrainBound- 9:30 AM Invited come operativeinthetransitionsbetweengrainsizeregimes. More thanonemechanism,orevenadifferentmaybe- sible forplasticdeformationineachofthethreeregimesarediscussed. Regimes IandII,butabsentinRegimeIII.Themechanismsrespon- - 1um)andRegimeIII(d<~10nm).Latticedislocationsareactivein size regimesareidentified:RegimeI(d>~1um),II=10nm on theflowstressofmetalsandcompoundsareevaluated.Threegrain Dataontheeffectofgrainsizedfrommillimeterstonanometers USA 1 Flow Stress ofMetalsandCompounds Effects ofGrainSizefromMillimeterstoNanometersonthe 9:00 AM Invited ing canbeactivatedtoformatanelevatedtemperatureaftergrowth. similar to•-Al2O3onwhichCu2O-typeionic-covalentCu-Obond- treatment cansufficiently oxidizethesurface Al ionsinastructure Cu-Al bondingformsattheinterface.Hightemperatureoxygenplasma where CugrowsasapolycrystallinefilmandCuAl2-typeintermetallic Ar ionsputteringandannealinginUHV, resultinginan Al-rich surface, ionic bonding.Thesurfacecanbesufficientlydehydroxylatedbyusing adhere principallybypolarizationandwithsomecharacteristicsof by roomtemperatureoxygenplasmacleaning,onwhichCuatoms the sapphire(0001)surface. A cleanhydroxylatedsurfaceisobtained cesses inultrahighvacuum(UHV),whichcantailortheterminationof copper/sapphire interfacesbyutilizingvarioussurfacecleaningpro- here theexperimentalmethodstocontrolnatureofbondingat ling thebondingmechanismatmetal/sapphireinterfaces. We report NC State University, Matls.Sci.&Engrg. Dept.,Raleigh,NC27695 3 ; : 1 1 University ofOslo,Dept.Physics,POBox1048,Blindern,Oslo ; Terje G. Finstad Gerd Duscher 3 University ofOslo,Ctr. forMatls.Sci.&Nanotech.,POBox : 2 Oak RidgeNationalLaboratory, CondensedMatterScis. Roumiana S.Petrova 2 SINTEF, ICT, POBox124,Blindern,OsloN-0314 1 ; MatthewF. Chisholm 1 ; Anette E.Gunnæs 3 135 Ohio State University, Dept.ofMatls.Sci. TechnicalProgram 1 ; NaruemonSuwattananont : Hans Conrad 2 ; Wolfgang Windl 1 ; PrebenStorås 1 ; KangJung : Chenglin 3 2 ; ; 1 ; Yanjun 1 North 1 New 1 ; Reforming ofIso-Octane onGadolinium-DopedCeriaDuring Supported Autothermal Microstructural EvolutionofNickelNanoparticleCatalysts 11:30 AM 650-7000C withasuperiorCudiffusionbarriercharacteristics. formation ofa-Ta andshowthatitisstableinthetemperaturerange tic ofhigh-resistivitydisorderedmetals. We discussthemechanismof istic metallicbehavior, while TCR fora-Ta wasnegative,characteris- ity (TCR)forá-Ta andâ-Ta werefoundtobepositivewithcharacter- and 250-275µÙ-cmfora-Ta. The temperaturecoefficient ofresistiv- perature valuestobe15-30µÙ-cmforá-Ta, 180-200µÙ-cmforâ-Ta measurements inthetemperaturerange(10-300K)showedroom-tem- copy andX-raydispersiveanalysis.Thefour-pointproberesistivity elemental analysiswasperformedusingelectronenergylossspectros- by X-raydiffraction andhigh-resolutionelectronmicroscopy, while face. Microstructureandatomicstructureofthesefilmswerestudied gral multiplesoflatticeplanesmatchacrossthefilm-substrateinter- crystal Ta filmsareformedbydomainmatchingepitaxywhereinte- Beta tantalum(â-Ta) filmsproducedbymagnetronsputtering.Single- electrical propertiesanddiffusioncharacteristicswithof nonequilibrium pulsedlaserdepositiontechniques,andcomparedtheir from nanosizetosinglecrystalandamorphoustantalum(a-Ta) by We havefabricatedthinfilmsoftantalum withgrainsizeranging Industrial Place,Newton,MA02161-1951USA tion Nitride-Based ThinFilmsProcessedbyPulsedLaserDeposi- 11:45 AM Invited species andahigherhydrocarbonconcentrationintheusedcatalyst. the catalyticreaction.XPSdataalsoshowpresenceofcarbonate suggests theparticipationoflatticeOatomsfromceriasupportin (EDX) detectedtheirpresence.XPSanalysisofthecatalystsamples TEM intheusedcatalyst,butEnergyDispersiveX-raySpectroscopy larger grainsintheusedcatalyst.Niparticlescouldnotbeimagedby CeO phases. A thinamorphouslayerofcarbonalsocoversmostthe grains, orbytheoccupationofhighlydefectivecrystalsCe2O3and morphology resultingeitherfromthesinteringofanumberCeO2 while thelargersizedgrainsappeardullandexhibitnon-facetedcrystal have similarstructureandmorphologyasthoseinthefreshcatalyst, catalyst exhibitsabimodaldistributionofgrainsinwhichsmaller in sizeonthesurfaceofceriasupport.Thesupportused fresh catalystishighlydispersedandformsgranularcrystals5-30nm which gadoliniumatomsexistinasolidsolutionofCeO2.Nickelthe line structureofthefreshcatalystsupportisCeO2phase,in talline grains,withsizesrangingbetween20and50nm.Thecrystal- port ofthefreshcatalystexhibitsahomogenousaggregationcrys- tion (XRD),andX-rayPhotoelectronSpectroscopy(XPS).Thesup- ied usingTransmissionElectronMicroscopy(TEM),X-rayDiffrac- supported ongadolinium-dopedceria(Ce1-xGdxO(4-x)/2)werestud- ThemicrostructureandcompositionofananoparticleNicatalyst Engrg., Charlottesville, VA 22904USA Campus Box-7916,Raleigh,NC27695USA; of Taties ThinFilms Effect ofProcessingonMicrostructureandElectricalProper- 11:15 AM tion ofGe-richandSi-richoxidetakesplace. nanocrystals form.Thesefilmsareallamorphouswhilesomesegrega- standing theepitaxialgrowthofhigh latticemismatchsystems.Elec- concept ofdomainmatchingepitaxy willbeintroducedforunder- (TEM) andscanningtransmission electronmicroscopy(STEM).The extensively byX-raydiffraction, transmissionelectronmicroscopy nents willbeshown.Microstructures ofthesethinfilmswerestudied Some successfulexampleson TiN, TaN, and TaN-TiN binarycompo- exceptional advantageinproducinghighqualitycomplexcomposites. based materials. Among them,pulsedlaserdeposition(PLD)shows PVD andCVDtechniqueshavebeenexploredtosynthesizenitride- barriers insemiconductorindustry, andlight-emitting-diodes. Various of materialshavewideapplicationsassuper-hardcoatings,diffusion bility, andexceptionalopticalelectricalproperties. These types high hardness,superiorwearresistance,temperaturethermalsta- Nitride-basedmaterialshaveattractedbroadinterestduetotheir State University, Matls.Sci.&Engrg. Dept.,Raleigh,NC27695USA of Mechl.Engrg.,CollegeSta.,TX77843-3123USA; K763, Los Alamos, NM87545USA; Jagdish Narayan 35487-0202 USA; bama, Metallurgl. &Matls.Engrg., POBox870202, Tuscaloosa, AL Shamsuzzoha R. Wu : Haiyan Wang 2 ; 1 North CarolinaState University, MSE,2153,Burlington, 1 ; GiovanniZangari 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM 3 ; 1 1 ; XinghangZhang 2 Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, MST-STC, MS University of Virginia, Dept.ofMatls.Sci.& : Vikram M.Bhosle : V.Palaniyandi 2 ; R.G. Reddy 2 2 ; Ashutosh Tiwari; Ashutosh TexasDept. University, A&M 1 ; Ashutosh Tiwari Ashutosh ; 2 1 1 H. C.Starck,Inc.,45 ; ; Earl T. Ada 1 University 3 North Carolina 3 1 ; A. Gupta ; A. ; P. Kumar of Ala- 1 ; M. 135 3 2 ; ; TUESDAY AM ; ; ; ; 1 1 1 2 Bo-Young Gyeongsang : 1 ; Y. H. Liu Y. ; 1 ; 1 ; Dae-Guen Kim 1 ; Hyung-Ho Jo 2 Technical Program Technical ; Vyacheslav Solovjev ; Vyacheslav 1 Daelim College, Kyungkido calcium, magnesium, Al2O3 calcium, magnesium, 2 Theoretical, Mira, 37, Sarov Theoretical, Mira, 37, ; X. M. Zhang ; Yong-Su Um ; Yong-Su 1 2 ; Hoon Cho Young-Ok Yoon Young-Ok 2 : ; Petr Nizovtzev 1 ; G. C. Yao C. G. ; 1 RFNC VNIIEF, RFNC VNIIEF, 1 ; ; Kwang-Ho Song 1 1 ; Hanshin Choi 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM H. J. Luo 1 : TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: TMS 2005 Annual University of California, Cheml. Engrg. & Matls. Sci., & Matls. Engrg. Cheml. of California, University 2 Andrey Smolyakov Andrey : ; Sang-Youl Kim ; Sang-Youl 1 Sungkyunkwan University, Dept. of Advd. Matls. Engrg., 300 Advd. Matls. Engrg., Dept. of Sungkyunkwan University, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Advd. Matls. Ctr., 994-32, Advd. Matls. Ctr., Technology, Korea Institute of Industrial Northeastern University, Sch. of Matls. & Metall. 110004 China 110004 Sch. of Matls. & Metall. Northeastern University, National University, Jinju 660-701 Korea; National University, Young-Jig Kim Young-Jig Korea alloy was Al Al alloy foam used in this study was prepared that Al alloy molten using a high-frequency induction furnace. The molten 1 Chunchun-Dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Gyounggi-Do 440-746 S. Korea; 2 Incheon 406-130 S. Korea Yeonsu-Gu, Dongchun-Dong, Al-Mn wrought alloy to manufacture tube During the extrusion of and fin for heat exchangers, sticking between alloy billet and die is the sticking In fact, regarded as the main drawback for workability. makes various deteriorations in die cleanness and surface properties of as-extruded tube or fin. It is well known that the sticking mainly depends on the intermetallic phase formation. The main emphasis of this study is to investigate the effect of Cu content on the formation behavior of intermetallic compounds. The quantification and the phase evolution of intermetallic compounds were intensively conducted. With increasing Cu content, the fraction and size of intermetallic com- pounds were notably increased and the distribution of them was im- proved. The tensile strength and hardness of them were also increased. AM 11:20 Al Foam of on the Casting and Properties Study A Hur California, Dept. of Cheml. Engrg. & Matls. Sci., Irvine, CA 92697- Irvine, CA Matls. Sci., Engrg. & of Cheml. Dept. California, USA; 2575 USA 95616 CA Davis, Ave., One Shields is a me- medium, a cryogenic within or ball milling Cryomilling, and both refines the microstructure technique that chanical attrition grain size and that stabilize the dispersoids introduces nanometer-scale Al cryomilled and extrusion of material. Consolidation strengthen the that of con- is more than twice a material whose strength 5083 gives ductil- with comparable Al 5083, strain-hardened ventional wrought, average grain size increases of processing, the During the course ity. 100 nm in the to approximately in the as-milled powder, from 25 nm (HIPped) and then to between 200 and 250 primary consolidated form At room temperature, the yield stress, nm in the final extrusions. stress of the extrusions are roughly 20 per- tensile strength, and flow the HIP material despite the larger grain size. cent higher than that of in light of a bimodal microstructure This behavior can be understood that occur The microstructural changes and the processing history. by processing were further investigated during thermomechanical of the HIP material at elevated temperatures uniaxial compression temperatures. bracketing the extrusion 9:45 AM Sec- with Copper, of the ECAE Process Numerical Simulations ond Pass Alexander Korshunov Russia performed with isotropic ECAP second pass simulation has been agreement between numerical Satisfactory model of material behavior. billet final shape and and experimental data has been obtained on This approach enables simulations of pressing force during ECAP. subsequent ECAP passes for different routes. AM Break 10:10 10:30 AM Alu- in Fabricating Viscosity on Method of Increasing Study minium Foam 1 Al to prepare closed- The method of directly foaming in molten Different kinds of ingre- cell aluminum foam is descried in this article. Al alloy to make its viscosity increased. dients are put into the molten to Al as foaming agent is also added into these molten TiH2 The the method to increase fabricate aluminum foam. The effectiveness of structure is researched by macro- Al on foam the viscosity of molten The results are showed scopic observation and microstructure analysis. After these ingredients, such as as follow. Al, the phase component and coal ash, etc, had been added into molten the phase component and the mecha- Al alloy changed. However of Meanwhile, the slightly. nism of its increasing viscosity is different in its structure. The foams difference Al foam also has great obtained wall and high intensity, obtained by calcium and coal ash hold thick cell Al2O3 hold and in the other hand the foams obtained by magnesium thin cell wall and low intensity. 10:55 AM Effect of Cu on the Formation Behavior of Intermetallic Com- pounds Alloy in Al-Mn Wrought : Uni- 1 ; 1 ; Manish 1 University of 1 ; 2 Efraín Carreño- : Indranil Roy : North Carolina State Uni- State North Carolina 1 ; 1 ; Farghalli A. Mohamed ; Farghalli 1 ; Enrique J. Lavernia 2 136 University of Applied Sciences of Western Sciences of Applied University of Amit Chugh 1 : ; 2 Room: 2007 Location: Moscone West Convention Center Thomas R. Bieler, Michigan State University, State Michigan Thomas R. Bieler, ; Bing Q. Han Farghalli A. Mohamed, University of California, A. Mohamed, Farghalli TMS 1 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Inst. of Technology Swiss Federal Institute of 2 ; David Edward McDougall 1 ; Robert Schaller 1 136 Chauhan Switzerland, Design & Matls. Unit, Rte. du Rawyl 47, Sion CH-1950 Switzerland; Physics of Complex Matter, Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland Novel light metal matrix composites have been processed by pow- feasibility of manufacturing magnesium- and alu- The der metallurgy. minium-based composites reinforced with carbon nanotubes has been assessed. Blends of metal powders and CVD processed multi-wall car- bon nanotubes were compacted by uniaxial hot pressing followed by nanotubes in the metal uniform dispersion of A hot isostatic pressing. matrix was obtained. Sintering conditions were found, which allowed to obtain bulk specimens with sound mechanical properties. 9:20 AM Alloys Al-Mg Relationships in Cryomilled Structure-Property David B. Witkin versity of California, Chem. Engrg. & Matls. Sci., 916 Engrg. Tower, & Matls. Sci., 916 Engrg. versity of California, Chem. Engrg. Irvine, CA 92696-2575 USA Al 5083 alloy of Grain growth behavior in the near nanostructured by consolidating an average grain size of 300 nm, processed was investigated in nanocrystalline cryomilled powder particulates, the temperature range of 0.55 to 0.85 Tm, where Tm is the melting temperature, for different annealing times varies from 1 to 50 hours. Appreciable grain growth was observed at 0.85 Tm, whereas there was nominal grain growth at 0.67 Tm. The value of the time exponent ‘n’ was deduced from the grain growth equation of the general form D1/n - Do1/n = kt was 0.1 at 0.85Tm and 0.08 at 0.73Tm which decreased with decreasing temperature and approached 0.03 as the temperature was reduced down to 0.55Tm. 8:55 AM Carbon Nanotube/Light-Metal Composites Morelli 8:30 AM Al 5083 Nanostructured in Near Behavior Grain Growth Annealing Alloy on Isothermal Cryomilled General Abstract Session: Nanostructured and General Abstract Session: Nanostructured Lightweight Materials Sponsored by: Organizers: Program Science, East Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials University of Lansing, MI 48824-1226 USA; John J. Chen, Engineering, Auckland, Department of Chemical & Materials University of Auckland 00160 New Zealand; James C. Earthman, Science, Irvine, California, Department of Chemical and Materials CA 92697-2575 USA Tuesday AM CA 92697-2575 USA Dept. of Cheml. Engrg. & Matls. Sci., Irvine, February 15, 2005 Session Chair: trical, mechanical properties and diffusion barrier characteristics of characteristics barrier and diffusion properties mechanical trical, studied. were also materials nitride-based these PM 12:15 and ZnO-Pt ZnO/Pt Bilayer High Quality Epitaxial Growth of Transparent (0001) for on Sapphire Structure Nanocomposite Applications Conducting Labs, CB 7916, Raleigh, 2141 Burlington & Engrg., Matls. Sci. versity, USA NC 27695-7916 and ZnO-Pt nano- ZnO/Pt bilayer have grown high quality We films were substrate (0001). These structure on Sapphire composite on sapphire (0001) substrates by Pulsed Laser grown heteroepitaxially relationship between sapphire and plati- Deposition (PLD). Epitaxial oxide was studied using X-Ray diffraction, high num, platinum and zinc experiments. and SAED microscopy (HRTEM) resolution transmission epitaxial analysis was compared with theo- Experimental results and property measurements were performed retical simulations. Electrical - method over the temperature range of 15 K using four-point probe and absorption studies were performed 300 K. Optical transmission quite high transmission of visible using Hitachi spectrophotometer, temperature photo luminescence studies also light was observed. Room quality of these films. These heterostructures indicate high optical of integrating them with optoelectronic demonstrate the feasibility devices.

TUESDAY AM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 ert Tournier Xavier Chaud TMS 2005Annual Meeting: that thepatternonswordarebecause ofthehypereutectoidcarbon repeated untilalargenumberof layers wereobtainedwhile,otheris then foldedandforge-weldedtogether, andthefold/forgecyclewas alternating sheetsofhigh-andlow-carbon steels.Thiscompositewas were becausethepattern-weldedsteels wereproducedbyforgewelding these blades.Oneisthatthebeautiful patternspresentintheswords is alostart.Therearetwoschoolsofthoughtontheprocessing of Unfortunately, thetechniqueofproducing Wootz Damascussteelblades where theprocessofmaking Wootz continuedtillthe19thcentury. these bladesweremadeinIndiawhichisknownasthe“Wootz Steel”, is knownasDamascussteel.Itbelievedthattherawmaterials for European armyfirstcameacrossthisbladeinDamascusthatiswhy it Damascus steel.Thissteelwasnotproducedinbutsince the man inhalfwithonlyonehand.Thesecretoftheseswordslies the blunt evenaftertheheavyclashesandweresharpenoughtocleave a Most importantthingabouttheseswordswerethattheyneverbecame to astoundpeoplebyflyingthehandkerchiefandslicingitintotwo. was dullblueandmarkedwithmillionsofmeaninglesslines.Sultanused was notsoheavyliketheswordsusedbyhisEuropeanopponent. It century. DescribingthebladesofswordsusedbyarmySultan encounter ofSultanSalahuddin Ayubi andRichardinthethirteenth Sir Walter Scott,inhisbook“THE TILSIM” writesaboutthe Engrg., Rm.No.94,Hostel5,Topi Swabi,NWFP 23460Pakistan Khalid Mawani The RoleofImpuritiesandProcessing inDamascusSteels 8:30 AM Dept., Chicago,IL60616USA Session Chair: February 15,2005 Tuesday AM CA 92697-2575USA California, DepartmentofChemicalandMaterialsScience,Irvine, Auckland 00160NewZealand;JamesC.Earthman,Universityof Auckland, DepartmentofChemical&MaterialsEngineering, Lansing, MI48824-1226USA;JohnJ.Chen,Universityof Department ofChemicalEngineeringandMaterialsScience,East Program Organizers: Sponsored by: General AbstractSession:AdvancesinSteels discussed. in thepolymercomposite.Themagneticalignmentmechanismis Both TEMandSEMresultsshowclearevidenceofwellalignednanotubes can bewellalignedinapolymermatrixatmoderatemagneticfield. tions. Inthisstudy, wepresentanovelmethodbywhichthesenanotubes carbon nanotubesalsoneedtobealignedalongcertainspecifieddirec- sented. Forfundamentalstudyandnovelengineeringapplications, nanotubes, andmechanicalpropertiesofthecompositeswillbepre- enhanced. HRTEM images,SIMSresultsofcoatedsurfacefilmson the dispersionofnanotubesinpolymermatrixissignificantly outer andinnersurfacesofthenanotubes.Duetosurfacemodification, An extremelythinlayerofpolymerfilmhasbeencoatedontoboth et LaboratoiredeCristallographie,GrenobleCedex38042France 4 versity ofMichigan,Matls.Sci.&Engrg., Ann Arbor, MI48109USA; Mechl. Engrg., 2624Clifton Ave., Cincinnati,OH45221USA; Clifton Ave., Cincinnati,OH45221USA; bers inPolymerComposites Plasma CoatingandMagnetic Alignment ofCarbonNanoFi- 11:45 AM Al alloyfoamhasgoodsoundandenergyabsorptionproperties. controlled bytheviscosityandsurfacetensionofmolten Al alloy. agent andthecellsizedistributioninside Al alloyfoamcouldbe dispersion ofthefoamingagent,gaswasgeneratedfrom 1000rpm. Whenleftinafurnaceforspecificperiodafteruniform foaming agent,theimpellerwasrotatedwithhigh-speedabout400- tex flowtowardthecenter. Foruniformdistributionofthickeningand molten Al alloy. Theimpellerwasrotatedclockwisetogeneratevor- stirred. An impellerwith3-stagescrewweldedwasusedtostirthe were addedtothemolten Al alloyataspecifictemperature,whichwas temperature appropriateforfoaming.Thickeningandfoamingagent was putinapotfurnaceforspecificperiodtomakeitreachthe Consortium deRecherchespourl’EmergenceTechnologies Avancées 4 ; 4 ; EricBeaugnon 1 1 University ofCincinnati,Cheml.&Matl.Engrg., 2624 ; TMS Philip Nash,IIT, Mechl.,Matls.& Aeros. Engrg. 1 Ghulam IshaqKhanInstitute,Matls.&Metallurgl. Thomas R.Bieler, MichiganState University, Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 2011 137 4 ; Luming Wang : TechnicalProgram Donglu Shi 2 University ofCincinnati, 1 3 ; PengHe ; RodneyEwing 2 ; JieLian 3 ; Rob- 3 Uni- 3 ; : Cr Steels Microstructure andElevated Temperature Stability of9-12% 9:30 AM panied byanincreaseinhardness. spite theincreasedhardness/UTSwhereasNipromotedagingaccom- 9Co(55/1945) >11Ni-5Co(54/1905).Codidnotpromoteagingde- 13Co(57/2115) >8Ni-13Co(56.5/2065)11Ni-9Co(56/2025)8Ni- UTS(MPa) wasarrangedasfollows;11Ni-13Co(57/2130)>14Ni- those priortreatments.Intheagedcondition,hardness(Rc)/ the agedconditionsinceagingappearedtoscreeneffectsof strength(UTS) andimpacttoughnessdidnotshowacleardifferencein ences ofreheatingandrollingtemperaturesonhardness/tensile hardness ratiowashigherascomparedtotheagedcondition.Influ- range 900-1200C.Intheas-quenchedcondition,tensilestrengthto low austeniteregionandthendirectquenchedafterreheatinginthe These alloyswereseverelyrolledby50%/2pat700or850Cinthe 14 wt%)basedon AerMet 100(0.23C-1.2Mo-3.1Cr-13.4Co-11.1Ni). Alloys weredesignedbythevariationofCo(5-13wt%) andNi(8- 402-750 Korea 702 Korea; Advd. Matls.Engrg.,861-1,Jongnung-dong,Songbuk-ku,Seoul136- Strength SecondaryHardeningSteels Influence ofCoandNionMechanicalPropertiesinUltrahigh 9:00 AM lurgy intheancienttimes. method onthebasisoffactshistoryandknowledgemetal- level ofthesesteels.Inthisreviewpaperwewilldiscustheprocessing steels thatmaintaintheirstrength at thesetemperaturesalsoincreases. operating temperature(>650C) of theplantgoesup,needfor ture microstructuralstability. However, asthedesiretoincrease the power plantsareverygoodbecause oftheirexcellenthightempera- Themechanicalpropertiesof medium Crsteelsusedinfossilfired Albany, OR97321USA 1 Steels12% Cr Room andElevated Temperature MechanicalBehavior of9- 10:50 AM 10:30 AM Break results willbecomparedtocurrentpowerplantsteels. steels toseeiftheoxidationresistancecouldbeimproved.These rare earthoxideswereincorporatedintotheoutersurfacelayersof the determine theoxidationkineticsandextentofmaterialwastage. Also, formed onthesteelsfortimesgreaterthan1000hoursinorder to 12)Cr-1.2Ni-0.7Mo-3.0Cu-3.0Co-0.5Ti. Oxidationtestswereper- development foruseashightemperaturepowerplantsteels:0.08C-(9- improve overallcorrosionresistance.ThreemediumCrareunder acceptable level.TheuseofmediumCrsteelsprovidesameansto wastage fromallcorrosionprocessesmustbekepttoaminimum in additiontoadequatestrengthattheoperatingtemperature,material 650C andbeyond.Foranynewsteeltobequalifiedforpowerplantuse, This isonlyacceleratedastheoperatingtemperatureincreasesto is extremelyaggressiveintermsofcorrosion,especiallyoxidation. mechanical properties.Theenvironmentinafossilfiredpowerplant many yearsbecauseoftheirexcellenthightemperaturestabilityand MediumCrsteelshavebeenusedinfossilfiredpowerplantsfor Ctr., 1450Queen Ave. SW, Albany, OR97321USA Surface Treatments Oxidation Resistanceof9-12%CrSteels: ofRare Effects Earth 10:00 AM compared againstcurrentlyavailablepowerplantsteels. will alsobediscussed.Finally, theoverallstabilityofthesesteelswillbe effect onmicrostructurefromlong-termhightemperatureexposure in theas-castandthermo-mechanicallyworkedstates.Inaddition, 3.0Cu-3.0Co-0.5Ti. Themicrostructureofthealloywillbedescribed ture alloystrengtheningstrategies:0.08C-(9-12)Cr-1.2Ni-0.7Mo- Three mediumCrsteelsweredevelopedtoinvestigatehightempera- terms oftheirsolid-solutionandprecipitationstrengtheningschemes. not withstandthenewoperatingtemperatureandmustbereassessedin to goup.CurrentlyavailablelowandmediumCrcontainingsteelswill power plantscontinues,theoperatingtemperature(>650C)continues mechanical properties. As the desiretoincreasetheefficiency of many yearsbecauseoftheirexcellenthightemperaturestabilityand MediumCrsteelshavebeenusedinfossilfiredpowerplantsfor USA Queen Ave.SW,97321 1450 Ctr., Albany,OR Energy,Rsch. Albany Lee Alman U.S. DepartmentofEnergy, Albany Rsch. Ctr., 1450Queen Ave. SW, 1 ; HeangRyeal Yang 1 ; PaulD.Jablonski : Omer N.Dogan 2 Incheon CityCollege,Dept.ofMechl.Engrg., : OmerN.Dogan 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM : Omer N.Dogan 2 ; HoonKwon 1 ; 1 ; Jeffrey A. Hawk 1 U.S. DepartmentofEnergy, Albany Rsch. 1 ; JeffreyHawk A. 1 ; 1 ; 1 JeffreyHawk A. Kookmin University, Sch.of : Ho SeopSim 1 ; 1 1 ; KarolK.Schrems U.S. Departmentof 1 1 ; KonBae ; DavidE. 137 1 ; TUESDAY AM ; 1 ; Alain 1 University 2 CNRS, Lab. in Al-based 2 Marian Krajci of the Pseudogap : Technical Program Technical Marcel H.F. Sluiter H.F. Marcel Properties density of states density of : Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya Institute of 1 Tohoku University, Inst. of Matls. University, Tohoku University of Virginia, Physics, Virginia, University of 1 1 ; 1 ; 1 ; 1 Slovak Academy of Sciences, Inst. of Physics, Slovak 1 Yoichi Nishino Yoichi 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM ; : 2 Joseph Poon TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: TMS 2005 Annual : ; Yoshiyuki Kawazoe ; Yoshiyuki 2 Rsch., 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577 Japan; Aoba-ku, Sendai Rsch., 2-1-1 Katahira, de Physique et Modélisation des Milieux Condensés, Grenoble France Site preference of transition metals for crystal sites in Frank-Kasper type tetrahedrally close packed phases has been computed using den- sity functional based electronic structure methods and cluster expan- sions. Comparisons with results from X-ray and neutron scattering experiments, where available, indicate that theoretical results are ac- curate. The cluster expansion method is used to analyze whether site preference is driven by onsite effects (such as atomic size) or chemical ordering effects (such as maximization of unlike bonds). Moreover the McCormick Rd., POB 400714, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA VA McCormick Rd., POB 400714, Charlottesville, The electronic properties of quasicrystals and intermetallic com- pounds will be discussed as examples of Fermi-surface-Jones-Zone in- teraction effects. When the valence electronic counts are right, it can give rise to a pseudogap or semiconducting gap. Novel properties including electron localization and robust bandgap behaviors unex- pected of metallic systems are observed when strong hybridization is coupled with complex crystal structures. Some examples obtained from insulating quasicrystals and semiconducting intermetallic compounds that exhibit promising thermoelectric properties will be described. AM Invited 10:50 of Transition and Phase Stability of Site Preference Prediction Phases Metal Based Frank-Kasper Pasturel Hume-Rothery mechanism should be responsible for their stability. for their responsible should be mechanism Hume-Rothery band from was predicted Fermi level at the a pseudo-gap Actually, to that similar with local order phases of model calculations structure experimental with different also observed It was quasicrystals. of the The pa- quasicrystalline systems. techniques on various spectroscopic spectroscopy of experimental from the standpoint per will discuss extent the electronic data, to which stabilization to Hume-Rothery compounds is sensitive quasicrystalline alloys. Al-Cu-Fe Hume-Rothery and Al-Cu to by comparing AM Invited 9:00 Transport and Magnetic Electronic, System Fe2VAl Engrg., Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555 Japan Dept. of Matls. Sci. & compound exhibits a semiconduc- Fe2VAl While the Heusler-type band calculations predict behavior of electrical resistivity, tor-like the semimetal with a sharp pseudogap right at that it is a nonmagnetic deduced from electronic substantial mass enhancement A Fermi level. suggests that the unusual electron trans- specific-heat measurements in terms of the effect of strong spin fluctua- port is mainly interpreted Doping of possession of a low carrier density. tions in addition to the a a sharp reduction in the resistivity and quaternary elements causes Seebeck coefficient. Remarkably the Seebeck large enhancement in the in- the average electron concentration, coefficient plotted against a of doping elements, is found to fall on stead of the composition of doping elements. Substantial enhance- universal curve irrespective by using the elec- ments for the Seebeck coefficient can be explained slightly from the center tronic structure where the Fermi level shifts of the pseudogap. AM Invited 9:30 Alloys Semiconducting Al-Transition-Metal Hafner Juergen Republic; Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava SK-84511 Slovak A-1090 Vienna Inst. for Matls. Physics, Sensengasse 8/12, Vienna, of Austria (TM) and In intermetallic compounds formed by transition-metals the formation Al-TM ordering can lead to Al, in some cases a special spectrum. On the basis of a semiconducting band-gap in the electronic studied semiconductivity of ab-initio electronic structure calculations we found that the We in some crystalline and quasicrystalline phases. a formation of chemical semiconducting behavior is accompanied with a high degree of cova- bonds between aluminum and TM atoms with Any Al-TM ordering. The bonds form a network with a special lency. of substitutional deviation from this ordering, for instance a existence investi- We in the gap. defects, leads to formation of localized states The hybridization gated the mechanism of the band-gap formation. band-gap formation the plays here an important role but for a true breaking of symmetry of the A hybridization alone is not sufficient. is also very essential. crystal structure via Peierls-like mechanism AM Break 10:00 AM Invited 10:20 Va- Electron An Alloys: Non-Metallic Properties in Metallic lence Effect : IIT, 1 ; 2 Jeffrey A. Jeffrey : Corporation U.S. Department of 1 C for 5 minutes. After C for 5 minutes. DANA DANA ; ° 2 1 ; Robert Binoniemi 1 138 ; Philip Nash 1 ; Karol K. Schrems 1 Room: 3008 Location: Moscone West Convention Center Patrice E.A. Turchi, Lawrence Livermore CNRS, LCPMR UMR 7614, Université P. & M. CNRS, LCPMR UMR 7614, Université P. 1 Linköping 58183 Sweden ; 1 Patrice E.A. Turchi, Lawrence Livermore National Electronic, Magnetic & Photonic Materials Smati Chupatanakul : ; Omer N. Dogan 1 138 8:30 AM Invited 8:30 Al Based Intermetallics Pseudo-Gap at the Fermi Level in Esther Belin-Ferre Curie, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75231 France Series of alloys are stabilized by a Hume-Rothery mechanism, namely interaction between Bragg planes and electronic waves. This induces a depletion in the electronic densities of states at the Fermi Al-Cu-based quasicrystals are level, the so-called pseudo-gap. Many formed of elements with small differences in atomic radii and elec- tronegativity and their average electron per atom ratio equal same values as in Hume-Rothery phases. Therefore, it was proposed that a National Laboratory, Chemistry & Materials Science, Livermore, National Laboratory, Thaddeus B. Massalski, Carnegie Mellon University, 94551 USA; CA PA Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pittsburgh, 15213 USA Tuesday AM Hume-Rothery Symposium: The Science of The Science Hume-Rothery Symposium: Complex Alloys Sponsored by: Division, EMPMD/SMD-Alloy Phases Committee Program Organizers: February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: 94551 Chmst. & Matls. Sci. Direct., Livermore, CA Laboratory, Dept. of Physics & Linköping University, Abrikosov, A. USA; Igor Measurement Tech., Energy, Albany Rsch. Ctr., 1450 Queen Ave. SW, Albany, OR 97321 Albany, SW, Ave. Queen 1450 Albany Rsch. Ctr., Energy, USA in hardness research is towards smaller and The current direction materials are developed. There remains, smaller loads as nano-scale the mechanical behavior of complex however, a need to investigate service. In many instances this entails alloys for severe environment making numerous tensile samples as the bounds casting large ingots and an are explored. It is possible to gain of the operating environment strength of these alloys using room and understanding of the tensile hardness in conjunction with selected tensile elevated temperature by here has its roots in the work done tests. The approach outlined seeks This research for metals and low alloy and carbon steels. Tabor elevated temperatures for multi-phase, complex to extend the work to review of the approach will be given after which the experi- A alloys. yield stress and tensile mental data will be examined. In particular, the hardness based val- strength will be compared to their corresponding ues. AM 11:50 Simulated by in Low Carbon Steel Transformation Bainite Gleeble 60616 USA; IL Ctr., Thermal Process Tech. carburizing grade steel Low carbon 43 series alloy steel is a popular bainitic case micro- for automotive gears. Generation of a high carbon may provide structure and low carbon martensitic core microstructure toughness dictates gear significant benefit for gear applications where used to simulate the real performance. In this paper, Gleeble 3500 is microstructure in the process. In order to get a homogenous starting samples, each specimen is austenitized at 915 temperature that the samples are cooled down to an austempering period of time to get a above the Ms temperature and held for a used to determine the bainitic structure. SEM and dilatometry were equation Avrami’s These data are put into phase fraction in the steel. from auste- to get the time exponent n, about 1.5 for transformation nite to bainite. The mechanical properties of three medium Cr steels (0.08C-(9-12)Cr- Cr steels three medium of properties The mechanical through hardness, investigated were 1.2Ni-0.7Mo-3.0Cu-3.0Co-0.5Ti) of the 9-12%Cr The strength tensile measurements. and hot hardness (750C; aging isothermal after long-term at room temperature steels plant steels that of other power compares favorably with 1000 hours) and hot temperature strength In addition, the elevated (e.g., P91). be dis- behavior will The mechanical behave similarly. hardness also charac- and tensile fracture of the strength, elongation cussed in terms teristics. AM 11:20 Strength and Tensile Yield Using Hardness to Model Hawk

TUESDAY AM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 Joints UsingLow Temperature Solder Paste Microstructure andLong Term ReliabilityofLead-Free Solder 9:00 AM to formanelevatedtemperaturealloysolder. considered bothsolderflowandsubsequentreactionwiththesubstrate reaction eventsneededtoformthedesiredtransientphases;rules standard tests.Phaserelationruleswereformulatedwithrespectto the perature testingshowedthatonlyreactivepowderscouldpass the phases andprecipitationreactionsforstrengthening.Elevatedtem- tion ofanreactivealloycontainingtitaniumtoinducetransientliquid solder. The normallylowmeltingtemperaturesoldersrequiredforma- Yet rapidflowduringassemblyrequiresalowmeltingtemperature lighting, thecreeppropertiesoflead-freetin-basedsoldersistoolow. useful inautomatedassembly. Fortarget applicationssuchasoutdoor were mixedwithreactivealloyingadditionsandformedintopastes alloy powdersforuseinahightemperatureapplication.The Gasatomizationwasusedtoformulaterapidlysolidifiedtin-based tive SinteredProducts,147Research W., Univ. Park,PA 16802USA TMS 2005Annual Meeting: Chungcheongnam-Do 336-711 Korea; Electronics, MemoryDiv., San#74Buksu-Ri,Baebang-Myeon, Asan, Byoung Kang Louis G. Campbell Pastes for High Temperature Applications Development ofLowMelting Temperature Lead-Free Solder 8:30 AM Invited USA Anderson, IowaState University, Ames Lab., Ames, IA 50011-3020 Engrg. &Matl.Sci.,E.Lansing,MI48824-1226USA;Iver Session Chairs: February 15,2005 Tuesday AM M5S 3E4Canada Center forMicroelectronic Assembly &Packaging, Toronto, ON Lansing, MI48824USA;LauraJ. Turbini, Universityof Toronto, State University, ChemicalEngineeringandMaterials Science,East Center, Yorktown Heights,NY 10598USA;J.P. Lucas,Michigan ing, Hsinchu300 Taiwan; SungK.Kang,IBM, T. J. Watson Research National Tsing-Hua University, Department ofChemicalEngineer- Engineering, Tempe, AZ 85287-6006USA;Sinn-Wen Chen, Chemical andMaterialsEngineering,Ira A. FultonSchoolof USA; NikhileshChawla, Arizona State University, Departmentof Lab/Advanced ManufacturingTechnology, St. Petersburg, FL 33716 Flint, MI48504-4898USA;SrinivasChada,JabilCircuit,Inc.,FAR Program Organizers: Materials Committee Division, EMPMD-ElectronicPackagingandInterconnection Sponsored by: Alloy Development Development, New Technology: Lead-FreeSolder Lead FreeSolderImplementation: Reliability, Alloy RM-Si-C systems. tural stabilityanalysisisderivedfromthebehaviorinRM-Si-Band range wheredefectstructuresareimportant.Thebasisforthestruc- silicides arestoichiometric,buttherecaseswithahomogeneity structures bysystematicallymodifyingthephasestability. Usually, geometric ruleithasbeenpossibletodesignnewmultiphasemicro- favors structuralstability. Byfollowingtheguidanceofferedby yields astrictrangeofatomicsizeratiosmetaltometalloidthat achieve ahighpackingdensityofmetalandmetalloidconstituents as geometricrulesthatgovernphasestability. Often,thedriveto nary andhigherordersystemshighlightthefundamentalfactorssuch factory structuralperformance.Theobservedalloyingtrendsinter- SiO2 coatings,multiphasealloydesignsarenecessarytoachievesatis- tronic applications.Whilesilicidescandevelopoxidationresistant perature structuralmaterialsandatlowtemperatureformicroelec- Refractorymetal(RM)silicidephasesareattractiveashightem- Matls. Sci.&Engrg.,1509Univ. Ave., Madison,WI53706USA Sakidja Phase Stability MetalSilicide Phases inRefractory 11:20 AM Invited cussed. role ofvibrationaldegreesfreedomonthesirepreferenceisdis- 1 ; John H.Perepezko 1 ; HeeKookChoi Electronic, Magnetic&PhotonicMaterials James Lucas,MichiganState University, Chem. 1 ; 1 Pennsylvania State University, Ctr. forInnova- Mark A. Palmer, KetteringUniversity, IMEB, Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 3014 139 1 1 ; Young-HoKim ; TechnicalProgram 1 University ofWisconsin,Dept. 2 Hanyang University, Div. of 2 ; Se Se ; Yong Oh : Randall M.German : Wang JuLee 1 ; : Ridwan 1 Samsung 1 ; Un- 1 ; of Strain LocalizationinLead-Free Solder Joints Role ofShape-Memory Alloy ReinforcementsontheEvolution 9:20 AM the nearfuture. ment suchasconsumer,office,etc.forlowcostlead-freesolutionin widely inapplicationareawhichhaslowtemperatureuserenviron- low temperaturesolderingusingSn-Bipasteisexpectedtobeused paste isapromisingmethodfortheboardlevelpackaging.Especially bonding techniqueusingSn-Ag-CusolderballandeutecticBi-Sn only foundattheinterfaceof Au/Ni pad.Itisexpectedthatthe paste andOSP-CupadafterthermalcycleswhiletheNi3Sn4layerwas intermetallic layerswereformedattheinterfacebetweenSn-Bisolder paste inbothOSP-Cuand Au/Ni PCBpads. The Cu6Sn5/Cu3Sndouble Sn-Bi solderpasteandPCBpadwassameasthatofSn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu 2000 cycles,theintermetalliccompoundthicknessformedbetween ing temperatureover250¡Éinthermalcyclingtest. After thermal 58Bi pastewasashighthatofusingSn-3.0Ag-0.5Cuatsolder- Cu and Au/Ni PCBpads. The reliabilityofPb-freesolderjointusingSn- pad wasmuchsmallerthanthatofSn-3.0Ag-0.5CupasteinbothOSP- tallic compoundthicknessformedbetweenSn-BisolderpasteandPCB the interdiffusionofBiandSnduringsolderingprocess.Theinterme- after solderingincreasedupto190¡É-200¡É,whichwasattributed sive spectroscopy(EDS).Themeltingtemperatureofsolderjoint confirmed tobedecreaseddown12wt%-20wt%byenergydisper- After soldering,theBicontentinbottomofsolderjointwas compound formationwasinvestigatedbeforeandafterreliabilitytest. paste wasevaluated,anditsmicrostructurechangeintermetallic ball. ThelongtermreliabilityofPb-freesolderjointusingSn-58Bi not meltbuttheeutecticSn-58Bipastedoesandwetstolead-free sec. Duringsolderingat175¡É,thelead-freeballofpackagedoes the reflowtimeover139¡É,Bi-Sneutectictemperature,was110 at 175¡ÉwhichismuchlowerthanthatofeutecticSn-Pbsolder,and pads ofPCBsubstrate.Thepeaktemperatureduringreflowwasfixed age, andeutecticBi-SnsolderpastewasprintedonOSP-Cu Au/Ni of 450§-wereattachedonaFine-pitchBallGrid Array(FBGA) pack- solder pasteisintroduced.Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cuballswithadiameter technique usinghightemperaturePb-freesolderballandeutecticSn-Bi solution inthenearfuture.Inthispaper,ballgridarray(BGA) vices containingheat-sensitivecomponentsorforlowcostPb-free A lowtemperaturepackagingisrequiredforsomeelectronicde- 791 Korea Matls. Sci.&Engrg.,17Haengdang-dong,Seongdong-Ku,Seoul133- study aimedtoexplorethevibration fracturebehaviorsofbinarySn- Zn contentonthevibrationproperties oftheSn-Zn-Bisystem,this taken intoconsiderationduringalloy design. To realizetheeffect of vibration, thevibrationfracture resistance ofthesoldershouldbe Giventhatplasticdeformation, evenfailure,mayoccurdueto Kung University, Dept.ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg., Tainan 701 Taiwan Dept. ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg., Hualien974 Taiwan; Truan-Sheng Lui Zn andSn-Zn-BiSolders Effect ofZnContentontheVibrationFractureBehaviorSn- 9:40 AM also bepresented. within NiTiontheevolutionofstraindistributionjointwill ment modeling(FEM)toelucidatetheroleofphasetransformations reinforcements willbepresented.Theresultsofconcurrentfiniteele- ‘passive’ Cureinforcements,andjointsreinforcedwith‘active’NiTi tion withinmonolithicSn-4.7%Ag-1%Cujoints,jointsreinforcedwith tioned sampleinsideanSEM. A comparisonofinsitustrainlocaliza- using insituthermo-mechanicalloadingexperimentsonacross-sec- trix strainredistributionintheimmediatevicinityofareinforcement, impact ofthemartensite-to-austenite(M?¨A)transformationonma- paper, wepresenttheresultsofexperimentalworkonevaluating and thusreducingstrainlocalizationwithinthesolderjoint.Inthis recovery, thereby placingtheadjoiningsoldermatrixinreverseshear, austenite atthe As temperature,thereinforcementundergoes shape with thesolderinearlystagesofTMC.Upontransforminginto the initiallymartensiticSMAreinforcementisheavilydeformedalong memory alloy(SMA)particlesarebeingdeveloped.Inthisscheme, strain localization,acompositesolderreinforcedwithNiTibasedshape causing low-cyclefatiguefailure.Inordertomitigatetheeffectsof severe inelasticstrainlocalizationcanoccurwithinjoints,eventually mechanical cycling(TMC)conditionsduringservice.DuringTMC, Microelectronicsolderjointsareexposedtoaggressivethermo- Socorro, NM87801USA CA 93943USA; graduate School,Dept.Mech. Astro. Engr., 700DyerRd.,Monterey, Chanman Park 1 ; ShuweiMa 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM 2 2 ; Li-HuiChen New Mexico Tech, Dept.ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg., 1 ; : I. Dutta Jenn-Ming Song 2 ; 1 1 National DongHwaUniversity, ; B.S.Majumdar 1 ; Yea-LuenChang 2 National Cheng 2 ; : DengPan 1 Naval Post- 139 2 1 ; ; TUESDAY AM ; 2 Girish SUNY, 1 : ; 3 Marquette ; Mamoun 3 1 ; Moser Zbigniew 2 Technical Program Technical Tele and Radio Research Tele 3 Elhachmi Essadiqi - Matls. Tech. Lab., 568 Booth Tech. - Matls. ; Raymond A. Fournelle ; Raymond Concordia University, Montreal, Concordia University, ; 2 2 2 Warsaw University of Technology, of University Warsaw Jabil Circuit, Inc., AMT/FAR Lab, AMT/FAR Inc., Jabil Circuit, 1 2 ; ; Gasior Wladyslaw 3 1 +Cu+Bi+Sb were investigated starting from ; X. Wang ; X. ; Bryan Neal eut 2 2 Room: 2004 Location: Moscone West Convention Center intermetallic compound doped into SnAgNi doped compound intermetallic 4 Ramaswami Neelameggham, US Magnesium R. Kisiel ; J. Sitek Sn 3 : 3 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM Bob R. Powell, General Motors Corp, R&D Ctr., Light Metals Division, International Magnesium TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: TMS 2005 Annual Jabil Circuit, Inc., AMT/FAR Lab, 10800 Roosevelt Blvd., AMT/FAR Inc., Jabil Circuit, 2 Polish Academy of Sciences, Inst. of Metall. & Matls. Sci., Academy of Sciences, Inst. of Polish 2 CANMET- MTL, CANMET CANMET- 1 ; K. Bukat ; Srinivas Chada : M. A. Parvez : M. 2 1 ; 2 LLC, Salt Lake City, UT 84116 USA; Howard I. Kaplan, US 84116 UT LLC, Salt Lake City, USA 84116 UT Magnesium LLC, Salt Lake City, Tuesday AM February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: TU Clausthal, USA; Rainer Schmid-Fetzer, MI 48090-9055 Warren, Inst. fuer Metall., Clausthal-Zellerfeld D-38678 Germany Medraj Quebec Canada The phase diagrams of Mg-Al-Sr and Mg-Al-Ca systems were in- vestigated experimentally by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques. The experimental work fo- cused on the critical regions after reviewing the phase diagrams devel- oped by thermodynamic modeling. Differential scanning calorimetry has permitted real time measurement of the phase change involved in these systems. The temperature ranges for the phase change peaks Dept. of Sys. Sci. & Industl. Engrg., PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY PO Box 6000, Binghamton, Sci. & Industl. Engrg., Dept. of Sys. 13902 USA; Sn-Ag-Cu alloys. binary eutectic Sn-Ag and close to ternary eutectic parameters measure- The four-probe technique was used for electrical for the tensile strength ments. Special equipment was constructed shear strength calcula- measurement and also for determination of the component and a Cu tion of solder joints between a typical circuit was found that electrical contact on a printed circuit board (PCB). It to the data from properties of the investigated alloys are comparable tin-lead solders. The literature for eutectic Sn-Ag and the traditional properties is observed. strong influence of Bi and Sb at the mechanical Technology Magnesium Thermodynamics 2005: [Magnesium Alloys] Sponsored by: Association, LMD-Magnesium Committee Program Organizers: 8:30 AM Experimental Investigation of the Equilibria in Mg-Al-(Ca, Sr) Systems 0G1 Canada; Ottawa, ON K1A St., St. Petersburg, FL 33716 USA; FL Petersburg, St. FL 33716 USA; Blvd., St. Petersburg, 10800 Roosevelt Wisconsin W. 15151 Engrg., of Mechl. & Industl. Dept. University, USA WI 53233 Milwaukee, Ave., characteristic that contraction during solidification is a Volumetric Alloys that with the exception of gallium. is exhibited by all metals, over a broad range of temperature generally undergo solidification the contraction behavior of their ensuing phases. exhibit a difference in of substrate metals during process reflow leads Furthermore, dissolution ex- and volumetric contraction artifacts. The to meta-stable phases surface roughness, shrinkage voids, fillet lifting tent and frequency of “lead-free” solders are significantly different and hot tearing seen in have been re- Shrinkage effects lead” solder. than for “eutectic tin Sn/Ag/Cu, Sn/Cu/Ni solders for various com- ported in Sn/Pb, Sn/Pb/Ag, their impact on solder joint reliability. ponents, but few presented a close observation and proper identifica- Nevertheless, they warrant of lead-free solders. This paper is a review tion due to shift towards from shrinkage as well as the factors that various defects resulting to identify these contribute to their formation and a methodology defects effectively. AM 11:30 of the (Sn-Ag)eut+Cu+Sb+Bi Electrical and Mechanical Studies Soldering Materials J. Pstrus Koszykowa Str. Warszawa, Inst. of Microelect. & Optoelect., 00-662 75 Poland; 25 Poland; Reymonta Str. 30-059 Kraków, Poland 11 Str. Ratuszowa Warszawa, Institute, 03-450 joint resistance) and me- Electrical (solder resistivity and solder of solder joints) param- chanical (tensile strength and shear strength eters of quinary (Sn-Ag) nanoparticles of Ni of nanoparticles composite solder joint exhibited the similar effect. the similar joint exhibited solder composite AM 11:10 Solders of Electronic Contraction Volumetric Effects of S. Wable 5 Sn 6 and and and 5 5 5 ; Eu- 1 Sn Sn Sn 6 6 into the 6 4 ; Da-Yuan 2 ; Hsiang-Yi Sn 1 play impor- 3 of the Au/Ni of the 5 Sn 6 exhibited a very 5 Sn 6 /NaOH solution under 4 ; Wei-Chen Luo ; Wei-Chen 1 and Cu 4 the Au layer . A solution of appropriate A . 4 ; Sung K. Kang Sn 1 3 ; Szu-Tsung Kao ; Szu-Tsung 1 ., 1101 Kitchawan Rd., Rte. 134, ., 1101 ; Jin Yu ; Jin Nanoparticles in Deriving Lead- 1 5 intermetallic compound formed thin- Cheng-En Ho 5 : National Central University, Dept. of National Central University, Sn 140 Induced by Au/Ni Surface Finish in Induced by 1 6 Sn 5 6 ; Li-Yin Hsiao Li-Yin Sn 1 6 2 Kuang Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300 Taiwan 2 Kuang Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300 : National Tsing Hua University, Dept. of Matls. Hua University, Tsing National 1 Sungil Cho ; 1 and Cu : 4 in aqueous solutions. The nanoparticles were pre- 4 Sn layers at the solder/electroless Ni-P interface than 3 5 , formed at the interface. The result indicated that the , formed at the interface. The result indicated 4 layer eventually spalled from the (Ni,Cu) 5 Sn 6 Sn 3 Sn , coexisted at the solder/Ni interface after reflow. It was , coexisted at the solder/Ni interface after reflow. 6 4 ; C. Robert Kao 1 Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Matls. Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Korea Sn IBM, T. J. Watson Rsch. Ctr Rsch. Watson J. IBM, T. 1 3 2 intermetallic compounds were synthesized by chemical precipi- nanoparticles, respectively. The nanoparticles of the Cu nanoparticles, respectively. 4 4 ; 2 ; Jenq-Gong Duh 1 Sn Sn 3 3 140 different morphology, from chunk-like to a continuous layer. Thick chunk-like to a continuous layer. from morphology, different (Cu,Au,Ni) tant roles in the interfacial reaction between the lead-free solder and the Ni/Cu under-bump metallization during reflowing in electronics composite solders were SnAgCu and SnAgNi packaging. In this study, produced by mechanical alloying (MA) process with doping Cu tation with NaBH pared by the precursor reacting with NaBH metal-precursors was rapidly added to a NaBH After mixing these two solutions, black precipitates strong stirring. were immediately observed, which were washed with distilled water and then dried at room temperature. The structures of particles were char- acterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis was employed to analyze the morphology of the particles. The SnAgCu composite solder joint doped with the nanoparticles of Cu ner (Cu, Ni) that formed in the commercial solder joint and MA solder joint. The Wei Lin Wei sec. In contrast, when molten solder as the reflow time reached 60 dense layers, (Cu,Ni) Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu was reflowed on Ni/Cu, only two and (Ni,Cu) Au layer played an important role in this spalling phenomenon. 10:50 AM Synthesis of Ni Composite Solders Free Lee 101, Sect. Sci. & Engrg., Intermetallic compounds (IMC) of Ni Ni Ni Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu Solder Joints Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu Solder found that with increasing reflow time (Cu,Au,Ni) Shih Taiwan 320 Chungli City Cheml. & Matls. Engrg., common and important Gold/nickel bi-layer is one of the most packages. In this talk, surface finishes for treating Cu pads in advanced a very interesting phenomenon induced by solder will be pre- surface finish in contact with the Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu Au/ Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu spheres were reflowed on sented. Experimentally, the solder and the pads Ni/Cu pads, and chemical interactions between kinds of intermetallics, (Cu,Au,Ni) Two were investigated. (Ni,Cu) Sci. & Engrg., 373-1 Gusung-dong, Yusung-gu, Daejon 305-701 S. Yusung-gu, 373-1 Gusung-dong, Sci. & Engrg., Korea; 10598 USA Heights, NY Yorktown system, solder joints are constantly exposed In a microelectronic reactive environments. stress and other to temperature, humidity, of solder joints could be one of the major Oxidation (and/or corrosion) on factors. Hence, an in-depth understanding yield and reliability risk solder interconnections becomes a critical issue oxidation behaviors of technologies successful. However, in making solder interconnection of Sn and Sn alloys have not been investigated the oxidation behaviors material of Sn-Pb and Pb-free solders and little in detail. Tin is a base behavior at various conditions of process- is known about its oxidation oxidation of pure Sn, ing or applications. In this study the solid-state investigated by electro- Sn-Pb alloys and Sn-base Pb-free solders was can provide the informa- chemical reduction analysis method, which Auger electron spec- tion on the chemistry and the amount of oxides. (XPS) were troscopy (AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy from the electrochemi- also employed to confirm the results obtained cal analysis. AM Break 10:20 10:30 AM Unusual Spalling of Cu xZn (x=7, 9, 11, 13wt%) solder alloys, as well as ternary Sn-xZn- as ternary as well alloys, 13wt%) solder 9, 11, xZn (x=7, and the capacity damping has the poorest Sn-9Zn 8, 11wt%). 3Bi(x=5, the other alloys. On Sn-xZn among the to failure critical cycles lowest possess Zn needles primary with massive samples the Sn-13Zn hand, Sn-xZn-3Bi alloys, As to life. capacity and vibration superior damping decrease fracture resistance capacity and vibration both the damping main crack to Sn-5Zn-3Bi. The Sn-11Zn-3Bi, Sn-8Zn-3Bi in turn from boundaries along the phase tends to propagate of the Sn-5Zn-3Bi eutectics. Sn and Sn-Zn between proeutectic 10:00 AM Alloys by Electrochemical of Sn and its on Oxidation Study A Reduction Analysis

TUESDAY AM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 University, Sch.ofPhysics&Matls.Engrg., Victoria 3800 Australia; TMS 2005Annual Meeting: increasingly attractiveforautomotive structuralapplications.Inre- Duetotheirhighspecificstrength, magnesiumalloyshavebecome Park, PA 16803USA 1 on GrainRefiningofMg-Zn Alloys Thermodynamics ofMg-Zn-Zr: ImplicationontheEffectofZr 9:50 AM mechanisms contributingtoindentationcreephavebeenidentified. constant loadwerealsoanalyzedusingthistechnique,andthepossible ing withtimeduringtesting.Thecreepcharacteristicsunderdifferent strain curvewereobtainedbymeasuringthepenetrationdepthchang- at roomtemperature.Hardness,compositemodulusandlocalstress- cal indenterandathree-sidedpyramidal(Berkovich)diamond alloys subjectedtoashallowindentationmadeby20µmradiusspheri- The paperdiscussesthetime-dependentmechanicalresponseofMg surface, amicro-indentationtechniquehasbeenemployedinthisstudy. ior oflocaldeformationwithinthevicinityadjacenttocasting cantly withthedepthfromcastingsurface. To characterizethebehav- Themicrostructureofdiecastmagnesiumalloysvariessignifi- Matl. Engrg.,Windsor,OntarioN9B3P4Canada Derek Northwood Using Micro-Indentation Techniques Characterization ofLocalDeformationMagnesium Alloys 9:30 AM die-castings. from AM60B that theskinregioncontrolsflowpropertiesoftensilesamplescut coefficient andalowerstressateachloadinglevel.Thisstudyindicates while resultsfromthecoreregionproduceadifferentstrainhardening skin regioncomparewellwiththetensilestress-strainflowcurve, uniaxial tensiletestingareanalyzed.Itwasfoundthatresultsfromthe between theskinandcore,comparisonswithresultsfrom casting. Thedifferenceintheindentationstress-strainflowcurve formed ontwosamplesfromtheskinandcoreregionsofdie- sure diecastmagnesiumalloy AM60B. Indentationtestingisper- the mechanicalpropertiesuponlocalmicrostructureofhigh-pres- Sphericalindentationtestingisusedtoanalyzethedependenceof Canada Technologies Inc.,25MacNab Ave., Strathroy, OntarioN7G4H6 Mechl. &Matls.Engrg.,London,OntarioN6A5B9Canada; Berkmortel Microindentation Spherical from Determined Magnesium AlloyAM60B Stress-Strain ResponseinSkinandCore RegionsofDieCast 9:10 AM obtained theoretically. out toexaminetherelationshipsandstabilityofthreelavesphases tigations usingindividualalloysanddiffusioncoupleswerealsocarried their stabilityoverthewholecompositionrange.Experimentalinves- the presentSQS’s wereperformedforthethreelavesphasestopredict lation functionsinrandomsolutions.First-principlescalculationson were developedtomimictheirmostrelevantpairandmultisitecorre- (SQS’s) forthethreelavesphases, Al2Ca, Mg2Caand(Mg,Al)2Ca, pseudo-binary. Inthepresentwork,specialquasirandomstructures have revealedtheexistenceofaC36lavesphaseinMg2Ca-Al2Ca experimental studiesandfirst-principlescalculationsintheliterature role inthedevelopmentofMg-Al-Caalloys.Furthermore,recent Their relativestabilityintheternarysystemmayplayanimportant C14-Mg2Ca phaseintheCa-Mgbinarysystemhavebeenreported. literature, theC15-Al2Caphasein Al-Ca binarysystemandthe Al12Mg17 phasebylavesphasesofhigherthermalstability. Inthe over 100C.Itisbelievedthatitduetothesubstitutionof- Mg-Al-Caalloysexhibitappealingcreepstrengthattemperatures USA 4 cesses Lab.,30500MoundRd., Warren, MI48090-9055USA; 2 University, Dept.ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg., Univ. Park,PA 16803USA; Zhong Laves PhaseStability intheMg-Al-CaSystem 8:50 AM Mg-Al-Sr andMg-Al-Casystems,respectively. and Al2Ca samples. Al4Sr Mg-Al-Ca systems.XRDwasusedtoidentifythephasesinstudied the XRDanalysisareusedtoestablishequilibriainMg-Al-Srand and thermodynamicfindingswillbediscussed.Theseresultsalongwith of thecompoundsarealsoreported.Comparisonbetweentheseresults have beendetermined.Enthalpyofmeltingandenthalpyformation Pennsylvania State University, Dept.ofPhysics,Univ. Park,PA 16802 Pennsylvania StateUniversity, Dept.ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg., Univ. General MotorsResearchandDevelopmentCenter,Matls.&Pro- 1 ; Alan Luo ; Alan 2 ; G. Wang 1 ; 2 ; J.F. Nie : 1 J. P. Weiler University of Windsor, Dept.ofMechl., Auto. & 2 ; 1 were foundtobethedominatingphasesin University of Western Ontario,Dept.of 141 3 ; Jorge O.Sofo TechnicalProgram 1 ; J. T.; Wood : R. Arroyave : Lihong Han 4 ; 1 ; R.J.Klassen 1 Pennsylvania State : Zi-Kui Liu 1 1 ; HenryHu ; Z. K.Liu 2 Meridian 3 Monash 1 1 ; Yu ; R. 1 1 ; ; Goren-Muginstein Alloys Thermodynamics andConstitutionofCa-ZrMg-Al-Ca-Zr 10:45 AM the discontinuousprecipitate. chemical freeenergydrivingforceforthenucleationandgrowthof rate inthematrixunderSSMFconditionwhichresultedahigher precipitation maybeattributedtotherelativelylowerbodydiffusion response inthefirststageofaging.Theaccelerationdiscontinuous moted intheSSMFconditionwhichresultedaquickagehardening that Mg specimens at453KwereobservedbyOMandTEM.Theresultsshowed condition. ThemicrostructuresofbothconventionallyandSSMFaged solution processofMg vestigated byOpticalandSEMmicrographswhichindicatedthatthe solutioned specimensandunderSSMFwerein- treatment fordifferenttime.Microstructuresofconventional when AZ91 magnesiumalloywasundertakensolutionandagingheat A strongstaticmagneticfield(SSMF)ofabout10 T wasapplied Engrg. Rsch.Ctr. ofLightMetalForming,Shanghai200030China Aging Behavior in AZ91 Magnesium Alloys Influence ofStrong Static MagneticFieldontheSolutionand 10:25 AM 10:10 AM Break eters greatlyaffectgrainrefining. of intermetalliccompoundsaresystematicallystudiedastheseparam- discussed. SolubilityofZrinMg-Zn-Zralloysaswellphasefractions tion ofmetastableintermetallicphasesduringsolidificationisalso formed andrelatedtoexperimentalobservations.Thepossibleforma- tions aswellliquidussurfacesandequilibriumsolidificationareper- this model,calculationsonbothstableandmetastableisothermalsec- combining abinitiocalculationsandtheCALPHADmethod.Using work, wepresentathermodynamicmodeloftheMg-Zn-Zrsystemby the systematanycompositionandtemperatureisrequired.Inthis intermetallics. Therefore,anaccurateknowledgeofthephasestate presence ofbothundissolvedZrparticlesaswellZr-containing Mg-Zn alloys.ThegrainrefiningpropertiesofZrareduetothe cent yearsithasbeenshownthatZrisaveryeffectivegrainrefinerof MgZn2 precipitationsform,and secondly, Mg2Snparticlesprecipi- two hardnesspeakscanberelated toaprecipitationsequences.Firstly, spectra andTEManalyseofthesample indicatethattheoccurrenceof 70 HVandremainedconstantup to96hours.CorrespondingXRD peak at87HVafter16hours.The hardnessdecreasedafter48hoursto to 88HV, followedbyarapiddecrease to73HV andthenthesecond occurred: thefirstafter2hours,wherehardnessincreasedfrom 55 TEM. Duringagingat175°Cfor1to96hours,twohardnessmaxima and analysisofthemicrostructuredevolutionusingXRD,SEM, temperature rangeof175-200°Cby Vickers hardnessmeasurements wt.% Sn.Precipitationhardeningmechanismswereinvestigatedin the present workwestudiedaMgalloycontaining4.46wt.%Znand3.75 intermetallic phaseswithMgandcauseprecipitationhardening.In the dynamic calculationsZnandSnadditivesareexpectedtoformstable resistance andcastabilityatelevatedtemperatures.Basedonthermo- commercially availableMg-Alloysandtoimprovetheircorrosion currently developedinordertoovercomethepoorcreepbehaviour of New Al-free Mg-Znalloyswithalternativealloyingelementsare Heisenbergstr. 3,70569StuttgartGermany 32000 HaifaIsrael; Dehm Precipitation HardeninginMg-Zn-Sn Alloys 11:05 AM shown. phase diagramsectionsofthequaternaryMg-Al-Ca-Zrsystemare ria inthisbinaryandthehigherorderalloysareperformed.Selected Experimental workandthermodynamicmodelingofthephaseequilib- alloys. OneobstacleisthattheCa-Zrbinarysystemnotknown. these equilibriaandalsotheimpactofZronawiderrangeMg-Al-Ca AlZr, Al in Mg-Al-Zralloysupto0.1wt.% Al and0.1wt.%Zrthecompounds compounds. Ourthermodynamiccalculationsrevealthatat,say, 800°C Zr togetherwith Al areascribedtotheformationofstable Al-Zr use ofZrforexampleasgrainrefiner. The practicalproblemsinusing understand thelimitationsimposedbyalloyphaseequilibriaon Mg-Al-Ca-X systems.TheadditionofX=Zrisinterestinorderto Thisisafirstreportinourseriesofongoingstudiesquaternary Koch-Str. 42,Clausthal-ZellerfeldD-38678Germany Schmid-Fetzer Q. Zeng 2 : Andreas Janz Andreas : ; 17 3 1 Zr ; Y.; WangX. Al 1 Technion-Israel Instituteof Technology, Technion City, 4 , and Al 12 discontinuousprecipitatesatgrainboundarywerepro- 1 ; 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM 1 1 University ofClausthal,Inst.Metall.,Robert- ; S. Avraham 2 Zr 1 1 ; DjordjeMirkovic 3 ; C.Lu 17 maybeformed. We studiedtheimpactofCaon Al 2 Max-Planck-Institut fürMetallforschung, 12 inthealloywasretardedunderSSMF 1 ; 1 1 ; M.Bamberger Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Natl. 1 ; JoachimGröbner : Zhifeng Li 1 : ; R.Rashkova S. Cohen 1 ; J.D. 1 ; 1 ; G.R. Rainer 1 2 141 ; X. ; G.

TUESDAY AM ; 3 ; D. 1 TNO 2 ; John 2 cast AZ31 E. H. Lu ; Piet-Jan Vet 2 : Technical Program Technical ; Hakon Westengen ; Hakon Georg-von-Boeselagerstr. 21, Georg-von-Boeselagerstr. 1 GKSS Research Centre, Ctr. for GKSS Research Centre, Ctr. 1 phase. Industrially DC Industrially phase. ; 1 ; Wim H. Sillekens Wim ; 1 Hydro Aluminium, R&D Karmoy, Havik Aluminium, R&D Karmoy, Hydro 3 University of British Columbia, Dept. of University of British Columbia, 1 ; Lothar Loechte Hydro Magnesium Competence Center, R&D 2 Outokumpu Copper HME b.v., Veerweg 14, Veerweg Outokumpu Copper HME b.v., 2 3 : Jan Bohlen : 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM ; Karl Ulrich Kainer TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: TMS 2005 Annual 1 Hydro Aluminium, R&D Ctr., Aluminium, R&D Ctr., Hydro ; D. Sediako 1 1 ; 3 Timminco Metals, R&D, Haley, Ontario K0J 1Y0 Canada Ontario K0J Haley, Metals, R&D, Timminco Rodseth Waalwijk 5145 NS The Netherlands 5145 NS Waalwijk established in industrial While magnesium cast products have been now focussing on semi- lightweight applications, the development is variety of shapes as finished wrought products. This leads to a broader alloys. In par- well as to improved material properties of magnesium offers the possibility to ticular, extrusion as a shaping technology for processing magne- produce such products. While the technology the industrial use is not well established sium alloys is available today, of the direct and because of technical and economical limitations research project indirect extrusion process. The European Commission GROWTH project within MAGNEXTRUSCO has been conducted as a the 5th Framework programme in order to overcome these limitations consortium A in the production of magnesium wrought components. of 9 European partners from industry and research institutions focused on the use of the hydrostatic extrusion process for the production of magnesium structural components. The advantage of using this pro- cess is to increase the extrusion speed and to lower the extrusion process research, post-processing Alloy development, temperature. techniques and the development of magnesium demonstrators by end users are the main topics of the work programme along the complete outline process chain. This paper gives an overview on the project’s regarding such issues as motivation, objectives and partnership. Re- sults with respect to micro-structural evolution and mechanical prop- erties due to the settings of the extrusion parameters will be presented and discussed. AM Break 10:10 10:25 AM Roll Cast- Twin Alloy Sheet: An Efficient Route to Magnesium ing and Hot Rolling Bonn 53117 Germany; Porsgrunn 3908 Norway; Ctr., 4265 Norway In the last decade a significant market pull, especially from the has been observed for magnesium alloy sheet. automotive industry, main production routes for this material are currently under world- Two magnesium alloy samples were instrumented with thermocouples, pre- thermocouples, with instrumented samples were alloy magnesium simulate jets to with water and sprayed furnace in an electrical heated The surface DC casting process. cooling zone of the the secondary water film zone and the both the water jet impingement heat flux in thermal his- using the measured zone was then evaluated free-falling heat conduc- inverse conjunction with a two-dimensional tory data in Columbia. University of British model developed at the tion (IHC) angle, (water flow rate, impingement of various parameters The effects water jets was heat removal by the on the rate of surface morphology) investigated. 9:30 AM and Fluid Flow in the Transfer Model of Heat Mathematical A AZ31 Magnesium Billets Chill Casting of Direct 21502 Germany; 1, Geesthacht Max-Planck Str. Tech., Mg the heat removal takes place, is therefore of critical importance, of critical is therefore takes place, removal the heat start-up process for the particularly M. Maijer V6T 1Z4 Canada; BC Vancouver, Rd., 309-6350 Stores Matls. Engrg., 2 of heat transfer and fluid 2-D axisymmetric mathematical model A AZ31 magnesium billets was (DC) casting of flow during direct chill Model volume modeling package FLUENT. developed using the finite based on those used in a 2-D axisymmetric boundary conditions were which ap- ABAQUS, previously developed in finite element model of fluid flow by manipulating material proper- proximates the effects of were based on literature and knowledge ties. Materials properties the DC casting process. the physical phenomena occurring during models are compared with plant predictions from both Temperature produced with different trial temperature data acquired from billets Ontario. Following Metals in Haley, Timminco casting conditions at material properties and this initial comparison, the high temperature were altered to fit the boundary conditions of the FLUENT model flow on the apparent measured temperatures. The significance of fluid AZ31 and the thermal boundary conditions is material properties of presented. 9:50 AM Extrusion of Hydrostatic Alloy Development for and Process Research Project Magnesium: The European Community MAGNEXTRUSCO Dietmar Letzig 5600 De Rondom 1, Postbus 6235, Eindhoven Technology, Industrial HE The Netherlands; ; ; ; 1 1 1 Timminco 3 ; Fei Xiong University of University of 1 1 1 ; ; ; Mary A. Wells A. ; Mary 2 3 1 Etienne J.F. R. Caron Etienne J.F. : Daan M. Maijer Timminco Metals, Tech. Dvlp. & Tech. Metals, Timminco 2 ; ; Steve G. Hibbins G. ; Steve 1 ; Steve G. Hibbins G. ; Steve 2 2 Chris Huw John Davies : 142 : Hai Hao Room: 2006 Convention Center Location: Moscone West Ramaswami Neelameggham, US Magnesium Ramaswami Neelameggham, of AZ31 ; Ron Rogge National Research Council of Canada, Steacie Inst. National Research Council of Canada, Steacie 1 2 Robert E. Brown, Magnesium Monthly Review, Robert E. Brown, Magnesium rotation in plane strain compression. After each step rotation in plane strain compression. Light Metals Division, International Magnesium Division, International Light Metals ° ; Dimitry Sediako 1 CRC for Cast Metals Manufacturing, Sch. of Physics & Matls. Engrg., CRC for Cast Metals Manufacturing, Sch. of British Columbia, Dept. of Matls. Engrg., 309 - 6350 Stores Rd., 1Z4 Canada; BC V6T Vancouver, 142 Metals Ltd., Haley, ON K0J 1Y0 Canada Metals Ltd., Haley, a efficiency, As part of a research programme to improve casting AZ31 mag- of DC cast thermo-mechanical finite element (FE) model nesium billets has been developed to predict defect formation such as hot tearing and cold cracking. The model simulates the evolution of temperatures, stresses and strains inside the billet. Thermal boundary conditions have been selected based on knowledge of the physical process and through comparison with measured temperature data. The temperature predictions show good agreement with the measurements for both transient and steady state conditions. The constitutive AZ31, a critical input to the thermal-stress model, was behaviour of measured using a Gleeble 3500 thermo-mechanical simulator over a wide range of temperatures. In order to validate the predicted strain, residual strain measurements were carried out using neutron diffraction Neutron Program through the National Research Council of Canada’s for Materials Research. Strain measurements in the radial, axial and hoop orientations were made at a variety of axial and radial locations in a billet. The measured strains were compared with the predicted results and used to validate the thermo-mechanical model. 9:10 AM Evaluation of the Surface Heat Flux in the Secondary Cooling Casting Zone During the Direct-Chill Mary A. Wells ON K0J 1Y0 Canada Metall., Haley, of the boundary conditions is essential when Accurate knowledge modelling the Direct-Chill (DC) casting process. Determining the sur- face heat flux in the secondary cooling zone, where the greater part of British Columbia, Matls. Engrg., 309 - 6350 Stores Rd., Vancouver, BC Vancouver, Rd., 309 - 6350 Stores British Columbia, Matls. Engrg., V6T 1Z4 Canada; for Molecular Scis., Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0 Canada; for Molecular Scis., Chalk River, ON K0J in the strain path, texture and microstructure were examined. The in the strain path, texture and microstructure In this manner. of thermal path has been examined in a similar effect was a picture of the evolution of texture and microstructure way, the effect of strain path compiled. Results will be presented showing and these are on flow stress, and of thermal path on microstructure, the propensity for twin- interpreted in terms of texture evolution and types of twinning active ning. Simple models are used to show the during deformation. 8:50 AM in a DC Cast of Residual Strains and Measurement Prediction AZ31 Magnesium Billet L. Cockcroft Steve Prattville, AL 36067-3806 USA; Karl Ulrich Kainer, GKSS Research Ulrich Kainer, 36067-3806 USA; Karl AL Prattville, Germany Geesthacht D-21502 for Mg Tech., Ctr. Center, 8:30 AM and Micro- Texture on Effects Temperature Path and Strain Evolution structure 1 Australia VIC 3800 Bldg. 26, Monash Univ., on texture and micro- The effect of strain path and temperature (channel AZ31 was investigated by plane strain structure evolution in compression. Both as- die) compression, uniaxial tension, and uniaxial textures, and differ- cast and extruded structures were used as starting including complete ent strain paths were imposed upon the samples, reversal, and 90 Association, LMD-Magnesium Committee Association, LMD-Magnesium Program Organizers: US USA; Howard I. Kaplan, 84116 UT LLC, Salt Lake City, USA 84116 UT Lake City, Magnesium LLC, Salt Tuesday AM February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: Magnesium Technology Technology Magnesium 2005: Wrought Magnesium Alloys III by: Sponsored tate. The precipitates are uniformly distributed in the Mg-matrix with the Mg-matrix in distributed are uniformly precipitates tate. The was par- The study shapes. plate–like needle- and two morphologies: re- for scientific foundation Israeli by the German supported tially I-704-43.10/ contract number under (GIF) and development search for its support. is acknowledged 2001. The foundation

TUESDAY AM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 Yi Liu TMS 2005Annual Meeting: solidified powdermetallurgy(RSP/M) alloyexhibitedhighyieldstrength ture of18R.We havepreviously reportedtheMg97Zn1Y2rapidly Mg-Zn-Yalloyshavealongperiod stackingordered(LPSO)struc- 2-39-1, Kumamoto860-8555Japan Japan; versity, Matls.Sci. & Tech., Kurokami2-39-1,Kumamoto860-8555 ture High Strength Mg-Zn-Y Alloys withLongPeriodStacking Struc- 11:45 AM form intheareaofdensedistributionSiCp. tures anddisconnectionbetweenparticlesmatrixwasthemain of thematrixwithlittlequantitativecross-grainfractureinstruc- grain fractureexists. After ECAP, principalpartwas tenacious fracture with somedisconnectionbetweenparticlesandmatrixthecross- composites withtenaciousfractureofthematrixalloycompanied also wereimproved;SiCpmassesthemaincauseoffracture the connection ofmatrixandparticles,theharmaccommodationtoSiCp reduced andtheuniformityofparticlewasimprovedafterECAP. The ing defectssuchasporeswereeliminated,thesizeofgrainswas be ning electronmicroscopeafterECAP. The resultsshowthatthecast- phology wereobservedandanalyzedbyopticalmicroscopescan- process. The structuresof AZ91D basedcompositesandfracturemor- SiCp reinforced AZ91D basedcompositespreparedbystirring-casting Theequalchannelangularpressing(ECAP)wereperformedfor Engrg., 200XiaolingweiSt.,Nanjing,Jiangsu210094China Yin Biao AZ91D CompositesbyEqual-Channel Angular Pressing Effects onMicrostructuresandFractureMorphologyofSiCp/ 11:25 AM the deformationmechanismsarediscussed. observed. Together withopticalmicroscopeandSEMobservations, destroyed duringdeformation,althoughgrainboundaryslidingwas deformation, thepre-existingstrong(0001)fibertexturewasnot that wastemperaturedependent.EBSDanalysisindicatedthat,during obtained at773Kwith10^-3s^-1.Dynamicgraingrowthwasfound, rate of10^-3to1s^-1. A maximumelongationofover500%was alloy withinitialfinegrains(<10micron)at623-773Kthestrain Superplasticdeformation 48202 USA plastic Deformationofa An EBSDStudy onMicrostructural EvolutionDuringSuper- 11:05 AM stage operationisproposedthatallowslocaldeformationcontrol. vided. A conceptofregionalheating/formingandsequentialmulti- lytical resultsarereported,andacomparisonbetweenthemispro- pressure andtubeend-feedingvelocity. Bothexperimentalandana- achieved throughcombinedcontroloftemperaturedistribution,gas egy forthicknesscompensationarefocused.Thecontrolis material. Inthisstudy, theunderstandingofmetalflowandstrat- large deformationandwithsensitivetemperaturedependenceofthe thickness mustbecompensated,whichisverychallengingwith ment andthenewformingtechnique,thinningoftubewall achieved. To takefulladvantagesofthematerialformabilityenhance- that tubeexpansionwithverylargestrain(above100%)canbe Gas Formingprocesswasconductedpreviously, andtheresultsindicate the feasibilityofformingmagnesium AZ31B tubesusingHotMetal Fordevelopinglightweightstructuresforautomotiveapplications, Warren, MI48090USA MI 48202USA; State University, Mechl.Engrg., 5050 Anthony Wayne Dr., Detroit, Krishnamurthy Gas FormingWithLargeDiameterExpansion Control of Wall Thickness DistributioninMagnesium Tube 10:45 AM ture. discussed intermsofmicrostructuralfeatures,e.g.,grainsizeandtex- compared tothosegeneratedbyamoreconventionalrouteandare The promisingmechanicalpropertieswhichhavebeenachievedare tion parameterssuchascastingspeedandhotrollingprocessschemes. gauges andfinalthicknesssheet,arediscussedrelatedtoproduc- are presented.Microstructuresofascaststrip,wellintermediate semi-scale (upto700mmwidth)twinrollcastandhotrolled AZ31B final gaugeandtemper. Earlyresultsandevaluationsfromtrialswith roll casting,followedbyahotrollingplusannealingsequencetothe flexible routeforproducingmagnesiumalloysheetisprovidedbytwin rolling iscompetingwithcontinuouscastingtechniques. A particularly wide discussion;specifically, theclassicalrouteviaDCcastingplushot : Yoshihito Kawamura 1 ; 2 Kumamoto University, Grad.Sch.ofSci.&Tech., Kurokami 1 Xin Wu ; 1 Nanjing UniversityofScience&Technology, Matls.Sci.& 1 ; Wuhua Yang 1 ; 2 General MotorCorporation,Mfg.Sys.Rsch.Labs., 1 Wayne State University, Mechl.Engrg., Detroit,MI 1 ; Shintaro ; Shintaro Yoshimoto Fine-Grained AZ31 143 2 ; Xin Wu has beenconducted TechnicalProgram 1 ; MichealL. Wenner 2 on AZ31 magnesium on AZ31 ; Magnesium Alloy 1 Kumamoto Uni- : 2 ; Ramnath 1 Wayne : Yan : nary System Phase FieldModelofElectrochemistry for the Ti-Mg-Cl Ter- 8:30 AM sity, PadnosSch.ofEngrg.,GrandRapids,MI49504-6495USA Session Chair: February 15,2005 Tuesday AM 02139-4307 USA Department ofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,Cambridge,MA 6495 USA; Adam C.Powell,MassachusettsInstituteof Technology, University, PadnosSchoolofEngineering,GrandRapids,MI49504- Program Organizers: Committee Committee, MPMD/EPD-ProcessModeling Analysis &Control Processing &ManufacturingDivision,EPD-ProcessFundamentals Sponsored by: Refining I Materials ProcessingFundamentals:Smelting& ing. temperature andby40%at473KincomparisonwiththeI/Mprocess- P/M processingimprovedthetensileyieldstrengthby63%atambient ambient temperatureand473K,respectively. ItwasfoundthattheRS strength oftheI/MMg97Zn1Y2alloywas375MPaand278at alloys thatwereproducedbyextrudingcastingot.Thetensileyield Y alloyswasinvestigatedbycomparingwithingotmetallurgy(I/M) of RSP/MprocessingonmechanicalpropertiesLPSO-typeMg-Zn- superplasticity andhighcorrosionresistance.Inthisstudy, theeffect (0.2% proofstress)of610MPa,elongation5%,ahigh-strain-rate of theslag,sulfurdistributionbetween metalandslag,activityofsulfur depends onvariousparameters,such as:sulfidecapacityandviscosity able. Theperformanceofadesulfurization-treatment byslagreaction processes likedesulfurizationand dephosphorizationareindispens- quality thatmeetstherequirements oftoday’s steelindustry, refining To produceferroalloyslikeferro-nickel foralloyingpurposesina Austria 18, Leoben8700 Austria; Secondary MetallurgyoftheNon-ferrousMetals,Franz-Josef-Strasse Antrekowitsch Ferro-Nickel bySlagReaction Main ParametersonthePerformanceofaDesulfurization of 9:45 AM discussed. per oxidesandthemoltenfluxes,mechanismofdissolution is properties ofthemoltenslagsandinteractionbetweensolidcop- mined forthetwocopperoxides.Basedonphysicalandchemical composition onthedissolutionrateandsolubilityhavebeendeter- been studiedathightemperatures.Theeffectsoftemperatureandslag Cu2O) invariousNa2O-B2O3-SiO2andCaO-B2O3-SiO2slagshave Thedissolutionrateandthesolubilityofcopperoxides(CuO Metallurgl. Engrg., SaltLakeCity, UT 84112 USA Slags Dissolution ofCopperOxidesinMoltenNa2O-andCaO-Based 9:20 AM cess forTitaniumExtraction Mathematical ModelingoftheFrayFarthingChen(Ffc)Pro- 8:55 AM Cancelled sional case. presented illustratethespongeformationrelativetotwo-dimen- energy, andhighviscosity. Inaddition,threedimensionalresultsare the cathodeinterfaceislessstableunderhighelectricfield,lowsurface tion ofappliedvoltage,surfaceenergy andviscosity, andasexpected, results ofasolid-liquidsystemwithfluidflowarepresentedasfunc- port-limited electrochemicalreactions. Two-dimensional simulation model assumesrapidchargeredistributionintheelectrolyteandtrans- phology evolutionoftitaniumsponge.Theformulationusedinthis system withcomposition-dependentmobilityisappliedtostudymor- Cahn-Hilliard modelofelectrochemistryfortheTi-Mg-Clternary the small-scaleElectronicallyMediatedReactionprocess(EMR). A Themechanismoftitaniumproductformationisinvestigatedin 4-043, Cambridge,MA02139USA setts Instituteof Technology, Matls.Sci.&Engrg., 77Mass. Ave., Rm. : Peng Fan : Wanida Pongsaksawad 1 ; MatjazJuhart 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM Prince N. Anyalebechi, Grand Valley State Univer- Extraction &ProcessingDivision,Materials 1 ; ; Weol D.Cho Princewill N. Anyalebechi, Grand Valley State Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 3001 3 Treibacher Industrie AG, Althofen 9330 3 ; 1 1 : ; Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Markus Hochenhofer 1 ; Adam C.Powell 1 University ofUtah,Dept. 1 ; 1 1 Massachu- ; Helmut 143

TUESDAY AM Timo : ; Hui Fa 1 Technical Program Technical ; Han Tao Hu Tao ; Han 1 Ji He Wei : of Chemical Thermodynamics) computa- Thermodynamics) of Chemical Helsinki University of Technology, Lab. of Technology, Helsinki University of 1 ; 1 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: TMS 2005 Annual National Polytechnic Institute, Metall. & Matls. Dept., & Matls. Metall. Institute, Polytechnic National Shanghai University, Dept. of Metallic Matls., 149 Yan Dept. of Metallic Matls., 149 Shanghai University, 1 1 ; ; 1 1 Chang Rd., Shanghai 200072 China flow of the molten steel in the three-dimensional model for the A has been proposed and whole unit during the RH refining process of the process, developed with considering the physical characteristics flow in the up-snor- particularly the behaviors of gas-liquid two phase of the liquid phase in the kel. The flow field of liquid, the gas holdup water model unit with an up-snorkel and the circulation flow rate in a been computed using this 1/5 linear scale of a 90 t RH degasser have in the whole RH unit model. The results showed that the flow pattern can be fully mixed could be well modeled by the model. The liquid to the free surface of during the refining process except the area close snorkels, but there is a liquid in the ladle and the zone between the two stream from the down- boundary layer between the descending liquid typical liquid-liquid two snorkel and its surrounding liquid, which is a and the molten steel in the ladle is not in a perfact mixing phase flow, state. The lifting gas blown is rising mos tly near the up-snorkel wall, the flow pattern of the bubbles and liquid in the up-snorkel is closer to flow rates are in good The calculated circulation an annular flow. agreement with the measured values. Matls. Procg. & Powder Metall., PO Box 6200, Espoo FIN-02015 Matls. Procg. & Powder HUT Finland a dispersion phases are separated by gravity in The liquid-liquid step is made more effectiveThis separation solvent extraction settler. picket fence geometry and its physical place- by picket fences. The process, because the ment have a significant effect on the separation organic-aqueous disper- purpose of a fence is to smoothen and control a deep and dense sion flow in the first part of the settler and achieve resulting in a clean phase dispersion layer in the front end of the settler phenomena in the solvent extrac- physical separation. In this study, extraction settler with tion process and phase separation in a solvent using a commercial and without picket fences have been examined that the used CFD-ap- CFX software package. It can be concluded optimizing and design- proach proved to be a complementary tool for ing the solvent extraction settler. 12:00 PM Vacuum Flow in the Mathematical Modeling of Molten Steel Refining Process Circulation Hallen Mexico 07051 D.F. Mexico, Postal 118-431, Apdo. ESIQIE-IPN, work out in this were carried analysis and theoretical Experimental agents of reducing amount basicity and of slag the effect to estimate interacted from the slag which of chromium oxide on the reduction CaO, MgO, slag system contained steel at 1600°C. The with molten or Fe-Si-Mg). with Fe-alloys (Fe-Si and Cr2O3 together SiO2, CaF2 of initial Cr to study the effect were also conducted Some experiments initial Cr oxide reduction. Three steel on the chromium content in at the was injected Argon 4 mass%). tested (0.15, 2 and contents were the stirring experiments to increase furnace in these last bottom of the were made to determine the theoreti- of the system. Some estimations (CaO+MgO)/SiO2, and amount of temperature, slag basicity, cal effect The FACT the slag on the chromium recovery. of reducing agents in Analysis (Facility for the to determine the equilibrium between the slag tional package was used and the molten steel. AM 11:40 by Using CFD Extraction Settler Process Solvent Studying Kankaanpää Tapani Huang : ; 1 Uni- 1 ; Antonio 3 ; Mahesh : 1 ; José Manuel 1 ; Richard Manasseh 1 ; Elena Gordo 2 ; Joseph Ha 1 University of Cambridge, 2 CSIRO, Mfg. & Infrastruct. Tech., CSIRO, Mfg. & Infrastruct. ; Victor Arredondo ; Victor 1 1 ; 1 ; Derek J. Fray CSIRO, Math. & Info. Scis., PB 10, CSIRO, Minls., Normanby Rd., Clayton 1 ; Nick Stokes 1 2 1 ; Hugh Blackburn 144 1 ; 2 ; Juliana Gutierrez 1 ; Murray Rudman 2 Paul W. Cleary Paul W. : George Zheng Chen : ; Geoff A. Brooks ; Geoff 1 University of Carlos III de Madrid, Dept. of Matl. Sci. & Metall. University of Carlos CSIRO, Minls., PO Box 312, Clayton S., Melbourne, Victoria 3169 CSIRO, Minls., PO Box 312, Clayton S., Melbourne, Victoria 144 2 Australia In some pyrometallurgical applications pelletised solids react in a key factor controlling the A bath of liquid metal at high temperatures. rate at which the reaction takes place is the extent and nature of the submergence process of the solids in the liquid bath. This study is concerned with an experimental investigation of the minimum speed and the associated power consumption to achieve the submergence of floating solids in a stirred vessel. The physical modeling was achieved by using water as liquid medium and pine wood pellets as buoyant particles. Particular attention was given to the effects of pellet size and pellets load on submergence. Power consumption was found to increased when larger pellets were used. The tests performed on the study of the load effect, have shown an increase in the power con- sumption when the total load increased; still higher power consump- tion was required to submerge larger pellet sizes. AM 11:20 Reduction of Chromium Oxide from Liquid Slags PO Box 56, Graham Rd., Highett, Melbourne, Victoria 3190 Australia; 3190 Victoria PO Box 56, Graham Rd., Highett, Melbourne, Romero-Serrano Prakash Australia 3169 S., Vic pellets are added to In several pyrometallurgical processes, reactive reaction products such as a melt. Heat is transferred to the pellets and pyrometallurgical pro- gases, metal and slag are formed. For many such as using the Finite cesses traditional grid based CFD methods, meth- Volume (or Control Volume Element Method (FEM) and Finite the inclusion of solids in ods), produce suitable predictions. However, these methods. Smoothed the bath represents significant challenges for simulation method, is Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), a Lagrangian of the bath and any im- able to simulate both the fluid component of these solids, and their mersed solid materials, tracking the motion In this paper, we interaction with the fluid, including gas generation. method and will show a will summarize the key aspects of the SPH behaviour of the different series of structured examples illustrating the physics sub-systems that are used in the model of the overall system. AM 11:00 a Liquid Bath on Floating Solids in An Experimental Study Mohamed Nabil Noui-Mehidi Geoff A. Brooks Clayton S., Vic 3169 Australia; 3169 Vic Clayton S., versity of Nottingham, Sch. of Chem. Environ. & Mining Engrg., versity of Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK; Park, Nottingham Univ. Pembroke St., Cambridge CB2 3QZ UK; Dept. of Matl. Sci. & Metall., 3 Madrid Spain de la Universidad 30, 28911 Avda. Engrg., of produced by aluminothermic reduction Chromium is industrially from the aqueous NH4Cr(SO4)2 solu- Cr2O3 or electro-deposition be more expensive products than what would tion. The former makes because aluminium is produced by elec- from an electrolytic method electrolysis, the redox recycling of the multi- trolysis. In the aqueous between electrodes leads to low current effi- valent chromium species energy consumption (~18.5 kWh/kgCr). Re- ciency (~45%) and high oxides can be directly cent reports have demonstrated that solid metal in molten salts. For electro-deoxidised to the respective metals/alloys could be achieved electrolysing solid Cr2O3, less than 0.2wt% oxygen and energy con- in the powdery product with the current efficiency paper, In this respectively. sumption being 75% and 5 kWh/kgCr, by in-depth discussion on previous work is reviewed in detail, followed process and (2) the the mechanisms of (1) the electro-deoxidation of the chromium formation of the cubic and nodular morphologies conditions. powders obtained under different electrolysis 10:40 AM Bath Simulation of Reactive Pellets in a Pyrometallurgical Using SPH in the melt and movement of the melt. Within the framework of this framework Within the the melt. of melt and movement in the on the desulfuriza- parameters of these influences the combined work, for this examina- As a basis examined. alloy were a ferro-nickel tion of was cre- trials, from plant based on data model, mathematical tion, a dependence of the desulfurization demonstrates the ated. This model With above mentioned parameters. initial values of the rate on the assessed con- were evaluated and the relevant parameters this model influence on desulfurization. cerning their AM Break 10:05 10:20 AM of Solid Chromium Oxide in Molten Chlo- Electro-Deoxidation ride Salts

TUESDAY AM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 TMS 2005Annual Meeting: growth, thestressesinislands arecompressive;themagnitudeof Wafer curvature Olden St.,Princeton,NJ08544USA J. Srolovitz Volmer-Weber Growth Atomistic SimulationofStress EvolutionintheEarlyStages of 9:10 AM this model. lines. TheeffectofgrainboundariesonSIDVwasalsoexaminedusing stress incopperlinesforalllinewidthsislargerthanthataluminium drostatic stressatacriticallinewidthwasobserved.Thehydrostatic hydrostatic stresswithlinewidthforwidelines,amaximumhy- static stresswithlinewidthfornarrowlines,anddecreasingtrend of passivated metallineswasdetermined. An increasingtrendofhydro- model; theeffectoflinewidthscalingonhydrostaticstress in This scalingeffectwasexaminedbynumericalanalysisandtheEshelby connects, theeffectofinterconnectdimensionsonSIDVwasstudied. tal resultsandtocorrectlyextrapolatereliabilityfinerinter- on linewidthdimensionsisobserved. To rationalize theseexperimen- failure. Experimentally, acomplexdependenceofmeantimetofailure such smalldimensionscanleadtostressinduceddiffusivevoiding(SIDV) Criticaldimensionsofinterconnectsareinthenanometerrange, Singapore Sch. ofMatls.Engrg., Blk.N4.1,Nanyang Ave., Singapore639798 Ramanujan vated Interconnects: Application toStress Voiding ofLinewidthScalingontheStressThe Effect State ofPassi- 8:55 AM misfit strainsinepitaxialfilms. as thedevelopmentofcoalescencestrainsinpolycrystallinefilmsand superimposed onmechanismsthatleadtoresidualtensilestresses,such stresses. Thecompressivestressassociatedwithkineticrougheningis may alsoberelatedtomechanismsthatresultincompressiveresidual surfaces duringdepositionleadstoacompressivesurfacestress,and fraction. Theseresultsdemonstratethatkineticrougheningoffilm experimental characterizationwithreflectedhighenergyelectrondif- changes inthesurfacedefectstructure,throughbothmodelingand interrupted andresumed. We havecorrelatedthisstresschangewith Ag. Inallcases,areversiblestresschangeisobservedwhengrowth deposition ofbothpolycrystallineandepitaxialthinfilmsCu ing evaporativedepositionandduringinterruptionsof stresses duringdeposition. We have characterizedstressevolutiondur- Polycrystallinefilmscandevelopverylargetensileorcompressive Cambridge, MA02139USA Dept. ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg., Currentlyat Arizona State University, Cambridge, MA 02139USA; 1 taxial FilmsofCuand Ag Stress andEpi- EvolutionDuringDepositionofPolycrystalline 8:30 AM Invited Sci. &Engrg.,Cambridge,MA02139USA Thompson, MassachusettsInstituteof Technology, Dept.ofMatls. of Mechl.Engrg., MississippiState, MS39762USA;Carl V. Session Chairs: February 15,2005 Tuesday AM Engineering, MississippiState,MS39762USA Schneider, MississippiState University, DepartmentofMechanical Science &Engineering,UniversityPark,PA 16802USA;Judy A. Muhlstein, PennsylvaniaState University, DepartmentofMaterials Electron Microscopy, Berkeley, CA 94720USA;ChristopherL. Lawrence BerkeleyNationalLaboratory, NationalCenterfor Science &Engineering,Baltimore,MD21218USA; Andrew Minor, USA; EvanMa,JohnsHopkinsUniversity, DepartmentofMaterials Materials andProcessesSciencesCenter, Albuquerque, NM87185 77843-3123 USA;BradL.Boyce,SandiaNationalLaboratories, Department ofMechanicalEngineering,CollegeStation,TX Program Organizers: Materials Behavior Behavior ofMaterials-(Jt. Sponsored by: Structures: Stability, StrainandStress Mechanical Behavior of Thin FilmsandSmall Massachusetts Instituteof Technology, Dept.ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg., 1 1 ; D. Ang ; 1 Princeton University, Dept.ofMechl. & Aeros. Engrg., Structural MaterialsDivision,SMD-Mechanical Judy Schneider, MississippiState University, Dept. 1 ; C. Wong experiments showthatduring Xinghang Zhang, Texas A&M University, : Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 2024 Chun-Wei Pao ASM-MSCTS), MPMD-Nanomechanical 145 : 2 Carl V. Thompson Massachusetts Instituteof Technology, 1 ; TechnicalProgram 1 Nanyang TechnologicalUniversity, 1 ; MikhailI.Mendelev 1 ; Cody A. Friesen Volmer-Weber : Raju V. 1 ; David 2 ; Morris Strain-Induced CoarseninginNanograinedFilms 10:20 AM Invited 10:05 AM Break understand thesemi-empiricalresults. nary firstprincipalcalculationsarepresentedinanefforttobetter experiments thannanowiresofotherorientations.Resultsprelimi- why uniformfcc<110>nanowiresareobservedmuchmoreoftenin tures ofthereorientednanowiresaresame,whichhelpstoexplain density inthepotentials.Inspiteofthesedifferences,finalstruc- unstable stackingfaultenergyandorientationdependenceofelectron ence inreorientationmechanismisrootedthedifferences and thenanowirereorientsintoanfcc<110>nanowire.Thediffer- the stackingsequenceofthese{111} {111}<112> system.Progressivesliponadjacent{111}planeschanges The surfacestressinthefcc<100>nanowireinducesslipona and SEAMsimulationsadifferentreorientationmechanismexists. spect toshearandtransformsintoanfcc<110>nanowire.InEAM (bct) nanowire.Second,thebctnanowirebecomesunstablewithre- the fcc<100>nanowiretotransformintoabodycenteredtetragonal successive processes.First,surfacestressandthermalvibrationscause nanowire. InMEAMsimulations,thereorientationconsistsoftwo tered cubic(fcc)gold<100>nanowirereorientsintoanfcc<110> method (SEAM)potentialsrevealthat,atcertainsizes,afacecen- (MEAM), embeddedatommethod(EAM)andsurface Atomistic simulationswithmodifiedembeddedatommethod Dept. ofMechl.Engrg.,Boulder,CO80309USA Ken Gall Phase Transformation andReorientationinGoldNanowires 9:50 AM supported bytheNationalScienceFoundation. of thedynamicsthesesurfacecrowdionsarepresented.Thisworkis adatom transportmechanism.Thestructureandarudimentarypicture barriers, aswelltheappearanceofasurfacecrowdionmediated These studiesrevealinterestingtrendsinadatomdiffusionenergy are usedtostudyadatomdiffusionasafunctionofsurfacestrain. atom methodcalculationsemployingthenudged-elastic-bandmethod, cific exampleofCuadatomdiffusiononstrained(001).Embedded types ofadatomdiffusionmechanisms.Thistalkconsidersthespe- ther, undercertaincircumstances,surfacestraincangiverisetonew stantially theenergybarriersassociatedwithadatomdiffusion.Fur- and kineticsofnucleation.Specifically, thesestrainsmayaltersub- significant strains.Thesestrainsinfluenceboththethermodynamics Thegrowthofthinfilmsoftentakesplaceinthepresence Matls. Sci.&Engrg., Berkeley, CA 94720-1760USA onStrainedAdatom Diffusion FCC(001)Surfaces 9:25 AM Invited tensile stressesduringfilmgrowthoccurs. and smallerfilmthicknessesatwhichtheubiquitousdevelopmentof interfacial bondingleadstolargercompressivestressesintheislands vations areconsistentwithexperimentalresultsinwhichstronger substrate interfaceandislandsthatarenearlystress-free.Theseobser- compressive stresses. Weaker bondingleadstoslippingattheisland/ Stronger interfacialbondingleadstosmallerwettingangleandlarger series ofsimulationsasafunctionisland/substratebondstrength. the islandsgrow. To identifytheoriginofthiseffect, weperforma substrate thatconfirmcompressivestressesformandincreaseas lar dynamicssimulationsofthegrowthislandsonanamorphous speculative. We performedaseriesofhybridstatic-relaxation/molecu- which increasesastheislandsgrow. The originofthesestressesis and nanograinedmaterials. cence areimportantmodesofresponse inthedeformationofultrafine- boundary mobility. The resultssuggestthatgraingrowthandcoales- nism isassociatedwiththerole of deformationinenhancinggrain ing thesurfaceenergyandincreasing plasticwork.Theapparentmecha- less clear. The coarseningispromotedbytwo drivingforces:decreas- though thedifficultyofimagingnanosizedgrainsmakesevidence of nanograinedfilmssuggestthatthesamemechanismsareoperative, coarsening isclearlyobservedinmicrograined Al films.Insitustudies appears tobetriggeredbythedeformation.Thisdeformation-induced observation ofspontaneousgraingrowthduringindentation,which Al films. An initially surprisingresultofthesestudieswasthefrequent has beenusedtostudythedeformationmechanismsinultrafine-grained In-situnanoindentationwithinatransmissionelectronmicroscope Microscopy, 1CyclotronRd.,Berkeley, CA 94720USA USA; Matls. Sci.&Engrg., 210HearstMiningBldg.,Berkeley, CA 94720 Alex Greaney 2 1 Lawrence BerkeleyNationalLaboratory, Natl.Ctr. forElectron ; MiaoJin 1 ; JiankuaiDiao 1 ; 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM D. C.Chrzan 1 ; ; Andrew M.Minor 1 ; MartinL.Dunn 1 ; 1 University ofCalifornia,Dept. planes from ABCABC to ACBACB, 2 ; 1 ; 1 University ofCalifornia, 1 University ofColorado, : : Wei: Xiao John William 145 1 ; P. : TUESDAY AM ; ; ; 3 1 1 ; Richard 2 ; Amit Misra 2 ; Fanghua Mei Los Alamos Na- 1 3 Nathan A. Mara Nathan A. : Technical Program Technical ; Haiyan Wang 2 Texas A&M University, Dept. of Dept. A&M University, Texas 2 ; Yunshan Dong ; Yunshan ; Xinghang Zhang ; Xinghang 1 1 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los 2 ; Amit Misra 1 Qianxi Lai ; 1 University of California, Div. of Matls. Sci., One California, Div. University of 1 ; Tammy Tamayo ; Tammy ; 1 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM 1 Texas A&M University, Dept. of Mechl. Engrg., Col- Engrg., Dept. of Mechl. A&M University, Texas 1 TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: TMS 2005 Annual Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Sch. of Matls. Sci. & University, Tong Shanghai Jiao 1 Xinghang Zhang ; 2 : Nan Shao : ; 1 Tech., Shanghai 200030 China Tech., introduction is given to the coherent growth of comprehensive A stable phases, the stabilization of metastable phases and the crystalli- zation of amorphous phases in magnetron sputtered nanomultilayers due to coherent interfaces by summarizing the recent work of authors. The superhardness effect resulting from this coherent growth is also discussed. stability under mechanical straining is compared to the morphological to is compared straining under mechanical stability an- temperature elevated following nanolaminates of these stability and on the thermal scale length of nanolayering The effect nealing. by DOE, is funded research This is also discussed. stability mechanical Energy Sciences. Office of Basic Office of Science, AM 11:40 Properties Mechanical Nanoscale of Cu/Nb Temperature High Scales at Diminishing Length Multilayers Sergueeva Alla V. Amiya Mukherjee USA; 95616 Davis, CA Ave., Shields TX 77843-3123 USA; College Sta., Mechl. Engrg., Alamos, NM 87545 Los Div., Tech. Matls. Sci. & tional Laboratory, USA of and high temperature mechanical properties The microstructure by Cu-Nb nanolayered composites prepared textured, polycrystalline evaluated. The layer thicknesses less than magnetron sputtering were tested in an effort to investigate high tempera- or equal to 75 nm were Ef- of freestanding thin film multilayers. ture mechanical properties are thickness on high temperature properties fects of decreasing layer dependence of strength and ductility on layer presented, and show a The deformed specimens were charac- thickness and test temperature. The role of elevated- electron microscopy. terized using transmission mechanisms such as interlayer and grain temperature deformation This investigation is supported by the National boundary are discussed. and LANL CARE Science Foundation, grant # NSF-DMR-0240144 of Basic Office is supported by DOE, at LANL Work grant #69757. Energy Sciences. AM 11:55 Steel 330 Stainless in Sputtered Twins of Nanoscale Stability Thin Films Hoagland G. 77843-3123 USA; TX lege Sta., Alamos, NM 87545 USA Los Div., Tech. Matls. Sci. & austenitic 330 have recently discovered that sputter-deposited We twinned structure. stainless steel (330 SS) thin films have a nanoscale twin spacing of a few These twins are of {111} type with an average orientation normal nanometers and the twin planes have a preferred have hardness values to the growth direction. The as-sputtered films higher than that of approaching 7 GPa, about an order of magnitude originates from the high bulk 330 SS. The unusually high strength as revealed by mo- resistance of twin interfaces to slip transmission, we report on the thermal lecular dynamics simulations. In this paper of mechanical be- stability of these nanoscale twins. The evolution annealing are corre- havior and electrical transport properties during as the average twin spac- lated to the variation of microstructure such we explore the effect of ing and columnar grain sizes. In addition, twins in 330 SS. residual stress on the formation of nanoscale 12:10 PM Effect of Nano-Scale Crystal Growth and Superhardness Multilayers Geyang Li ; ; 1 1 Amit : ; Dave Bahr 1 ; Cari Herrmann ; Cari 1 University of Colorado, University 1 ; 1 ; D. Pirzada 1 ; Nancy Yang ; Nancy 1 Los Alamos National Laboratory, MST Alamos National Laboratory, Los 1 146 ; 1 ; Conrad Stoldt ; Conrad 1 Gary J. Cheng : ; David Miller ; David 1 ; Steve George ; Steve 1 Ken Gall : ; Richard G. Hoagland ; Richard G. 1 Washington State University, Sch. of Mechl. & Matls. Engrg., Pull- Sch. of Mechl. & Matls. Engrg., State University, Washington Div., MS G755, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA MS G755, Los Div., Sputter deposited metallic nanolaminates exhibit unusually high hardness when the bilayer periods approach nanometer dimensions. In this presentation, we report on the thermal and mechanical stability of sputter deposited Cu-Nb nanolaminate foils. The nanolaminates exhibit extraordinary plastic stability upon room temperature rolling undergoing uniform reduction in layer thickness to high levels of plas- tic strain. Large reduction in thickness is accomplished without the formation of the classical dislocation cell structures. Furthermore, no out-of-plane lattice rotations are observed. These results are inter- preted in terms of symmetric slip occurring by the glide of single dislocations on multiple slip systems in both layers. The interface 146 Misra 1 99163-2920 USA WA man, and general problem This paper will investigate a fundamental we generate plastic de- about processing of brittle material: How can distribution for formation in silicon crystal to favorable stress/strain micro-components mechanical property enhancement? Silicon-based However, sili- are dominant structural materials for micro-machines. Fracture tough- behavior. con has the disadvantage of brittle material of metals. Silicon thin ness of silicon is several orders lower than that even in ambient air and film often fails under cyclic loading conditions problems when silicon- at room temperature. These result in serious mechanical, thermal and based materials are subjected to aggressive chemical environments. However, it has been shown that silicon dis- plays “metal like” stress-strain relationship, and high dislocation mo- This work will explore the silicon’s bility at elevated temperature. plastic behavior by laser shock peening and its benefit to mechanical property enhancement. Laser shock peening (LSP) experiments and thermomechanical simulation will be conducted. Mechanical proper- ties (fatigue life and fracture toughness) will be predicted and compared to experiments. Nanoindetation testing will be used to investigate the TEM will be employed to investigate changes in mechanical property. will be used to X-ray diffraction the dislocation structure after LSP. measure the residual stress. AM Invited 11:15 of Metallic Nanolaminates Thermo-Mechanical Stability 10:45 AM 10:45 Engi- Scale Micro/Nano for Au Film Thin of Thermomechanics neering Maier Hans CO 80309 USA Engrg., Boulder, Dept. of Mechl. nano systems in emerging micro and a promising material Gold is Au one- and two- dimensional ease of fabricating owing to the for and capacity its biocompatibility nanostructures, However, electrical properties. and its favorable biofunctionalization, small-scale forms Au in various of properties the thermomechancial road- presenting a potential characterized or understood, are not well the have examined We Au in devices. block to the use of and microstructural evolution of gold thin thermomechanical behavior microcantilevers with a chrome barrier layer. films adhered to silicon have application in optics, electronics (DC and Such microcantilevers sensors, actuators, and fabrication pro- RF), chemical and biological specimens subject Au/Cr/Si microcantilever Arrays of cess monitoring. is exhibited dimensional instability that to isothermal hold conditions the thermomechanical re- have characterized We dynamic in nature. film based structures using curvature-tempera- sponse of our gold thin in the temperature range from 50 to 225ºC. ture-time experiments in were observed for specimens annealed Drastic changes in curvature 24 hours. The changes observed were signifi- air at 225ºC for less than influence design performance as well as device cant and are certain to microstructure TEM evidenced an initial Cross-sectional reliability. during annealing. The containing twins and dislocations that evolved to increase in roughness. free surface of the gold layer was observed grooving and grain FE-SEM imaging revealed extreme grain boundary and morphology may growth. The observed changes in microstructure EDX of the chrome layer. and oxidation be influenced by the diffusion suggests diffusion of analysis of the TEM foil specimens qualitatively it was found that Au surface. Furthermore, the Cr barrier layer to the Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) grown the use of nanometer thick evolution of the gold alumina coatings can greatly influence the structural behavior were mcirostructure. Differences in mechanical and In particular, alumina observed when surface coatings were applied. mitigate the migra- coatings were observed to limit surface evolution, tion of chrome, and suppress changes in curvature. AM 11:00 Component with Mechanical Property Enhancement of Silicon Laser Shock Peening

TUESDAY AM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 tion Coupling GrainBoundaryMotiontoShearandRota- 8:55 AM Invited bonding. models allowforphysicalconsiderationssuchasthedirectionalityof Boundaries withalowvalueofS/Sareusuallyspecial.Nonethese parameter Swhichdependsontheorientationofgrainboundary. probably existbetweenthetwograins.Forsuchacase,weintroduce contact, alowvalueofBollmann’s Sindicatesthatspecialboundaries lattice, weattempttorelatethesetwomodels.Forapairofgrainsin between them.Usingthesimplemodelofasquaretwo-dimensional orientations ofthetwograinsandorientationboundary line. Moreover,themodeldoesnotpredictdiscretesetsofrelative basis isnotclear,becausetherewillgenerallybenoatomslyingonthis phases shouldmeetalongalinelyingintheinterface.Thephysical phases isgovernedbytherequirementsthatlatticeplanesintwo and othershaveshownthatinsomesystemstheinterfacebetweentwo grain boundarywithrespecttothelatticesoftwograins.J.F. Nie the domainofgrain2.Noattentionisgiventoorientation sites orbeclosetolatticeingrain1ifthatwasextendedinto those atomicsitesinthelatticeofgrain2whichwouldalsobe coincidence siteandOlatticeanalysis.Specialsignificanceisgivento The classicaltheoryofgrainboundariesisbasedonBollmann’s Johannesburg S. Africa versity oftheWitwatersrand,Sch.Physics,PB3,WITS2050, TMS 2005Annual Meeting: Chandra ShekharPande Grain GrowthandDeformation inNanocrystallineMaterials 9:20 AM Invited velocity. rotation andtherelationshipbetween thecurvatureofatiltGBandits also shedssomelightonof J.C.M. Li’s earlyresultsonsubgrain rotation, canbeexplainedorreinterpretedwiththistheory. This work mal GBmotion,sliding,tangentialmotionofgrains,andgrain phenomena, andinterrelationshipsbetweenappliedshearstress,nor- tion ofthemisorientationdependenceshear. Manydisparate standing oftheatomicmechanismhasledtoapredictionandverifica- misorientation withachangeinsignatcriticaltiltangle. An under- The couplingshearisfoundtobeadiscontinuousfunction of by moleculardynamicssimulationsonhigh-andlow-angletiltGBs. This couplingofnormalmotiontotangentialhasbeenstudied results inacoupledtangentialshearoftheregionsweptbymotion. We presentatheoryinwhichmotionofgrainboundaries(GBs) St., New York, NY 10012USA USA; Technology, Matls. Sci. &Engrg. Lab.,Gaithersburg, MD20899-8555 Univ. Dr., Fairfax, VA 22030USA; 1 Atomistic ModelsofaGrainBoundary 8:30 AM Invited MD 20742USA Ankem, UniversityofMaryland,Matls.Sci.&Engrg.,CollegePark, & Component Tech. Direct., Washington, DC20375-5341USA;S. Session Chairs: February 15,2005 Tuesday AM Directorate, Washington, DC20375-5341USA Laboratory, MaterialsScienceandComponentTechnology Knoxville, TN37996-2200USA;B.Rath,NavalResearch Liaw, Universityof Tennessee, MaterialsScienceandEngineering, Eastman KodakCompany, Rochester, NY 14650USA;PeterK. Division, Washington, DC20375-5343USA; Teh-Ming Kung, Naval ResearchLaboratory, MaterialsScience& Technology Multiplex Inc,SouthPlainfield,NJ07080USA;M. Ashraf Imam, ogy Center,Canandaigua,NY14424USA;SungNeeGeorgeChu, 40506 USA;C.Chau,PactivCorporation,Canandaigua Technol- Department ofChemicalandMaterialsEngineering,Lexington,KY Program Organizers: Behavior of Materials ScienceCritical Technology Sector, SMD-Mechanical Sponsored by: Birthday): DiffusionandAtomisticModeling (Symposium inHonorofJamesC.M. Li’s 80th Micromechanics ofAdvancedMaterialsII George MasonUniversity, MSN5C3,Sch.ofComputatl.Scis.,4400 : John W. Cahn 3 New York University, CourantInst.ofMath.Scis.,251Mercer Materials-(Jt. Structural MaterialsDivision, ASM International: B. Rath,NavalResearchLaboratory, Matls.Sci. 2 ; Yuri Mishin Fuqian Yang, UniversityofKentucky, Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 3000 1 ; Robert A. Masumura ASM-MSCTS) 147 TechnicalProgram 1 2 ; Akira Suzuki Akira ; National InstituteofStandards and : F. R.N.Nabarro 1 ; 1 ; JeanE. Taylor 1 Naval Research 1 ; 1 Uni- 3 ; : Mechanics Molecular PotentialFinite-ElementMethod(MPFEM)forCell 10:40 AM Invited pared withexistingresults. tube chiralityisinvestigatedandourmodelingpredictionsarecom- heat capacitiesofcarbonnanotubesontemperature,tubediameterand according tothetheoryofquantummechanics.Thedependence chanics method.Thevibrationalmodesofthenanotubearequantized atomistic modelingtechnique,namely, themolecularstructuralme- paper, westudytheheatcapacityofcarbonnanotubesbyusingan isolated SWNTs, SWNTbundlesandMWNTs, arestillnotclear. Inthis and tubechirality, andthedifferencesinheatcapacityamong However, someimportantissues,suchastheeffectsoftubediameter studies havebeendevotedtothedeterminationoftheirheatcapacity. behaviors ofcarbonnanotubes.Someexperimentalandtheoretical properties. Recently, increasingattentionhasbeenpaidtothethermal applications takeadvantageoftheirremarkablemechanicalandphysical nanotube-reinforced composites,nanodevices,andnanowires.These Carbonnanotubeshavemanypotentialapplications,suchas Engrg., 126SpencerLab.,Newark,DE19716USA work micrographsasthehomogenization areaelementforcellwall. starting MPFEMcalculationsusing real AFM scannedspectrinnet- networks withvariousdefectsand disorderarestudied.We arealso of thespectrinnetwork.Triangular, cubicandhexagonalspectrin and single-moleculestretchingresponse andtheunderlyingstructure experiments. MPFEMprovidesabridge betweenwhole-cellmechanics ing RBCdeformationincapillaries)aresimulatedandcomparedwith shapes. Opticaltweezersstretchingupto100%elongation(mimick- that includethebiconcave,cup,andevenrandomlycrumpled ployed aswell.MultiplelocalenergyminimainRBCshapearefound, measured fromsingle-moleculestretchingexperiments,canbeem- molecular response.Howevermoreaccuratepotentials,once ity, weusetheworm-likechain(WLC)potentialforsinglespectrin human redbloodcell(RBC)wallthatprovidesmostofitsshearelastic- bases. Fortheparticularcaseofspectrinnetworkundercoat the two-dimensional/three-dimensional molecularnetworksasstructural tion schemeforstudyingthemechanicsoflivingcellsthatcomprise Phys. Solids52,691),wehavedevelopedanon-the-flyhomogeniza- Akin totheinteratomicpotentialfinite-elementmethod(J.Mech. Coll. Rd.,Columbus,OH43210USA State University, Dept.ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg.,494 Watts Hall,2041 Tu Spontaneous SnWhiskerGrowthandImpressionCreep 9:45 AM Invited be discussedindetail. materials leadingtothesocalledInverseHall-PetchEffectwhichwill finite triplejunctionmobility. Newdeformationmodesoccurinthese this modeisquitepossibleespeciallyifthegraingrowthretardedby researchers bysimulation. We showthatinnanocrystallinematerials J. Appl. Phys.,1962,33,2958.)theoreticallyandrecentlyother motion. GrainrotationhasbeenconsideredindetailbyLi(J.C.MLi, increase theirsizebygrainrotationaswellcurvaturedriven whose existencewasfirstanticipatedbyProfLiyearsago.Grainscan to betakenintoaccountinconsideringgraingrowthanddeformation Incaseofnanocrystallinematerialsseveraladditionalfeaturesneed USA Laboratory, Physl.Metall.Branch,Code6325, Washington, DC20375 Engrg., Rm.8-303,77Mass. Ave., Cambridge,MA 02139USA; tute of Technology, Dept.ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg. &Div. ofBiologl. Chunyu Li Atomistic ModelingforHeatCapacitiesofCarbonNanotubes 10:15 AM Invited 10:10 AM Break of spontaneousSnwhiskergrowthwillbepresented. greatly thespontaneousSnwhiskergrowth.Inthistalk,amechanism the sourceofvacanciesneededfordiffusion,henceoxideaffects Sn andwhiskershaveaprotectiveoxidewhichtendstoeliminate at averyslowimpressionrate.Ontheotherhand,freesurfacesof impression creeprateduetotheout-diffusionofatomunderplunger the baseofwhiskerdrivenbyastressgradientissimilarto the Sn.ThegrowthrateofawhiskerfromdiffusionSnatomsto atom, roughlyspeaking,otherwise,compressivestresswillbuildupin Cu atomintoSntogrowCu6Sn5requirestheout-diffusionofone to formCu6Sn5inthegrainboundariesofSn.Thein-diffusionone The latterisduetotheroomtemperaturereactionbetweenCuandSn is spontaneous,stressrelaxationaccompaniedbygeneration. SpontaneousSnwhiskergrowthisacreepphenomenon.Becauseit 90095-1595 USA 1 ; 1 University ofCalifornia,Matls.Sci.&Engrg., Los Angeles, CA 1 : JuLi ; Tsu-Wei Chou 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM 2 ; MingDao 1 ; 1 University ofDelaware,Dept.Mechl. 1 ; Subra Suresh 1 ; 1 Massachusetts Insti- : K. N. 2 Ohio 147 : TUESDAY AM ; : ; 1 3 ; Mikhail A. ; Mikhail 1 Nik Chawla ; 1 ; Brian D. Wirth ; Brian D. 2 Technical Program Technical 0.025 dpa. All techniques 0.025 dpa. ≅ 160 to 190MPa, consistent ≅ ; Rajen S. Sidhu ; Rajen 1 ; Randy K. Nanstad 1 University of California, Dept. of ; K. F. Russell ; K. F. 3 2 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Metals & Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 ; 1 Room: 3011 Location: Moscone West Convention Center Brian D. Wirth, University of California, Michael K. Miller : Vasudevan Ganesh :Vasudevan : ; Mike K. Miller 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM Steve Zinkle, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Steve 1 C at intermediate flux to ° Structural Materials Division, SMD-Nuclear TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: TMS 2005 Annual Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Metals & Ceram. Div., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2 ; Kaye F. Russell ; Kaye F. 1 0.6%, in the 0.005%P alloy; however, solute clusters were not ≅ University of California, Dept. of Mechl. Engrg., Santa Barbara, CA University of California, Dept. of Mechl. Engrg., Arizona State University, Dept. of Cheml. & Matls. Engrg., Fulton Dept. of Cheml. & University, Arizona State Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6136 USA; Sokolov PO Box 2008, Bldg. 4500S, MS 6136, Oak Ridge, TN Ceram. Div., 37831-6136 USA size, and composition number density, The mechanical properties, steel have been characterized through A533B RPV of precipitates in an re- Atom probe tomography two irradiation and annealing cycles. 8:30 AM Steels RPV Irradiated Copper Free in Neutron Precipitation 1 93106 USA; 1 USA AZ 85287-6006 Tempe, Sch. of Engrg., controlled by materials is inherently behavior of The mechanical consisting of materials, In particular, heterogeneous microstructure. have complex microstructures. components or phases, two or more have We behavior a challenge. modeling of the mechanical This makes a approach to (a) constructing a three dimensional (3D) developed (b) in 3D by serial sectioning technique, and “virtual microstructure” using the 3D microstructure as a basis. In this finite element modeling fundamentals of the 3D virtual microstructure talk we will explore the was used to study the defor- This methodology modeling methodology. important systems, (i) SiC particle reinforced mation behavior of two of and (ii) Sn-3.5Ag solder alloys. The role metal matrix composites, and aspect ratio on deformation morphology, second phase fraction, be discussed. Results from the microstructure was quantified and will the were found to be in good agreement with based 3D simulations indicating the importance and effective- experimental observations, simulations. ness of 3D microstructure-based Materials: Microstructural Processes in Irradiated RPV Embrittlement and Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Alloys Sponsored by: ASM-MSCTS) Materials Committee-(Jt. Program Organizers: 94720-1730 CA Department of Nuclear Engineering, Berkeley, Superieure de Chimie de USA; Charlotte S. Becquart, Ecole Nationale Genie des Materiaux, Lille, Laboratoire de Metallurgie Physique et Tohoku cedex 59655 France; Hideki Matsui, d’Ascq Villeneuve Institute for Materials Research Japan; Lance L. Snead, University, Metals and Ceramics Division, Oak Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Ridge, TN 37830-6138 USA Tuesday AM February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: TN 37831-6138 USA; Graeme J. Oak Ridge, Metals & Ceram. Div., Edinburgh, Ackland, University of Edinburgh, Sch. of Physics, Scotland EH9 2LZ UK Robert Odette G. 94720-1730 USA CA Berkeley, Nucl. Engrg., The formation of Mn-Ni-Si phases that would produce large and unanticipated hardening and embrittlement in irradiated Cu-free reac- tor pressure vessel (RPV) steels was predicted more than a decade ago. Since large incubation doses were expected, these features were dubbed “late blooming phases” (LBP); however, LBP have proved to be an Recent small angle neutron scattering, atom probe to- elusive quarry. mography and combined electrical resistivity Seebeck coefficient mea- surements have now provided unequivocal evidence of LBP in Cu-free alloys containing 1.6%Mn, 1.6%Ni, 0.25%Si and 0.005 to 0.040%P irradiated at 270 showed the Mn-Ni-Si rich features, with nominal volume fractions up to observed in the atom probe tomography examinations of the alloy Hardening ranged from with 0.040%P. with the estimated precipitate volume fractions. 8:50 AM Reirradiation on an Annealing and The Effects of Irradiation, Steel A533B RPV 12:10 PM 12:10 and Fi- Visualization Microstructure (3D) Three-Dimensional Hetero- of Behavior the Mechanical of Modeling nite Element Materials geneous Na- F.C. 1 3 Ya-Pu ; Fuqian 2 : : a new relation 2,3 ; Y. T. Chou T. ; Y. University of Califor- University of 1 2 Chemical Stresses ; Sun-Chien Ko ; Sun-Chien 1 148 and Larch and Cahn, 1 J.C.M. Li, Metall. Trans. 9A(1978) 1353- 1 Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Lab. of Key Academy of Sciences, State Chinese Sanboh Lee Sanboh 1 : ; 1 University of Kentucky, Chem. & Matls. Engrg., Lexington, Chem. & Matls. Engrg., University of Kentucky, 1 F.C. Larche and J.W. Cahn, Acta Metall. 30(1982) 1835; Cahn, Larche and J.W. F.C. 2 ; Jun Yin ; Jun ; 1 1 148 Larche and J.W. Cahn, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. 89(1984) 467. Stand. Cahn, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Larche and J.W. AM Invited 11:50 Dynamics Simulation of Barnacle Cement Molecular Zhao 100080 China Nonlinear Mech. (LNM), Inst. of Mech., Beijing Barnacle cement is an underwater adhesive that is used for perma- nent settlement. Its main components are insoluble protein com- plexes which have not been fully studied. In present article, we chose protein and Mrcp- 36-KD two proteins of barnacle cement for study, 100k protein. In order to investigate the characteristics of above two And the proteins, we introduced the method of molecular modeling. simulation package GROMACS was used to simulate the behavior of these proteins. In this article, we mainly focused on two properties of First we these two proteins: structure stability and adhesive ability. simulated the structure stability of two proteins in vacuum, then the stability of 36-KD protein in solutions, in water and seawater environ- found that the stability varies in the differ- We ment was investigate. ent environment. Next, to study adhesive ability of two proteins, we simulated the process of peeling the two proteins from the substrate fo Then, we analyzed the main reason of these results. We (graphite). und that hydrogen bond in proteins play an important role in the are also other factors such as van der Of course there protein stability. (vdW) interactions and electrostatic interactions. In the pro- Waals cess of the peeling, we used Lennard-Jones 12-6 formula to calculate the vdW interactions and found that it is vdW interactions that work introduced some At last, we between proteins and substrate. effectively theories to explain the results, compared the theoretical results with the results obtained by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. 1380; KY 40506 USA and diffusion is studied. The interaction between chemical stresses Based on the results of Li between hydrostatic stress and the concentration of solute is estab- between hydrostatic stress and the concentration the Laplacian of the lished. For a solid free of the action of body force, of the concentra- hydrostatic stress is proportional to the Laplacian stress from its local tion of solute - that is, deviation of the hydrostatic local concentration of average is proportional to deviation of the general relationship among the surface concentration, the A solute. a solid is obtained, in normal stress and the surface deformation of mean curvature of the which the normal stress is a function of the of the surface dis- undeformed surface and tangential components evolution of chemical placement. Using the new relationships, the closed-form solution of the steady A stresses in a thin plate is discussed. out that linear distri- state concentration of solute is derived. It turns between chemi- bution of solute is non-existe nt due to the interaction cal stresses and diffusion. 11:05 AM Invited AM 11:05 in Boundary EffectThe of Geometry Stresses on Chemical DiffusionLayer 101 Kuang Sci. & Engrg., of Matls. Dept. University, Hua Tsing tional China; 300 Taiwan Sec., Hsinchu, Fu Rd., 2nd USA Sci., Irvine, CA 92606 Cheml. Engrg. & Matls. nia, Dept. of two semi- 2a sandwiched between of thickness A a layer Consider Three geom- compositions. B of different chemical infinite layers Two square. slab, solid circle and section are considered: etries of cross surface One is the constant sources are studied. types of diffusant concen- is instantaneous surface source and the other concentration is A in layer of diffusant Assume that the diffusivity tration source. in layer B. This problem has similar math- much greater than that grain boundary diffusion. The concentration ematical equations to the using Fourier of slab cross section was obtained A distribution in layer This solution was applied to GaAs/AlAs/ Laplace transform technique. was solved using A The stress distribution in layer GaAs layer system. proposed three equations of total force, bending Hsueh method. Hsueh bending axis, uniform strain and curvature. force and moment to solve of circular cross section was solved A in layer The stress distribution The tangential and radial stresses were the force equilibrium equations. of A equations of layer The force equilibrium obtained in a close form. digitized. The numerical solutions of stresses square cross section were square cross section were obtained. They have developed in layer of the that the maximum stresses occur near common characterization comparison among the chemical stresses A free surface at a short time. are made. in slab, solid circle and square cross sections AM 11:30 Interaction Between Diffusion and Yang

TUESDAY AM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 David B. Williams TMS 2005Annual Meeting: to someexperimentalobservations. by KineticMonteCarlo.Firstresults willbepresentedandcompared with soluteatoms,inordertosimulatetheevolutionofatoms to deriveaparameterisationcouplethediffusionofpointdefects gies forthemostinterestingconfigurations.Thesedatahavebeenused tion andbindingenergiesarediscussed,aswellthemigrationener- plexes andsolute-dumbbellcomplexeshavebeenstudied.Theirforma- possible configurationsofsmallsoluteclusters,solute-vacancycom- atoms indiluteFeXalloys(X=Cu,Mn,NiorSi).Thedifferent density functionaltheorytheinteractionsofpointdefectsandsolute mospheres. We haveinvestigatedbyabinitiocalculationsbasedonthe stand theelementarymechanismsbehindformationofthese at- these soluteswithradiationinducedpointdefectsinordertounder- ward. Itisthusveryimportanttocharacterisetheinteractions of Mn andSiwhicharealsowithintheatmosphereshavebeenputfor- under neutronflux.Morerecentlytheroleofothersolutessuchas Ni, graphic Atom ProbehasrevealedtheformationofCuatmospheres steels underradiation.InRPV SoluteCuplaysamajorroleintheembrittlementofpressurevessel Moret surLoingcédexF-77818France Cédex F-59655France; sique &GéniedesMatériaux,UMR8517,Bat.C6, Villeneuve d’Ascq 1 Edwige Vincent and Initio tion: ACombined Ab Solute InteractionwithPointDefectsinaFeUnderIrradia- 9:50 AM of temperature,time,doseandflux. performed inordertoseparateandquantifytheobstaclesasfunction rials behaviour. Boththermalagingandneutronirradiationhavebeen ing areusedtoidentifytheeffectofmicrostructureonmate- rial. Positronannihilationtechniquesinconjunctionwithtensiletest- age andCu-precipitatestothetotalstrengthhardeningofmate- Fe-Cu modelalloysareusedtoassessthecontributionofmatrixdam- WithintheframeworkofeuropeanPERFECTproject,binary LHMA, Boeretang200,Mol2400Belgium tation On theCorrelationBetweenMatrixDamageandCu-Precipi- 9:30 AM structures. ideal approachforinvestigationoffinefeaturesincomplexmicro- Ni inthefineprecipitates.ThecombinationofSIwithMSAcanbe sured SIdataandthepresenceofMnCuhasbeenconfirmedbesides multivariate statisticalanalysis(MSA)hasbeenappliedtothemea- pixel. Inordertoenhanceweaksignalsfromthefineprecipitates, ing (SI)technique,whichstoresawholespectrumatanindividual STEM-XEDS mappinghasbeenperformedbyusingaspectrumimag- have beendetectedinthematrix.Inthisstudy, furtherquantitative (XEDS) hasbeenemployedand2to3nmNi-enriched“precipitates” scope (STEM)equippedwithanX-rayenergydispersivespectrometer ously, X-raymappingusingascanningtransmissionelectronmicro- formation ofultra-finesolute-enriched“clusters/precipitates.”Previ- observed inlow-alloysteels.Thisphenomenoncanbeduetothe modified afterirradiation.Irradiation-inducedhardeningisfrequently Propertiesandmicrostructuresofmaterialscansignificantlybe 5 E.Packer Ave., Bethlehem,PA 18015USA Steels bySTEM-XEDS Spectrum Imaging Investigation ofIrradiation-InducedHardeninginLow-Alloy 9:10 AM Department ofEnergy. under inter-agencyagreementDOE1886-N695-3WwiththeU.S. Nuclear RegulatoryResearch,U.S.Commission DE-AC05-00OR22725 withUT-Battelle, LLCand Sciences andEngineering,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy, undercontract ratory SHaREUserCenterwassponsoredbytheDivisionofMaterials second annealingtreatment.ResearchattheOakRidgeNationalLabo- density ofsomelargecopper-richprecipitateswasobservedafterthe number ofcopper-enriched precipitateswasobserved. A lownumber m density significantlydecreased. After irradiation(fluence=0.85x10 riched precipitates. After annealing(168hat460°C),theirnumber high numberdensityofcopper-,manganese-,nickel-andsilicon-en- vealed thatirradiation(fluence=5x10 Université desScienceset Technologies deLille,Lab.Métall.Phy- -2 ), annealingandre-irradiation(fluence=0.85x10 : Abderrahim Almazouzi 1 ; CharlotteS.Becquart 1 ; 1 Lehigh University, Dept.ofMatls.Sci. &Engrg., 2 EDF-R&D, Dépt.MMC,LesRenardières, 149 1 ; TechnicalProgram 1 SCK.CEN, ReactorMatls.Rsch., Kinetic MonteCarlo and diluteFeCualloys, 23 m -2 1 ; ChristopheDomain ) (E>1MeV)produceda : Masashi Watanabe by theOffice of 23 m Approach -2 the Tomo- ), ahigh 1 23 2 ; ; : l’Univ., St. EtienneduRouvrayBP1276801France; tensitic Steels Nano-Mesoscopic Structural Control 10:40 AM Invited 10:10 AM Break production inpureFe. and temperature,comparedtothecascadeevolutiondefect primary irradiationdefectswerecharacterizedintermsofPKAenergy 40 keV wereperformed. The morphology, energetics andmobilityof alloys. DisplacementcascadesimulationswithPKAenergiesof20and modified tofittheheat-of-mixingandlatticeconstantdataofthese behavior. A previouslypublishedFe-Crcross-potential,wasslightly Sinclair potentialsforFeandCrareusedtodescribetheinteratomic the propertiesofpointdefectclustersinanFe-10%Cralloy. Finnis- tions toinvestigatehighenergydisplacementcascadeevolutionand and hydrogen. We presenttheresultsofmoleculardynamicssimula- energy displacementcascadesanddamagingconcentrationsofhelium environments includingthecreationofatomicdisplacementsinhigh- structures facilities.Thesealloyswillexperiencesevereirradiation portant classofcandidatematerialsforfusionfirstwallandblanket Ferritic-martensiticFe-Cralloysrepresentatechnologicallyim- versity ofCalifornia,Dept.Nucl.Engrg., Berkeley, CA 94720USA Cadel loys Precipitation andStability ofNanometre inODS Particles Al- 11:20 AM fine Y2Ti2O7particlesandpacket-freegrainboundaries. the formationofnetwork-likeresidualalphagrainscontainingultra temperature strengthof9Cr-ODSsteelsissignificantlyenhancedby ing amongpacketgrainboundaries.Itisconcludedthatexcellenthigh Prevention ofmartensiticphasetransformationshouldsuppressslid- high as10,000K/h,duetoonemicronsizeofpriorgammagrains. critical coolingratetoinducemartensiticphasetransformationisas addition, for9Cr-ODSsteelscontainingtheresidualalphagrains, tively revealedtheconditionofresidualalphagrainformation.In with 1.5nmsize.Thethermodynamicmodelcalculationquantita- tains theultrafineanddenseY2Ti2O7typecomplexoxideparticles residual alphagrainformation,whichisnetwork-likeshapeandcon- appropriate selectionoftitaniumandexcessoxygencontentsinduces is controlledbythealphaandgammaphasetransformations.The (ODS) steelswithacompositionof9Cr-0.13C-2W-0.2Ti-0.35Y2O3 Theequi-axialgrainstructureof9Cr-oxidedispersionstrengthened pan Oarai-machi, Higashi-Ibaraki-Gun,Ibaraki-Prefecture311-1393Ja- ment Institute,OaraiEngrg. Ctr., Sys.Engrg. Tech. Div., 4002,Narita, Formation inFe-Cr Alloys Molecular DynamicsSimulationofPrimaryIrradiationDefect 11:40 AM higher tungstencontentin12YWT alloy. MA957 wasfoundtobelesseffectiveintrappingoxygenthanthe measured intheferritematrix.Thelowermolybdenumcontent MA957 materialafter24hat1300°Candahighoxygencontentwas in the12YWT. A slightcoarseningoftheparticlesisobservedin and O-enrichedparticlesarestableunderthermalageingorirradiation crostructure attheatomicscale.Ithasbeenrevealed,that Ti-,Y- dimensional atomprobesthatgiveaccesstoinformationonthemi- fore andafterageingisreported.Studieswereperformedbythree 12YWT). A comparisonofthebehaviourthesetwomaterialsbe- 1300°C andafterionirradiation(Feionsat300°Cupto0.5dpafor acterized intheas-receivedcondition,afterannealingupto20hat dispersion strengthenedalloys(MA957and12YWT)havebeenchar- Themicrostructuresofcommercialmechanically-alloyedoxide tional Laboratory, POBox2008,OakRidge, TN 37831-6136USA : PhilippePareige 1 ; RogerE.Stoller : 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM Shigeharu Ukai Shigeharu 1 ; 2 ; Mike Miller 1 : CNRS, ERT, Inst.desMatériaux, Ave. de Jae-Hyeok Shim 1 ; 1 2 Japan NuclearCycleDevelop- ; DavidT. Hoelzer in 9Cr-ODS Ferritic/Mar- 1 ; Brian D.Wirth 2 Oak RidgeNa- 2 ; Emmanuel 1 ; 1 Uni- 149

TUESDAY AM ; ; ; : 1 Fe 1 1 Co gb 57 Sc pre- -Fe was 3 Guenter α : Fe and 59 ; Junichi Koike 2 Technical Program Technical ; Michael-Peter Macht 1 Sci., 02 Arakamaki Aoba- Arakamaki Sci., 02 Marsha E. van Dalen Northwestern University, 1 : ; 1 Tohoku Univerisity, Inst. for Univerisity, Tohoku 2 in the paramagnetic Fe gb ; Hiroyuki Nitta ; Hiroyuki 1 Technical University Berlin, Inst. for Technical Axel Griesche 2 : Hahn-Meitner-Institute, Matls., Glienicker Str. Hahn-Meitner-Institute, 1 ; David N. Seidman Tohoku University, Matls. University, Tohoku 1 ; 1 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM 2 Sc. Al-Sc-Ti alloys are cast, solutionized and aged at Al-Sc-Ti Sc. ; 3 TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: TMS 2005 Annual 3 ; Koichi Takasawa ; Koichi Clausthal- TU Clausthal, Metall., Robert-Koch-Strasse 42, 1 1 ; Pa in the temperature range 553-1173K. A serial sectioning A range 553-1173K. Pa in the temperature 1 is remarkably larger than that in the bulk diffusion coeffi- is remarkably larger than that in the bulk diffusion -4 Co gb Iwate University, Matls. Sci. & Tech., 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Tech., Matls. Sci. & Iwate University, 3 , obtained in the present work was much larger than those by other , obtained in the present (Sc,Ti) precipitates within coarse aluminum grains. The Ti addi- Fe 3 gb cipitates (L12 structure) with low coarsening rates. In the present alloying element because it titanium was added as a ternary study, diffuses more slowly than scandium in aluminum and it has a high Al solubility in Günter Frohberg 100, Berlin 14109 Germany; 36, Berlin 10623 Germany Hardenbergstr. Tech., Matl. Scis. & structure and the influ- investigate the influence of the melt’s We ence of thermodynamic forces on diffusion in the liquid state of ter- to measure The long-capillary method was used Al-based alloys. nary Matls. Sci. & Engrg. Dept., 2220 N. Campus Dr., Evanston, IL 60208 Evanston, IL Matls. Sci. & Engrg. Dept., 2220 N. Campus Dr., USA are most precipitation-strengthened aluminum alloys Currently, limited to usage at relatively low temperatures, because of the rapid repre- Al-Sc alloys coarsening and/or dissolution of their precipitates. Al sent an exception, because they contain nanosize, coherent temperatures in the range of 300-450°C to form nanosize, coherent Al Al- tions are found to decrease the coarsening kinetics as compared to is so small, however, Al in Ti coefficient of The diffusion Sc alloys. that only a tiny concentration of Ti is detected in the precipitates by The resulting creep prop- three-dimensional atom-probe microscopy. alloys are also discussed. Al-Sc-Ti erties of the AM 11:20 Al-Ni-Ce Melts Diffusion in Yoshiaki Iijima Yoshiaki Japan; ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579 980-8577 Ja- Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Matls. Rsch., 2-1-1 Katahira, pan; Iwate 020-8551 Japan that the bulk self-diffusion in iron depends It has been well known of This study focuses on the influence on the magnetic spin ordering. diffusion. The radioisotopes of it on the grain boundary mirror-like surface of a high purity iron(C:0.7, were electroplated on the mass ppm). The specimens were annealed S:1.0, N:0.7, O:2.0, P:1.0 under 10 range, the type C kinet- At lower temperature method was employed. The grain boundary self-diffusion coefficient, ics regime was applied. D energy of D authors. The activation which was only 0.22 of that for the bulk obtained to be 55.7kJ/mol decrease in both D self-diffusion. Below the Curie temperature the and D cients. AM Break 10:15 10:30 AM Fe-Cr-Al Ternary PartInterdiffusion of the in the Iron-Rich Studies System: Experimental and Simulation Borchardt Zellerfeld 38678 Germany out on model alloys Interdiffusion experiments were carried z 0.29 in the tempera- FexCryAlz with 0.57 x 0.80, 0.06 y 0.32, 0.01 concentration profiles ture range 800°C T 1300°C. From the resulting required for the the two main and two cross-interdiffusion coefficients For the calculation description of ternary diffusion were determined. approach was used in of the ternary diffusivities, a recent numerical are determined over which the four ternary interdiffusion coefficients diffusion couple experi- a selected composition range from a single of the Matano inter- ment. The on-diagonal coefficients on both sides Al and Cr concentration part face were determined in the high and low Arrhenius behaviour with acti- couples. They show an of the diffusion Cr-high regions, 144- vation enthalpies between 158-203 kJ/mol for regions Al-high regions, 171-221 kJ/mol for 228 kJ/mol for Cr-low Al-low regions. and 170-223 kJ/mol for 10:55 AM Alloys Al-Sc-Ti Studied by Three- Precipitation-Strengthened Dimensional Atom-Probe Microscopy David C. Dunand due to the formation of antisite defects. These defects gives rise to fast gives rise These defects defects. of antisite the formation due to at effective is particularly bridges, which via antistructural diffusion mecha- diffusion of this The implication temperature. low homologous will be TiAl-alloys of properties and mechanical the structural nism on transforma- study involve: phase The major areas of the investigated. and creep. and dynamic strain ageing, tions, static 9:50 AM Purity Iron Fe and Co in High Diffusion of Grain Boundary Akiko Inoue and 2 Nishant : Oak Ridge 1 m TiB µ ; 1 . A series of Cu-Ni-Sn A . 5 Sn 6 Evan K. Ohriner University of Utah, Metallurgl. 1 : GKSS Research Centre, Inst. for ; 1 1 ; Sn and Cu 3 1 150 Room: 3007 Convention Center Location: Moscone West ) top layer and a titanium monoboride (TiB) Carelyn E. Campbell, National Institute of Campbell, National Institute Carelyn E. 2 Fritz Appel : Yongho Sohn, University of Central Florida, Dept. Sohn, Yongho Materials Processing & Manufacturing Division, & Manufacturing Materials Processing ; K. S. Ravi Chandran intermetallic. The parabolic rate constant for layer growth intermetallic. The parabolic rate constant for 1 m TiB whisker layer have been achieved by careful control 5 µ Sn 6 150 Matls. Rsch., Geesthacht D-21502 Germany Intermetallic titanium aluminides exhibit attractive thermo-physi- cal properties, which give them the potential for extensive use as lightweight structural components. Engineering alloys are multiphase assemblies with complex constitution and microstructures. In the present paper the diffusion mechanisms occurring in these material will be investigated. Particular emphasis is placed on the effect of off-sto- ichiometric deviations, which produce a significant chemical disorder Engrg., 135 S. 1460 E., Rm. 412, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA 84112 UT 135 S. 1460 E., Rm. 412, Salt Lake City, Engrg., and its alloys criti- Increasing the surface performance of titanium concept that can prevent cally depends on finding an effective coating galling, seizure and contact deformation of titanium surfaces. While there have been several externally applied coating concepts for tita- we performed solid- nium, none have been quite reliable. In this study, state diffusion experiments in a variety of boron-containing mediums to explore the possibility of making novel titanium boride coatings on titanium. The coating consisted of a double layer that involved a titanium diboride (TiB sublayer, which was primarily made of long, pristine TiB whiskers growing into titanium. Maximum thicknesses of about 10 about 40 of diffusion kinetics. The kinetics of diffusion was studied and was found to be governed by the ratio of the ingredients of the powder two- A process. pack, the temperature and the time of the diffusion layer diffusion model was developed to illustrate the nature of coating formation. 9:25 AM Titanium Intermetallic DiffusionTwo-Phase in Mechanism Aluminde Alloys alloys with nickel contents ranging from 6 to 23% form only a alloys with nickel contents ranging from (Cu,Ni) increasing rapidly to is very sensitive to nickel content of the alloy, and then decreasing to a peak rate with additions of up to 9% nickel The intermetallic minimum rate with the highest nickel contents. of 30 among the nickel- layer thickness constant varies by a factor is discussed. containing alloys. This unusual phenomenon 9:00 AM Coating on Titanium: A Novel Double-Layered Titanium Boride Development Kinetics of Boron Diffusion and Coating 8:30 AM Invited 8:30 Intermetallic Layer Effects of Composition on Kinetics of Alloys Copper Soldered for Growth M. Tikekar Multicomponent Multiphase Diffusion Symposium Diffusion Multiphase Multicomponent Methods Experimental E. Morral: of John in Honor Mechanisms Diffusion for Determining by: Sponsored Phases Division, EMPMD/SMD-Alloy Structural Materials ASM/MSCTS-Atomic Committee, MPMD-Solidification Committee, Committee Transport Program Organizers: MD Division, Gaithersburg, Metallurgy Technology, and Standards R. Kattner, National Institute of Standards 20899-8555 USA; Ursula MD 20899- Gaithersburg, Division, Metallurgy and Technology, Polytechnic Institute, Afina Lupulescu, Rensselaer 8555 USA; USA; 12180-3590 NY Troy, Materials Science & Engineering, Materials Advanced of Central Florida, Sohn, University Yongho Materials and Analysis Center and Mechanical, Processing & Orlando, FL 32816-2455 USA Aerospace Engineering, Tuesday AM February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: 32816-2455 USA; Orlando, FL Aeros. Engrg., of Mechl. Matls. & Treat for Heat Polytechnic, Ctr. Richard D. Sisson, Worcester USA 01609 MA Excellence, Worcester, PO Box 2008, Bldg. 4508, MS 6083, Oak Ridge, National Laboratory, TN 37831 USA on a number of copper The formation of intermetallic compounds solders has been studied alloys soldered with a variety of tin-containing for times of up to 4000 for the temperature range of 150 to 250 C parabolic layer growth hours. Tin-containing intermetallic layers exhibit Cu-5Sn-0.2P behave under all conditions studied. Pure copper and forming layers of Cu similarly,

TUESDAY AM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 TMS 2005Annual Meeting: is presented. A seriesofNitensilesamplesdifferent grainsizeswere diffraction toprovidetheinformation forcrystalplasticitymodeling Capabilityofsynergisticcombination ofneutronandsynchrotron Matls. Rsch.Lab.,104S.Goodwin Ave., Urbana,IL 61801-2902USA River, OntarioK0J1J0Canada; cil Canada,SteacieInst.forMolecular Sci.,ChalkRiverLab., 2008, MS6118,OakRidge,TN37831USA; Ice in Ni Effects ofGrainSizeontheMicromechanicsDeformation 8:50 AM plained. of thegraininteractionsthatleadtovariousstagescanbe ex- scattering vectorandcrystalplane.Fromthesimulations,nature compare wellwithlatticestrainhistoriesforseveralcombinations of transition fromelastictoelastic-plasticbehavior. Simulationresults demonstrates severalstagesinloadsharingaseachphasemakes the copper) alloy. Duringloadingintothefullyplasticregime,alloy tion experimentsandfiniteelementsimulationsofatwo-phase(iron- tion. Thispresentationsummarizesthecomparisonsbetweendiffrac- crystallographic neighborhoodcanbeexplicitlyincludedinasimula- finite elementmodelingofpolycrystalsinwhichtheinfluence the aggregate.Suchdataareparticularlyusefulwhencombinedwith into thecharacteristicsofloadsharingamongcrystalsthatcomprise tice strainsduringloadingofpolycrystallinesolidsthatofferinsight Neutrondiffractiondataprovidedetailedinformationonthelat- Rhodes Hall,Ithaca,NY14853USA Han Discretized with Modeling GrainInteractionsinPolycrystalswithCrystals 8:30 AM Invited Ames, IA50011USA Ustundag, IowaState University, Dept.ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg., tory, Matls.Sci.& Tech. Div., Los Alamos, NM87545USA;Ersan Session Chairs: February 15,2005 Tuesday AM Laboratory, SpallationNeutronSource,OakRidge, TN 37831USA Knoxville, TN 37996-2200USA;Xunli Wang, OakRidgeNational Liaw, Universityof Tennessee, MaterialsScienceandEngineering, Metals andCeramicsDivision,OakRidge,TN37831USA;PeterK. 37996 USA;CamdenR.Hubbard,OakRidgeNationalLaboratory, Department ofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,Knoxville,TN Program Organizers: Behavior of Technology Sector, Structural MaterialsDivision,SMD-Mechanical Sponsored by: Behavior: DeformationII Neutron DiffractionCharacterizationofMechanical and donebymoleculardynamicssimulations. experiments fromliteraturedonebyquasi-elasticneutronscattering the meltondiffusionisdiscussedtogetherwithresultsof the molefractionsofbothelements.Theinfluencestructure ing aforceduetogradientsofthechemicalpotentialandNiNk Dik=(Nk·D’i+Ni·D’k)·F withFthethermodynamicfactorrepresent- self diffusioncoefficientsD’iandD’kbytheequation for a(solid)binarysystemtheinterdiffusioncoefficientDikwith discussed intheframeworkofDarken’s approach,whichconnectse.g. ware Pandat.Theinfluenceofthermodynamicforcesondiffusionis the elementsinmeltwerecalculatedusingcommercialsoft- etry (ICP-MS)inthecaseofselfdiffusion.Thechemicalpotentials diffusion andbymeansofinductivelycoupledplasmamassspectrom- of energy-dispersivex-rayspectroscopy(EDS)inthecasechemical The concentrationprofileswereanalyzedaftersolidificationbymeans coefficients andbydirectobservationwithin-situx-rayradioscopy. port weredetectedbymeasuringthetimedependenceofdiffusion stable 142Ce-isotopes.Convectivecontributionstothemasstrans- sured byuseofthepenetrationenrichedstable62Ni-and diffusion coefficients ofNiand and forameancompositionof Al77Ni20Ce3 at1373K. The self were determinedforameancompositionof Al87Ni10Ce3 at1273K liquidus. TheinterdiffusioncoefficientsDikofallelementpairsi-k self- andinterdiffusion inliquid Al-Ni-Ce alloysattemperaturesabove 1 ; 1 ; : 1 J. W.L. Pang 1 Oak RidgeNationalLaboratory, Metals&Ceram.,POBox Cornell University, SibleySch.ofMechl.& Aeros. Engrg., 196 Materials-(Jt. ASM International:MaterialsScienceCritical Mark A.M. Bourke,Los Alamos NationalLabora- Finite Elements 1 ; R.Rogge Hahn Choo,Universityof Tennessee, Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 3004 ASM-MSCTS) 151 3 Ce inliquid Al87Ni10Ce3 weremea- TechnicalProgram University ofIllinois,FrederickSeitz 2 ; R.L.Donerberger : Paul R.Dawson 2 National ResearchCoun- 2 ; W.Liu 1 ; Tong-Seok 3 ; G.E. Constitutive BehaviorofFerroelectrics 9:50 AM Invited (Fe) andcoarse(Cu)grains. intergranular strainevolutionandloadpartitioningbetweentheultrafine ments wereperformedusingneutrondiffractiontoinvestigatethe nanoindentation test.Furthermore,in-situtensileloadingmeasure- ray diffraction, transmissionelectronmicroscopy, tensiletest,and behavior oftheBSGFe-Cualloycompositeswereinvestigatedusingx- Fe powderandcoarseCupowder. The microstructureanddeformation were fabricatedbysinter-forgingofamixtureball-milledultrafine bimodal-grain-sized (BGS)alloys,immiscibleFe-Cualloycomposites micromechanics responsiblefortheuniquemechanicalbehaviorof high strengthwithappreciableductility. To investigatethe grain sizedistribution”exhibitauniquemechanicalproperties,i.e., ductility. However, recentlydeveloped alloyswithso-called“bimodal Strengtheningofanalloyisusuallyachievedattheexpense 318 DoughertyHall,Knoxville,TN37996USA modal GrainSizeDistribution Deformation Behavior ofFe-Cu Alloy CompositesWith aBi- 9:30 AM spreads inelasticstrains. changes inpeakwidtharecorrelatedwithslipactivityandpredicted well ascomparingmeanelasticstrainsbytrackingpeakposition, made usingcrystalplasticityfiniteelementmodelling(CPFEM). As steel withdifferentgrainsizes.Thesearecomparedtopredictions obtained duringin-situuniaxialtensilestrainingofinterstitialfree(IF) yet tobeinvestigated.Thisarticlepresentsdiffractionmeasurements effect ofgrainsizeonthedevelopmentintergranularstresseshas have asignificanteffectontheplasticdeformationofmetals,but sidual stressmeasurementsmadebydiffraction.Grainsizeisknownto which influencefatigue,stresscorrosioncrackingandalsoskewre- line metalsatthemicroscopicscalegivesrisetointergranularstresses, Theheterogeneousnatureofplasticdeformationpolycrystal- St., Manchester,GreaterManchesterM17HSUK of IF Steel withDifferent GrainSizes Evolution ofIntergranular Stresses DuringInSituStraining 9:10 AM pared withthefiniteelementdeformationmodel. grain boundariesweredetermined.Theexperimentalresultscom- Variations instrainsandmisorientationswithingrains,subgrains the 3DX-RayCrystalMicroscopeat Argonne PhotonSource. with smallergrainsizes.Thedeformedsampleswerethenexaminedby sizes; howeverthestrainmagnitudesaregenerallylargerforsamples that thetrendsinmicrostrainevolutionaresimilarforallgrain different deformationlevelswithneutrondiffraction.Resultsindicate ranging fromhundredstofewmicrometershavebeenmeasuredat the microscopicandmesoscopiclengthscales.Samplesofgrainsize measured bybothtechniquestoinvestigatedeformationbehavioron analysis ofdiffractionlineshift andbroadening.Theevolutionof fraction ringswererecordedallowing acompletegrainorientation gated usinghighenergysynchrotron radiation.Thefirstfivefulldif- Thedeformationbehaviorin nanocrystallinenickelwasinvesti- USA Laboratory, Metals&Ceram.Div.,TN 37831 Bldg.4500S,OakRidge, Source, 9700Cass Ave., Argonne, IL 60439USA; 37831-6474 USA; Laboratory, SpallationNeutronSource,Bldg.8600,OakRidge, TN Li Wang In-Situ Tensile LoadingStudy Nickel ofNanocrystalline 10:10 AM tions ofthismodel. electrics. Finally, thediffraction datawillbecompared tothepredic- texture (ordomainswitching)evolutionduringtheloadingofferro- siders differentdomainvariantsandattemptstoestimatestrain consistent micromechanicsmodelwillbepresented.Thiscon- nal andrhombohedral)specimenswereinvestigated.Thenanewself- of themorphotropicphaseboundaryaswellsingle(tetrago- fraction todeterminetheirconstitutivebehavior. PZTs neartheedge sion experimentsonvariousPb(Zr,Ti)O3 orPZTs usingneutrondif- presentation willpresentrecentresultsfromin-situuniaxialcompres- chanical loadingandcanbeusedasbothsensorsactuators.This Ferroelectricmaterialsexhibitauniqueresponsetoelectrome- Didcot OX110QXUK IA 50011 USA; University/Ames Laboratory, MSEDept.,2220HooverHall, Ames, ert C.Rogan K. Liaw Pete S.Bate 1 1 ; GuojiangFan ; A. D.Stoica 1 1 ; ; S.MaziarMotahari 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM 1 University ofManchester,Sch.Matls.,Grosvenor 2 ISIS Facility, Rutherford-AppletonLab.,Chilton, 2 Argonne NationalLaboratory, Advd. Photon 1 1 ; ; J. J. ; Almer 1 University of Tennessee, Matl.Sci.&Engrg., : 2 1 Jin-woo Jeon ; C. T. Liu ; MarkR.Daymond : João QuintadaFonseca : Ersan Ustundag 3 ; 1 ; HahnChoo 1 3 Oak RidgeNational Oak RidgeNational 2 ; 1 Iowa State 1 1 ; Peter ; Rob- : Xun- 151 1 ; TUESDAY AM ; ; 1 1 a/ ∆ ; Yaping Li Yaping ; 1 Ersan Ustundag : Technical Program Technical Brent Fultz and Michael James W. Richardson W. James on opposing sides) - with correspond- on opposing sides) - with : -20 Room: 3022 Location: Moscone West Convention Center Brent T. Fultz, California Institute of T. Brent and 10 -1 Argonne National Laboratory, Intense Pulsed Neu- Pulsed Intense Laboratory, National Argonne 1 Brent Fultz, California Institute of Technology, Brent Fultz, California Institute of 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM Electronic, Magnetic & Photonic Materials ; = 10 1 TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: TMS 2005 Annual 2 ) as a response to Co/Fe ionic radius changes. Measure- ) as a response to Co/Fe -3 ) gradients. A number of factors limit the lifetime of a membrane, number of factors A ) gradients. 2 Iowa State University/Ames Laboratory, MSE Dept., 2220 Hoover University/Ames Laboratory, Iowa State Neutron Scattering in Materials Research: Diffraction, Phases, and Micromechanics Sponsored by: of Materials Division, EMPMD/SMD-Chemistry & Physics Committee Organizers: Program 91125 Department of Materials Science, Pasadena, CA Technology, Atzmon, University of Michigan, Department of USA; Michael MI 48109 USA Arbor, Ann Materials Science & Engineering, Tuesday AM February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: Atzmon, University of USA; Michael 91125 Pasadena, CA MI 48109-2136 USA Arbor, Ann Michigan, Matls. Sci. & Engrg., and Introduction: Welcome AM 8:30 Atzmon AM Invited 8:35 Neutron Diffraction in Engineering Research 1 Hall, Ames, 50011 IA USA Neutron powder diffraction offers unique opportunities in engi- neering research by allowing in-situ studies of material deformation. In addition to phase information, one can also collect data on texture and lattice strain as a function of stress, temperature and sample environ- ment. The diffraction data are then complemented with micromechanics modeling for full interpretation and to obtain the in- situ constitutive behavior of the material. The latter is very difficult to deduce from ex-situ tests and is crucial for predicting the long term performance in service. The recent construction of dedicated engi- and ENGIN-X has elevated such as SMARTS neering diffractometers the engineering neutron diffraction field to a new level of sophistica- tion. Stresses exceeding 3 GPa, temperatures above 1500°C and nu- merous environments are now accessible. This presentation will de- scribe recent work on bulk metallic glass composites, structural ceram- ics and metal matrix composites. It will also offer insight into exciting future developments. Evan R. Maxey Evan 60439 USA IL Argonne, Ave, 9700 S. Cass tron Source, properties and mixed conduction ceramic components with Dense for oxygen as membranes permeability are important high oxygen of the most applications. Many and solid oxide fuel cell separation stabil- oxides, due to their structural perovskite-derived promising are vacancy composition and oxygen ranges of chemical ity over large elevated tem- operated at Membranes are typically concentration. and exposed to large oxygen partial pressure peratures (800-1000°C) (pO phase transformation and mechani- including chemical decomposition, pa- with internal strain generated by lattice cal instability associated neutron diffraction, with a large beam, high rameter gradients. In-situ ex- sensitivity to scattering from oxygen, is penetrating power and ceramic oxide membranes in op- tremely effective at characterizing of materials in the La-Sr-Fe-Co-O system erational conditions. Studies show dramatic lattice expansion ( under static reducing conditions a up to 6x10 exposed to large oxygen partial pressure gra- ments from membranes dients (e.g., pO - across thin (~1mm thick) membrane tubes ing structural gradients integrated across the structural gra- provide structural representations composition and lattice As expected, the average structure has dients. represented by the dimension intermediate between the two extremes the small distribution of surface environments. Unexpected, though, is near the conditions composition and lattice dimension, with average mechanical stability of at the oxidizing surface. The implications for properties will be dis- ceramic membranes and importance of surface National Labo- Argonne The Intense Pulsed Neutron Source at cussed. under Contract W- ratory is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy 31-109-ENG-38. 11:50 AM Invited AM 11:50 Oxygen in Membranes of Ceramic Behavior The Mechanical Gradients Partial-Pressure : ; 1 Iowa State Uni- 1 ; 1 Kenneth Franklin Kelton : ; Dan J. Sordelet 1 152 University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge Na- Ridge Tennessee/Oak University of 1 ; 1 ; Bulent Biner 1 Takeshi Egami Takeshi : Washington University, Dept. of Physics, Campus Box 1105, One Dept. of Physics, Campus Box 1105, University, Washington 152 versity, Ames Lab., 37 Wilhlem, Ames, IA 50011 USA 50011 Ames, IA Wilhlem, Ames Lab., 37 versity, glasses has received The atomic scale deformation in bulk metallic At low temperature, deformation is considerable attention recently. At temperatures approaching concentrated in localized shear bands. temperature, the glass transition temperature up to the crystallization high energy synchro- deformation appears to be homogeneous. Using the changes in the total tron radiation (~100 keV), we investigated bond lengths to attempt scattering function and shifts in the average with the mechanical to quantify the changes in free volume associated showed a Vitroloy on deformation. Room temperature indentation small decrease in the free volume ranging from 0.1 to 0.23%. High temperature creep experiments at 250 and 400 MPa showed about 0.35% increase in free volume. Experimental results will be compared to molecular dynamic calculations. AM Invited 11:30 Icosahedral Order in Undercooled Metallic Liquids and the Influence on the Nucleation Barrier 1 Louis, MO 63130 USA St. Brookings Dr., Over a half-century ago, Frank argued that liquid metals can be undercooled because of the development of icosahedral short-range order (ISRO) in the liquid. The existence of this ISRO (though often distorted) is supported by recent in-situ neutron and x-ray scattering studies of undercooled liquids that are levitated by electrostatic and the developing ISRO alloy, TiZrNi electromagnetic methods. In a favors the transformation of the liquid to a metastable icosahedral quasicrystal phase, instead of the stable tetrahedrally-coordinated crystal C14 Laves phase, demonstrating a clear connection between the nucle- ation barrier and the local structure of the liquid and verifying Frank’s hypothesis. The consequences of this coupling between the order pa- rameter characterizing the structure of the liquid and that for nucle- ation are discussed. Supported by NASA under contract NAG 8-1682, and by the NSF under grant DMR 03-07410. Matthew J. Kramer tional Laboratory, MSE/Physics, 208 S. Coll., 1413 Cir. Dr., Knox- Dr., 208 S. Coll., 1413 Cir. MSE/Physics, tional Laboratory, ville, TN 37996 USA deformation of crystal- While it is well established that mechanical the atomistic line materials occurs through the motion of dislocations, is poorly understood. It mechanism of deformation in metallic glasses of free volume model, is often phenomenologically described in terms volume” is not vacancy- it is becoming clear that the reality of “free involving a large like as originally imagined, but is more collective it has been ob- number of atoms. On the other hand experimentally results in bond-orien- served that homogeneous anelastic deformation propose an atomistic mechanism of plastic We tational anisotropy. stress-induced bond ex- deformation in metallic glasses based upon of space used for change mechanism. Even though the each element size, thus not vacancy- deformation is much smaller than the atomic stresses involved the like as free volume, because of the long-range to that in crystalline sol- total activation energy is large, comparable will be discussed. ids. The implication of this model on ductility AM Invited 11:10 During Mechanical Deformation Volume Formation of Free lattice strains was determined during the continuous tensile loading up tensile loading continuous during the determined strains was lattice a sample For cycles. the loading-unloading as during as well to failure, be 1.3 found to strength was the fracture of 15 nm, grain size with a the 3.8%. Besides was elongation recorded the maximum GPa and do not show the diffraction lines lattice strain behavior, characteristic accu- since the broadening broadening after unloading, any irreversible unloading. In is released upon the plastic deformation mulated during heteroge- broadening due to strain materials the peak nanocrystalline However, the size contribution. by the grain neity is overshadowed conclude that, analysis allows us to in peak profile quite high accuracy not accumu- dislocations are nickel, the immobile in nanocrystalline deformation, contrast to the coarse grained lating during the plastic was sponsored by Division of Materials Sci- materials. This research Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Depart- ences and Engineering, with UT- under Contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 ment of Energy by Advanced Photon Source was supported the Battelle, LLC. Use of Sciences, Office of Basic Energy of Energy, the U. S. Department W-31-109-Eng-38. under Contract No. AM Break 10:30 AM Invited 10:50 of Plastic Deformation in Metallic Atomistic Mechanism Glasses

TUESDAY AM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 TMS 2005Annual Meeting: damage. Thecoarsening-oxidetransformation kineticsofthenm- superior creepstrengthandpotential forhighresistancetoradiation 14Cr andahighdensityofnanoscale clusters(NCs)of Y-Ti-O exhibit So-calledNanostructuredFerritic Alloys (NFAs) containing12- 0011 Japan 2 versity ofCalifornia,Dept.Matls.,SantaBarbara,CA93106USA; Matthew J. Alinger Nanostructured Ferritic Alloy MA957atElevated Temperatures Evolution ofNanocluster, DislocationandGrainStructure in 10:45 AM to occuratsuchlowtemperatures. phase isformedbyre-orderingofthelocalatoms,whichfascinating double-lattice superstructure.Theseobservationssuggestthatthenew found thatthenewpeakscanbewellindexedwithaslightlydistorted new phasedoesnotmatchanyoftheknownmartensite.Instead, we observed transitiondoesnotseemtoberelatedmagnetism,and the tion dependsonthefractionof(Ni+M) Al sites.However, the atoms (Ni+M)at Al sitesdestabilizestheB2structure andthetransi- structure downto10K.Clearly, theadditionoftransitionalmetal transitional metalatomsatNisites(Ni phase transitionatverylowtemperature(~20K),whilealloyswith partially replacedbytransitionalmetalatoms(Ni using neutrondiffraction. The resultshowsthatwhen Al atomsare A systematicstudyofNiAlM(M=Ni,Fe,Co)alloysiscarriedout Laboratory, IntensePulsedNeutron Source, Argonne, IL USA Condensed MatterScis.Div., OakRidge, TN USA; & Ceram.Div., OakRidge, TN USA; Source, OakRidge, TN USA; nati, OHUSA; Richardson Xun-Li Wang Low Temperature TransformationNiAlM of Alloys 10:25 AM 10:05 AM Break with anewefforttoperformdistributedanalysisofNDexperiments. experimental output.Thisapproachwillbepresentedinconjunction a genericinversesolverthatoptimizestheseparameterswiththe In addition,auser-definedsubsetofthemodelparametersarelinkedto module libraryandextensioncapabilityisprovidedforpostprocessing. allowed tointegrateacustommodelintotheframework. A similar used toformamodellibrary. Ontheotherhand,advanceduseris samples andloadingproceduresinengineeringNDexperimentsare and postprocessing.Fortheformer,mostcommonlyencountered the threestagesofFEA:preprocessing(modeldefinition),simulation sented usingthe ABAQUS package. This schemereliesonmodularizing analysis (FEA)toaccompanyengineeringNDexperimentsispre- ND research.Inthisstudy, aschemeforintegratingfiniteelement diffraction (ND)experimentevaluationoffersuniqueopportunitiesin Integrationofdataanalysisandsimulationtoolsusedinneutron IA 50011-2300USA 1 Framework Data Analysis Finite Element Analysis for aDistributedNeutronScattering 9:35 AM under contractDE-AC05-00OR22725withUT-Battelle, LLC. Basic EnergySciences,DivisionofMaterialsScienceandEngineering, cussed. This researchwassupportedbyU.S.DepartmentofEnergy, ing communities.ScientificopportunitieswithVULCANwillbedis- diffractometers dedicatedforusersinmaterialsscienceandengineer- bilities. TheVULCANdiffractometerattheSNSisanewgenerationof instruments arebeingbuiltworld-wide,increasinglyaddingnewcapa- nealing-induced crackinginintermetalliccomposites. A numberofnew fatigue behavior,deformationinnano-structuredmaterials,andan- ments arecapableof,andtheirlimitations.Exampleswillinclude lations. Iwilluserecentexperimentstoillustratewhattoday’s instru- framework ofcontinuumtheoryandsimplethermal-mechanicalsimu- some oftheexperimentaldatacouldnotbeunderstoodwithin fundamental researchbegantoemergewhenitbecameevidentthat use ofthesedataindesignandlife-timepredictions.Opportunitiesfor the determinationofresidualstressdistributionincomponentsand days wasstronglyorientedtowardsmechanicalengineering,involving mechanical behaviorofmaterials.Muchtheresearchinearly Sincethe1980’s, neutrondiffraction hasbeenusedtostudythe Bldg. 8600,OakRidge,TN37831USA Wang Neutron Studies Diffraction ofMechanicalBehavior 9:05 AM Invited Iowa State University, Matls.Sci. Kyoto University, Inst. of Advd. Energy, Gokasho,Uji, Kyoto611- 1 ; 1 Oak RidgeNationalLaboratory, SpallationNeutronSource, 5 ; 2 1 ; Chain T. Liu University ofCincinnati,Cheml.&Matls.Sci.,Cincin- 2 Oak RidgeNationalLaboratory, SpallationNeutron 1 ; G. RobertOdette 153 : 3 ; Jaime A. Fernandez-Bacad Cahit Can Aydiner 3 Oak RidgeNationalLaboratory, Metals TechnicalProgram & Engrg., 2220 4 50-x Oak RidgeNationalLaboratory, 1 ; HirotatsuKishimoto M x Al 50 ) maintainastableB2 60-x 1 ; ErsanUstundag Hoover Hall, M 5 Argonne National x Al : 40 Ling Yang 4 ), thereisa ; James W. : 2 ; Xun-Li Ames, 1 Uni- 1 1 ; ; : talline DiamondSyntheticCells Orientation DistributionsofDiamondParticlesinPolycrys- 11:25 AM answers tothequestionsposedabove. 800°C and1020°Cprovidedfreshevidencewhichindicatedefinite tures ofthealphaandbetaphasesmeasuredatroomtemperature, peratures withthesamplelocatedinsideavacuumfurnace.Thetex- enables texturemeasurementsbyneutrondiffractionatvarioustem- 6Al-4V usingtheHIPPOinstrumentatLANSCE.This the firsttime,hightemperaturein-situtexturemeasurementsofTI- perature. Thepresentstudyattemptstodothisbycarryingout,for development oftextureinthismicrostructureasafunctiontem- recrystallization. A uniquewaytoaddresstheseissuesismonitor the Relationship (BOR)withthebetaphaseevenaftercoldworkand tion iswhetherthealphaphasemaintainsBurgersOrientation room temperature. Another important,andasyetunresolved,ques- from thealphaphaseorwhetheritgrowsbetapreexistingat whether thebetathatformsathightemperaturesisnucleatedfreshly of themajoraspectsthisalloywhichisnotyetwellunderstoodis, a workhorsealloyforitsmanyapplicationsinthesediversefields.One Thetwophase(alpha/beta)TialloyTi-6Al-4Visconsideredtobe 3 477 Watts Hall,2041CollegeRd.,Columbus,OH43210USA; Bhattacharyya ing Texturewith TemperatureEvolution in Ti-6Al-4V A Study NeutronDiffraction ofPhaseTransformation byTrack- 11:05 AM very lowsolubilityof Y. kJ/mole. Thisveryhighactivationenergyisbelievedtobeduethe time exponentof mately describedbyapipediffusion-typekineticsmechanism,with oxide phases.TheNCcoarseningandtransformationscanbeapproxi- changes inthedislocationandgrainstructureformationof the NCevolution,andTEMwasusedtoobservecorresponding to 1400 combinations oftimesfrom1/3to480handtemperatures1150 scale precipitatesinMA957werecharacterizedforannealsvarious layered cellwasthoughttooriginatefromtheirlowestsurfaceenergy. alignment of{111}planesperpendiculartothestackingdirectionin orientation distributionsofdiamondsinthetwocells.Thefavored bon solution.Thisdiscrepancywasconsideredtoleadthedifferent trast, inpowderedcell,diamondsaresurroundedbyhomogeneouscar- carbon aroundgrowingdiamondsalongthestackingdirection.Bycon- distribution. Inlayeredcell,thereexistsconcentrationgradientof that theorientationdistributionofdiamondsapproachedrandom were calculatedas1.18,0.89and0.90,respectively, whichimplied cell, thetextureindicesofdiamond{111},{220}and{311}planes direction. And fromtheneutrondiffraction in layeredcellexhibitedweaktextureof<111>paralleltothestacking (ODF) calculatedfromEBSDdata,itwasconcludedthatthediamonds thetic cellswereexamined.Fromtheorientationdistributionfunction Theorientationdistributionsofdiamondsintwotypessyn- rea Matls. Sci.&Engrg.,Shinrim9-dong,Kwanak-gu,Seoul151-744Ko- Kyu HwanOh Alamos NationalLaboratory, LANSCE,Los Alamos, NMUSA; Venkatesh TIMET, R&D,8000 W. LakeMeadDr., Henderson, NV 89015USA ° C. Smallangleneutronscattering(SANS)wasusedtoquantify 3 ; H.L.Fraser 1 1 ; G.B. Viswanathan ; Hu-ChulLee 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM ≅ 1/5andahigheffectiveactivationenergyof 1 ; 1 Ohio State University, Matls.Sci.&Engrg., 1 ; 1 : Seoul NationalUniversity, Sch.of 1 Jun-Yun Kang ; S.C. Vogel spectrum ofpowdered 2 ; D.J. Williams 1 ; SukHoonKang : Dhriti ≅ 660 2 2 153 Los ; V. 1 ; TUESDAY AM ; ; : 1 1 m. µ m was Michi- 1 µ Darrel R. Darrel ; 1 ; ; Y. L. Lin Y. ; 1 1 Moon Gi Cho : C for 2 min, the ° m) and an Sn/Au/Ni µ Technical Program Technical ; C. E. Ho ; C. E. 1 m and higher after aging µ m) layer. Then, 42Sn/58Bi m) layer. ; Jong-Kai Lin 1 µ Korea Advanced Institute of Advanced Korea K. N. Subramanian 1 ; 1 ; 1 m) were deposited over the Si wa- m) were deposited µ ; C. W. Chang W. ; C. 1 : J. G. Lee : J. G. C for 1500 hrs whereas 95Pb5Sn solder showed ° Jui-Yun Tsai Jui-Yun National Central University, Dept. of Cheml. & Dept. of University, Central National ; Hyuck Mo Lee C. 1 1 : ° 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM ; ; Lakshmi N. Ramanathan 1 TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: TMS 2005 Annual 1 layer with a thickness of 0 (bare Ni), 0.1 and 1 layer with a thickness of 0 (bare Ni), 0.1 and Freescale Semiconductor, FMTC, 2100 E. Elliot Rd., MD 1 ; 1 C could be about 2000 hours for about 1000 TMF cycles. Forma- C for 2 min, an layered microstructure was produced (AuSn/Au5Sn/ C for 2 min, an layered ° ° Frear gan State University, Dept. of Cheml. Engrg. & Matls. Sci., E. Lan- Dept. of Cheml. Engrg. University, gan State sing, MI 48824 USA aging from Sn-based solder joints exhibit significant with longer dwell times thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) treatments cycles employed in this at elevated temperature extreme. In the TMF temperature extreme of study the total accrued aging time at the high 150 tion and growth of IMC phases in ternary and quaternary eutectic Sn- Ag based alloys with Cu and (Cu+Ni) additions due to such treatments, and their relative importance in the damage accumulation that results supported by the Work in deterioration of properties will be discussed. National Science Foundation under grant NSF DMR-0081796 and NSF DMI-0339898. AM Break 10:20 10:30 AM High Lead Solders, Two Distinct Reaction Morphologies of Aging 90Pb10Sn and 95Pb5Sn, on Cu UBM During Solid-State AZ 85284 USA Tempe, EL725, The solid-state reaction of two high lead solders, 90Pb10Sn and the Cu3Sn inter- 95Pb5Sn, on Cu UBM were examined. Upon reflow, metallics formed on Cu UBM for both solder alloys, but solid-state aging produced significantly different reaction morphologies. For 90Pb10Sn solder, the Cu3Sn intermetallics continued to grow during solid-state aging at 170 very limited intermetallic growth and the subsequent spalling of Cu3Sn from Cu UBM was observed. Such a difference is explained by a two- step mechanism: the Sn diffusion from bulk solder to the solder/Cu3Sn interface and the subsequent intermetallic formation by interdiffusion of Cu and Sn atoms. It was postulated that the competition between 9:20 AM on Cu Solder Eutectic of Gold-Tin Evolution Microstructure Substrates and Ni Kao C. Robert 320 Taiwan Chungli City No 300, Jung-da Rd., Matl. Engrg., that had been Au20Sn/Cu Au20Sn/Ni and of The microstructures were stud- first, and then aged bonding conditions reacted in different (2.5/3.75/2 Sn/Au/Ni sandwich structure An ied. (1.83/2.74/5.8 sandwich structure Au and Sn layers the composition of The overall respectively. fer, The microstruc- eutectic (wt.%). Au20Sn binary to the corresponded Cu were controlled by the bonding Au20Sn solders on Ni and tures of reaction condition was 290 conditions. When the Au20Sn/Cu was both a two-phase Au20Sn/Ni and microstructure of and between The difference eutectic microstructure. AuSn) (Au5Sn and to Ni and is that (Au, Ni)Sn formed next Au20Sn/Ni Au20Sn/Cu and at to Cu. When the bonding condition was (Au, Cu)5Sn formed next 240 samples The thermal stability of the as-bonded AuSn/Au5Sn/Cu). Ni and interesting microstructure evolutions were were also studied. Many thermal stability for samples on Ni was better observed. In general, the the bonded samples were subjected to long- than that of on Cu when term aging at 240 9:40 AM Between 42Sn/58Bi Solder and Electoless Interfacial Reaction Aging Thermal Au UBM During Ni-P/Immersion Paik Kyung Wook Kusung-Dong Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Technology, Science and 305-701 Korea Taejon Yusung-Gu, 373-1, solder and the The interfacial reaction between the 42Sn/58Bi before and Au UBM has been investigated electoless Ni-P/immersion of intermetallic com- after thermal aging, with a focus on formation shear strength. The pound (IMC), interfacial reaction rate, and bump immersion Au (6 plated on the electroless Ni-5~6at.%P and reflow. solder balls were fabricated on UBM by screen-printing was formed at the join The IMC layer composed of Ni3Sn4 grains On aging at 125°C, a ternary IMC phase was interface after reflow. was identi- Au plating, which observed on the Ni3Sn4 layer in case of fied as (Au,Ni)Sn4. Its thickness reached 7 by more than 1.2 for 1000 hr, and the Ni-P UBM was consumed Jang Jin-Wook The thick (Au, Ni)Sn4 IMC layer deteriorated the integrity of the The thick (Au, Ni)Sn4 IMC layer deteriorated solder bump decreased by solder joint and thus the shear strength of the about 30% compared with non-aged joints. AM Invited 10:00 Thermomechanical Fa- Formation and Growth of IMC During tigue of Sn-Based Solders ; ; 2 1 C) in ° : Dezhi Li C. The shear ° ; Sung K. Kang 1 C and 150 ° C, the increase of the IMC ° Loughborough University, Wolfson Loughborough University, 1 ; Joel L. Harringa 1 C for only 2 days. During the aging, ; ° 1 rength Evolution of Sn-Ag-Cu Sol- Evolution rength 154 Room: 3016 Location: Moscone West Convention Center C, a (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 IMC layer grew very slowly Douglas J. Swenson, Michigan Technological Swenson, Michigan Douglas J. ° C for up to 1000 h. This is critical to Pb-free ° Ames Laboratory (USDOE), Iowa State University, 1 Iver E. Anderson, Ames Laboratory/Iowa State Electronic, Magnetic & Photonic Materials Magnetic & Photonic Electronic, ; ; Paul P. Conway ; Paul P. Iver Eric Anderson 1 1 : IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Microelect. Packing Tech., J. Watson IBM T. 2 the (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 IMC changed from a scallop-like formation to a faceted shape. The shear tests showed that the shear strength of solder bumps dropped at some point during the aging and then almost kept at All the solder bumps a consistent value during the later aging periods. were found to fracture in the bulk solder. 154 during the aging and the increase of the IMC thickness was not signifi- Also, no Kirkendall voids were found under SEM examination. cant. However, when the chips were aged at 150 Some Kirkendall voids appeared even thickness became very clear. after the chips were aged at 150 der Bumps During Aging at Different Temperatures Aging at Different Bumps During der SAC and SAC + X solder joints to gain understanding of the limiting diffusion species and mechanism. Supported by ISU Research Founda- tion and USDOE-BES (W-7405-Eng-82). 9:00 AM Shear St and Microstructure strength of the solder bumps was tested and the microstructure evolu- tion was studied by SEM with EDX and EBSD technique. When the chips were aged at 80 Matls. & Engrg. Physics, 222 Metals Dvlp. Bldg., Ames, IA 50011 Ames, IA Physics, 222 Metals Dvlp. Bldg., Matls. & Engrg. USA; Sch. of Mechl. & Mfg. Engrg., Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU UK Flip chip devices with Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu solder on electroless Ni UBM were studied after aging at both 80 8:30 AM Invited 8:30 Tin-Silver-Copper-X Aging of in Suppression Thermal Void Solder Joints Bruce A. Cook Hgts., NY Yorktown Rd., Rte. 134, PO Box 218, Kitchawan 1101 10598 USA modifying a strong (high Recent work demonstrated the strategy of alloy addition Cu) Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) solder alloy with a substitutional strength and ductility (X=Co, Fe) for Cu to retain solder joints with after aging at 150 for drop impact failure assembly of portable electronics with potential joints appear to suppress of interconnects. The SAC + X solder alloy intermetallic layers to the interdiffusion of Sn and Cu through Sn-Cu the Cu substrate/Cu3Sn inhibit the formation and linkage of voids at on aging. Other recent interface and, thus, to prevent embrittlement that leads to voiding/ work identified Cu as the fast diffusing species distributions in Void embrittlement, albeit at lower aging temperatures. the Cu/solder interface region were analyzed on aging (at 150 Changqing Liu Sponsored by: Sponsored Phase Stability, Phase Transformation and Reactive and Transformation Phase Stability, Phase Aging, IV: Materials in Electronic Formation Phase of and Characterization Texturing Crystallographic Solder Joints Phases EMPMD/SMD-Alloy Materials Division, Division, Structural Committee Organizers: Program University, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, of Materials Science Department University, Srinivas Chada, Jabil Circuit, Inc., FAR Houghton, MI 49931 USA; 33716 FL Petersburg, St. Technology, Lab/Advanced Manufacturing Department University, Tsing-Hua Chen, National USA; Sinn-Wen Kao, C. Robert Taiwan; Hsinchu 300 of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Materials National Central University, Hyuck Mo Lee, Korea Taiwan; 32054 Engineering, Chungli City Department of Technology, Science & Advanced Institute of 305-701 Korea; Suzanne Taejon Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Materials University, Pennsylvania State E. Mohney, 16802 USA; Katsuaki University Park, PA Science & Engineering, Nanomaterials and Department of Suganuma, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047 Technology, Environmental Conscious Japan Tuesday AM February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: USA; 50011 Ames, IA Physics, Matls. & Engrg. University, Dept. of Physics, Lehman, Binghamton University, Lawrence P. Binghamton, NY 13902 USA

TUESDAY AM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 Zhigang ZakFang Yan Xing TMS 2005Annual Meeting: Fu Rd.,Hsinchu300 Taiwan Tsing HuaUniversity, Dept.ofMatl.Sci.&Engrg.,101Sec.2Kuang- & Sys.Sci.,101Sec.2Kunag-Fu Rd., Hsinchu300 Taiwan; Li ing ChipandLi-IonBattery Assembly Sample Preparation for Application inSolderJoint, Wire Bond- Novel Characterizing Technique inPhaseDistribution with 11:50 AM will bediscussed. and fromthis,theeffectofCuonpossiblesolidificationmechanisms statistics willbepresentedtoidentifythegrainboundarycharacter, tion imagingmicroscopy, grainorientationmapsandmisorientation microns withnoCu,toabout2501.4Cu.Usingorienta- content, thesizeofcrystallinedomainsincreasedfromabout 50 examined incrosspolarizedlightmicroscopy. With increasingCu wt% Cuwereremeltedandsolidifiedatacoolingrateof1/s, having 3.0wt% Ag withCulevels of 0,0.27,0.59,0.86,1.1,and1.4 crostructures areunknown.Inthisstudy, 1mmdiametersolderballs mechanisms bywhichalloycompositioninfluencesolidificationmi- large effectonmicrostructureofleadfreesolderjoints.However, the Thesolderalloycompositionandcoolingrateisknowntohavea Binghamton, NY13902USA 48824-1226 USA; gan State University, Cheml.Engrg. &Matls.Sci.,E.Lansing,MI Thomas R.Bieler in Sn-3.0Ag-CuSolder BallsSolidifiedat1/s Effect ofCuonMicrostructureandGrainBoundaryCharacter 11:30 AM misorientation relationshipwithtinmatrixandcoppersubstrate. substrate wasfound.Itisfoundthatintermetallicshaveadefinitive ship betweendifferentmicrostructuralconstituentsincludingcopper ent microstructuralcomponentswasfound.Misorientationrelation- composition fromthatofreportedinliterature.Orientationdiffer- were measuredanditwasfoundthattheintermetallicshadadifferent nique. Compositionandcrystallographicdetailsfordifferentphases scope (SEM)andElectronBack-ScatteredDiffraction(EBSD)tech- and microtexturalanalysiswasdoneusingScanningElectronMicro- required. Inthisdirection,foralloySn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu,microstructural sible propertiesacomprehensivephysicalmetallurgicalanalysisis their dependenceonprocessingvariable.Inordertoachievebestpos- hensive understandingofthemicrostructurethesematerials,hence are mostpromisingalloys.However,thereisstillalackofcompre- based eutecticandnear-eutecticcompositionssimilartoSn-4Ag-1Cu at leastsimilarpropertiestoconventionaltin-leadsolderalloys.Tin Thereisathrusttodevelopleadfreesolderalloys,havingbetteror USA 84112-0114 USA; Metallurgl. Engrg., 135S.1460 E.,Rm.412,SaltLakeCity, UT Microtextural Analysis ofLeadFree Solder Alloys 11:10 AM tions ofcyclictwinning. for differentgrowthmorphologies,andphysicalmanifesta- geometry oftwinningondifferentcrystallographicplanescanaccount of cyclictwinnedmicrostructuresintinbasedsolders.Modelsthe boring Sngrains. We explorethesource,crystallographyandgrowth mon, resultinginhighlypreferred,~60°misorientationsbetweenneigh- few dominantorientations. Twinning duringSnsolidificationiscom- joints areoftencomprisedofessentiallyonetingrain,oratmost,a joint willstronglyinfluenceitsmechanicalresponse.SnAgCusolder that thenumberandrelativeorientationoftingrainsinasolder structure. The anisotropicnatureoftin’s mechanicalpropertiesmeans depend upontheslipandrecovery/creeppropertiesoftinmicro- and copper. The mechanicalandphysicalpropertiesofthesesolders MostPbfreesoldersarebasedontin,withsmalladditionsofsilver Lansing, MI48824-1226USA University, Dept.Cheml.Engrg. &Matls.Sci.,2527Engrg. Bldg.,E. II, POBox6000,Binghamton,NY13902-6000USA; Telang Cyclic Twin Nucleationin Tin Based Alloys 10:50 AM greater thanthatwithspallingaftersolid-stateaging. nomenon showedthattheinterfacialfreeenergywithoutspallingis tallics andCuUBM.Thermodynamicinterpretationofspallingphe- was duetothelossofchemicaladhesionbetweenCu3Sninterme- The spallingphenomenonofCu3Snintermetallicsin95Pb5Snsolder these twokineticfactorsleadstosuchabigmorphologicaldifference. 1 ; Jenq-Gong Duh 2 ; EricJ.Cotts 1 ; Ju Wang 1 ; YanXing 1 2 ; JinLiang 2 EMC2 Corp.,176SouthSt.,Hopkinton,MA01748 Binghamton University, Physics,Matls.Sci.Prog., 2 ; 1 1 ; ; KaraMather 1 National Tsing HuaUniversity, Dept.ofEngrg. 1 Binghamton University, Dept.ofPhysics,Sci. 2 155 ; LarryP. Lehman 2 ; NaderDariavach TechnicalProgram 1 ; Thomas R.Bieler : Hung-Kai Chen 2 : ; EricJ.Cotts 2 Lawrence P. Lehman ; : Adwait U. TelangU. : Adwait 1 University ofUtah, : 2 Vineet Kumar Michigan State 2 ; Adwait U. ; Adwait 1 ; Shih-Hai 2 ; 2 National 1 Michi- 1 1 1 ; ; ; Sungbuk-Ku, Seoul136-701Korea; 45221-0012 USA University ofCincinnati,Cheml.&Matls.Engrg.,OH Sci. &Engrg., Evanston,IL Session Chairs: February 15,2005 Tuesday AM Engineering, CollegeStation,TX77843-3123USA Zhang, Texas A&M University, Departmentof Mechanical Metallurgy Branch, Washington, DC20375-5000USA;Xinghang USA; George Spanos,NavalResearchLaboratory, Physical and Testing, Metallurgy Division,Gaithersburg, MD20899-8552 45221-0012 USA;RobertD.Shull,NationalInstituteofStandards Department ofChemicalandMaterialsEngineering,Cincinnati,OH Program Organizers: EMPMD-Nanomaterials Committee EMPMD/SMD-Chemistry &PhysicsofMaterialsCommittee, MPMD-Phase TransformationCommittee-(Jt. ASM-MSCTS), Sponsored by: Transformations Phase Separation,PrecipitationandDisplacive Systems: Small-Size Phase TransformationsWithin preparation technology. sion electronprobemicroanalyzer(FE-EPMA)withspecialsample LiMn coated LiCoO for 3min.Inaddition,thediffusionphenomenonofzincinZnO- obtained eitherat2.5keVwithanetchingtimefor7minor4.5 incident ionbeam,thebestqualityofSEMmicrographscouldbe section surfaceofSn-Pbsolderspecimenwasperpendiculartothe preparation wassignificantreduced.Foranexample,whenthecross- dent anglebetweentheionbeamandsample,timeforsample the operatingvariables,suchasetchingenergy, etchingperiod,inci- (EPMA), wouldformbetweenthenickelandsolder. Byadjusting compound, definedasNi scope (FE-SEM).FortheinterfaceofSn-Pb/Ni/Cu,intermetallic be revealedindetailsunderfield-emissionscanningelectronmicro- observed muchmorepreciselyandtheintermetalliccompoundscould chip betweenthesolderandunderbumpmetallization(UBM)wouldbe sion etchingandcoatingtechnique,theinterfaceofICpackaging the microstructureevaluationofsolderjoint.Byutilizingpreci- characterization. Thisstudydemonstratesseveralnovelapproachesin nique andsamplepreparationplayimportantrolesinthematerial evaluation ofmicroelectronicpackagingreliability. Analyzing tech- Characterizationofsolderjointmicrostructureisessentialinthe Cheml. &Matls.Engrg.,401Rhodes Hall,ML0012,Cincinnati,OH Alloys Phase Transformations Withinof Nanoparticles Aluminum 9:05 AM fects ofcompositionalstrainsonthephasestabilitynanoparticles. solution athightemperatures.Thistalkwillalsodiscusspossible ef- α phase statebysuppressingcompletelytheL1 surface stressandmisfitstrainscanstabilizeeitherthe the particlesizeandmaterialsparameters,interactionbetween temperature. Phasediagramconstructionsshowthat,depending on tures andaeutectoidtransitiontoformanorderedphase(L1 the binarysystemexhibitsamiscibilitygap( assumed tobeconfiguredasconcentricshells.Inthestress-freestate, by surfacestress.Thecoexistingphasesinasphericalparticle are spherical particlebyconsideringthealterationofelasticfieldscaused influence ofparticlesizeoncoherentphaseequilibriaabinary, than 250 ordered phase(L1 As motivatedbytherecentobservationsonstabilizationofan 4745 USA Matls. Sci.&Engrg., POBox400745,Charlottesville, VA 22904- 1 Nanoparticles Effect ofSurfaceStress ontheCoherentPhaseEquilibriaof 8:30 AM Invited Sekhar Korea University, Div. ofMatls.

1 +L1 2 O : JixiongHan 1 4 ; powdercouldbeclearlyrevealedandevidencedbyfield-emis- ° 2 Vijay K.Vasudevan C abovethebulkorderingtemperature,weinvestigated two-phasestateuntilittransformstoasingle-phasesolid 2 : powderandtheredistributionofboroninLiBO-coated Joo-Youl Huh 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM Materials Processing&ManufacturingDivision, David N.Seidman,NorthwesternUniversity, Matls. 2 ) in Ag-Cu-Ag nanoparticlesattemperaturesmore 1 ; MartinJ.Pluth Vijay K. Vasudevan, UniversityofCincinnati, 3 Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 3002 Sn 4 andCu 15229-3180USA; Vijay K. Vasudevan, 1 ; William; C.Johnson 1 ; 1 University ofCincinnati,Dept. of 6 Sn Sci. &Engr 2 University of Virginia, Dept.of 5 1 byelectronprobemicroanalyzer ; KazuoFuruya α

2 1 phaseformationorthe + g., 5-1, α 2

; JamesM.Howe 2 ) athightempera- 2 α ; Jainagesh A.

Anam-Dong, 1 + 2 ) atalow α

2 two- 155 2 ; TUESDAY AM ; 2 ; H.-J. 3 ’ in Ni-Al are also in ’ γ ; R.Valiev Z. Technical Program Technical ; Reed R. Corderman 2 2 / γ GE Global Research, Ceram. 2 ; I. MacLaren 1 Li in Al-Li and Li in 3 ; P. R. Subramanian ; P. 1 Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Inst. University, Technical Aviation Ufa State 3 University of Glasgow, Dept. of Physics & Astron., Dept. of Physics & University of Glasgow, 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM 2 Yu. Ivanisenko Yu. : TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: TMS 2005 Annual Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst. für Nanotech., Karlsruhe Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst. für Nanotech., 1 Dheepa Srinivasan University of Salford, Inst. for Matls. Rsch., Salford M5 4WT Salford for Matls. Rsch., Inst. of Salford, University 3 : ; Northwestern University, Dept. of Matl. Sci. & Engrg., Evanston, Sci. & Engrg., of Matl. Dept. University, Northwestern 1 4 CompuTherm LLC, 437 S. Yellowstone Dr., Madison, WI 53719 Madison, Dr., Yellowstone 437 S. LLC, CompuTherm GE India Technology Centre, Matls. Rsch. Lab., EPIP-II, Whitefield Centre, Matls. Rsch. Lab., EPIP-II, Technology GE India 76021 Germany; Glasgow G12 8QQ UK; 450000 Russia Advd. Matls., Ufa of Physics of (NC) materials, Unusual phase transformations in nanocrystalline of phase boundaries, such as extension of solid solubility and alteration equilibrium in a etc. may be related with the shift of thermodynamic energy and interfa- small system due to strong increase of interfacial also kinetic At the same time an important part can play cial stresses. factors during preparation of NC structure, such as cooling rate, or high stresses and dislocation density at severe deformation. Here we report about observations of a shear ferrite-austenite transformation taking place at severe deformation of NC pearlitic steel, something which never occurs in conventional deformation of coarse-grained iron and steels. Orientation relationship between parent ferrite and new austenite are either Kurdjumov-Sachs or possibly Nishiyama- i.e. the same as those observed for temperature-driven Wassermann, mechanism of reverse A martensitic transformations in Fe and steels. martensitic transformation is discussed in terms of sliding of trans- forming partials 1/6<1-10>(110) in bcc lattice. Wisconsin, Dept. of Matl. Sci. & Engrg., Madison, WI 53706 USA; WI 53706 Madison, & Engrg., of Matl. Sci. Dept. Wisconsin, UK; IL 60208 USA calculated as (IPB) energies are interphase boundary The coherent Cluster/Site using the of temperature thermodynamically a function CSA calcu- fcc-based alloy systems. (CSA) for binary Approximation tetrahedron- obtained from the are compared with those lated results (TO-CVM). Method Variation approximation of the Cluster octahedron accuracy as the comparable offers that the CSA have demonstrated We the IPB energies. Moreover, the CSA-calcu- TO-CVM in calculating for (Al)/Al lated IPB energies is data. One advantage of CSA is that it accord with experimental computational less demanding. AM 11:10 vs Nanoscaled Oxide Dispersoids (Y2O3 Differential Role of of NiCr Stability Structural Temperature Al2O3) in the High Alloys 1 560 066 India; Rd., Bangalore, Karnataka 12301 USA NY PO Box 8, K1-MB265, Schenectady, Tech., & Metall. studies were conducted on nanoscale yttria Microstructural stability NiCr alloys that were fabricated by electron- and alumina-reinforced (EB-PVD). The nanoscale yttria dis- beam physical vapor deposition to the structural sta- persoids were far more effective in contributing particles. The fine bility of the NiCr alloys as compared to the alumina the NiCr matrix and yttria particles share a coherent interface with to inhibit rapid grain exert a Zener pinning force on the matrix grains of yttria takes place by growth at elevated temperatures. Coarsening NiCr matrix, whereas the diffusion of the metallic species through the of phase transforma- nano sized alumina particles undergo a hierarchy to rapid coarsening. tions (gamma-Al2O3 to delta-Al2O3) leading on the basis of Phase selection at the nanoscale has been examined vs stable phases at the free energies of formation of the metastable these alloys, as mapped respective size ranges. The thermal stability of correlated to room tem- via microstructural examination, has been responsible for perature hardness. Further, the different mechanisms solution strengthening) strengthening (Hall-Petch, Orowan and solid most dominant mecha- have been examined. The impact due to the nism is brought out for the two types of dispersoids. AM 11:35 in NC Transformations Observations of Reverse Martensitic Pearlitic Steel Fecht 2 USA; ; 2 ; J. 1 ’ to the θ David N. ; Paul R. 1 : University of 1 ; W. W. Cao W. W. 1 : ’ and its interface θ ; Ronald D. Noebe 1 NASA, MS 49-3, Glenn 2 ; James Hanna 1 ; Y. A. Chang ; Y. 4 University of New South Wales, University of New South 2 ; Kevin E. Yoon ; Kevin E. 1 156 ; M. D. Asta ; M. D. 3 will be presented. Support for this research National Institute for Materials Science, for Materials Institute National 2 ; Markus W. Wittmann ; Markus W. 1 ; W. A. Oates W. ; 2 was observed, with all three forming only along the outer was observed, with all θ Dartmouth College, Thayer Sch. of Engrg., 8000 Cummings Dartmouth College, Thayer Sch. of Engrg., 8000 1 ; Chantal K. Sudbrack 1 ; 2 Ian Baker : ; F. Zhang ; F. 1 Northwestern University, Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Cook Hall, 2220 Cam- Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Northwestern University, Zhu 156 pus Dr., Evanston, IL 60208-3108 USA; 60208-3108 Evanston, IL pus Dr., 1 21000 Brookpark Rd., Cleveland, OH 44135 USA Rsch. Ctr., The temporal evolution of the gamma (FCC) and gamma prime (L12 structure)phases in Ni-Al-Cr alloys, with additions of W or Re is followed on a sub- to nanoscale employing three-dimensional atom- The emphasis in this presentation is on the probe (3DAP)microscopy. chemistry within nanoscale gamma prime precipitates. It is demon- strated experimentally that, for example, in a ternary Ni-Al-Cr alloy the compostion of the gamma prime precipitates evolve temporally and they do not follow the compositions given by tie line, whereas in contrast the compostion of the gamma matrix follows the tie line. model of coarsening This is consistent with the Kuehmann-Voorhees pre- microscope evidence is 3DAP Additionally, in a ternary alloy. sented, which shows the existence of concentration gradients within the gamma prime precipitates that evolve toward their equilbrium values. Thereby proving that transient composition profiles exist be- fore the quasi-steady state profiles are achieved. 10:45 AM to the Calcula- Approximation Application of the Cluster/Site Interphase Boundarytion of Coherent Energy Elecron Microscope Unit, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia NSW 2052 Elecron Microscope Unit, Sydney, An alloy of composition (in atomic percent) Fe-20Ni-25Mn-25Al both the as-cast condition was cast and its microstructure examined in The as-cast and after anneals for one hour at various temperatures. spinodal decomposition, microstructure, which appears to form by B2 and b.c.c. plates consists of alternating, coherent ~50nm wide remarkably resistant to aligned along <100>. The microstructure is a f.c.c. phase occurs in coarsening below 1000 K, but precipitation of testing revealed a the b.c.c. plates at higher temperatures. Mechanical K and a strength greater yield strength of 1.3-1.5 MPa from 300-600 hardness testing was than 200 MPa above 1073K. Room temperature presentation will attempt also performed after various anneals. This the mechanical proper- to correlate the observed microstructure with in composition on ties, and will briefly discuss the effects of changes Research supported by the microstructure and mechanical properties. NIST grant 60NANB200120. AM Break 9:55 AM Invited 10:10 The Chemical Evolution of Gamma Prime Precipitates in Ni- Alloys on a Subnanoscale to Nanoscale Al-Cr Base Hall, Hanover, NH 03755 USA; NH 03755 Hall, Hanover, Seidman 45221-0012 USA; USA; 45221-0012 Munroe Nanocharacterization Lab., 3-13 Sakura, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0003 Tsukuba, 3-13 Sakura, Lab., Nanocharacterization Japan were stud- Al alloys of nanoparticles within transformations Phase alloys were synthesized Al-Zn Al-Cu and of binary ied. Nanoparticles of these par- and the structure of precursor ingots by plasma ablation temperatures in these on aging at structural changes ticles as well diffraction, studied by electron for times to 100h between 65-190°C The HRTEM. spectroscopy and energy dispersive x-ray nanoprobe displayed a state in both cases, but supersaturated fcc particles were with composition when compared the individual particle variation in present 3-5 nm thick oxide layer was A the precursor bulk alloys. Al-Cu nanoparticles, a precipita- On aging the around all the particles. of nearly pure Cu precipitates to tion sequence consisting equilibrium interface. The structure of oxide-particle interior a Al-Zn alloy, in detail. In the Al matrix was characterized with the noted in the as-synthesized nanoparticle, which spinodal structure was a fine scale structure composed of f.c.c twin- coarsened on aging into which were contained platelets with a hcp related platelets within led to relatively complicated diffraction structure. This morphology in detail. Nearly-pure Zn precipitates, effects, which were analyzed also formed along the oxide-particle interface with an hcp structure, structure with time. Details of the precipi- and consumed the spinodal and structure of second phase precipitates and tation sequence, nature will be reported. In interphase interfaces and formation mechanisms in ultrafine (5-25 addition, the synthesis of and precipitation behavior nm) Al-Cu nanoparticles from AFOSR under grant no. F49620-01-1-0127, Dr. Craig S. Hartley, Dr. AFOSR under grant no. F49620-01-1-0127, from Program Monitor, is deeply appreciated. 9:30 AM of Fe-20Ni-25Mn- Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior 25Al

TUESDAY AM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 TMS 2005Annual Meeting: tron Microscopy(TEM).Thetechnique freezesthecrystallinegrowth the nucleationmechanismstobe examined usingTransmissionElec- sites. A metallicglasstechniquehasbeensuccessfully appliedallowing difficult toinvestigateas tional solidificationcastingtechniques, heterogeneousnucleationis tices andimprovingfuturerefining potency. However, usingconven- portant withrespecttooptimizingcurrentcommercialcastingprac- standing thenucleationmechanismsoftheserefinerparticlesisim- master alloysarecommonlyaddedtothemeltpriorcasting.Under- widely acknowledged. To inducegrainrefinement, TiBAl and TiCAl The benefitsofgrainrefiningwrought andfoundry Al alloysare tria Lehrstuhl fürGießereikunde,Franz-JosefStr. 18,Leoben,Styria Aus- Alloys An OverviewofHeterogeneousNucleationMechanismsin Al 9:45 AM Si alloysamplesofpreciselycontrolledchemistry. sults ofhightemperaturerheologicalmeasurementsperformedon Al- diffraction analysesandelementalx-raymapping,inadditionto re- and transmissionelectronmicroscopy, aswellselectedareaelectron analyses, andmicrostructureevidenceobtainedfromoptical,scanning The mechanismissupportedwithresultsofnon-equilibriumthermal the morphologyofeutecticphasesin Al-Si hypoeutecticalloys. A mechanismispresentedtoexplainthechemicalmodificationof Inst. Rd., Worcester, MA 01609USA Institute - Worcester Polytechnic Institute,Matls.Sci.&Engrg., 100 Main St. W., Hamilton,OntarioL8S4L7Canada; Makhlouf in Hypoeutectic Aluminum-Silicon Alloys Chemical ModificationoftheMorphologyEutecticPhases 9:20 AM cisely controlledchemistry. rheological measurementsperformedon Al-Si alloysamplesofpre- elemental x-raymapping,inadditiontoresultsofhightemperature croscopy, analysesand aswellselectedareaelectron diffraction dence obtainedfromoptical,scanningandtransmissionelectronmi- results ofnon-equilibriumthermalanalyses,andmicrostructureevi- phases in Al-Si hypoeutecticalloys. The mechanismissupportedwith A mechanismispresentedtoexplaintheformationofeutectic Engrg., 1280MainSt. W., Hamilton,OntarioL8S4L7Canda Inst. Rd., Worcester, MA 01609USA; Institute - Worcester Polytechnic Institute,Matls.Sci.&Engrg., 100 loys Mechanism ofEutecticSolidification Aluminum-Silicon Al- 8:55 AM porosity formationinthisimportantalloysystem. solidification mechanismsin Al-Si alloysandtherelationshipto cation ofthecastings.Thispaperpresentsacoherentapproachto sulting inlargedifferencespermeabilitythelaststagesofsolidifi- very differentforeacheutecticsolidificationpattern,thereforere- common elements.Thespatialdistributionofevolvingeutecticis additions oftypicalmodifierelements,suchasSrandNa,butalsoless tion ofeachsolidificationmechanismcanbemanipulatedthrough patterns canoperatein Al-Si foundryalloys.Furthermore,theselec- Itisnowwell-establishedthatthreedifferenteutecticsolidification Engrg., Brisbane,Qld4072 Australia Engrg., Brisbane,Qld4072 Australia; Nogita Alloys The RoleoftheEutecticinPorosity Formationin Al-Si Foundry 8:30 AM Albuquerque, NM87185-1134USA Session Chair: February 15,2005 Tuesday AM Corporation, MC/486-710-251,Pontiac,MI48340-2920USA Moon Township, PA 15108USA;PaulN.Crepeau,GeneralMotors Program Organizers: MPMD-Solidification Committee Sponsored by: Solidification Shape Casting— The JohnCampbellSymposium: : Sumanth Shankar : 2 : ; Brian JohnMcKay Arne K.Dahle 1 University ofQueensland,CRCforCastMetalsMfg.,Matls. Light MetalsDivision,LMD-AluminumCommittee, Srinath Viswanathan, SandiaNationalLaboratory, 2 ; 1 Murat Tiryakioglu, Robert ; StuartD.McDonald 1 Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 2008 2 McMaster University, Mechl.Engrg., 1280 ; 1 α ; PeterSchumacher Makhlouf -Al graingrowthobscuresthenucleation 157 TechnicalProgram 2 University ofQueensland,Matls. 2 McMaster University, Mechl. 1 2 ; ; LimingLu 1 : SumanthShankar 1 ; University ofLeoben, Morris University, 1 Metal Processing 2 Metal Processing 1 ; Kazuhiro 1 ; Technology, POBox883,Kenmore4069 Australia; nature oftheoxide-Al detailed electronmicroscopystudieshavebeencarriedoutintothe conditions thatleadtothelikelyentrainmentofoxidefilms.More Al evidence tosupportthetheorythatironcontaining‘sludge’phases, RecentresearchpublishedbyCaoandCampbell Queensland 4072 Australia B. Schaffer Nucleation ofPrimary Al 10:20 AM 10:10 AM Break has implicationsforcurrentcastingpractices. interfaces playanimportantroleinthenucleationmechanism,which found thatthechemicalcompositionofrefinerparticlesandtheir achieved bythegrainrefineradditionwereexamined.Ithasbeen tions canhaveadetrimentaleffectontheultimategrainsize(UGS) chemical analysis.TheeffectsofSiandZrwhichathigherconcentra- tion relationshipbetweennucleantandnucleiusingdiffraction of mental resultsofmulticomponent aluminumalloys. predicted hottearingtendenciescorrelated verywellwiththeexperi- tests onsometernaryandquaternary systemswillbepresented.The the modeltohigherordersystems. Experimentalresultsofhottearing a multicomponentphaseequilibria calculationinterface,andextended solidification simulationwithphasediagramcalculationviaPanEngine, followed ClyneandDavies’generalidea,directlycoupledtheScheil slope estimatedfromthephasediagram.Inpresentstudy, we their modelwithconstantpartitioncoefficientandliquidus ture ismostvulnerabletocracking.TheScheilequationwasused in critical timeperiodsduringthesolidificationprocesswhenstruc- tionship inbinarysystemsbasedontheconceptofexistence of Found., 74(1981),65]correlatedthesusceptibility/compositionrela- eutectic composition.ClyneandDavies[T. ClyneandG. Davies,Brit. composition relationbetweenthelimitsofpurebasemetaland the interval. However,thiscriterioncannotexplainthesusceptibility- the hottearingtendencyofanalloysystemwasbasedonsolidification systems. Formanyyears,themaincriterionappliedtocharacterize commercial aluminumalloysthatareessentiallyallmulticomponent of themostcommonandseriousdefectsoccurredduringcasting of tendency formulticomponentaluminumalloys,ashottearingisone Itisofpracticalimportancetobeablepredictthehottearing Technical Dr., Alcoa Ctr.,PA 15069USA num Alloys Prediction Hot Tearing Tendency forMulticomponent Alumi- 11:10 AM presence, ornot,ofacrack. development ofloadwithtimewassurprisinglyinsensitivetothe ing. Itwasfoundthathottearingstartedatextremelylowloads.The data hasledtoabetterunderstandingofthemechanismshottear- bining informationfromvisualobservationwithloadandtemperature allowing visualobservationofhottearformationandgrowth.Com- been modifiedtoincorporateawindowabovethehotspotregion successfully usedtostudyhottearingin Al-Cu alloys. The mouldhas ture andloadimposedonthemushyzoneduringsolidificationhasbeen the mechanismsatplay. A hotteartestrigthatmeasuresthetempera- mushy material,workcontinuesonimprovingtheunderstandingof are understood,i.e.theinabilityofliquidtofeedstrainimposedon between 0.95and0.99.Whilethegeneralmechanismsofhottearing Hottearsaregenerallythoughttooccurathighsolidfractions 4072 Australia Queensland, CRCforCastMetalsMfg.,UDPNo.055,Brisbane,QLD Queensland 4072 Australia; versity ofQueensland,Div. ofMatls.,Sch.Engrg., St. Lucia, Davidson Observation ofHot Tearing CrackPropagation 10:45 AM lurgical andMaterialsTransactions,2003.34A(7):p.1409-1420. Al Cao andCampbellwherethecrack-likedefectsareonlyevidentin formation. Theresultsareingeneralagreementwiththetheoryof tion toaltertheoxidelevelsofcastsampleswithprimary Al conducted underconditionsoflowmeltagitationandsignificantagita- role ofoxideinironintermetallicformation,experimentshavebeen defects withintheseironintermetallics.Inanattempttoverifythe minium castingalloys.Thisisevidencedbythepresenceofcrack-like 0.29Mn Alloy 5 5 α FeSi particlesfromalloysthatareagitatedduringsolidification,ie. FeSi and Al -Al atanearlystageinaglassandallowsthestudyoforienta- 2 ; 1 ; David MichaelViano : 1 Xinyan Yan : University ofQueensland,Div. ofMatls.Engrg., Brisbane, 15 David N.Miller 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM (FeMn) 5 FeSi system. 3 Si 1 ; JenC.Li 2 , nucleateonoxidefilmsentrainedinalu- 2 5 CSIRO Manufacturing&Infrastructure FeSi inan Al-11.6Si-1.5Fe-0.37Mg- 1 ; LimingLu 1 ; LimingLu 1 1 Cao, X.andJ.Campbell,Metal- ; 1 Alcoa, Alcoa Techl. Ctr., 100 Ctr.,Techl.Alcoa, Alcoa 1 ; Arne K.Dahle 1 ; DavidStJohn 1 hasprovidedstrong 3 University of : Cameron 1 ; Graham 3 ; 5 1 FeSi Uni- 157

TUESDAY AM ; - 1 ’- α γ Uni- 1 Bryan ; : 4 ; Peter F. 1 -Ni Alloys and C) and alloying ° γ γ γ γ γ ; T. M. Pollock T. ; 1 coatings. Thus, the γ , (2) not depleting in Al+ 3 3 Technical Program Technical Iowa State University, ’+ 1 O γ 2 ; 1 ’-Ni -Al γ γ γ γ γ α -NiAl, are excellent candidates alloys and coatings. ; Dwaine L. Klarstrom β 2 γ ; Ray A. Buchanan ; Ray 1 Arbor, MI 48109-2136 USA Arbor, Hall, Ames, IA Hall, Ames, IA 50011-2300 USA ; T. K. Nandy T. ; ’+ 1 γ PO Box 2008, MS 6156, Oak Ridge, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Metals & Oak Ridge National Laboratory, -based bond coat compositions, aluminum St., Ann St., 1 β ; Weiju Ren ; Weiju 2 ; ; Daniel J. Sordelet 1 ; B. Tryon ; B. 1 1 ; Peter K. Liaw 1 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: TMS 2005 Annual Q. Feng : Bruce A. Pint ; Bruce A. Pint ; Bruce -NiAl-based bond coat. It has been found that certain unique -NiAl-based bond coat. Brian Gleeson 2 : β : -Ni alloys modified with 10-30 at.% Pt and up to 2 at.% Hf -Ni alloys modified with γ for extended resistance to degradation. For instance, the durabil- for extended resistance 3 Al+ O 3 2 University of Michigan, Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., 3062 H. H. Tortorelli 427-B Dougherty Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Tennessee, versity of Coatings for High-Temperature Oxidation and Corrosion Re- Oxidation and Corrosion High-Temperature Coatings for sistance AM Invited 9:30 Bond Coating Com- Oxidation Behavior of Ni-Al-Hf-(Pt or Pd) positions Rd., Valley 1 Bethel Ceram. Div., TN 37831-6156 USA Pt-modified aluminide Interdiffusion problems for conventional Al content in the as the coatings can limit their long-term durability that two-phase aluminide coating decreases. Recent work has suggested Al may be more compatible with single- coatings with less than 25% this class of coatings is crystal superalloys. The oxidation resistance of to improve selective critically dependent on a precious metal addition The oxidation Al and inhibit Ni-rich oxide formation. oxidation of either Pt or Pd are behavior of model Ni-22.5Al+Hf alloys containing to better understand the being investigated at 1000°-1200°C in order role of composition on oxidation resistance of this class of coatings. AM Invited 10:00 Cyclic Oxidation Behavior of Ru-Containing Single Crystal Superalloys 1 Dow Bldg., 2300 Hayward Single crystal superalloys containing Ru as a new alloying addition have recently been of interest since Ru additions may further improve high temperature properties. Cyclic oxidation experiments were con- ducted on a series of experimental high Ru-containing single crystal superalloys as a function of temperature (900-1200 content. The experimental results indicated that high levels of Ru (3.5-9 at.%) and Cr (8 at.%) additions exhibit good oxidation behav- ior, equivalent to the second generation single crystal alloys. But high Ru containing alloys without Cr additions displayed poor oxidation resistance. The oxides present and the morphology of oxidized surface were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron micros- copy (SEM). The possible oxidation mechanisms will be discussed. AM Break 10:25 10:45 AM on Oxidation of Superalloys Applied Stresses Effects of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., 2220 Hoover Matls. Sci. & Engrg., alloys and coatings rely on the formation Many high-temperature thermally grown oxide (TGO) scale of of a continuous and adherent thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems in gas ity and reliability of to the oxidation behavior of the alumina- turbines are critically linked forming on the Ni-Al-Pt-Hf system, yet sufficiently alloy compositions based to be free of low in aluminum content novel bond coats for significantly improved for the development of it has been found that Specifically, TBC reliability and durability. Ni during both isother- form highly adherent, slow-growing TGO scales (maximum temperature mal and cyclic oxidation at high temperature activity of alumi- studied was 1200°C). Moreover, the thermodynamic used for areo- num in the alloys is below that in Ni-base superalloys As a consequence, and in complete con- engine turbine applications. trast to the typically used diffuses from the substrate alloys to the novel during service, and aluminum due to coating/substrate interdiffusion in terms of phase con- (3) being compatible with superalloy substrate This paper will stitution and, hence, coefficient of thermal expansion. and interdiffu- review recent findings on the oxidation, hot-corrosion sion behaviors of Pt+Hf-modified Randall Barnard duced additional interfacial spallation events, occurring in rapid suc- in rapid occurring spallation events, interfacial additional duced hy- electrochemical Using for hours. and continuing or bursts cession at - in 1N H2SO4, cathodic polarization techniques, charging drogen of in a matter delamination massive scale caused only 1 mA, 2V and polariza- anodic Conversely, minimal N5 dissolution. minutes, with only gradual no delamination, but and 100 mA, produced tion, at +2V hydrogen moisture-induced new phenomenon, A chemical dissolution. to explain interface, is proposed of the scale-metal embrittlement these results. AM Invited 9:00 Aspects of Pt+Hf-Modified Beneficial of (1) forming a novel coating compositions offer the advantages slow-growing and adherent TGO scale of Al ; 3 C fur- NASA ° Among 1 ; 1 metal. ; Diran Apelian ; Diran 2 SMD-High Tempera- g., Vancouver, BC V6T g., Vancouver, of the molten James L. Smialek : ; Sumanth Shankar ; Sumanth 1 158 Room: Nob Hill A/B Location: San Francisco Marriott Roger C. Reed, University of British Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Metal Procg. Inst., Polytechnic Institute, Worcester 3 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, and of Science University Norwegian C for 1000 1-hr cycles. Scale spallation, before and Tim Gabb, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleve- 1 ° Structural Materials Division, Materials Division, Structural ; Marisa Di Sabatino Marisa 1 : McMaster University, Dept. of Mechl. Engrg., Hamilton, Ontario of Mechl. Engrg., Hamilton, Dept. University, McMaster 158 8:30 AM Invited 8:30 TBC Spallation and Interfacial Hydrogen Top Desk Alumina Scales Embrittlement of after water immersion, was monitored by weight change, macrostruc- ture, and acoustic emission. While exhibiting excellent cyclic oxida- tion resistance, exposure to humidity at room temperature often pro- Sponsored by: Sponsored Superalloys and Coatings for High Temperature High and Coatings for Superalloys - I Applications: Oxidation Behaviour and Environmental Effects Alloys Committee, SMD-Corrosion ture Committee-(Jt. ASM-MSCTS), High Materials Temperature Committee of IoM3 Program Organizers: Engineering, Columbia, Department of Metals and Materials 1Z4 Canada; Richard S. Bellows, V6T British Columbia Vancouver, San Diego, Solar Turbines, Inc., Materials and Process Engineering, University of CA 92186-5376 USA; Qiang (Charles) Feng, Ann and Engineering, Michigan, Department of Materials Science Research Center, Arbor, MI 48109 USA; Tim Gabb, NASA Glenn University, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA; John Nicholls, Cranfield A. Pint, Oak Ridge National UK; Bruce Bedfordshire MK43 OAL TN 37831 USA Oak Ridge, Laboratory, Tuesday AM February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: land, OH 44135 USA; Roger C. Reed, University of British Columbia, Dept. of Metals & Matls. Engr 1Z4 Canada Glenn Research Center, Matls., 21000 Brookpark Rd., 106-1, Cleve- land, OH 44135 USA 1484 single Plasma sprayed 8YSZ coatings were deposited on PWA crystal superalloys, without bond coats, and oxidized in 1100 nace tests, using 1-hr and 100-hr cycles. Depending on the alloy sulfur Often failure did not content, lives ranged from about 200 to 2000 hr. occur immediately upon cooldown but only after a considerable period Also, Rene-N5 was at room temperature or upon water immersion. oxidized at 1150 Worcester, MA 01609 USA 01609 MA Worcester, tempera- the influence of casting of the work is to study The goal Al- fluidity of on Fe and Sr, Ti, alloying elements: Mg, ture and four a fluidity was measured using Fluidity of the alloys 7wt.% Si alloys. were designed The experiments U.K. Ltd., mould produced by N-Tec Each of the four alloying matrices. Taguchi L8 using three orthogonal temperature was an independent variable with elements and the casting between the variables were identified two levels. Three interactions Ti levels of Mg were 0.03wt.% and 0.45 wt.%; and analyzed. The two Sr at 0 and 0.023wt.%; and Fe levels were levels were 0 and 0.2wt.%; the Superheats were 70°C and 130°C over 0.06wt.% and 0.24wt.%. of the experimental alloys. The main respective liquidus temperatures variables on the fluidity was quanti- effect of each of the independent the experi- was performed on (ANOVA) VAriance ANalysis Of fied and were verified and validated to ensure robust- ment matrix. The results of design Taguchi design. In addition to the ness of the experiment were carried out on five melt sys- experiments, fluidity evaluations of the 356, 390 and 520. The results Al-17wt.%Si, Al, tems: pure show that casting temperature had the design of experiments Taguchi most pronounced influence on fluidity 11:35 AM 11:35 Fluidity of on Alloying Elements and Temperature of Influence Alloys Al-Si Lars Arnberg 7491 Norway; Trondheim A.Getz vei, 2B, Tech., Dept. of Matls. 2 L8S 4L7 Canada; an appreciable effect on the alloying elements chosen, only Mg had 0 to 0.45wt.% showed a Increasing Mg in the melt from fluidity. results of the fluidity decrease in fluidity of the molten metal. The show that silicon has experiments on the additional five melt systems The variation of fluidity among fami- on fluidity. a significant effect more pronounced than the variation within a Al-Si alloys is lies of that minor changes particular family of alloy such as 356, which implies Al-Si alloy does not influence fluid- in composition within a family of ity significantly.

TUESDAY AM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 CMSX-10 Oxidation CharacteristicsoftheThirdGenerationSuperalloy 11:35 AM Ni-base superalloyswillbediscussed. Environmental implicationsofincorporatingPt-groupelementsin clic oxidationtestsonbareandaluminizedspecimensarepresented. and highresolutiontransmissionelectronmicroscopy. Resultsofcy- phases ofthemicrostructurehavebeeninvestigatedusingatomprobe Partitioning characteristicsoftheseelementswithintheconstituent exhibit unusuallygoodhightemperatureoxidationcharacteristics. crystal Ni-basesuperalloyscontainingadditionsofbothPtandRu ing Pt-groupmetaladditions.Recentinvestigationshaveshownsingle Ni-base singlecrystalsuperalloyscanpotentiallybeextendedbyutiliz- Thestructuralpropertiesandtemperaturecapabilitiesofadvanced 37831 USA Metals &Ceram.Div., POBox2008,Bldg.4500S,OakRidge, TN National Laboratory, Microscopy, Microanalysis,Microstruct.Grp., S. Babu Base SuperalloyswithRuandPt Characteristicsof Oxidation andPartitioning Advanced Ni- 11:10 AM Invited the resultsoftesting. ous conditionsofloadandtemperaturewillbedeveloped,basedupon and 800 out anapplied(creep)loadwillbepresentedfortemperaturesof700 tion behaviorofHaynes75®and230®alloyswithwith- of thisresearch.Preliminaryresultscomparingtheisothermaloxida- layers havenotbeenexaminedasthoroughly, and,thus,arethesubject extensively. However, theeffects thatappliedstresseshaveonoxide elevated-temperature corrosion.Theseoxidescaleshavebeenstudied forms oxidescalesthatprotectthealloyfromfurtherdamagedueto chosen materialsforthesecomponents.Thisisbecausechromium larly thosethatcontainlargeamountsofchromium,areoftenthe among high-temperaturestructuralcomponents.Superalloys,particu- loys. Elevated-temperaturecorrosionisaleadingcauseoffailures stresses ontheelevated-temperatureoxidationbehaviorofsuperal- Thepurposeofthisresearchistoexaminetheeffectsapplied USA Engrg., 1020 W. Park Ave., POBox9013,Kokomo,IN46904-9013 TMS 2005Annual Meeting: ered thattherightamountofyttrium capableenoughofremoving served insampleswithhigheryttrium contents.Thus,itwasconsid- prime matrix,whereasotheradditional yttriumcompoundswereob- that yttriumsulfideparticleswere dispersedinthegamma/gamma 100 wppmyttrium.Microstructure observation withthissampleshowed The weightchangewasfoundtobe smallestwithasamplecontaining 0 to1000wppmwereexaminedbya1100 resistance. TMS-138basesampleswithyttriumcontentsrangingfrom generation Ni-baseSCsuperalloy, TMS-138, toimprovetheoxidation oxidation resistance.Inthisstudy, yttriumdopingwasappliedtoa4 num groupmetals,e.g.,Ru,havesuperiorcreepstrengthsandrecessive The4 Surface Analy. Grp.,1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki305-0047Japan Ibaraki 305-0047Japan; for MaterialsScience,High Temp. Matls.Grp.,1-2-1,Sengen, Tsukuba, 14, Shibaura,Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0023Japan; 1 Nishida Ni-Base Superalloys Yttrium DopingforOxidationResistanceof4thGeneration 12:00 PM that thisisduetotheformationofaluminidephase. peratures canbeslowerthanatlowertemperatures,anditispostulated The kineticsofoxidationareinteresting:athighertem- and (Ni,Co)WO4. We have found noevidenceofaluminaformation. creation ofaninternaloxidationzonewhichcontains(Ni,Co)Ta2O6 ing spinelsisformed,transformationintothebetaphasepreceeds some importantrespects. Although anexternalscaleofNiO contain- it isfoundthattheoxidationbehaviourdiffersfromearlieralloysin tion ofbareCMSX-10isstudied.SincetheCrcontentrelativelylow, can beemployed,forreasonsofpracticalityandcost.Here,theoxida- important consideration,sinceitisnotalwaysthecasethatcoatings Theoxidationresistanceofthesinglecrystalsuperalloysisan V6T 1Z4Canada lumbia, Metals&Matls.Engrg., 309-6350StoresRd., Vancouver, BC Pembroke St.,Cambridge,CambridgeshireCB23QZUK; Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6156USA; Laboratory, Metals&Ceram.Div., Bethel Valley Rd.,POBox2008, Engrg. Bldg.,Knoxville,TN37996-2200USA; Shibaura InstituteofTechnology, Dept.ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg., 3-9- ° 3 ; Toshiharu Kobayashi C. A model forpredictingtheoxidationbehaviorundervari- th : 2 generationNi-basesinglecrystal(SC)superalloyswithplati- ; Ainul Akhtar 1 University ofCambridge,Dept.Matls.Sci.&Metall., : 1 ; RogerC.Reed Atsushi Sato 3 National InstituteforMaterialsScience, 159 TechnicalProgram 2 ; HiroshiHarada : L.Zhang 4 Haynes International,Inc., Tech. 1 ; KyokoKawagishi 1 ; 1 ° University ofBritishCo- 1 C cyclicoxidationtest. ; S. Tin 2 Oak RidgeNational 2 2 National Institute ; HachiroImai 1 ; M.K.Miller 2 Oak Ridge 2 ; Kenji 1 2 th ; ; High VelocityTechniquesOxy-Fuel Based CompositeCoatingsDepositedby Air PlasmaSprayand Interfacial PhenomenainCarbonNanotubeReinforced Al- 8:55 AM such asappliedbiasanddepositionpressure. istry couldbedirectlycontrolledbychangeofdepositionparameters (EELS). ItwasdemonstratedthatbothTiCparticlesizeanda-Cchem- matrix (sp3/sp2ratio),throughElectronEnergyLossSpectroscopy copy wasfurtheremployedtodeterminethechemistryofa-C 20 nmdiameterandparticleclusteringwasobserved.Electronmicros- mission ElectronMicroscopy(TEM);theirsizevariesbetween2and determined withHigh-Resolution(HR)andEnergy-Filtered(EF)Trans- of thetargets.Thesizeanddistributionnanoparticleswere whole rangeofinterest(5~45at.%Ti)bychangingtheconfiguration matrix. ThecontentsofTiandCinthecoatingswerevaried deposit nc-TiC/a-Cnanocompositecoatingswithhydrogen-freeDLC balanced andunbalancedmagnetron-sputteringsystemswereusedto tion withhigh-resolution(transmission)electronmicroscopy. Both nano-structured coatings,inparticularfocusingonthecharacteriza- Thiscontributiondealswithfundamentalandappliedconceptsin Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands Hosson Nanocomposite Coatings:Structure andProperties 8:30 AM Invited Matls. Engrg.,Golden,CO80401USA USA; JohnJ.Moore,ColoradoSchoolofMines,Dept.Metall.& Matls. Procg.& Analy. Ctr. &Mechl.,Oviedo,FL 32765-7962 Session Chairs: February 15,2005 Tuesday AM Materials and Aerospace Engineering, Oviedo,FL 32765-7962USA Advanced MaterialsProcessingand Analysis CenterandMechanical, Golden, CO80401USA;SudiptaSeal,UniversityofCentralFlorida, Mines, DepartmentofMetallurgyandMaterialsEngineering, Knoxville, TN37932USA;JohnJ.Moore,ColoradoSchoolof Tennessee, DepartmentofMaterialsScience&Engineering, Ridge, TN37831USA;NarendraB.Dahotre,Universityof Materials ProcessingGroup,MetalsandCeramicDivision,Oak Miami, FL 33174USA;CraigBlue,OakRidgeNationalLaboratory, University, DepartmentofMechanicalandMaterialsEngineering, Program Organizers: MPMD-Surface EngineeringCommittee Sponsored by: Nanocoatings Surface EngineeringinMaterialsScience-III: oxide scalestothematrixandconsequently, theoxidationresistance. sulfur fromthematrixtoformsulfidesimprovedadhesivenessof ments havebeenusedtomakepolymer matrixcomposites.Roleof of differentstrengthlevelsandsubjected tosurfacemodificationtreat- rating nanoandmicroconstituents hasbeendeveloped.Carbonfibers A processofmodifyingsurface characteristicsoffibersbyincorpo- Metallurgl. Engrg.&Matls.Sci., Powai, Mumbai400076India Prabhu Gaunkar Role ofSurface Treatment ofCarbonFibersonProperties 9:10 AM of CNTbymoltenaluminumhasbeennoticedinthecomposites. aluminum oncarbonnanotubeshasbeenstudied. Appreciable wetting processing ontheinterfacialreactions,aswellwettability of phenomena. Theeffectofhightemperatureandrapidsolidification TEM investigationhasbeencarriedouttounderstandtheinterfacial cally stablecarbonnanotubesinboththecompositecoatings.Besides, copy. The characterizationconfirmspresenceofphysicallyandchemi- diffraction, Ramanspectroscopyandtransmissionelectronmicros- ings hasbeeninvestigatedbyscanningelectronmicroscopy, X-ray niques. ThedistributionofCNTreinforcementinthecompositecoat- spheric plasmasprayandhighvelocityoxy-fueldepositiontech- forced Al-based composite coatingshavebeendepositedbyatmo- ness, wearresistanceandhardness.Inthepresenteffort,CNTrein- matrix compositecoatingspotentiallyimprovesthefracturetough- Employmentofcarbonnanotubes(CNT)asreinforcementinmetal Flagler St.,EC3464,Miami,FL33174USA 1 Florida InternationalUniversity, Mechl.&Matls.Engrg., 10555 W. 1 ; 1 University ofGroningen, Appl. Physics,Nijenborgh 4, 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM 1 Materials ProcessingandManufacturingDivision, ; S. P. S. ; Sharma Sudipta Seal,UniversityofCentralFlorida, Advd. Arvind Agarwal, FloridaInternational Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 2022 1 ; S.C.Lakkad : Arvind Agarwal 1 ; 1 IIT Bombay 1 ; Tapas Laha : Jeff T. De , Dept.of : .V. G. 159 1 ; TUESDAY AM Liu Chi- Leng 2 ; 1 ; 1 ; Gerard 2 ; Fu Chunlin Santa Clara Univer- Santa Clara 1 1 Technical Program Technical : Liao Jiaxuan ; 1 ; Alan M. Cassell Alan M. ; 2 , Ctr. for Nanotech., Moffett Field, Nanotech., Moffett for , Ctr. the Structure and Tribological and the Structure ; Chen Hongwei 1 ; Cary Y. Yang Y. ; Cary 2 essure on essure ; Brett A. Cruden ; Brett 1 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM ; Yang Chuanren ; Yang 2 TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: TMS 2005 Annual ; M. Meyyappan 2 University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Technology University of Electronic Science and 1 ; 1 ; Xu Tao ; Xu 2 NASA Ames Research Center Ames NASA 2 Quoc Xuan Ngo Quoc Xuan ; Jun Li 2 : Sch. of Microelect. & Solid-State Elect., Chengdu 610054 China; Sch. of Microelect. & Solid-State Elect., Chengdu Sims 95050 CA Real, Santa Clara, 500 El Camino for Nanostruct., Ctr. sity, USA; CA 94035 USA re- circuit (IC) packaging technologies have Efforts in integrated management of increasing heat density associ- cently been focused on and high density circuit designs. While cur- ated with high frequency can accommodate relatively high amounts rent flip-chip package designs materials need to be developed to manage thermal new of heat density, integrated circuits. Multiwall carbon nanotubes effects of next-generation to significantly enhance thermal conduc- (MWNT) have been shown and thus can be considered to be a candidate tion in the axial direction materials by facilitating efficient thermal for future thermal interface a on fabrication and characterization of transport. This work focuses composite material as an element in IC pack- robust MWNT-copper re- arrays using vertically aligned MWNT show that We age designs. resistance by increasing conduction surface duces interfacial thermal the embedded copper acts as a lateral heat area, and furthermore, function for packag- spreader to efficiently disperse heat, a necessary of the material, ing materials. In addition, we demonstrate reusability material, both novel and the absence of residue on the contacting composite that are not found in most features of the MWNT-copper Electrochemical meth- state-of-the-art thermal interface materials. for the creation of ods such as metal deposition and etch are discussed observations with using composite, detailing issues and the MWNT-Cu show that precise engineering of the composite such methods. We as an efficient thermal surface affects the ability of this material to act thermal contact resistance measurement has been A interface material. resistance for a variety designed to obtain a value of thermal contact of different thermal contact materials. AM 11:05 The Effect of Gas Pr Carbon Films Pre- Performances of Nanometer Diamond-Like pared by Plasma-Based Ion Implantation Weimin Lanzhou Academy of Sciences, State Key Lab. of Solid Lubrication, nese Inst. of Cheml. Physics, Lanzhou 730000 China were prepared on Si Nanometer diamond-like carbon (DLC) films at 18kV for 30min. The wafers by plasma-based ion implantation 2.0Pa on the DLC films effect of gas pressure ranging from 0.5Pa to experiments against has been investigated. Dry sliding tribological The a ball-on-disc tester. alumina balls have also been carried out on to 70nm in thickness, and results show that the films range from 30nm A a C-implanted layer. are firmly adhered to Si substrate owing to critical gas pressure of 0.5Pa corresponds to no films but a C-im- an average roughness of less than The DLC films exhibit planted layer. 0.50nm, a content of sp3 bonds of more than 50% and an improve- ment in tribological performances. Meanwhile, an increasing gas pres- sure corresponds to an increasing film thickness, a decreasing content of sp3 bonds and an improvement in tribological performances. face roughness and/or surface damage. The present work is supported The present damage. surface and/or face roughness with Dr. DMR-0207729 under Science Foundation National by the monitors. the contract Akkara as J. Dr. and K.L. Murty 10:50 AM Com- Nanotube-Copper Multiwall Carbon Nano-Engineered Conduc- for Efficient Heat Interface Material posite Thermal tion Wenjian : : ; J. 1 ; H. Choo 1 ; Sharmila Mitra ; Sharmila 1 University of Con- 2 ; J. Jeon 1 by the nano-coatings. Addi- by the nano-coatings. University of Tennessee, Matls. Tennessee, University of 1 ; Pratik Joshi 1 ; 1 ; D. E. Fielden 1 160 ; P. K. Liaw ; P. University of California, Coll. of Engrg., John 2 1 ; ; G. Y. Wang Y. ; G. 1 1 Wright State University, Dept. of Mechl. & Matls. Dept. State University, Wright 1 ; 1 ; L. L. Shaw 2 ; W. Yuan ; W. 1 Rajasekhar Venkata Pulikollu Venkata Rajasekhar : 160 C. Villegas Sci. & Engrg., Knoxville, TN 37996-0001 USA; necticut, Metall. & Matls. Engrg., Storrs, CT 06269 USA Using the surface-nanocrystallization-and-hardening (SNH) pro- cess, a nano-structured layer was found on the surface of the 316 stainless steel disk, while the coarse grain below the surface remained grain-size gradient from the surface nano-layer to the A unchanged. interior coarse grain, a micro-hardness gradient, and a residual com- pressive to tension stress distribution were introduced through the cross section of the samples. Microstructural features of the cross section near and below the surface were investigated by means of the X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning-electron microscope (SEM), and transmission-electron microscope (TEM). The microhardness of the and tester Vicker’s-hardness cross section was measured by the nanoindentation, and the residual stresses distributions were deter- mined by XRD. Four-point-bend-fatigue experiments were employed to study the fatigue behavior of the specimens. The results show that the nano-structured layer on the surface has high resistance to the fatigue-crack initiation, and the interior coarse grain can retard the growth of fatigue cracks, both of which evidently improved the fatigue lives of the specimens. However, with the further increase of the processing time, fatigue properties become worse because of the sur- D. Kemper Hall of Engrg., One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616 USA CA Davis, Ave., One Shields D. Kemper Hall of Engrg., used as powder feed- The application of nanocrystalline materials been mainly facilitated stock for thermal spraying in recent years has including: vapor con- by the wide range of powder sources available, synthesis, sol-gel pro- densation, solution precipitation, combustion alloying/milling. cessing, thermochemical synthesis, and mechanical been shown to exhibit The resultant thermal sprayed coatings have performance prop- unique and often enhanced physical and mechanical by current technology. erties in comparison to the coatings produced for several metallic Improvements in physical have been documented the behavior of a and cermet based nanostructured coatings. However, is rendered complex nanostructured material during thermal spraying thermal stability by factors such as morphology of feedstock powders; momentum behavior of of nanostructured powders; and thermal and morphology and Optimization of chemistry, nanostructured powder. the attainment of physical coating thickness, for example, should lead to coatings. The performance heretofore unattainable with conventional advancements in the present paper is to provide an overview of recent paying particular field of high performance nanostructured coatings, Examples of several me- attention to underlying fundamental issues. be used to demonstrate tallic and cermet coatings and bulk samples will powders on perfor- the influence of the morphology of nanostructured mance. 10:35 AM The Effect of the Surface Nanocrystallization-and-Hardening Steel of a 316 Stainless on the Fatigue Behavior (SNH) Process Tian J. W. Engrg., 209 Russ Engrg. Ctr., 3640 Col. Glenn Hwy., Dayton, OH Hwy., 3640 Col. Glenn Russ Engrg. Ctr., 209 Engrg., 45435-0001 USA has been used to deposit 1-5 nanometer thin Microwave plasma foam and nano-fibers, and the resulting films on surfaces of carbon properties are investigated. In this presentation, changes in interfacial to carbon-polymer, and carbon-metal com- interfacial issues related for enhancing the types of coatings: One Two posites will be discussed. for surface inertness has been compared surface reactivity and another structures. It is observed that the stress-strain with uncoated carbon paths of foam-epoxy and nanofiber-ep- behavior, as well as fracture altered oxy composites is significantly surface modification of fibers on mechanical properties. Damage tol- Damage properties. on mechanical of fibers modification surface C scan ultrasonic using has been studied loading under impact erance modification Surface fractography. electron and scanning technique in mechanical improvements significant to give are found treatments loading. under impact well as daamage tolerance properties and 9:25 AM Interfacial Modifica- for on Carbon Structures Nano-Coatings tion Mukhopadhyay and growth the influence of these films on the microstructure tionally, (copper) thin films on graphite has been inves- mechanism of metallic The significance of these nano-coatings tigated, and will be presented. be and polymer-matrix composites will to formation of metal-matrix discussed. AM Break 9:40 AM Invited 10:10 and Fundamentals Nanostructured Coatings: Properties Enrique J. Lavernia

TUESDAY AM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 TMS 2005Annual Meeting: also allowsusertogenerateinput data basedonX-raymeasurementsof microstructure ofthesubstratethat usedasaninputtosimulation.It croscopy (OIM)experimentaldata tocharacterizethetextureand discrete computersimulationincorporates OrientationImagingMi- in oxideformedonmetalsubstrate isproposed.Graphicallyenhanced A methodologythatcanbeused tosimulatethetextureformation 3600 Univ. St., Montreal,QuebecH3A 2B2Canada Li Simulation of Texture DevelopmentinOxideFilms 9:10 AM coatings depositedbythepulsedDCmagnetronsputtering. roles tothetexture,microstructureandsurfaceroughnessofCrN the pulsefrequency, substratebiasandtemperatureplayedimportant perature andbiasshowedalmostnoinfluence.Itwasconcludedthat decreased withincreasingpulsefrequency, whereasthesubstratetem- perature andbiasincreased.ThedepositionrateoftheCrNfilms orientation ofcoatingschangedfrom(111)to(200)assubstratetem- coatings depositedwithpulsefrequencyof2and20KHz,thepreferred Phase analysisofthecoatingswasperformedbyXRD.ForCrN were analyzedbythefieldemissionscanningelectronmicroscopy. KHz. Thesurfaceandcrosssectionalmorphologiesofthecoatings The substratebiaswasappliedwithconstantpulsefrequencyof50 ent pulsefrequency, substratebiaspowerandtemperature. symmetric pulsedDCmagnetronreactivesputteringprocessatdiffer- Thechromiumnitridecoatingshavebeendepositedbythebipolar Matls. Sci.&Engrg., #101,Sec.2,Kuang-FuRd.,Hsin-Chu300 Taiwan Ken, Taipei County222 Taiwan; Technology, Dept.Mechl.Engrg., #152,Sec.3Pei-ShenRd.,Shen- Tien by PulsedDCMagnetron Sputtering Frequency totheMicrostructuresofCrNCoatingsDeposited ofSubstrateBias, The Effects Temperature andPulse 8:50 AM cracks andmechanismofoxideremovalfromthesubstrate. ent ironoxidelayersisanalyzedinrelationtonucleationofmicro- ment arecompared. Additionally, interfacialstructurebetweendiffer- characteristics ofoxidesdevelopedduringdifferentoxidationtreat- magnetite (Fe3O4),andhematite(Fe2O3),aredistinguishedthe The threedifferentironoxidesphases,namelythewüstite(FeO), inverse polefigure(IPF)ofthecross-sectionalareaoxidizediron. described usingOIMmapsrepresentingtheimagequality(IQ)and ing underatmosphericpressure.Theironoxidemicrostructurecanbe were performedinthetubefurnaceupto950°Cwithcontinuousheat- industrial hotrolling,hightemperatureoxidationtestsofpureiron which mayaffectthecrackingofoxidescale.Inordertosimulate temperature oxidation.OIMcanalsobeusedtostudyoxidedefects, to examinetransformationoftextureandmicrostructureduringhigh imaging microscopy(OIM)basedontheEBSDtechniquecanbeused ing localtextureandmicrostructureofmaterials.Theorientation backscattered diffraction(EBSD)becomeanimportanttoolforstudy- and structureofinterphonesshouldbecharacterized.Electron understanding ofthescaleremoval,ironoxidetexture,microstructure understand descalingprocessthattakeplaceinhotrolling.Forbetter Inordertoimprovethequalityofsteelsurface,itisimportant bec H3A2B3Canada University, Mining,Metals&Matls.,3600Univ. St.,Montreal,Que- Oxidation ofPureIron Texture andMicrostructure inOxideFilmsFormedDuring 8:30 AM Montreal, QuebecH3A2B3Canada Session Chair: February 15,2005 Tuesday AM Montreal, QuebecH3A2A7Canada McGill University, DepartmentofMetallurgicalEngineering, Advanced MicroDevices,Sunnyvale,CA 94088USA;J. A. Szpunar, Advanced Materials,Gilbertsville,PA 19525USA;JohnE.Sanchez, Pullman, WA 99164-2920USA;Chris A. Michaluk, Williams Program Organizers: Technology Sector Sponsored by: Coatings: Coatings Texture andMicrostructure in Thin Filmsand 1 ; Jerzy A. Szpunar 2 ; Chih-HsiungLin ASM International:MaterialsScienceCritical Bae-Kyun Kim,McGillUniversity, Mining, , ASM/MSCTS-TextureCommittee & Anisotropy 1 ; David P. Field, Washington StateUniversity, Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 3010 : 2 1 ; Jenq-GongDuh McGill University, Mining,Metals&Matls., Bae-Kyun Kim 161 2 TechnicalProgram National Tsing HuaUniversity, Dept. 1 ; : Jerzy A.Szpunar 2 Jyh-Wei Lee ; 1 Tung NanInstituteof 1 ; Shih-Kang : 1 ; Hualong 1 McGill Surfaces inaMultipleIngotChamber Crystallographic Texture ofEB-PVD TBCs onStationary Flat 9:50 AM cessful applicationinindustry. coatings reinforcedbymicrostructuralevidenceandexamplesofsuc- comparative performancedatabetweenoldandnewgenerationNi-B fully coatedbythesenewNi-Bcoatings.Includedwiththispaperare copper alloys,titaniumandothermetalalloyscanbesuccess- more. A widevarietyofcarbonandstainlesssteels,aluminumalloys, ronmental friendliness,safety, processing,thermalcompatibility, and ity, coefficient offriction,wearresistance,corrosionenvi- importance duetoimprovedpropertiesof;hardness,lubricity, ductil- research program.ThesenewNi-Bcoatingsareofmajorindustrial technical andscientificupdateofNi-Bcoatingsbasedonanextensive during investigativeorcomparativestudies.Thispaperservesasa scientists refertothepropertiesofearlygenerationNi-Bcoatings Ni-B coatingscanoutperform.Unfortunatelymanyengineersand compared tootherindustrialmetalcoatingssuchashardchromenew generations ofNi-Bcoatingsformetalalloyshavebeenmade.When Significantimprovementstothepropertiesassociatedwithearly 2 Yancy W. Riddle Significant Improvements inNi-BCoatingsfor Metal Alloys 9:30 AM simulation ofoxidelayerinZrandNialloys. form virtualexperiments.Inthispaper,wewillpresenttheresultsof lation stepofthestructuraltransformationoxidefilmandtoper- tions. Graphicalrepresentationallowstheusertomonitoreachsimu- be obtainedfromtheexperimentsorfirstprinciplecalcula- bulk andalsothegrainboundarydiffusioncoefficients.Thesedatacan substrate, stateofthestressinoxidefilmanddiffusivity simulation characterizetheinterfacialenergybetweenoxideand sition, storedelasticenergy, andresidualstress. The inputdatatothe character, grainshapeandsize,phasecomposition,chemicalcompo- istics ofpolycrystallinematerialssuchas,texture,grainboundary allows thecomputermodeltoincorporatemanystructuralcharacter- texture. TheabundantinformationcontainedinOIMmeasurement H3A 2B2Canada Mining, Metals&Matls.Engrg., 3610Univ. St., Montreal,Quebec ings Texture andCorrosion ResistanceofElectrodeposited Tin Coat- 11:00 AM of MninNi,obtainedusingthreedimensionalatomprobetechnique. how theseresultscanbeunderstoodintermsofthespatialdistribution solute affectstherecrystallizationtemperatureandtextureofNi, 300 MPatoover1GPa. We alsoshowhowsmalladditionsofMn dependence oncurrentdensity, andincreasestheyieldstrengthfrom~ hundreds ofnanometerto~20nm,dramaticallyaltersthetexture of 0wt.%to1%,Mnreducestheaveragecrystallitesizefrom tion ofcurrentdensityandMncontent.Overtheconcentrationrange graphic texture,andyieldstrengthofNiMnelectrodepositsasafunc- paper wereportonthevariationofcrystallitediameter,crystallo- requiring highstrength,thermalstabilityandlowresidualstress.Inthis ElectroplatedNiMnalloyisapromisingmaterialforapplications Laboratories, 7011 East Ave., Livermore,CA 94550 USA Nanostructured Ni-Mn Alloys The MetallurgyofHigh-Strength and Thermally Stable 10:40 AM 10:10 AM Break temperature andvaporincidenceangles. the closestingot.Theseresultsarediscussedintermsofsubstrate angles areinreasonableagreementandthatthecolumnsgrowtowards cross sectionsrevealthatcolumngrowthangleandvaporincidence <311> singlecrystaltypetexture.Themicrostructuresofspecimen at thefarcornersofcoatingchamberrevealeda<110>fibertextureor and offofthecenterlineexhibited<311>texture>.Coatingdeposited ingot exhibited<220>texture.Coatingsdepositedbetweentheingots was foundthatthecoatingdepositedonaflatsurfacedirectlyabovean by comparingpolefiguredatawithmeasuredcolumngrowthangles.It deposited inatwoingotchamberhasbeenexperimentallydetermined ThecrystallographictextureofEB-PVDTBCs(7wt%Y2O3) Process Engrg.,E.Hartford,CTUSA 100 Inst.Rd., Worcester, MA 01602USA; Polytechnic Institute,Mfg.&Matls.Engrg.,Mechl.Engrg.Dept., Sudha Bose cal Technologies, Inc.,7825SW EllipseWay, Stuart, FL 4997USA; UCT Defense,7825SW Ellipse Way, Stuart, FL 34997USA : Shixue Wen 2 ; Md.Maniruzzaman 1 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM ; EdMcComas 1 ; Jerzy A. Szpunar 1 : ; Wynn; Atterbury Albert Alec Talin Alec Albert 1 ; Richard D.Sisson 1 ; : JeremyBernier 1 McGill University, Dept.of 2 Pratt & Whitney, Matls.& 2 ; 1 ; 1 Universal Chemi- 1 Sandia National 1 ; 1 ; G. Levan 1 Worcester 161 2 : ; TUESDAY AM ; ; 2 1 : Chen UES Inc., 4401 1 Nikolas Provatas ; 2 ; 2 Technical Program Technical John William Morris John William University of Virginia, University of 2 : ; G. J. Shiflet ; G. 2 ; Jennifer Mahon 1 ; A. W. ; A. Zhu W. Room: 3003 Convention Center Location: Moscone West 1 Yunzhi Wang, Ohio State University, Ohio State Wang, Yunzhi Ohio State University, Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Dept. of Matls. University, Ohio State 1 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM David E. Laughlin, Carnegie Mellon University, David E. Laughlin, Carnegie Electronic, Magnetic & Photonic Materials Magnetic & Photonic Electronic, ; TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: TMS 2005 Annual 1 Y. H. Wen Y. Mikko P. Haataja Mikko P. The work is supported by the National Science Foundation. : : Y. Wang Y. ; 1 University of California, Matls. Sci. & Engrg., 210 Hearst Mining, University of California, Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Dayton-Xenia Rd., Dayton, OH 45432 USA; Dept. Matls. Sci. Engrg., Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA VA Charlottesville, Dept. Matls. Sci. Engrg., phase-field model is formulated to study the precipitation pro- A cess at the presence of various dislocations. The evolution of the particular morphology of ä? precipitates are demonstrated to be asso- ciated with interaction between the stress fields around edge disloca- The results are compared with Al-Li alloys. tions and the particle in TEM observation where the ä? heterogeneous precipitation occurs completed through isothermal aging with small undercoolings. Work Air Force Contract # F33615-01-C-5214. under 9:40 AM Dislocation-Induced Crossover Scaling During Spinodal De- composition The Armen G. Khachaturyan Symposium on Phase Symposium Khachaturyan Armen G. The in Evolution and Microstructural Transformation III Solids: Session Crystalline by: Sponsored EMPMD/ Manufacturing Division, Processing & Division, Materials Committee, MPMD- & Physics of Materials SMD-Chemistry ASM-MSCTS), & Engineering-(Jt. Materials Science Computational ASM-MSCTS) Committee-(Jt. Transformations MPMD-Phase Organizers: Program Science and Engineering, Columbus, OH Department of Materials University, Chen, Pennsylvania State 43210 USA; Long-Qing Engineering Department, University Park, PA Materials Science and William Morris, University of California, 16802-5005 USA; John CA Science and Engineering, Berkeley, Department of Materials 94720 USA Tuesday AM February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: Northwestern Voorhees, W. 15213 USA; Peter PA MSE, Pittsburgh, 60208 USA MSE, Evanston, IL University, AM Opening Remarks 8:30 AM Invited 8:35 and the Limits of Strength Elastic Stability 1 94720 USA CA Berkeley, strength”) has been The upper limit of strength (the “theoretical for the better part of a an active subject of research and speculation important, for two reasons. The subject has recently become century. and computing ma- (1) Given recent advances in ab initio techniques with considerable accu- chines, the limits of strength can be calculated in mechanical behavior making this one of the very few problems racy, advances, the limits of that can actually be solved. (2) Given recent such as hardened or strength are being approached in some systems, recognized in oth- defect-free films, and their relevance is becoming recent research on the ers. The present paper discusses results from the stability, include: criteria for elastic Topics limits of strength. the source of strength inherent nature of {100} cleavage in bcc metals, the difference between in steel, resistance to cleavage in fcc metals, of measuring ideal “hard” and “soft” carbonitrides, and the possibility strength with nanoindentation. AM Invited 9:00 Ab Initio Calculations: Model- Linking Phase Field Method to Alloys Interactions in Real ing Dislocation - Precipitate Shen 2041 College Rd., Columbus, OH 43210 USA characteristics In an effort to understand effects of microstructural superalloys, we in- on deformation mechanisms observed in Ni-based corporate directly information from ab initio calculations into phase field model of dislocations. This is accomplished by formulating ap- which relates ex- propriate invariant forms of the crystalline energy, The use of ab plicitly to the generalized stacking fault (GSF) energy. initio GSF energy in the phase field model allows for quantitative studies of core structures of both stationary and moving dislocations in individual phases as well as at interphase interfaces, and the effects of size and spatial distribution of gamma prime particles on deformation mechanisms. 9:25 AM Phase-Field Modeling of ä?-Precipitation at Dislocations in Al-Li Alloys ; 1 : Fan-Bean Guldem Kartal : C), and % 10 NaCl + % ° National Tsing Hua University, Tsing National 1 ; 1 County 222 Taiwan County 222 162 ; Jenq-Gong Duh 2 Istanbul Technical University, Metall. & Matls. Sci. University, Technical Istanbul 1 ; 1 imur Jyh-Wei Lee Jyh-Wei ; 1 Tung Nan Institute of Technology, Dept. Mechl. Engrg., #152, Sec.3 Dept. Mechl. Engrg., Technology, Nan Institute of Tung 162 Engrg., ITU Chmst-Metall. Faculty, Maslak, Istanbul 34469 Turkey Maslak, Istanbul 34469 ITU Chmst-Metall. Faculty, Engrg., salt electrolysis in the boriding of steels by molten In this study, borax-base electrolyte at various current densities (50-700mA/cm2), was investigated. The influence of the electrolysis parameters (current density) on thickness and morphology are present. Different borided phases can form depending on the amount of the diffused boron from surface to matrix as follows: FeBx(x>1)?¨FeB?¨ Fe2B?¨Fe3B?¨FeyB(y>3)?¨Fe. Determination of optimum current den- sity for the boriding of DIN EN 10130-99 DC04 low carbon steel are 1 hour and at constant bath temperature (900 90 Na2B4O7 bath composition. Matls. Sci. Ctr., #101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsin-Chu 300 Taiwan; Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsin-Chu 300 #101, Sec. 2, Matls. Sci. Ctr., 2 Taipei Pei-Shen Rd., Shen-Ken, coatings have Chromium nitride and tungsten nitride superlattice sputtering system. been fabricated by a dual-gun rf magnetron reactive in the range 6 to 24 nm. The superlattice period of the coatings varies were evaluated by the The microstructures of the CrN/WNx coatings and transmission elec- field emission scanning electron microscopy Elemental distributions of the coatings were revealed tron microscopy. analysis. Auger electron spectroscopy depth profiling by the evaluate the mechanical Nanoindentation technique was employed to modulus. The phase identi- Young’s properties including hardness and of the CrN and fication indicated that the coatings were composed exhibited a high W2N phases. The CrN/WNx superlattice coatings to that of the single CrN hardness over 30 GPa, which was superior the grains of the coating. The nanolayered structure that confined the enhancement of the nitrides in the nano range was beneficial to mechanical performance of the multilayer coating. AM 11:40 on Electro- Temperature Density and Current of Process Effect in Molten Salts chemical Boriding of Steel Servet T Wu Due to its non-toxicity, good corrosion resistance and excellent resistance corrosion good to its non-toxicity, Due indus- electronic packaging and in food is widely used tin solderability, eco- of great tin, is a material with steel coated Tinplate, mild tries. us- steel substrates on mild Tin electrodeposition importance. nomic current was studied under different sulfate and sulfuric acid ing stannous of the additives. The macrotexture and organic densities, temperature The an x-ray texture goniometer. was measured using tin deposits the orien- was used to measure imaging microscopy (OIM) orientation of elec- The corrosion resistance sizes of individual grains. tations and corrosion cell using a standard tin coatings was measured trodeposited found that tin coatings standard G3. It was ASTM to the kit according (110), (100) and (301) fiber texture can with three different texture, At a temperature 20ºC and a current be produced by electrodeposition. current density As the was obtained. (110) density of 50A/m2, a fibre of tin coatings was changed A/m2, the texture increased to 100 and 200 different organic additive, tin coatings with to (100) fibre. With a fibre textures were obtained at the current den- (100) fibre and (301) An increase in 50A/m2 respectively at 20ºC. sities of 200A/m2 and same current At the a decrease in grain sizes. current density leads to of tin coatings increase with increased tempera- the grain sizes density, is temperature (20, 40, 60 and 80ºC) on texture ture. The influence of corrosion resistance of tin coatings increases relatively negligible. The size. The corrosion resistance of tin coatings with a decrease in grain times higher than that of the tin coating with with (301) fibre was 1.5 the corrosion current density was 0.2092 µA/ (100) fibre texture and for the latter sample. cm2 for the former sample and 0.3011µA/cm2 (grain size) play an The results suggest that texture and microstructure of tin based coatings. It important role in controlling corrosion rate influence on corrosion resistance also can be concluded that texture’s is much higher than that of grain size. AM 11:20 Evaluation of Chro- Microstructure and Mechanical Properties Nitride Superlattice Coatings mium Nitride/Tungsten

TUESDAY AM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 National Laboratory, MST-8, MSG755,Los Alamos, NM87545USA; R. S.Hixson TMS 2005Annual Meeting: ordered alloys. At temperatures belowtheorder-disorder transition, getic particlesleadtotheformation ofdisorderedzonesinchemically Densedisplacementcascades producedbyirradiationwithener- 1304 W. GreenSt., Urbana,IL 61801USA Pascal M.Bellon and L10Ordered Alloys Subjected toEnergeticIrradiation Spontaneous PatterningoftheChemicalOrderFieldinL12 11:25 AM Invited ting. and oncertainbehaviorofindividualparticles,suchasparticlesplit- ment thespecificroleofelasticconstantsonparticleinteractions precipitate thanthematrix,whileotherconstantsarelower. We docu- consider caseswheresomeelasticconstantsmaybehigherin the tions. We gobeyondtheideasof‘soft’ and‘hard’ precipitatesto elastic inhomogeneityincubicmaterialsaffectstheinterac- In thistalk,wepresentsomeworkextendingtheseideastoshowhow of elasticeffectsonparticlebehaviorandmultiparticleinteractions. workers havemaderemarkableadvancesinthetheoryandsimulation the pasttenyears.Inparticular,ProfessorKhachaturyanandhis co- during diffusionalphasetransformationshasbeenwelldocumented in Theimportanceofelasticeffectsonmicrostructuralevolution 110 UnionSt.SE,Minneapolis,MN55408USA H. Leo Elastic InhomogeneitiesandMicrostructuralEvolution 11:00 AM Invited odic, small-shearloadingconditions. equilibrium rhombusandanon-equilibriumsquarephaseunderperi- Jones atoms,arestudiedtodisplaycyclicaltransitionsbetweenan mechanical alloying.Modelbinarynanocrystals,madeofLennard- transitions betweenanequilibriumandanon-equilibriumphaseduring molecular dynamicworkisthenfollowedtodemonstratecyclicalphase establish thecriteriafor vary. A briefthermodynamicandkineticaccountisfirstdiscussedto that twophasesaresimultaneouslypresent,butthephasefractions cal phasetransformationsresembledynamicequilibriuminthesense phase transformationstakingplaceduringmechanicalalloying.Cycli- equilibrium. Somerecentworks,however,showevidenceofcyclical invariant afterlongmillingtimes.Thesituationistermeddynamic quence. Inmanyinstances,therelativephasefractionsareapparently equilibrium andnon-equilibriumphasesatadifferenttemporalse- As adriven process,mechanicalalloyingsynthesizesamixtureof of Matls.Sci.&Engrg.,Houghton,MI49931USA Alloying Modeling ofCyclicalPhase Transformations inMechanical 10:35 AM Invited 10:10 AM Break shocked to5.8GPadidnotexhibitenhancedshockhardening. tutive behavior. The reloadyieldbehaviorofzirconiumspecimens exhibit enhancedhardeningwhencomparedtoitsquasi-staticconsti- response ofHPzirconiumshockprestrainedto8GPawasfound following shockprestrainingat5.8and8GPa.Thereloadstress-strain nium underquasi-staticconditionshasbeencomparedtoitsresponse mation behaviorandsubstructuralevolutionofas-annealedHPzirco- tulated toincreasethepressureforphasetransformation.Defor- content increasesthenumberofoctahedralsitesoccupied;thisispos- (HP) materialoccursat7.1GPa.Increasingtheinterstitialoxygen with increasinginterstitialoxygencontentandforthehighpurity quantified asafunctionofinterstitialcontent.Thepressureincreases Thepressureofthea-wphasetransitioninzirconiumhasbeen 2 Shock LoadingBehavior ofZirconium The InfluenceofInterstitialOxygenandPeakPressureonthe 9:55 AM tal ramificationsofsuchacrossoverscalingfunction. expressed viaacrossoverscalingfunction. We alsodiscussexperimen- effects ofmobiledislocationsondomaincoarseningkineticscanbe elastic fields. We showbothanalyticallyandnumericallythatthe dislocation fieldsintwospatialdimensions,coupledthroughtheir which explicitlyincorporatesthedynamicsofcompositionand separation processofabinaryalloy. We employaphase-fieldmodel Inthistalkweaddresstheroleofmobiledislocationsonphase 3 Sci. &Engrg., 1280MainSt. W., Hamilton,ONL8S4L7Canada; Olden St., Princeton,NJ08544USA; Francois Leonard Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, DX-2,Los Alamos, NM87545 Sandia NationalLaboratories,Livermore,CA94551USA 1 ; : 1 Jong K.Lee University ofMinnesota, Aeros. Engrg., 107 Akerman Hall, 2 ; R. R. ; A. Rigg 1 ; Jia Ye 3 ; 1 Princeton University, Mechl.& Aeros. Engrg., 1 ; 1 ; 2 cyclical transformations. ; D. D. ; W. Brown 1 Michigan TechnologicalUniversity, Dept. 1 University ofIllinois,Matls.Sci.& Engrg., 163 TechnicalProgram 2 1 : McMaster University, Matls. ; B.L.Henrie E. K.Cerreta A two-dimensional 1 ; 1 ; G. T. Gray 1 Los Alamos : Perry 1 ; : lization textureinCP-Ti. cess wasresponsiblefortheevolutioncharacteristicsofrecrystal- heterogeneous grain-sizedistributionduringtherecrystallizationpro- also confirmedbythesimulation.Thepresentresultssuggestthat ing thegrain-coarseningstage,foundbyEBSD-mappingmethod,was that theintensificationofrecrystallizationtextureoccurreddur- process ofthemajorrecrystallization-texturecomponents.Thefact sional Monte-Carlosimulationwasconductedtotracetheevolution nents hadconsiderablylarger grainsizesthanothers. A two-dimen- was foundthatgrainswiththemajorrecrystallization-texturecompo- stage ofrecrystallizationandgraingrowth.FromtheEBSDanalysis,it whose intensitiessignificantlyincreasedduringthegrain-coarsening texture components(j1=15',F=35',j2=35'andj1=0',j2=0'), ing suppressedthecold-rollingtextureandintroducedinsteadtwonew peaks atj1=0',F=35',j2=30'wasdeveloped.Recrystallizationanneal- deformation mechanismwasslip,andabi-modalbasaltexturewith For higherlevelsofdeformation(upto90%),however,themain ning governedthedeformationandgaverisetoanormalbasaltexture. tions. Foralow-to-mediumlevelofdeformation(upto40%),twin- ing XRDandEBSDmodeledusingMonte-Carlocomputersimula- during subsequentheattreatmentweredeterminedexperimentallyus- rolling (10%~90%)andtheevolutionofrecrystallizationtexture ThedevelopmentofdeformationtextureinCP-Tiduringcold MLLM, W Chun Cold-Rolled CP-Ti -ExperimentsandMCSimulation Evolution ofDeformationandRecrystallization Textures in 11:50 AM ordered nanocompositeswithtunablesizes. results indicatethation-beamprocessingcouldbeusedtosynthesize the originofdynamicalstabilizationthesepatterns.Thepresent mains offinitesize. A two-stagereorderingofthedisorderedzonesisat discovered, wherethemicrostructureiscomprisedofwellordereddo- expected longrangeorderedanddisorderedsteadystates,anewstateis that formL12andL10orderedphasesatequilibrium.Besidesthe modeling areemployedtoidentifythesesteadystatesinbinaryalloys ous steadystates.KineticMonteCarlosimulationsandanalytical competition betweenthesetwodynamicsdrivesthesystemintovari- nometers, arethermallyannealedout.Undersustainedirradiation,the these disorderedzones,whosesizesrangefromafewtoseveralna- Dr., Evanston,IL 60208USA 1 Fatigue Behavior ofUltra-FineGrainCopper 8:30 AM Fukuoka 812-8581Japan Kyushu University, Dept.ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg., FacultyofEngrg., Matls. Sci.&Engrg., Charlottesville, VA 22904USA;ZenjiHorita, Moscow 119991 Russia;SeanR. Agnew, U Academy ofSciences, A.A. Baikov Inst.ofMetall.&Matls.Sci., Engrg., Knoxville,TN37996-2200USA;SergeyDobatkin,Russian Session Chairs: February 15,2005 Tuesday AM and ManufacturingEngineering, Victoria 3010 Australia USA; K.Xia,UniversityofMelbourne,DepartmentMechanical Glenn ResearchCenter,MaterialsDivision,Cleveland,OH44135 Science andEngineering,Fukuoka812-8581Japan;Sai V. Raj,NASA India; Z.Horita,KyushuUniversity, DepartmentofMaterials Institute ofScience,DepartmentMetallurgy, Bangalore560012 Company, Thousand Oaks,CA 91360USA; Atul H.Chokshi,Indian Alamos, NM87545USA;P. B.Berbon,RockwellScientific Laboratory, MaterialsScienceand Technology Division,Los Program Organizers: MSCTS) Committee, SMD-MechanicalBehaviorofMaterials-(Jt. ASM- Structural MaterialsDivision,MPMD-ShapingandForming Sponsored by: and SeverePlasticDeformation Crystalline Materials:GrainBoundaryProperties The LangdonSymposium:FlowandFormingof Korea; Sci. &Engrg.,253 Yong Hyun-Dong,Nam-Gu,Incheon402-751S. Chenoweth Northwestern University, Matls.Sci.&Engrg. Dept.,2220Campus 1 ; S.L.Semiatin 2 Air ForceResearchLaboratory, right-Patterson AFB, OH right-Patterson AFB, 1 ; GiancarloIzzi 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM Materials Processing&ManufacturingDivision, T. G.Tennessee, Nieh,Universityof Matls.Sci.& 2 ; Yuntian Ted Zhu,Los Alamos National S. K.Hwang Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 3024 1 ; Abhishek Lahoti ; Abhishek 1 ; 45433 USA 1 Inha University, Sch.ofMatls. Matls. &Mfg. niversity of Virginia, 1 ; : KaiZhang Julia R.Weertman Direct., AFRL/ 1 : Y.B. ; Adam ; 163 1 ; TUESDAY AM : Ufa 1 ; 1 ; Yuntian 1 VNIIEF (Sarov), Technical Program Technical ; Xiaozhou Liao ; Ruslan Z. Valiev ; Ruslan Z. 1 1 (Los Alamos), (Los Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los 1 Qing Xue ; 1 : Igor V. Alexandrov Igor V. Texas A&M University, Dept. of Mechl. Engrg., A&M University, Texas : 1 ; 1 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: TMS 2005 Annual ; George T. Gray T. ; George 1 State Aviation Technical University, 12 K. Marx, Ufa 450000 Russia University, Technical Aviation State The current work represents the results of combined computer modeling and experiments conducted by Ufa team on different scale (macro-, meso- and micro-) levels. These investigations aimed to study the equal channel angular (ECA) pressing process, reveal the peculiarities and mechanisms of the crystallographic texture develop- ment and microstructure refinement. The homogeneity of the ob- tained texture and microstructure in pure SPD metals depending on the processing parameters has been studied as well. The obtained results help to optimize ECA processing of the bulk nanostructured ingots and to predict regimes of the development of homogeneous structure and texture in pure metals with the different crystal lattice such as FCC copper and HPC titanium. The work was carried out within the frame- work of project CRDF 10505 Model-driven manufacturing of I.J. Beyerlein) in nanocrystalline structures (project coordinator Dr. cooperation with scientists from LANL PTI (St. Petersburg). Deformation twinning has been observed in nanocrystalline copper in nanocrystalline been observed twinning has Deformation metals (fcc) two face-centered-cubic these although and aluminium It has state. coarse-grained in their by twinning do not deform usually of the boundaries from emission partial dislocation found that been twins and formation of deformation is responsible for the nano-grains in coarse- from those operating mechanism is different this twinning to affect the fault energy is known The stacking grained materials. twinning in but its effect on coarse-grained materials twinning in presents a been studied. This paper materials has not nanocrystalline on deforma- of stacking fault energy of the influence systematic study processed copper and copper alloys in nanocrystalline tion twinning by high pressure torsion. 9:45 AM Steel Stainless in Nanocrystalline Twinning Deformation Adiabatic Within Shear Bands Alamos, NM 87545 USA G755, Los Div., Tech. Matls. Sci. & the microscopy was used to investigate Transmission electron mechanism of adiabatic shear bands nanostructure and the deformation steel deformed during dynamic forced shear in a cold-rolled stainless deformation occurred under high strain tests, in which the localized temperature. The development of adiabatic rates and locally high in continuous refinement of the original shear localization resulted grains. High-resolution transmission coarse grains to nanocrystalline showed extremely high density of nanotwins microscopy examination of shear bands, indicat- within the nanocrystalline grains at the centers the localized deformation ing that twining played a significant role in The twinning mechanism when the grain sizes were at the nano range. in nano-scale stainless steel will be discussed. 10:00 AM Alloys Utiliz- of Difficult-to-Work Design of Microstructures Plastic Deformation During Severe Twinning ing Deformation Ibrahim Karaman MS 3123, Coll. Sta., TX 77843 USA deformation (SPD) The works of Prof. Langdon on severe plastic the mechanisms of the of metal alloys have helped understanding of studies on the SPD of SPD stages and often inspired the author in his our recent work on difficult-to-work alloys. This talk will summarize structural and smart severe plastic deformation processing of several The com- Angular Extrusion (ECAE). materials using Equal Channel of deformation mon characteristic of these studies was the utilization obtain submicron and twinning to modify the microstructure to present the common will We boundaries. nanograins with low CSL stainless steel and AISI 316L Ti-6Al-4V, features we have observed in opportunities for twin- NiTi shape memory alloys and challenges and unique observation was ning induced grain boundary engineering. The was observed for the that significant deformation twinning activity steel at temperatures as first time in Ti-6Al-4V and 316L stainless of twin nucleation in high as 800°C (0.65 Tm!). Possible mechanisms NiTi led to the observa- these unusual cases will be discussed. ECAE of in the high tempera- tion of highly organized, twin-related nanograins fatigue resistance of this ture phase which enhance cyclic stability and Deformation twinning in a B2 intermetallic is an additional alloy. mechanism that improves the ductility of these materials. The forma- tion of well-organized twin-related nanograins via severe plastic de- formation opens a new opportunity for twinning induced grain bound- interme- austenitic steels and B2 NiTi Ti-6Al-4V, ary engineering in tallics. 10:15 AM Multiscale Investigations of Grain Refinement Using Severe Plastic Deformation Theodore Zhu ; 1 Los 1 ; Yuntian 3 ; Kaoru 1 : ; Xiaozhou 1 Ming Dao Kyushu Uni- 1 University of : 3 ; 2 ; Genki Sakai 1 Massachusetts Institute of 1 Yonghao Zhao Yonghao : ; 1 ; Terence G. Langdon G. ; Terence 2 ; Terence G. Langdon G. ; Terence Zenji Horita 1 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang Academy of Sciences, Chinese 164 : 2 Kyushu University, Dept. Matls. Sci. & Kyushu University, 2 ; Subra Suresh ; Zenji Horita 3 1 University of Southern California, Depts. of Aeros. California, Depts. of University of Southern 2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Matls. Sci. & Tech. Div., Tech. Matls. Sci. & Alamos National Laboratory, Los m for the Al-3%Mg-0.2%Sc alloy. This alloy exhibited This Al-3%Mg-0.2%Sc alloy. m for the 1 ; Yoshimi Hisatsune ; Yoshimi 1 µ Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst. for Matls. Rsch. II, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst. for Matls. ; 3 1 ; Ruth Schwaiger 2 ; Yuntian Ted Zhu Ted ; Yuntian 1 164 Liao MS G755, Los Div., Tech. Matls. Sci. & Alamos National Laboratory, Alamos, NM 87545 USA; & Matls. Sci., Engrg. Aeros. & Mechl. Southern California, Depts. of 90089-1453 USA Angeles, CA Los MS G755, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA MS G755, Los Nanostructured materials deform via mechanisms not accessible to their coarse-grained counterparts. Partial dislocation emission from grain boundaries, stacking faults and deformation twinning may occur in its coarse- Al, which does not deform by twinning in metals such as grained state. In this presentation I’ll discuss several deformation mechanisms in nanomaterials as well as their formation conditions. 9:30 AM Twinning Fault Energy on Deformation Influence of Stacking Alloys in Nanocrystalline Cu and Cu Engrg., Faculty of Engrg., Fukuoka 812-8581 Japan; Technology, Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., 77 Mass. Ave., Rm. 8-139, Ave., 77 Mass. Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Technology, 02139 USA; Cambridge, MA Shenyang 110016 Natl. Lab. for Matls. Sci., Inst. of Metal Rsch., China; Karlsruhe 76133 Germany on electrodepos- Indentation and tensile experiments performed increased rate sensitivity ited nanocrystalline Ni showed significantly comparing with ex- in addition to marked improvement in strength physically motivated model of A periments on ultrafine crystalline Ni. Zone (GBAZ) is proposed to explain the Affected Grain Boundary model simply as- observed experimental phenomenon. The GBAZ within a distance sumes that, duo to the presence of a grain boundary, is plastically softer on the order of 10 lattice parameters, the material simple unit cell finite element A than the grain interior material. to capture the correct model integrating the GBAZ concept is able boundaries the assumption that the twin Taking experimental trends. as grain boundaries of of nano-sized twins have the similar effect Zone Affected Twin-Boundary nanocryalline materials, the concept of model to study the (TBAZ) can be integrated into a polycrystalline sensitivity in pure Cu significantly increased plastic strength and rate motivated crystal with nano-sized twins. Within the proposed physically dependent plastic be- plasticity framework, the orientation and size (plastically harder) havior parallel (plastically softer) and perpendicular to the twin boundaries is specifically modeled. Parametric studies showed that the proposed model can correctly capture the significantly in- creased plastic strength and rate dependence versus a decreasing nanoscale twin thickness. Possible influences on the ductility due to the presence of many nano-sized twins are also discussed. 9:15 AM Materials Deformation Mechanisms of Nanostructured Zhu Ted Kishikawa 90089-1453 USA Angeles, CA Sci., Los & Matls. & Mechl. Engrg. through the process severe plastic strain was imposed In this study, Al-3%Mg-0.2%Sc alloy and pure An (HPT). of high-pressure torsion HPT to examine the effect of applied pressure, Cu were subjected to and position of the sample on the microstruc- number of revolutions properties. The results show the hardness tures and the mechanical applied pressure or with increasing numbers increases with increasing the increases tend to become saturated and of revolutions but these attained in the outer area than in the central saturation is more easily observations revealed that the outer part con- area. Microstructural high-angle grain boundaries with a grain size sists of fine grains having of ~0.17 at of ~500% when tensile specimens were taken superplastic ductilities points away from the central area. 9:00 AM Sensitivity Due to and Rate Strength Significantly Increased at the Nanoscale Twinning Grain Refinement or Fatigue experiments have been carried out on ultra-fine grain cop- ultra-fine grain out on been carried have experiments Fatigue pull-pull in the are tested Samples cryogenic rolling. by per prepared with along will be presented, S-N curves the form of Results in mode. internal and surface features in the of changes studies characterization is supported This research by the cyclic deformation. structures caused 46002. grant DE-FG02-02ER by US DOE 8:45 AM Processing After and Mechanical Properties Microstructures Torsion by High-Pressure Fukuoka Faculty of Engrg., Sci. & Engrg., Dept. of Matls. versity, 812-8581 Japan; Lei Lu

TUESDAY AM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 & Engrg.,DoughertyEngrg.Bldg.,Knoxville,TN37996-2200USA; TMS 2005Annual Meeting: relation totheirstructure. roll-bonding, alternatingbending and ECApressing,arecomparedin us multipleall-roundforging,multi-axis deformation,accumulative chanical propertiesofseveralsteels madebyvariouswaysofSPDsuch tion ofcarbideparticlesduringSPD andothers,isunderlined.Me- ment, namely, martensitictransformation,precipitationanddissolu- ered. Theroleofphasetransformationsforadditionalgrainrefine- degree, chemicalcomposition,initialstateandpressureareconsid- mation dependenciesontemperaturedeformationconditions,strain high pressureandequalchannelangular(ECA)pressing.Structurefor- as onausteniticandferriticstainlesssteelsafterSPDbytorsionunder tion havebeencarriedoutmainlyonlowandhighcarbonsteelsaswell processed anditsinfluenceonmechanicalproperties.Theinvestiga- lution duringSPDofsteels,thermalstabilitytheUFGstructure Theaimofthispaperistoconsiderthefeaturesstructureevo- Russia Inst. ofMetall.&Matls.Sci.,Leninskyprospekt,49,Moscow119991 mation Nano- andSubmicrocrystalline Steels bySevere PlasticDefor- 11:30 AM tion relevantforultra-finegrained AlMg-alloys. suggested forthesharpyieldpointandassociatedLüder-bandelonga- fine grainsizes,iswellaccountedforbythemodel. A mechanismis ing adeviationfromtheHall-Petchgrainsizedependencyforultra- The effectofgrainsizeontheflow-stressandworkhardening,includ- structural workhardeningmodeldevelopedbyNesandco-workers. been modelledwithintheframeworkofmulti-parametermicro- range fromlessthanamicron(ultra-fine)tohundredsofmicronshave mechanical propertiesofaluminiumalloyswithgrainsizesinthe performed by T. Langdonandco-workers.Inthepresentwork angular pressing(ECAP)technique,wherepioneeringworkshavebeen has receivednewinterestwiththeemergenceofequalchannel and utilisedintheproductionofspecialaluminiumsheetqualities.It materials canbeobtained.Thisphenomenonhasbeenknownforlong Bycarefulannealingofheavilydeformedmetalsultra-finegrained of Matls. Tech., Alfred Getzv Marthinsen Grained AluminiumAlloys StrengtheningModelling GrainBoundary inUltra-Fine 11:15 AM damper inpractice. forging, butsatisfiedthemechanicalpropertiesneededtoutilizeasa ties aftertheforgingdeterioratedduetograingrowthduring because ofthehigheffective strainatthecorner. The tensileproper- ability oftherectangularsampleswasinferiortorod occurred. As theresultsofFVManalysis,itwasverifiedthatform- son withtherolledalloys,i.e.,superplasticityathigherstrainrate treatments, exhibitedlowerstressandhigherelongationincompari- forming wascarriedout.Theextrudedalloys,producedbyoptimum properties intheextrudedalloysandcapabilityofsuperplastic grained superplasticmaterials,theinvestigationaboutmechanical improvement andmass-productionofthedampingdevicesbynano- into practicaluseforahigh-risebuilding.Forthepurposeof Zn-22Al alloyswithanultra-fine(nanoorder)grainsize,hasbeenput Recentlythesuperplasticdampingdevice,whichhasbeenusing Osaka 599-8531Japan University, Dept.of Metall. &Matls.Sci.,1-1,Gakuen-cho,Sakai, Residential SeismicDampers On Applying Nano-GrainedSuperplasticMaterialstoGeneral 11:00 AM strength asymmetryinnanocrystallineNiwillalsobepresented. alloys willbeaddressed.MDsimulationtoshowtension-compression imaging capability(i.e.Z-contrast).Fractureprocessinnanocrystalline high-resolution TEMwithhighangleangulardarkfield(HAADF) electron energylossspectroscopy(EELs)withanano-sizedprobe,and examined usingtechniquessuchasatomprobemicroscopy(APM), distribution inthenano-alloysbothbeforeandafterdeformationare strength andplasticitywillbediscussed.Microstructureimpurity effect ofgrainsize,thetypeboundary, andalloyingonthe nanocrystalline Niwithagrainsizelessthan20nmarepresented.The Inthispaper,bothexperimentsandsimulationresultsfrom TN 37831USA 2 T. G. Nieh Plasticity andStrength NiandNi-W ofNanocrystalline Alloys 10:45 AM 10:30 AM Break Oak RidgeNationalLaboratory, Bethel Valley Rd.,No.1,OakRidge, : Sergey Dobatkin 1 1 ; Jeffrey Wadsworth ; 1 Norwegian UniversityofScienceand Technology, Dept. 1 ; 1 Russian Academy ofSciences, A.A. Baikov 165 . 2, Trondheim N-7491Norway 2 : ; : Erik Nes TechnicalProgram Kenji Higashi 1 University of Tennessee, Matls.Sci. 1 ; BjørnHolmedal 1 ; 1 Osaka Prefecture 1 ; Knut : Oaks, CA 91360USA; India; ing, All IndiaCouncilof Techl. Educ.,MysoreRd.,Bangalore560059 Kathleen Cerreta erty ina StructureThe InfluenceofBoundary ontheMechanicalProp- 12:15 PM and/or reductioninunacceptablefastenerinstallations. reduced, byeliminationofprocessingsteps,e.g.,thermaltreatment, mance characteristicsareenhancedandthemanufacturingcosts nique intheproductionofaerospacefasteners,fasteners’perfor- cations. Byemployingthisnano-compositematerialprocessingtech- ites arefoundappropriateandimportantforpotentialfastenerappli- structures andmechanicalproperties.Thesemetallicnano-compos- nique, namelycryogenicmilling,anditseffectuponmaterialmicro- results ofdevelopmenteffortsrelatingtoanadvancedprocessingtech- increased jointperformanceandintegrity. Thispaperpresentsthe designs begiventheutmostconsiderationandattentiontoachieve fore, itisimperativethatadvancementsinfastenermaterialsand perhaps themostcommonsourceoffailureinaircraftstructure.There- fastened joints.Thesejointsandthefastenersthatconnectthemare Everyaircraftproducedtodaycontainshundredsofthousands MC C078-0533,LongBeach,CA90807-5309USA G. Keener TechnologyFastener vanced Aerospace A Lookintoan Aluminum Nano-CompositeMaterialfor Ad- 12:00 PM a viewtoidentifyingtherate-controllingmechanisms. activation energyandtheroleofinternalstresswillbeanalyzedwith stress andgrainsizeexponentsintheusualstrainrateequation,the tic flowafterECAPprocessingofvariousalloyswillbereviewed.The or lowtemperaturesuperplasticity. Experimentalresultsonsuperplas- fraction ofhighangleboundaries-conditionsforstrainrateand/ mally, produces Equal-channelangularpressing(ECAP),whencarriedoutopti- 90089-1453 USA Matls. Sci.,3650McClintock Ave., Rm.OHE430G, Los Angeles, CA Balasubramanian Superplastic FlowinMaterialsProcessedbyECAP 11:45 AM and Aluminium, Sual,Russia Presentation 3 9:15 AM Primary Metal,Norway Presentation 2 8:55 AM mary MetalGroup,Canada Presentation 1 8:30 AM Session Chair February 15,2005 Tuesday AM 0240 Norway Program Organizer: Sponsored by: Aluminum Industry Today andintheFuture The Roleof Technology intheGlobalPrimary compared withtheresultsofmaterialtestedatquasi-staticstrainrates. at intermediateanddynamicstrainratesboth77298Kare dislocations. Mechanicaltestsconductedonthesetwomicrostructures ties ofthematerialbecausetheseboundariesactasasourceandsink boundary structureplaysanimportantroleinthemechanicalproper- while therouteCmicrostructurehas~38%HABs.Itwasfoundthat structure processedbyroute A has~70%highangleboundaries(HABs) sizes butrelativelydifferentgrainboundarystructures.Themicro- Mises strainof8.4.Theresultingmicrostructureshavesimilargrain and C,rotated180º,betweenextrusionpassesrespectively, toavon channel angularextrusion(ECAE)route A, thebilletisnotrotated, A commercialpurityaluminum AA1050 wassubjectedtoequal tory, MST-8, MSG755,Los Alamos, NM87545USA 2 University ofSouthernCalifornia, Aeros. &Mechl.Engrg. & 2 ; Commercial 1 : Halvor Kvande,NorskHydro : ASA, OsloN-0240Norway Rockwell Scientific,1049CaminoDosRios, Thousand : : 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM : submicron grainsize,equiaxedgrainsandasignificant Light MetalsDivision 1 Wayne Hale Cynthia Carroll ; George T. GrayIII 1 Truls Gautesen ; Terence G. Langdon Halvor Kvande,NorskHydro ASA, OsloN- 2 Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 2000 The BoeingCompany, 2401E. Wardlow Rd., Purity 1 ; 1 1 Executive Vice Presidentof Alumina ; 1 Aluminum ; 1 President andCEOof Alcan Pri- 1 1 President of ; 2 1 ; Los Alamos NationalLabora- : Patrick B.Berbon 1 R V CollegeofEngineer- : Pei-Ling Sun Hydro Aluminium 1 ; Steven 1 ; Ellen : 165 N. TUESDAY AM ; ; 1 1 Alan : ; Jenn- 1 ; Jung G. Lee ; Jung G. 1 Guocai Wu Paul E. Krajewski Paul E. : : Technical Program Technical General Motors, R&D 1 ; 1 ; Sung S. Park 1 ; Ravi Verma ; Ravi 1 General Motors Research & Development 1 ; 1 ; Sunghak Lee 1 Sooho Kim alloys exhibited highly refined grain structures with alloys exhibited highly 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM : TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: ; Anil K. Sachdev ; 1 Nack J. Kim : General Motors, R&D Ctr., MC 480-106-212, 30500 Mound Rd., 30500 480-106-212, MC R&D Ctr., Motors, General POSTECH, Ctr. for Advd. Aeros. Matls., San 31, Hyojadong, Pohang Aeros. Matls., San 31, Hyojadong, Advd. for POSTECH, Ctr. A. Luo 1 790-784 Korea attention due to its has received a large strip casting Recently, processes such as several advantages over conventional solidification casting combines so- continuous casting and direct chill casting. Strip thereby eliminating or lidification and hot rolling into one operation, produced ingots. reducing the hot rolling needed for conventionally rates over conventional Strip casting also offers much reduced cooling in the improve- continuous casting or direct chill casting, resulting of strip casting ment of microstructural features. Such characteristics alloy sheets. The are ideal for the development of high performance the high perfor- present paper discusses our efforts on developing (BMG) alloys by strip mance alloys such as Mg and bulk metallic glass comes from the fact casting. The impetus for the present research that there are virtually no wrought Mg and BMG alloys with respect- able mechanical properties. The development of these alloys, particu- larly in sheet form, would greatly expand their applications in trans- portation industries. Microstructure and mechanical properties of strip cast alloys will be discussed with particular emphasis on the solidifica- tion behavior during strip casting. 3:45 PM Break 4:00 PM for Low-Cost Aluminum Applications Hydroforming Tubes Center, Matls. & Processes Lab., 30500 Mound Rd., MC 480-106- MI 48090 USA Warren, 212, Low-cost aluminum tubes made from twin-belt continuous casting sheet 5754-CC were evaluated for hydroforming applications, in com- parison with extruded 6063 seamless tubes and seam-welded 5754-DC tubes (made from direct-chill cast aluminum sheet). The results show that the low-cost 5754-CC tubes offer acceptable dimensional toler- ances and formability upon bending and hydroforming, as well as good mechanical properties after hydroforming. The microstructural evo- lution of the three materials during bending and hydroforming were closely investigated. 4:20 PM Reinforced and Durability of Glass Fiber Tolerance Damage Structures Aircraft Aluminum Laminates for 2:45 PM 2:45 QPF Formability on of Lubrication The Effect 1 USA MI 48090 Warren, manufacture role in the ability to plays an important Lubrication both through (QPF). This occurs by quick plastic forming components part re- but also enabling metal flow during deformation facilitating of using provides two examples the die. The present paper lease from time required thereby decrease the to prevent necking and lubrication the addition example shows how components. The first to make QPF and be used to can modify friction to boron nitride of milk of magnesia entry radii. The second example describes reduce necking over sharp the of lubrication at entry radii can produce how tailored application same effect. 3:05 PM of 5083 on Superplastic Behavior Additions Effect of Copper Aluminum Alloy MC 480-106-212, 30500 Mound Rd., Matls. & Processes Lab., Ctr., USA MI 48090-9055 Warren, alloys with varying copper and manganese Four 5083 aluminum of processed to a thickness concentrations were thermomechanically All rolled 2 mm. copper A3, with the highest Alloy 10 µm. average grain sizes below the highest tensile elongation and lowest content (0.78%), showed test conditions. This alloy exhibited peak strain- flow stress under most which is an order of rate sensitivity at a strain-rate of 1x10-2 s-1, for a base 5083 alumi- magnitude higher than typical peak strain-rate copper- suggesting potential for faster forming with the num alloy, pan forming tests, only the two copper- In biaxial modified alloy. two, A3) produced fully formed pans. Of the containing alloys (A2 and characterization re- A3 showed the least die-entry thinning. TEM and more density, A3 had finer size, higher population vealed that A2. It is believed than uniform distribution of intermetallic particles in is more effective A3 that the finer particle size distribution of for higher super- pinning grain-boundaries, and in turn is responsible plastic properties. 3:25 PM Cast- Alloy Sheets by Strip Development of High Performance ing Amit K. : , Aluminium University of 1 Aluminum Com- Aluminum ; 1 C; speed: 2.5-5 mm/ ° emperature Distribution, emperature Managing Director 1 Muammer Koç Vice President, President, Vice Vice President of Alcoa Primary President of Vice 1 ; ; 1 1 1 ; ; 1 1 Demeri, FormSys Inc., Northville, MI & Engineering-(Jt. ASM-MSCTS), & Engineering-(Jt. 166 Effects of T Effects of Room: 2009 Location: Moscone West Convention Center Thomas R. Bieler, Michigan State University, State Michigan Thomas R. Bieler, : Peng Chen Bernt Reitan Xiangmin Liu Xiangmin Mahmoud Y. Mahmoud Y. Valery Matvienko Valery : James W. Evans, University of California, Dept. of Evans, University of California, Dept. W. : James : : : Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division, MPMD- Materials Processing and University of Michigan, Matls. Sci. & Engrg., 2300 Hayward University of Michigan, Matls. Sci. & Engrg., 1 Arbor, MI 48109 USA Arbor, ; 1 166 s; holding time: 1-3 sec; friction coefficient: 0.06-0.2), the formabil- Al-5083 alloy is found to be greatly dependent on the tempera- ity of achieve increased degrees of forming, To ture of the die and punch. different temperature levels should be assigned to the corner and body of the die and punch in conjunction with a slow forming speed and combination of die-blank low friction and punch-blank high friction. Ghosh Coll. of & Dept. of Mechl. Engrg., Mfg. Rsch. Ctr. Wu Michigan, S. M. MI USA Arbor, Ann Engrg., The effects of temperature distribution, speed, holding time and friction on warm forming performance are investigated for 5083-O (Al-Mg) sheet metal blanks. Combined isothermal/non-isothermal FEA with DOE tool is used to predict appropriate warm forming tempera- ture conditions for deep drawing and two-dimensional stamping cases. In the ranges investigated (temperature: 25-250 2:00 PM Invited Technologies Affordable Hot Forming and Improved Ann St., The need to use lightweight materials in aerospace and automotive The need to use lightweight materials in to innovate new pro- applications have constantly created the need costs. The use of cessing methods to deal with rising manufacturing replace steel, without the complex aluminum and magnesium alloys to forming has spawned a series of warm and hot loss of design flexibility, techniques and new methods of material preparation. In this paper, some latest developments in this area will be reviewed, that help to take advantage of higher forming rate, lower forming temperature and use of complex constitutive behavior of materials inherent in such supported by National Science Founda- processing operations. (Work tion, DMR Grant.) 2:25 PM Aluminum Blanks Forming of Warm Analysis for Parametric - and DOE Using 2D FEA MPMD-Nanomechanical Materials Behavior, MPMD-Phase Transforma- MPMD-Nanomechanical Materials Behavior, MPMD-Phase Materials Committee, ASM-MSCTS), MPMD-Powder tion Committee-(Jt. MPMD-Shaping and Forming Committee, MPMD-Solidification MPMD/EPD-Process Committee, MPMD-Surface Engineering Committee, Analysis & Control Committee Modeling Organizers: Program Science, East Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials General Motors Lansing, MI 48824-1226 USA; John E. Carsley, University, Ohio State MI USA; Hamish L. Fraser, Warren, Corp, Columbus, OH Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sandia National Laborato- USA; John E. Smugeresky, 43210-1179 USA ries, Department 8724, Livermore, CA 94551-0969 Tuesday PM 6th Global Innovations Symposium: Trends in Trends Symposium: 6th Global Innovations for Technologies Materials and Manufacturing Metal Processing Sheet Industries: Transportation Sponsored by: Science Computational Materials February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: Friction and Speed Products, USA AM Break 10:45 Panel Discussion AM 11:00 Panel Moderator 94720 USA CA Berkeley, Engrg., Matls. Sci. & Mineral Amit K. Ghosh, University of Michigan, Dept. 48167-3427 USA; MI 48109 USA Arbor, Ann Matls. Sci. Engrg., 9:35 AM Break 9:35 9:45 AM 4 Presentation Beijing, China Limited (Chalco), pany of China 10:05 AM 5 Presentation Division, Rusal, Russia Division, Rusal, 10:25 AM 6 Presentation

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 37701-2516 USA Inc., PrimaryMetalsDiv., 300N.HallRd.,MSS-01, Alcoa, TN SGA Requirements inComing Years 2:00 PM Western6872 Australia Australia Session Chair: February 15,2005 Tuesday PM 42348 USA;HalvorKvande, 3907 Norway; Travis Galloway, Century Aluminum, Hawesville,KY Program Organizers: Sponsored by: Smelter Performance Alumina andBauxite:Influencesofon during hemming/bendingoperations. roller hemmingtounderstandtheeffectofstrainpathonfracture investigates microstructuralevolutionduringbothconventionaland been showntoimprovehemmingofaluminum.Thepresentstudy used byautomakerstoassemblealuminumandsteelcomponents,have cently developedtechniquessuchasrollerhemming,whichhavebeen of aluminumtostrainlocalizationduringthehemmingprocess.Re- edge cracking.Thedifferencehasbeenattributedtothesusceptibility Aluminum sheetistypicallymoredifficulttohemthansteeldue Warren, MI48090USA 1 Microstructural EvolutionDuringHemming 5:00 PM investigate thecauseofobservedincreaseinmicrohardness. values asthepercentcurrentincreased.Thepurposeofthisstudyisto the weldnuggetofeachsampleshowedanincreaseinmicrohardness terize theweldedsamples.Microhardnessmeasurementstakenacross ning electronmicroscopy, andx-raydiffraction wereusedtocharac- copy, microhardnesstesting,nanoindentationmeasurements,scan- currents whileholdingallotherparametersconstant.Lightmicros- galvannealed steel.Thespecimenswereweldedatvariouspercent eters onthemicrostructureandmicrohardnessofresistancespotwelded tent weldquality. This studyexaminestheeffect ofweldingparam- high rateproduction.However,spotweldingoftenresultsininconsis- dustry forjoininglowcarbonsteelcomponentsinhigh-volumeand Resistancespotweldingisusedextensivelyintheautomotivein- 870202, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0202USA Alabama, Metallurgl. Engrg., 129BevillBldg.,1267th Ave., Box Sheets Microhardness ofResistanceSpot Welded GalvannealedSteel The Effectof Welding ParametersontheMicrostructure and 4:40 PM ing outeraluminumlayers. gated withmicroscopy, X-rayradiography, andbychemicallyremov- tection understaticanddynamicloadingafterimpactwereinvesti- aluminum alloys.Thecrackpropagation,damageprogressionandde- ate thedamagetoleranceofGLAREcomparedtomonolithic strength andfatiguebehaviorwereextensivelyinvestigatedtoevalu- pact testingprogramwasperformed,andthepost-impactresidual developed GLAREwithcross-pliedS-2glassprepregs. An abroadim- tion resultsofdamagetoleranceanddurabilityassessmentsnewly of GLAREforaircraftstructures.Thispaperpresentstheinvestiga- and concernsisthedamagetolerancedurabilityforairworthiness utilization ofGLARE.Onetheimportantstructuralintegrityissues testing arenecessarytogenerateadequatedatafacilitategreater mary structureshasnotbeenfullyexploredyet.Moreresearchand Airbus A380. However, thefullpotentialofGLAREasaircraftpri- GLARE hasbeenselectedfortheupperfuselageskinstructuresof solution foradvancedtransportstructuralapplications.Morerecently, structural designeradamage-tolerant,light-weightandcost-effective good flameresistanceandcorrosionproperties,itofferstheaircraft resistance, highspecificstaticproperties,excellentimpact prepregs ofhighstrengthglassfibers.Duetoitsoutstandingfatigue aluminum sheetsandunidirectionalorbiaxialreinforcedadhesive fiber metallaminates(FML)consistingofalternatinglayersthin Glassfiberreinforcedaluminumlaminate(GLARE)isanewclassof Los Angeles, CA 90095USA Ming Yang TMS 2005Annual Meeting: General MotorsCorp.,R&D,MC480-106-212,30500MoundRd., : Cherqueta RomecaClaiborn 1 ; 1 University ofCalifornia,Dept.Matls.Sci.&Engrg., Light MetalsDivision,LMD-AluminumCommittee Tony Bagshaw Dag Olsen,Hydro Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 2005 167 Norsk Hydro ASA, OsloN-0240Norway , AMIRA, TechnicalProgram 1 ; Viola : Stephen J.Lindsay International Ltd., W. Perth, Aluminium AS, L. Acoff : John E.Carsley 1 ; 1 University of Porsgrunn 1 ; 1 Alcoa, 1 ; tions (Particle Size)of Alumina Effects oftheVessel LoadingandUnloadingon Quality Varia- 2:25 PM Aluminum ReductionTechnology. consideration duringthejointsessionsbetween Alumina &Bauxiteand MnO orV2O5.Theauthorpresentstheseandotherexamplesfor late itselfintoaluminashippinglimitsforpropertiessuchasCr2O3, require excellentelectricalconductivity, butthisdoesnotalwaystrans- content. Downstreamcustomersforaluminumconductorproducts bath, butwithnospecificationortargetforthevariabilityofNa2O example issmeltingeffortstoimproveexcessfluoridecontrolinpot fall shortofthetrueneedssmeltersanddownstreamcustomers. An out strongunderstandingofcustomerneedssuchpostedpropertiescan ing Grade Alumina, SGA,onCertificateof Analysis datasheets. With- RefineriesreportvariousphysicalandchemicalpropertiesofSmelt- ment centers.Thiselevatestheneed foranimprovedunderstandingof under elevatedscrutiny, owingtotheconsiderablecostof fume treat- duction rates,theefficiencyof fluoriderecoveryprocesscomes or injectionscrubbers. As aluminumplants continuetoincreasepro- from theexhaustgasesofaluminum smeltersusingeitherfluidizedbed Smeltinggradealumina(SGA) isemployedtoscrubvapor-phaseHF USA nism mina: SurfaceChemicalSpeciationand Adsorption Mecha- Adsorption/Entrainment ofFluorideinSmeltingGrade Alu- 3:15 PM these materials. generation whicharenotcloselytiedtotheindustryspecifications for sis studiesonarangeofSGAssuggestdifferentcapacitiesfor HF nation conditionsmustinfluencethis-OHdistribution.Structuralanaly- grain boundaries,butforsmeltergradealuminas,theveryrapidcalci- thought tobelocatedontheexteriorofaluminastructureand at tions. Inlaboratorypreparedgammaaluminatheresidualhydroxyl is structural hydroxyl,whichisstronglyinfluencedbycalcinationcondi- role ofaluminastructure,andespeciallythedistributionresidual linked toHFgenerationinthecell.Itisofinterestunderstand of residualstructuralhydroxyl,whichrecentexperimentalstudieshave the aluminatogenerateHF. The transitionphasesarethelikelysource mina performanceinthesmeltingcell,forexamplepotential amounts ofthetransitionphases.Thesedifferenceswillaffectalu- significantly intheirphasecompositions,particularlytherelative have shownthataluminaswithnominallysimilarspecificationsdiffer Recentdevelopmentsinthephaseanalysisofsmeltergradealuminas Zealand sity of Auckland, Cheml.&Matls.Engrg., PB92019, Auckland New Light MetalsRsch.Ctr., PB92019, Auckland NewZealand; chain ingeneralgeneratethevariations gation processestakingplaceinthesilosystemsusedalonglogistic size distribution(PSD),butanopenmindiskeptonthisaspect.Segre- smelter performanceismostlikelyattributedtovariationsinparticle pot controlsetc.)aswellinferiorperformance.Thevariabilityin ties suchassettingsforprocesscontrolsystems(transportsystems, characterized asvariable,manifestthemselvesinhigherpotinstabili- sionally variablebehaviourwhenprocessedatthesmelter. The sources individual shipmentsfromotherwisewellreputedqualitiesshowocca- sources arecharacterizedasmorevariablethanothers. Also some 10-15 differentsources.Inthefeedbackfromsmelters,some N-3907 Norway Primary Metals, Alumina, Bauxite&Energy, POBox2560,Porsgrunn B. Metson mance ofSmelter Grade Aluminas intheReductionCell Alumina PhaseDistribution,Structural Hydroxyl andPerfor- 2:50 PM homogenisation ofthequality. Consequently themaritimetransportsystemcontributestoa a reductionofthequalityvariationsbyfactor2-4(ratio:Sin:Sout). the loadingandun-loadingoperationsofaluminavesselscontributeto is characterizedashomogenizing.Thepresentworkdemonstrateshow case, whenthestandarddeviationissuppressedthroughsystem,it dard deviationincreasesfromtheinputtooutput.Inopposite shipment. Thesystemischaracterizedassegregatingwhenthestan- deviation ofanumbersamplescollectedevenlyovertheentire loading ofaluminavessels.Thevariabilityisexpressedasthestandard on thesegregationprocessestakingplaceduringloadingandun- pots inthepotroom.Theworkpresentedpresentpaperfocus through thelogisticchainfromaluminarefinerytoindividual initiated anumberofstudiesfocusingonhowqualityvariationspass Hydro : Neal R.Dando 1 ; MargaretHyland Aluminium’s smelter 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM 1 ; 1 Alcoa, 100 Techl. Dr., Alcoa Ctr., PA 15069 2 ; Tania Groutso system isfrequentlyusingaluminafrom : Carl Behrens in PSD.Hydro 1 ; 1 University of Auckland, 1 ; 1 Hydro Aluminium has Aluminium 2 : Univer- James 167

TUESDAY PM Jyoti : Rudolf : Alexander : Jawaharlal Nehru 1 ; 2 Technical Program Technical Hindalco Industries Lim- 2 sen, Elkem Aluminium ANS, ; Rajnish Kumar 2 Room: 2003 Location: Moscone West Convention Center Tor Bjarne Peder Tor Engineering & Techonology Center, Krasnoyarsk Center, Techonology Engineering & 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM Claude H. Vanvoren, Alcan, Primary Metal Grp., Vanvoren, Claude H. Light Metals Division, LMD-Aluminum Committee ; Y. V. Ramana V. ; Y. TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: 1 ganizers: RUSAL RUSAL 1 EMEC Consultants, 4221 Roundtop Rd., Export, PA 15632 Roundtop Rd., Export, PA EMEC Consultants, 4221 1 ; 1 ; 1 Farsund 4551 Norway; Tom Alcorn, Noranda Aluminum Inc., New Aluminum Inc., Alcorn, Noranda Tom Farsund 4551 Norway; ASA, Oslo Madrid, MO 63869 USA; Halvor Kvande, Norsk Hydro N-0240 Norway Tuesday PM February 15, 2005 Session Chair: 38341 France Voreppe Rd., Amravati Aluminium Research Development and Design Centre, Maharashtra 440 023 India; Nagpur, Wadi, ited, R&D, PO Renukoot, Renukoot, Uttar Pradesh 231 217 India During aluminium production, frequent failure of copper anode bar was observed. The average life cycle of the bar was found to reduce from 50 cycles to 20 cycles during a defined time span. While reduc- tion, it was observed that both stiffener and the bar were continuously exposed to flue gases. Failures in the vicinity just above the MS stiff- ener take place due to gradual reduction in cross-sectional area of the Berezin Cell Technology: Reduction Aluminum Development & Operations - Part 2 Sponsored by: Or Program 2:00 PM Anode Bar of Copper Analysis on Life Cycle Case Study A Mukhopadhyay process stability and efficiency. This impact is complicated by the fact impact is complicated This efficiency. stability and process of the because in the line, on every cell observed may not be that it and is further systems in handling segregate tendency to material’s process up in a cell, been set has once a disturbance because confounded and gaseous of particulate work against the containment conditions fraction of that the fine work has also demonstrated emissions. Recent process dramatic effect on potline cover can have a crushed anode the underway to investigate study is now A dust release. stability and its generation factors which control dust, and the origins of potroom both directly The role of alumina, into the environment. and release is of par- cells in the potline the disruption of reduction and through the in understanding the origin of dust in ticular interest. Progress in light of these investigations. potrooms is reviewed, 5:10 PM and Sludge Formation Revisited Alumina Dissolution Keller USA reduction cell does not Alumina added to the bath of an aluminum and through the bath, because of its low bulk immediately sink into freezing some bath). Bath penetrates density (aside from temporarily a- and in this process, g-alumina transforms into into the bulk alumina, are formed. Such agglomerate pieces may alumina and agglomerates to the metal-bath interface. Provided their size sink through the bath accumulations of agglomerates may sink and density are sufficient, sludge at the carbon-metal interface. There through the metal to form at the bath-metal can be conditions, however, where they remain are discussed along interface. Possible impacts of such accumulations of bottom sludge and the with the current distribution in the presence formation of aluminum below the sludge. 5:35 PM Alumina During its The Model of Dissolving and Heating of Cell” Supplying Through PF in the Program “Virtual 660011 Russia taking into ac- PFS (Point Feeding System) Control algorithms, are necessary for increas- count parameters of bath alumina dissolving and of anode effects in particular for reducing ing of cell efficiency, process dynamics and cell output increasing. Modeling of dissolving PFS is necessary for the alumina heating during its intake through the mutual solution definition of these algorithms. This work represents of alumina dissolving of the following goals: -Modeling of the process account different quali- on the basis of experimental data taking into interaction and alu- ties of alumina. -Modeling of thermal particles of time and alumina ag- mina agglomerates with the bath. -Modeling bath-metal. The mod- glomerates settlement quantity at the interface calculations are cell”. Test els are realised in the program “Visualised (cell voltage, bath fulfilled. The results of technical data alteration settlement quan- temperature, overheating, alumina concentration, tity etc.) are presented during the work of PF. ; W. 1 ; Mark ; N. P. 1 1 Karmøy Plant 3 National Institute 1 ; 1 ; N. P. Skaugset ; N. P. National Institute of 1 Y. Thomassen Y. 1 : ; 3 and recovery. Comparative and recovery. Margaret M. Hyland ; H. Notø : 1 ; D. Ellingsen 2 168 ; P. A. Drabløs ; P. 1 ; L. Jordbekken ; W. Koch ; W. 1 1 University of Auckland, Light Metals Rsch. Ctr., PB Auckland, Light Metals Rsch. Ctr., University of 1 ; L. Jordbekken 2 ; Y. Thomassen Y. 1 ; D. Ellingsen 1 : Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Toxicology Fraunhofer Institute of 168 P. Taylor P. Auckland New Zealand 92019, Dust is defined as the fine particulate material that escapes con- finement and causes a nuisance or a hazard in the workplace. This paper examines the origins of fine particulates and their impact on Dunkhorst Occupational Health, PO Box 8149 DEP, N-0033 Oslo Norway; Occupational Health, PO Box 8149 DEP, 1, D-30625 Hannover Germany; Nikolai- Fuchs-Str. Norsk Hydro, Håvik Norway concentration, number This study was aimed at measuring number particles directly size distribution, particle morphology and ultrafine anodes, and at locations at the source during the process of changing representing typical mean exposure situations to aged smoke in plant The average “background” total number concen- Al-smelter. site of an tration is 20000 [particles/cm³] in Prebake area with concentration peaks an order of magnitude higher related to anode change opera- tions. Søderberg technology produces more pollution with average concentrations of the order of 80000 [particles/cm³]. Time averaged size distribution exhibits a bimodal structure with a peak at or below 10 Airborne particles size (50-100 nm). nm and a second peak at larger show a variety of morphological structures including long thin fibers, chain like agglomerates and different forms of crystallites. Only a small fraction of the particles associated with the 10 nm peak of the number size distribution could be found on TEM-pictures indicating that these particles might be volatile. This study shows existence of elevated number concentrations of nanoparticles at workplaces in the Main emission source of this particle size primary aluminium industry. fraction in Prebake is open bath during anode changing. Nanoparticles were measured directly at the source but could also be identified as episodes of high number concentrations in the general “background” air in the Prebake production hall. 4:45 PM Origins and Effects of Potroom Dust 2 Skaugset NO-0033 Oslo Norway PO Box 8149, DEP., of Occupational Health, atmospheres in potrooms have tradition- The quality of workroom measuring workers exposures to “total” dust ally been monitored by fluorides, hydrogen fluoride, sulphur and gases including particulate Bronchial hyper- volatiles (e.g. PAH’s). dioxide and coal tar pitch asthma) is despite exposures below interna- responsiveness (potroom for the contaminants limits (OEL’s) tional occupational exposure frequently occurring among workers. During mentioned above, still of suspected potroom asthma and asthma recent years a high number been reported by the Norwegian aluminium like symptom cases have a dose-response Recently, Authority. industry to the Labour Inspection exposures, but whether relationship has been suggested for fluoride simply markers for caus- fluorides are the causative agent, co-agent or To to be determined. ative agent(s) for potroom asthma, remains in aluminium better understand the complex workroom composition exposure, new air potrooms and the temporal variability in worker’s samplers for the health monitoring strategies with the use of aerosol been included in an ongo- related aerosol fractions are required and has Aerosol for the Nordic aluminium industry . ing project (HAPPA) in the respirable/ mass, total and water soluble fluorides, and beryllium and SO2 are measured in thoracic/inhalable fractions in addition to HF and Søderberg and 10 different potrooms representing 6 smelters reading instruments Prebake-technologies. The use of personal direct about exposure for SO2 and aerosols is used to obtain information These exposure indicators may allow more complete de- variability. Al-potroom. in scription of workroom air contamination situation will be presented. Preliminary results from this monitoring project 4:20 PM Aluminium of a Primary Ultrafine ParticlesWorkplaces at Smelter the factors impacting fluoride evolution evolution fluoride impacting the factors chemical speciation and bonding of the short-range characterizations to were employed aluminas grade reacted smelting and plant of lab on adsorption of fluoride the mechanism of our understanding refine measure the relative able to identify and have been We surfaces. SGA and en- amorphous-state adsorbed of at least 6 different populations of ore. The relative concentrations in plant-reacted trained fluorides and pot-tend- operating conditions reflect dry-scrubber these species ing practices. Break 3:40 PM 3:55 PM Asthma Developing Occupational for of Concern Exposures Aluminium of Primary During Production

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 Mark P. Taylor suitable andconsistentanodecover materialinmodernpotlines.Ex- recycled bathmaterials,followed bythepreparationandcontrolofa such asthehandling,crushing,grinding, classificationandstorageof control inthelaboratory. Furtherimportantaspectsaredealtwith, cover materialaredescribedanddiscussed aswelltheirtestingand rial aredefinedinclearterms.Thebasicpropertiesofprimaryanode Thevarioustypesofrecycledbathmaterialandanodecovermate- 1650, SeptIles,QuebecG4R5M9Canada 2468, Bonn53014Germany; Pierre Reny Anode Cover MaterialandBathControl 3:55 PM 3:40 PMBreak pot-tending practicesonemissionandevolution. the orefeedcycle.Ofparticularinterestisrelativemagnitude of directly fedtothepotswasstudiedbyvaryingrateanddynamics of num smeltingpots.ThedynamicsoffluoridereleasefromreactedSGA and tendingpracticesonfluorideemissionevolutionfromalumi- will discussreal-timemeasuresoftheimpactorefeedingpractices cally affectthedynamicsofthisrecoveryprocess.Thispresentation try, operatingpractice,pot-tendingandorefeedingdramati- the lostfluoride. A rangeofsmelter-owned factorssuchaspotchemis- reacted SGAfromthescrubbersisthenfedbacktopotsrecover phase fluoridefromtheexhaustgasesofaluminumsmelters.The Dryscrubbersusesmeltinggradealumina(SGA)tocapturevapor- 2 Robert Tang Impact ofOreFeedingandCoverPractices Fluoride Evolution/Emissionfrom Aluminum SmeltingPots: 3:15 PM onstrate andsupportthepracticalaspectsofwork. per amperageandheatbalancelimits.Plantdataispresentedtodem- lems isalsoconsidered,especiallyforsmeltersapproachingtheirup- the celloperatingheatbalancewindowandreductionofanodeprob- heat balanceincells.Theimportanceoftheanodeassemblydesignon anode covercontrolloopthathaspermittedtighterofthe paper completeslastyear’s work,withpresentationofanoperational maintain componenttemperatureandoverallcellheatbalance.This dissipation ofsufficientheatfromtheassemblyandcoverto criterion, whichisnowmostcriticalforthestabilityofcell published inTMSLightMetals2004.Theanodeassemblydesign on thecelltopheatbalancewereexemplifiedinPart1ofthiswork, assets. Thekeyaspectsofanodecoverqualityandhangerdesign recent yearsascompaniesseektoincreasethereturnfromexisting Reductionlineamperageshavebeenincreasingaroundtheworldin Auckland, TheLightMetalsRsch.Ctr., NewZealand 1 2 sign onReductionCellPerformance-Part De- and AnodeAssembly Control Cover of Anode Impact The 2:50 PM reduction ofthevoltagedropexternaltocell. new jointshaveremainedatnormalvoltage,resultinginasignificant nections. Sincethebimetalsheetinstallationbegantwoyearsago,all ing expensivedisconnecting,cleaningandremakingofthejointcon- would increaseinvoltageovertime,asmuch350millivolts,requir- anode bus.Priortobimetalsheetinstallation,halfoftheriserjoints the coppertabsofanoderiser-flexiblesboltedtomoveable installed betweenthesolidaluminumleavesofanodebusworkand occurrence ofhighvoltagedropsacrossthesejoints.Thesheetswere connection ofprebakealuminumreductioncellshaseliminatedthe Useofaluminum-copperbondedsheetsontheanoderiserjoint 0303 Norway Aluminium, Hoffsveien65B,POBox5211Majorstuen,OsloNo- Inc., PrimaryMetals,POBox472,Rockdale,TX78664USA; Reduction Cells Application of 2:25 PM explored. bar aswellalsoincreasingtheheightofstiffenercouldbe quality controlofthecoppermetalbeforeandafterfabrication important remedialmeasureswereundertaken. Among them,stringent due totheintergranularmode.Inorderpreventsuchfailures,afew responsible forsuchfailure.Infact,thefailurewasattributedmostly structural analysisalsorevealsthatthepresenceofpits/voidsare Cu-bar asaresultofoxidation,pittingandcrackformation.Micro- TMS 2005Annual Meeting: Alcoa, SmeltingDiv., Eastalco Works, Frederick,MD21703USA Boyne Smelters,Island,Queensland Australia; 2 2 ; BrianMurphy ; 2 1 ; GregL.Johnson : Alcoa, 100 Techl. Dr., Alcoa Ctr.,PA 15668USA; Aluminum-Copper BondedSheetin Aluminum Kayron F. 169 Lalonde 2 2 ; Aluminery Alouette Inc.,Casepostale TechnicalProgram 1 Hydro Aluminium T & T Hydro Aluminium 1 ; IanCoad 1 ; MarkD.Ohlswager : Siegfried Wilkening 1 ; GeoffP. Brookes : : Evan W. Andrews Neal R.Dando 2 University of P, POBox 2 ; 1 2 Alcoa, Elkem 1 1 1 1 ; ; ; ; carbon consumptionhascomebelow410kg/ton Al. ciency reached95%;energy consumptionis13870kwhr/ton Al; also operating atasteadystateshowingsatisfactorynorms.Currenteffi- each time. Today atEgyptalum,210kA prebakedhome-madecellsare the newsituation.Cellstabilitywasoneofthesefactorstobechecked operating parameters.Thus,manyfactorshavebeenchangedtomatch of 2003.Ineachstep,unsteadyoperationneededcarefulchangesin achieved through6steps:203intheyear1997upto210 goal wastoincreasetheoperatingcurrent.Thisdevelopment lowed byconvertingSoderberg line#5intoprebakedcells. Another cells facedsomedifficulties.Overcomingthesedifficultieswasfol- pected, earlystagesofoperationthehome-made200kAprebaked ematical modelsandactualdesign,fabricationoperation. As ex- 2003. Ithasgonethroughthreephases,namely:familiarization,math- prebaked cells.ThisachievementhasbeenreportedinJOMMay milestone indevelopmentwastheconversionofSoderbergcellsinto project design(84%)totoday’s levelofmorethan88%. A major Soderberg cellshaveresultedinincreaseofcurrentefficiencyfrom Egyptalumbelievesincontinuingdevelopment.Improvements Engrg., CairoEgypt (Egyptalum), Nage-HammadiEgypt; Université, Bureau910,Montréal,QuébecH3A3S7Canada; Jon Berkoe CFD ModelingoftheFjardaalSmelter Potroom Ventilation 4:20 PM which maybeemployedinthefuture,aregiven. amples oftheequipmentgenerallyusedinbathtreatmentcentres,or Bassiony with Over 200kA Egyptalum ExperienceinOperatingEndtoPrebakedCells 4:45 PM constraints. but theseeffects aremanageable withinthesystem’s performance gradients cancauselocallynon-uniformflowpatternsinthepotroom winds, implyingthattheclaustrawalldesignisveryeffective.Pressure lation systemperformanceisrelativelyunaffectedbytheterrainand at theDeschambaultsmelter. The modeldemonstratedthattheventi- the buildings.Themodelwasvalidatedagainstsmoketestsconducted peratures, pressures,andpollutantconcentrationsinsideoutside state-of-the-art capabilitiestocaptureindetailthevelocities,tem- dynamics (CFD)modelingwasemployed.TheCFDanalysisutilized complex. To helpguidetheventilationdesign,computationalfluid make thepredictabilityofventilationsystemperformancemore terrain, highwindspeed,andmultipleapproachdirections-that The FjarðaálProjectisfacedwithadditionaluniquefactorslikelocal situated onaslopingsiteadjacenttofjordlocatedineasternIceland. buildings arelonger,withreducedspacingbetweenand Deschambault Quebec,Canada.TheFjarðaálSmelterProjectpotline Alcoa’s Aluminerie Deschambaultsmelterfacility, locatedin natural aircirculation.Thedesignofthepotlinebuildingsisbasedon tilation ofheatandfugitivecontaminantsusingasystembasedon TheFjarðaálSmelterpotlinebuildingsaredesignedtoachieveven- 6603 W. BroadSt., Richmond, VA 23230USA Patrick Grover 1 ; 1 ; PhilipDiwakar S. M.El-Raghy 2 ; DonZiegler 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM : M. Ali 1 2 ; LucyMartin ; 1 2 ; M.El-Ghonimy ; 1 Bechtel M&M,N. America, 1500,rue 1 Aluminium CompanyofEgypt 2 Cairo University, Facultyof 1 ; BobBaxter 1 ; F.; M. Ahmed 1 ; MarkRead 1 2 ; Z. A. Alcoa, 169 1 : ; TUESDAY PM ; ; 2 2 Korea 1 Jisoon ; Hyun- : 1 ; 1 SATCOM, , under DC 2 ; L. Gangloff 3 ; P. Legagneux ; P. 1 Cambridge Univer- 1 ; Technical Program Technical 1 * states and give rise to Jai-Young Lee Jai-Young ; Min-Sik Park Π : 1 * electrons occurs, which ; O. Groening Π 2 ; R. G. Lacerda ; R. G. Thales Research and Technol- Thales Research and 2 2 ; W. I. Milne W. ; 1 ; E. Minoux microwave applications (eg. 1 ; F. Peauger ; F. 2 ; Min-Sang Song University of Cambridge, Microelect. Rsch. University of Cambridge, 1 4 K. B.K. Teo : 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Testing Materials Federal Laboratories for 3 ; G. A.J. Amaratunga A.J. ; G. ; D. Dieumegard 4 2 ; Kyu-Sung Han 1 Seoul National University, Sch. of Physics, Seoul Korea Sch. of Seoul National University, 1 ; 1 may be regarded as filtering of particular electrons. We have also We electrons. may be regarded as filtering of particular performed first-principles pseudopotential calculations for the field emission from carbon nanotubes by solving the time-dependent Schroedinger equations under high applied voltage. Both capped and open-ended geometries are considered. Carbon atoms bridging two walls are assumed to exist in the open-ended double-wall tubes. The outer wall screens the external field very effectively in general. Double- wall nanotubes with at least one metallic wall are shown to produce more stable emission current than single-wall nanotubes. Implications to the performance of the actual field emission display developed in the industry are discussed. 5:00 PM Change and Ni Doping on Hydrogen The Effect of Structural of Carbon Nanotubes Properties Storage Seok Kim Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Technology, Advanced Institute of Science and Daejeon 305-701 Korea Yuseong-gu, 373-1 Guseong-dong, were in- Hydrogen storage properties in carbon nanotubes(CNTs) vestigated from the view points of not only physical hydrogen mol- ecules adsorption in nano-hole but also chemical hydrogen adsorption with closed or open capped were studied on graphite surface. CNTs through hydrogen thermal desorption technique equipped with gas chromatograph. The precise analysis on thermal desorption spectra with closed structure showed that hydrogen gas was released on CNTs at three major temperature ranges such as 100-230K, 290-350K, and 600-625K, where the evolved hydrogen amount were about 1.65wt%, in case of However, about 0.64wt%, and about 0.03wt%, respectively. We have investigated the electron transport in multiply-connected We formalism. metallic carbon nanotubes within the Landauer-Buttiker Quasibound states are coupled to the incident on the coupling strength. energy levels of different widths depending heptagonal rings are In particular, donor-like states originated from between broad and found to give a very narrow level. Interference backscattering as well as narrow levels produces Fano-type resonant energy range, almost resonant tunneling. Over a significantly wide perfect suppression of the conduction of frit and vehicle, and modifying frit resulted 10 times larger emission larger 10 times frit resulted and modifying vehicle, frit and of process The patterning bias. value of operating and half current process hole filling results of and the developed paste has been CNT the FED struc- grown on also directly are CNTs The addressed. will be CVD grown properties of method. The emission ture by CVD single those of physically synthesized CNT are similar with multiwalled image of screen demonstration large Finally our recent wall CNTs. shown. FED will be Break 3:35 PM 4:00 PM Invited Field Emitters for Micro- High Performance Nanotube/Fiber wave Applications Schnell J.-P. Hasko D. G. Cambridge UK; of Engrg., Dept. sity, France; ogy, Thun, Switzerland; EMPA UK Ctr., nanotubes/fibers (CN) are pursued here as field Multiwalled carbon because of their whisker-like shape, high emission electron sources to thermal stability and resistance aspect ratio, high conductivity, these favourable properties, it is often diffi- electromigration. Despite of material into devices because of the lack cult to integrate this report the use of plasma We of this material. control in the synthesis ultimate control of enhanced chemical vapour deposition to provide position, diameter, the CN structure such as their alignment, individual process exhibit excellent length and shape. The CN produced from this with typical standard deviation in the diameter structural uniformity, Using such well controlled and height of 4.1% and 6.3% respectively. the electrical characteris- structures, we show it is possible to predict source or as an array. tics of the CN emitters as an individual electron with predictable Thus, it is now possible to build designer cathodes arrangements for these characteristics, and also to determine optimised demonstrate high current densities of 1A/cm cathodes. We These CN cold and 1.5GHz direct modulation, from CN cathodes. over conventional cathodes offer considerable weight and size savings hot cathode cathodes used in radar). 4:30 PM Invited Carbon Nanotubes Electron Filtering by Multiply-Connected Carbon Nanotubes and Field Emission of Double-Wall Ihm : ; 1 ; Jung Hee 1 ; Sang Hyun 1 Nanosys, Inc., 2625 Meyya Meyyappan 1 Institute of Technology, Institute of : ; 1 ; Jun Hee Choi 1 ; Deuk Seok Chung 1 L. Bock : 170 ; YongWan Jin ; YongWan 1 Samsung Advanced 1 Room: 3018 Convention Center Location: Moscone West Jud Ready, Georgia Tech Research Institute - Tech Georgia Jud Ready, ; 1 ; Young Joon Park Young ; 1 Apparao M. Rao, Clemson University, Physics, University, Apparao M. Rao, Clemson Electronic, Magnetic & Photonic Materials Magnetic & Photonic Electronic, ; In Taek Han Taek ; In 1 ; Hang Woo Lee Woo ; Hang 1 ; Jae Eun Jung 1 NASA, Ctr. for Nanotech. - Ames Rsch. Ctr., MS 229-3, Moffett Ames Rsch. Ctr., for Nanotech. - NASA, Ctr. 170 Matls. Lab, Keyheung NongSeoRi San 14-1, YongIn, KyoungKi 449- YongIn, Matls. Lab, Keyheung NongSeoRi San 14-1, 712 Korea Field Emission Display (FED) having carbon nanotube (CNT) emit- ters has been fabricated for several years in Samsung. The phase shift from metal electron emitter to CNT has given us great success not only in the business field but also in the academic field. In this presen- tation, the parameters to enhance field emission property of CNT will in the form of be discussed. The study and precise control of CNTs paste and CVD grown thin films gave us much informations to use paste are Four components in CNT as a better electron emitter. CNTs using proper The pretreatment of CNT, and vehicle. frit, filler, CNT, Hanover St., Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA Alto, CA Palo Hanover St., nanostructures in Nanosys synthesizes inorganic semiconductor complex shapes, such as the form of nanorods, nanowires and more modeling and syn- cones, teardrops and tetrapods. Using computer semiconductor thetic methods, we rationally design inorganic shape, crystal structure, nanostructures with desired composition, size, and successfully fabri- doping and surface chemistry characteristics, controlling the compo- cate these materials every time. In addition to sition and structure of these nanomaterials, we can even change the composition as they are grown, forming nano heterostructures con- taining nano-sized heterojunctions. These junctions can be made atomi- cally sharp, and defect-free; allowing the production of complex, high- performance electronics integrated directly within a single nanostructure. In contrast to traditional microelectronics, elements such as p-n diodes, p-i-n diodes, LEDs, bipolar transistors, etc. can be constructed chemically from the bottom up as the nanostructures are grown. 3:05 PM Invited Recent Progress in Carbon Nanotube Field Emission Display Park Jong Min Kim Lee 2:00 PM Opening Remarks 2:05 PM Invited Novel One Dimensional Nanostructures 1 Field, CA 94035 USA exhibit a combination of remarkable Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) properties and thus offer mechanical properties and unique electronic In this talk, our significant potential for a wide range of applications. individual, freestanding recent results on growing very well-aligned, of bio and chemical sen- nanotubes by plasma CVD and development grow vertically oriented, sors will be described. It is possible now to such as silicon, well-aligned nanowires of semiconducting materials inorganic nanowires germanium and high temperature oxides. These properties compared to exhibit very interesting electronic and optical are being investigated for their two dimensional thin film cousins and of ZnO, InO and other device, laser and sensor applications. Growth of vertical transistors nanowires, characterization and development will be discussed. 2:35 PM Invited Inorganic Rational Design and Fabrication of High-Quality Semiconductor Nanostructures Applications and Fundamentals of High Aspect of High and Fundamentals Applications of Carbon-Based Applications Nanomaterials: Ratio Nanostructures and Inorganic by: Sponsored Committee Division, EMPMD-Nanomaterials Organizers: Program Agere Seung H. Kang, 30332-0826 USA; GA Atlanta, EOEML, 18109 USA; PA Allentown, and Module R&D, Systems, Device Materials of Maryland, Salamanca-Riba, University Lourdes G. Department, College Park, MD 20742- Science and Engineering and Forschungzentrum Juelich, IFF Valanoor, Nagarajan USA; 2115 Materials, Juelich, Germany D52425 Institute for Electronic Tuesday PM February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: Valanoor, USA; Nagarajan Clemson, SC 29634-0978 Juelich D52425 Germany; Seung H. Forschungzentrum Juelich, Kang, Agere 18109 Systems, Allentown, USA PA

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 chronic arsenicpoisoningisendemic andsevereadverseeffectsattrib- 2.5 millionpeople,situatedinthe centralpartofnorthernMéxico, InsomepartsoftheComarca Lagunerawithpopulationofabout Hermosillo Sonora,SonoraMexico mont, TX77710USA; versity, GillChairofChmst.&Cheml.Engrg., POBox10022,Beau- Sci., V. Carranza2400,Saltillo,Coahuila25280Mexico; Moreno-Casillas Hector A. ValenzuelaL. Comarca LaguneraMexico Arsenic RemovalbyElectrocoagulation Technology inthe 3:20 PM odor. as lead,copper,zinc,fluoride,selenium,andimprovementintaste Additional BIOMACbenefitsincludeotherheavymetalremoval,such of Arsenic IIIandV to 2ppbunderwidewaterchemistryranges. and combined(BIOMAC)havebeendemonstratedtotreathighlevels magnetically activatedcarbonandbacteria/biopolymers;separately strated forminingandgroundwatersto2ppblevels.Processesusing stabilization treatmentcostsof$0.10/1,000galhavebeendemon- applications of$0.20/0.02/gal.Full-scalemicrobialarsenicremoval/ up to99%ofarsenicfromdrinkingwateratcostsforPOU/POE and isdifficult totreat10ppblevels. Adsorptive mediacanremove herbicides. Arsenic affects ~4,100municipalwatersystemsnationwide petroleum products,woodpreservatives,animalfeedadditives,and ters, smelterwastes,andsitesformanufactureofsemi-conductors, National PrioritiesListandinminingmineralprocessingwastewa- Arsenic isacontaminantat781of1,430sitesidentifiedonthe East 100S.,SaltLakeCity, UT 84112 USA 0114 USA; Dept. Metallurgl. Engrg.,1335S.1460E.,SaltLakeCity, UT 84112- Ximena Diaz Arsenic Removalfrom Contaminated Waters 2:55 PM ments sitespecificandchallenges. the fullscalesystemwillbepresented,aswellregulatoryrequire- detection limits(0.02mg/L).Datafromthebenchscaletesting,and L. The ABMet® technologyconsistently removesarsenictobelow to 15°C.Influentarsenicconcentrationsrangefrom0.5mg/L1mg/ L/min (150gallonsperminute)andtemperaturesrangingfrom10°C spring of2004.Designcriteriaincorporatedamaximumflow567 The systemincludedsixbioreactorsthatbegantreatingwaterinthe a closedmineinCanadaforremovingarsenicfromtailingspondwater. industrial wastewaters.The ABMet® technologywasimplementedat moval ofarsenic,nitrate,selenium,andothermetalsfrommining Applied Bioscienceshasdevelopedabiologicaltechnologyforre- PO 520518,265CrossroadsSq.,SaltLakeCity, UT 84152USA Canadian Mine Biological Removalof Arsenic from T 2:30 PM Montana, Sch.ofMines&Engrg.,Butte,MT59701USA TX 79915USA;LarryG. Twidwell, MontanaTech ofUniversity Session Chairs: February 15,2005 Tuesday PM 1352 USA 35487-0202 USA; V. RamRamachandran,Scottsdale, AZ 85262- Department ofMetalsandMaterialsEngineering, Tuscaloosa, AL Program Organizers: EPD-Pyrometallurgy Committee,LMD/EPD-RecyclingCommittee Nickel, CobaltCommittee,EPD-ProcessFundamentals Sponsored by: Process StreamsII Removal ofArsenicanditsPrecipitationfrom Arsenic Metallurgy:Fundamentals&Applications: in therangeof340-520K. Ni nanoparticlesshowedthatabout2.8wt%ofhydrogenwasreleased impregnation method.HydrogendesorptionspectraofMWNTs with nanoparticles werehomogeneouslydispersedusingincipientwetness storage propertieswereinvestigatedcomparatively. The metal oped (about1.9wt%). And Ni-doping(dispersion)effect onhydrogen open CNTs, theevolutionpeakaround290-350Kwashighlydevel- TMS 2005Annual Meeting: 2 1 University ofUtah,UtahEngrg.ExperimentSta.,1495 ; JanD.Miller 3 ; Ventura; Valverde : Extraction &ProcessingDivision,EPD-Copper, Shijie Wang, PhelpsDodgeRefiningCorp,ElPaso, Tina Maniatis Ramana G. Reddy Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 2014 3 University ofSonora,Chmst.,Zona Centro, 2 ; 1 171 : ; TerrenceChatwin 1 Jose R.Parga Instituto Tecnologico deSaltillo,Matls. 1 ; Tim Pickett 1 TechnicalProgram ; Jewel A. Gomes , University 1 ailings Pond Water at ; DavidL.Cocke 1 ; 2 ; 1 Applied Biosciences, 1 2 University ofUtah, ; MehmetKesmez : of Alabama, Jack Adams 2 Lamar Uni- 2 ; Jesus 1 2 ; process controlandtheefficiencyofarsenicremovalarediscussed. A massbalanceoftheprocessispresented.Thecharacteristics for arsenicremoval.Inthispaper,thetreatmentschemeisevaluated. metallurgical treatment,thesolutionfromprocesshastobetreated sulfides. Sinceabout60%ofthearsenicissolubilizedduringhydro- actually amixtureofsodiumsulfide,leadmetal,andcopper dross withsodiumtoproduceahighgradecoppermattewhichis SodaMattesarenormallygeneratedbytreatingtheroughcopper Blvd., ElPaso,TX79915USA USA USA; ZhongLi,Commonwealth Aluminum, Lexington,KY 40511 Session Chairs: February 15,2005 Tuesday PM Research Campus,Lexington,KY40511USA Program Organizer: Sponsored by: Automotive Alloys2005:SessionI Overview Removal of Arsenic from SodaMatteProcess Solutions-An 3:45 PM study yielded99%removalfromgroundwater. used toremovearsenic(III)and(V)inafieldpilotplantscale suggest thatthepresenceofmaghemiteandmagnetiteparticlescanbe used tocharacterizethesolidproducts.Finallyresultsofthisstudy Electron Microscope,andTransmissionMössbauerSpectroscopywere ductivity andpH.Inthisstudy, PowderX-rayDiffraction, Scanning are highlydependentonthechemistryofaqueousmedium,con- regeneration isElectrocoagulation(EC).TheECoperatingconditions treatment techniquethatdoesnotrequiretheadditionofchemicalsor tional treatmentplants,howeveraverypromisingelectrochemical ods availableforremovalofarsenicfromwellwaterinlargeconven- uted to Arsenic exposurehavebeenreported. There areseveralmeth- Sunset Ave., Windsor, OntarioN9B3P4Canada; Hu num Wheels Microstructure InhomogeneityofCast andProperty Alumi- 2:50 PM results willbepresented. entation textureandthesurfaceroughness,somenewuseful roughening, particularlyfocusingonthecorrelationbetweenori- of thestrain. Various efforts weremadetoclarifycausesofsurface the pullingdirection,sizeofobservationwindowandlevel in rougheningpatternbetweentopandbottomsurfaces,depending on ing behaviorwasalsoinvestigated,andtheresultsshowedasymmetry an engineeringaspectwereidentified.Thethrough-thicknessroughen- the observationwindows.Therougheningpatternsundesirablefrom roughening patterns,andtheirinterrelationsamongdifferentscales of showed thestronganisotropyindevelopmentofcharacteristic used tocharacterizesurfacerougheninganditsevolution.Theresults proaches. Various experimentaltechniques andanalyticaltoolswere plane-strain tensionwasthoroughlystudiedusingmulti-scaleap- The surfacerougheningbehaviorof6022-T4 Al sheetsdeformedin versity, Dept.ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg., Pittsburgh, PA 15213USA Dayton-Xenia Rd.,Dayton,OH45432USA; Sheets Deformation-Induced SurfaceRougheningin6022-T4 Al 2:25 PM simulations thathaveutilizedtheFLDfor5182. 5182 sheetfor Automotive applications byanalyzingtheofFEA part of sheetmetalmaterials.Thispaperwillinvestigatetheapplication used asaninputtoaidintheanalysisofstampingcharacteristices tunity todetermineprocesslimitationsinsheetmetalformingandis applications. TheFormingLimitDiagram(FLD)allowsforanoppor- resistance. Theformabilityofthesealloysiscriticalforautomotive industry duetotheirexcellentproperties,highstrengthandcorrosion Aluminum alloyshavebeenincreasinglyusedintheautomotive USA; 1 Application of5182for Automotive Parts 2:00 PM Arco Aluminum, 9960Corp.CampusSte. 3000,Louisville,KY 40223 1 ; 2 1 : SECAT, 1505BullLeaRd.,Lexington,KY 40511 USA University of Windsor, Mechl., Auto. &Matls.Engrg., 401 Y. S.Choi : Shijie Wang : Robert Shang 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM Light MetalsDivision,LMD-AluminumCommittee Subodh K.Das,SecatInc.,Lexington,KY40511 1 ; H.R.Piehler Subodh K.Das,Secat,Inc.,Coldstream 1 ; Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 2006 1 Phelps DodgeRefiningCorp,850Hawkins 1 ; NaiyiLi 2 ; A. D.Rollett 2 ; WilliamJ. Altenhof : 2 Carnegie MellonUni- Gyan Jha 2 ; 2 Ford MotorCom- 1 UES, Inc.,4401 1 ; W. Yin 1 ; Henry 171 2 ; TUESDAY PM ; 1 ; Jin Yucel 1 : Beijing 2 ; Tadashi ; Erdogan 1 1 ; Bilal Kerti 1 Tony Zhai Tony : Technical Program Technical Sumitomo Light Metal Ind., ; Fahri Alageyik ; Fahri 1 1 ; Yoshio Watanabe ; Yoshio ; 1 ; Necmi Dogan 1 1 Mechanical PropertiesMechanical of Con- Ozgul Keles ; ; Hiroki Esaki AMAG Rolling GmbH, PO Box 32, Ranshofen 1 1 2 ; Kazuhisa Shibue ; Tanya Aycan Baser Aycan ; Tanya 1 1 University of Kentucky, Dept. of Cheml. & Matls. University of Kentucky, Assan Aluminum, R&D, E5 Karayolu 32. km. Tuzla, Aluminum, R&D, E5 Karayolu 32. km. Assan Akyazi, Adapazari Turkey 1 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM 1 ; TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: ; 3 2 Marmara Research Center, Gebze, Kocaeli 41470 Turkey; Marmara Research Center, Gebze, Kocaeli Hideyuki Uto 1 Murat Dundar : University of Kentucky, Ctr. for Al Tech., 1505 Bull Lea Rd., Tech., Al for Ctr. University of Kentucky, ; Kaoru Ueda : 3 1 ; 2 ; Osman Cakir 1 ; Xiyu Wen ; Xiyu 2 Asas Aluminum, Minoda Aichi Prefecture 1-12 Chitose 3, Minato-ku, Nagoya, Ltd., R&D Ctr., 4558670 Japan alloy sheets for automobile body Al-1.0%Si-0.4%Mg Properties of me- Additionally by twin roll casting (TRC sheets) were investigated. 2 is alloy AA6082 system, Al-Mg-Si the within alloys several Among regarded as a higher strength alloy and is used for sections requiring tensile strengths exceeding 300 MPa in the automotive industries. This alloy needs to be processed in an optimum way in order to meet the everincreasing market demand for improved performance particu- larly with regard to their strength. Factors such as alloy chemistry, microstructure or the extrusion process parameters have a big impact on the strength of the final product. For high strength extruded pro- files, processing must assure either fine recrystallized grains or a uni- form unrecrystallized structure as intermediate partially recrystalized structures with coarse grains particularly near the profile surface, are detrimental to strength, toughness, formability and weldability of these products. The present work was carried out to investigate the effect of Mn content, the quench rate, the solution temperature, the quenching practice and the storage time before artificial ageing on the final properties of 6082 hollow cylindirical profiles for antivibrational ele- ments used in automotive industry where high strength and dimen- sional stability is critical. 5:40 PM Roll Twin Automobile Body Sheet by Al-Si-Mg of Properties Casting formation and is an important factor in material failure. How this failure. How in material factor an important and is formation orien- boundary size and grain by grain be affected evolves will texture charac- useful for EBSD is diffraction backscattered Electron tations. banding shear to characterize be used it may also texture, but terizing will illustrate from our experiments progression. Results and damage tensile speci- monotonically loaded changes in how the microstructural for predictive data necessary the damage evolution mens can provide components. aluminum sheet metal modeling of 4:30 PM and Texture Microstructure, tinuous Cast AA5083 and Alloys 5182 Aluminum Li 40506 USA; Anderson Hall, Lexington, KY 177 Engrg., of Civil & Environmental Engrg., Beijing Dept. Jiaotong University, China; USA Lexington, KY 40511 AA continuous cast recrystallization textures of cold-rolled The alloys with and without prior heat treatment 5083 and 5182 aluminum the X-ray diffraction. The results showed that were investigated by of affected the recrystallization texture prior heat treatment strongly AA texture of CC The recrystallization alloy. 5083 aluminum AA CC without prior heat treatment was characterized 5083 aluminum alloy component and a minor R component, by a major strong {113}<110> texture of the alloy with prior heat treat- while the recrystallization R component. The tensile properties and ment consisted of a weak were also studied. their anisotropy of the 5083 and 5182 alloys 4:55 PM Appli- Automotive 6016 for AA Roll Cast Twin Development of cations Gerhard Anger Istanbul 81700 Turkey; A-5282 Austria applications Aluminum alloys employed for inner and outer panel solutions to implement of automotive industry necessitate alternative and formability as well some improvements on mechanical properties to twin roll casting as a cost efficient production. Continuous interest of nature years, originates from cost effective in recent technology, of the materials cast in the casting technique and some unique features high solidification rate at Very comparison to conventional casting. features that will further the roll gap introduces unique micro structural performance, with contribute mechanical properties and formability route. In present the application of appropriate downstream processing detailed micro structural characterization studies were conducted study, AA6016. Casting parameters on the as-cast samples of twin roll cast at the surface and were optimized to tailor micro structural features specific automotive ap- through the thickness. Further on results for will be discussed. plications as car body sheet and structural sheet 5:20 PM Processing of AA6082 Profiles Applications for Automotive Birol Bengu ; J. 1 ; Mary A. ; Mary 1 Georgia Institute of Institute Georgia 1 Joseph A. Querin ; 1 : ; Warren J. Poole Warren ; Mississippi State University, 1 1 ; 1 systematically varied precipitation 172 ; A. M. Gokhale ; 1 ; Matthias Militzer AA6111 with AA6111 1 ; Joel Harris 1 ; Mark F. Horstemeyer ; Mark F. 1 Johnson Go University of British Columbia, Ctr. for Metallurgl. Process for Metallurgl. Ctr. University of British Columbia, 1 Y. Mao Y. : : ; 1 172 Dept. of Mechl. Engrg., Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA high degree of success has been achieved in the use of damage A modeling for predicting the durability and reliability of cast compo- nents. Cast components typically have a high void volume fraction Under the stress triaxiality conditions present in thick due to porosity. walls, the porosity voids grow and coalease. Implementation of this damage modeling technique for predicting durability and reliability in rolled sheet components presents new challenges. Rather than damage accumulation originating at porosity voids, damage accumulation origi- nates within shear bands in deformed aluminum sheet metal. The ini- tial texture and evolving texture in sheet metal affects the shear band Technology, Sch. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Atlanta, GA 30332-0245 Atlanta, GA Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Sch. of Technology, USA Al-alloys involves cracking Damage nucleation in numerous ductile around the cracked inclu- of brittle inclusions; subsequent void growth global fracture. Conse- sions and the void coalescence leads to the cracking in wrought it is of interest to quantify particle/inclusion quently, Al-alloys. In the past, such quantitative microstructure characteriza- tion involved manual detection of the cracked particles using optical which is quite laborious and ineffi- or scanning electron microscopy, technique for auto- present a novel digital image analysis We cient. matic detection of cracked particles and cracks and subsequent mea- and surements of their geometric attributes such as number density, size, shape, and orientation distributions. The technique is presented through its applications to characterization of cracking of Fe-rich Al-alloys. intermetallic inclusions in 7075, 6061, and 5086 4:05 PM Alu- Damage in Use of EBSD to Quantify the Microstructural Alloys Under Monotonic Loading minum A. Schneider Engrg., 309-6350 Stores Rd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada V6T BC Vancouver, Rd., 309-6350 Stores Engrg., is one of the main AA6111 Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy The heat-treatable due to its excellent com- aluminum choices for automobile sheet skin In the high formability. bination of paint bake hardening response and fine and closely spaced precipi- commercial processing for this alloy, subsequent coiling pro- tates that developed during hot rolling and microstructure by cesses can retard the evolution of recrystallized On the other suppressing the movement of high angle boundaries. particles can promote hand, large primary Fe-containing constituent (PSN). In an ef- recrystallization via particle-stimulated-nucleation microstructural pro- fort to clarify the interactions between these have been con- cesses, a series of isothermal annealing experiments ducted on cold rolled states. The evolution of microstructure, both in terms of the recrys- states. The evolution of microstructure, both of second phases tallized grain size distribution and spatial distribution techniques including are characterized using a variety of experimental contrast in SEM, optical EBSD grain mapping, electron channelling The results indicate that microscopy and resistivity measurements. irrespective of prior the recrystallization kinetics are severely retarded aging conditions. 3:40 PM Aluminum Wrought Particle Cracking Damage Nucleation in Alloys Wells pany, Rsch. & Advd. Engrg., 2101 Village Rd., Dearborn, MI 48124 MI Dearborn, Rd., Village Engrg., 2101 Advd. & Rsch. pany, USA of the application attracted to has been industry automotive The reduced unsprung wheels with aluminum wheels, as in road aluminum to effort In an and drivability. better vehicle handling weight offer of alumi- and performance engineering functionality better understand A356 alumi- inhomogeneity of cast a study on structure num wheels, properties Samples for mechanical has been carried out. num wheels locations of sectioned from various analysis were and microstructure by have been investigated wheels. The microstructures the aluminum microscopy and scanning electron metallography means of optical us- and intermetallic compounds are identified (SEM). Eutectic phase analysis (EDS). The microstructure analy- ing energy dispersive X-ray the of the dendrite arm spacing (DAS) on sis reveals the dependency properties were Tensile sampling regions. section thickness of the the extracted from the hub, spoke and rim of obtained from specimens that the tensile strength, and in particular, wheels. The results indicate The property locations vary considerably. elongation for the sampling attributed to inhomogeneous microstruc- inhomogeneity is primarily from the nonuniform cooling occurred ture in the wheels resulting during solidification. 3:15 PM of Cold Rolled Annealing the Evolution During Microstructure AA6111

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 Daniel Huber to establishtheinfluenceofboron additiononthemicrostructural with variousboronlevelsareconsidered. Theobjectiveofthisstudyis 2.6Nb-3Al-0.2Si (TIMETAL21S) and Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr (Ti-5553) achieve theabovegoals. Two important aerospacealloys, Ti-15Mo- development ofbetaTialloysmodified withsmallboronadditionsto and higherelevatedtemperature capability. Thispaperdescribes the resistance atlarge crosssections,improvedandaffordableprocessibility, involve veryattractivecombinationsofstrength-toughness-fatigue ThedevelopmentofnextgenerationbetaTialloysisexpected to Ste. 1, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH45433-7817USA USA; 2 2230 Tenth St., Ste1, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH45433-7817USA; Tiley Modified withBoron Processing, Microstructure, ofBeta andProperties Ti Alloys 2:25 PM be presentedinthispaper. resistance ofthesecompositesiscurrentlybeinginvestigatedandwill based techniques.Theroomtemperaturetensilepropertiesandwear ited compositeshasbeeninvestigatedindetailusingSEMandTEM ent totheLENS®process.Themicrostructureofdepos- the alloymatrix,aconsequenceofrapidsolidificationratesinher- exhibit arefinedhomogeneousdistributionofTiBprecipitateswithin a singlestepviatheLENS®process.Theseas-depositedcomposites and elementalboronpowders,thesecompositeshavebeendepositedin sisting ofablendpre-alloyed TIMETAL 5553(or TIMETAL 21S) alloy TIMETAL 21SwithTiB reinforcements.Usingafeedstockcon- 5V-5Mo-3Cr-0.5Fe (TIMETAL 5553)andtheotherbasedon forced compositeshavebeenstudied,onebasedonthealloyTi-5Al- processing ofthesemetal-matrixcomposites. Two typesof TiB rein- powder feedstockandappearstobeapromisingtechnologyforthe shaping (LENS®)isadirectedlaserdepositionprocesswhichuses sisting ofboridesdispersedinabTimatrix.Laserengineerednet- stantial interestinthedevelopmentofmetal-matrixcompositescon- tion metalboridesareconsideredpromising.Therefore,thereissub- stiffness andstrengthofthesealloys,reinforcementssuchastransi- example, inaircraftstructuralcomponents.Inordertoincreasethe due totheirwideapplicabilityinanumberofdifferentareas,for InrecentyearstherehasbeenconsiderableinterestinbTialloys tory, Matls.&Mfg.Direct.,Dayton,OHUSA College Rd.,Columbus,OH43210USA; 1 loys withTiBReinforcements ofLaserMechanical Properties DepositedBeta Titanium Al- 2:00 PM USA James G. Session Chairs: February 15,2005 Tuesday PM 29634-0921 USA University, SchoolofMaterialsScience&Engineering,Clemson,SC TIMET, Henderson,NV 89009USA;HenryJ.Rack,Clemson Ladish Co.,Inc.,Cudahy, WI 53110-8902 USA;JohnC.Fanning, 20J1, Seattle,WA 98124-2207USA;RobertF. Denkenberger, Program Organizers: Committee Sponsored by: Processing Beta Titanium Alloys ofthe00’s: Compositesand sensitivity. ated. As aresultitisclarifiedripplemarkaffectsfiliformcorrosion sheets. Moreover,thesurfacequalityofTRCfinalproductswasevalu- bendability forhemmingofTRCsheetsislowerthanthatDC same. However,boththeformingheightatstretchingtestand deep-drawing testtheformingheightofTRCsheetsisalmost are almostthesameasthatofsheetsbyDCcasting(DCsheets). At rolling andheattreatmentthemechanicalpropertiesofTRCsheets develop thematerialrecyclingtechnologyforbodypanels. After cold taining ferrousimpurityfrom0.15to1%wereestimatedinorder chanical, formingandcorrosionpropertiesofthe Al-Si-Mg alloycon- TMS 2005Annual Meeting: UES Inc.,Matls.Procg.,4401Dayton-XeniaRd.,Dayton,OH45432 Ohio State University, Matls.Sci.&Engrg., 477 Watts Hall,2041 3 ; DanB.Miracle 3 Air ForceResearchLaboratory, AFRL/MLLM, 2230 Tenth St., Ferrero, ThePerrymanCompany, Houston,PA 15342 1 ; PeterC.Collins Structural MaterialsDivision,SMD-Titanium John Fanning, TIMET, Henderson,NV 89009USA; : Rod R.Boyer, BoeingCompany, Metall./6- 3 Location: SanFranciscoMarriott Room: Salon10/11 Sesh Tamirisa ; 1 Ohio University/AFRL, 173 TechnicalProgram 1 : ; JaimieTiley Davion Hill 1 ; RadhakrishnaB.Bhat 2 Air ForceResearchLabora- 1 2 ; RajarshiBanerjee ; HamishL.Fraser AFRL/MLLMD, 2 ; Jay 1 1 ; ; Salishchev structure HomogeneityofBeta-Rich Titanium Alloys Effect ofDeformationConditionsonGrainSizeandMicro- 3:55 PM 3:40 PMBreak spectively. 1600MPa andoperatingtemperaturesareestimated700-800 Average strengthofthealloysatroomtemperatureandUTS=1400- ingots of300mmplusdiameterandrectangularsimilarmass. phase) caststructure.TheMEMtechnologyallowstoproduceround purified, refinedheterogeneous(intermsoftheeutectoid-forming of magneticallycontrolledelectroslagmelting(MEM)whichassures phase inasoftmatrix.Thesealloyshavebeenachievedbythemethod dispersion strengtheningand/ora“rigidframe”ofeutectoidforming phase particles.Thesealloysarecharacterizedbytheintermetallic alpha- andbeta-solidsolutionswithadditionofintermetallicsecond heat-resistant alloysandinvestigatesthenewclassofbasedon Presentationcoversthefirststepstowardscreationofnewclass Str., Moscow107005Russia 03680 Ukraine; Hydrodynamics ofElectroslagProcesses,11, BozhenkoStr., Kyiv Moiseev Technology New ClassofHeat-Resistant Titanium Alloys Produced byMEM 3:15 PM motion inthematrix. dispersion strengtheningofTi2Cparticlesbyinhibitingdislocation 0.2C isattributedtobothsolidsolutionstrengtheningofcarbonand creep-process. Theimprovedcreepresistanceofthe Ti-35V-15Cr- 15Cr-xC (x=0,0.2%)alloyswasdominatedbyadislocation-controlled particulates intothematrix. The creepdeformationofthe Ti-35V- Ti-35V-15Cr-0.2C isconsiderablyimprovedbyincorporationof Ti2C (TEM). Theexperimentalresultsshowedthatthecreepresistanceof was characterizedusingaJEM-2010transmissionelectronmicroscope stress rangeof200-300MPawasstudied.Thedeformationbehavior Ti-35V-15Cr and Ti-35V-15Cr-0.2C alloysat500-580 resistant beta-phase-basedtitaniumalloys.Thecreepbehaviorofthe is tostudytheeffectsofcarbononcreepresistanceinburn- nium alloysforaerospaceapplications.Theobjectiveofthisresearch Thereisagreatdealofinterestindevelopingburn-resistanttita- CA 95616USA 1 Phase-Based Ti-35V-15Cr-xC Alloys Effects ofCarbonontheCreepBehaviorBurn-Resistantâ- 2:50 PM subsequent processingwillbediscussed. of boronadditiononthemicrostructuralevolutionandaffordability properties intheas-castconditionwillbepresented.Theimplications ducted. Effectofboronadditiononthemicrostructuralstabilityand structural characterizationandtensilepropertyevaluationarecon- 500 mmlengtharecastusinginductionskullmelting.Detailedmicro- evolution andmechanicalproperties.Ingotsof70mmdiameter ences theirmicrostructureandcrystallographic texture,thusresulting Thermomechanicalprocessing ofbetaalloyssubstantiallyinflu- Henderson Laboratory, Henderson,NV USA A. Kotrechko nium Beta-Alloys Anisotropy ofMechanicalProperties inHigh-Strength Tita- 4:20 PM discussed. and elevatedtemperaturemechanicalpropertiesofthesebilletswill be billets withlowultrasonicnoise.Heattreatmentresponse,androom a beta-richalloy, isothermalmultiple-stepforging was usedtoproduce reported. Inoneexampleofformingahomogeneousmicrostructure in content onfinalgrainsizeandmicrostructuralhomogeneitywill be temperature, strainandrate,initialmicrostructuresalloy- stable betaandhigh-betaalpha/betaalloys.Theeffectsofdeformation down tosub-microcrystalline. Alloys studiedincludestablebeta,meta- beta fieldsforforminghomogeneousmicrostructureswithgrainsizes discuss thedevelopmentofprocessingwindowsinbothbetaandalpha/ mal mechanicalpropertiesinafinalforging. We willpresentand is ofgreatimportanceforsecondaryprocessingandtoachieveopti- Thecontrolofgrainsize,shape,andmicrostructuralhomogeneity Niskayuna, NYUSA Problems, 39KhalturinStr., Ufa450001Russia; B. P. Bewlay Metal Physics,36 Vernadsky St., Kiev03142Ukraine; University ofCalifornia,Dept.Cheml.Engrg.&Matls.Sci.,Davis, 2 ; 1 ; R.M.Galeyev 1 E.O. PatonElectric Welding Institute,Dept.ofMagnetic : 2 1 ; C.U.Hardwicke ; Vadim I.Bondarchuk Yaroslav Yurievich Kompan 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM 2 All RussianInstituteof Aircraft Materials,17,Radio : Orest M.Ivasishin 1 ; O.R. Valiakhmetov 2 ; 1 Institute forMetalsSuperplasticity 1 ; StephenP. Fox : 1 ; PavloE.Markovsky Fusheng Sun 1 ; ValentinNikolaevich 1 ; M.F.X. Gigliotti 1 ; E.J.Lavernia 2 2 ; GE Research, 1 ° Institute for C withina 1 2 ; Sergiy : TIMET ° .A. A G. C re- 173 2 1 ; ; TUESDAY PM Clemson 1 ; Jean C. 1 ; 1 Technical Program Technical VanSchoiack H. J. Rack : Newport Coast Oral Facial 3 : Lindsey R. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Matls. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, 1 University of California, Biomed. Engrg., ; 1 1 ; 1 Room: 3009 Convention Center Location: Moscone West Marc Andre Meyers, University of California, Andre Meyers, University Marc 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM Robert O. Ritchie, University of California, Matls. Robert O. Ritchie, University Structural Materials Division, Electronic, Magnetic Division, Electronic, Structural Materials TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: Antoni P. Tomsia Antoni P. : James C. Earthman ; 3 Institute, 360 San Miguel Dr., Ste. 204, Newport Beach, CA 92660- 204, Newport Beach, CA Ste. Institute, 360 San Miguel Dr., 7828 USA energy generated by mas- For normal healthy teeth the percussive at the healthy bone- tication is attenuated by the periodontal ligament natural tooth interface, this is not the case when dental implants are present. Previous studies have looked at the mechanical damping in dental implants, however the studies have never examined the effect of bone density at the time of implant placement in conjunction with quantitative measures of mechanical energy dissipation. Utilizing a series of artificial foam bone models which vary in density and struc- ture, we have tested the mechanical energy dissipation of several dif- ferent dental implant makes and models as a function of simulated a percussion Our hypothesis is that the Periometer, bone density. can assess probe system designed to measure local damping capacity, also hypothesize the quality of the underlying support structure. We that the Periometer will be able to differentiate between implant model geometries within the same support structures. 3:00 PM Invited Alloys Titanium for Biological Applications 213 Olin Hall, Clemson, SC Sci. & Engrg., Sch. of Matls. University, 29634-0971 USA Titanium alloys, because of their excellent mechanical, physical and biological performance are finding ever-increasing application in biomedical devices. This presentation will review and illustrate the history of titanium alloy use for medical devices, their current status, future opportunities and obstacles for expanded application. Illustra- tions will be given for commercial purity titanium, alpha-beta and metastable beta alloys, intermetallic compounds and metal matrix composites. 916 Engrg. Tower, Irvine, CA 92697 USA; Irvine, CA Tower, 916 Engrg. Biological Materials Science and Engineering: Science Materials Biological II Applications Materials/Bio-Medical Biological by: Sponsored Surfaces in for Biomaterials, Materials Division, Society & Photonic Materials- Behavior of Foundation, SMD-Mechanical Biomaterials Committee EMPMD/SMD-Biomaterials ASM-MSCTS), (Jt. Organizers: Program CA Engineering, La Jolla, Aerospace of Mechanical and Department Department of California, USA; Sungho Jin, University 92093-0411 Jolla, CA 92093 USA; Roger J. Narayan, of Materials Science, La Atlanta, Materials Science and Engineering, School of Tech, Georgia GA 30332-0245 USA Tuesday PM February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: USA; Paul Calvert, 94720-1760 CA Berkley, Sci. & Engrg., Scis., N. Dartmouth, Textile Dept. of University of Massachusetts, MA 02747 USA 2:00 PM Invited Novel Bioactive Glass Biomimetic Bonelike Composites and Coatings 94720 USA CA One Cyclotron Rd., MS 62R0203, Berkeley, Scis. Div., and synthesis of artificial This presentation focuses on the design glass coatings for bone-like composite materials and novel bioactive Hydrogel polymers metallic implants using natural bone as a guide. for nucleating that possess anionic groups suitably positioned function of the collagen- biominerals, and therefore mimic the natural to direct template- phosphoprotein matrix in bone, were designed controlled fashion. Dif- driven biomineralization in a microscopically to enable the forma- ferent mineralization techniques were developed with either porous tion of hydrogel-calcium phosphate composites penetration or excellent microstructures suitable for potential tissue for bone mimics polymer-mineral interfacial affinity that is desirable mechanical properties. with enhanced biocompatibility and interfacial expansion properties Novel osteophilic glass coatings with thermal substrates such as matching with those of their metallic bone implant cracking during the Ti or Co/Cr, and therefore preventing interfacial enameling process, were also developed. 2:30 PM Invited Coefficients of Dental Effect of Bone Density on the Damping Method Vitro An In Implants: Wu Perryman 1 Air Force 2 ; Yuriy V. ; Yuriy 1 ; Institute for 2 1 National Acad- 2 ; 2 right-Patterson AFB, ; Orest M. Ivasishin Orest M. Ivasishin Orest 1 ; S. L. Semiatin 1 : Mfg. Direct., W Mfg. Direct., 174 Allan J. Hutt : andale Dr., Houston, PA 15342 USA; Houston, PA andale Dr., ; Pavlo E. Markovsky 1 174 Company, 213 V Company, Kiev str., Vernadsky 36, emy of Sciences, Inst. for Metal Physics, 252142 Ukraine has demonstrated a good balance of strength, Alloy LCB Timetal® and fatigue properties for automotive spring applications in ductility, the alpha-beta solution treated and aged condition. Mechanical prop- erties and texture were evaluated in the rapid beta solution treated and aged condition. Conventional beta treatments yield material with low if the beta grain size can be kept below 10 microns However, ductility. by using controlled heating rates, beta solution treatment can improve strength and ductility from alpha-beta solution treated material. Matviychuk Ukraine; Kiev 03142 St., Metal Physics, 36 Vernadsky in anisotropy of mechanical properties. Usually, final high-strength Usually, properties. mechanical of in anisotropy by followed solution treatment formed by alloys are in beta conditions tem- below beta-transus solution treated alloy is in which (STA), aging exhibits anisotropy material strength that high This means perature. the present It was shown in the many applications. undesired for that applica- alloy as an example, beta TIMETAL-LCB taking paper, by rapid of solid solutioning heat treatment consisting tion of special aging beta field and subsequent heating into single phase continuous processing thermomechanical an influence of primary allows to reduce to conven- condition as compared isotropic structural and attain more properties were mechanical Tensile treated material. tionally heat transverse directions. In the last case a unique determined in rolling and Obtained results are discussed in terms testing technique was developed. resistance to brittle fracture. Since nucle- of high-strength material distinct crystallographic planes, their orienta- ation cracks open up in of determined what allowed to predict influence tional distribution was of mechanical properties. texture on anisotropy 4:45 PM of High- of the Mechanical Properties Comparative Study Alloys Beta-Titanium Strength Matls. & Research Laboratory, OH 45433-7817 USA al- of three commercial beta-titanium The mechanical properties were compared in the VT22) and Ti-15-3, loys (TIMETAL-LCB, following thermomechanical processing comprising STA-condition continuous rapid heat- beta-solid solutioning, cold deformation (CD), during the rapid heating ing, and final aging. The peak temperature or recrystallized condi- step was chosen to obtain either a polygonized of residual deformation tion and thereby to control the distribution and distribution of defects, which, in turn, influenced the dispersion It was established alpha-phase precipitates in the final microstructure. of 1600 MPa) and that a good balance of high strength (in excess microstructure reasonable ductility could be obtained if a fine-grained by recrystallization. The with a beta-grain size of ~10 mm was formed a reduction in the aging development of such a fine grain size enabled while maintaining ductil- temperature and thus increased the strength the properties could be ity within the desired limit. In this respect, of heating to the aging varied to a great extent by varying the rate polygonized condition temperature. On the other hand, aging of the 1600 MPa but with also led to a strength level of approximately recrystallized condi- generally lower ductility than in the fine-grained distinctive feature of the polygonized condition was Another tion. of heating to the aging that the sensitivity of properties to the rate temperature was not very strong. 5:10 PM Alloy Mechanical LCB Timetal® Treated Rapid Beta Solution Texture and Properties

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 Rodrigo Prioli everyday activities,suchassports. Historicallythemainobjectiveof creased performancesoastobe abletoundertakemorestrenuous only requireincreasedlongevity fromtheirprosthesisbutalsoin- one ofthemaingoalsresearch inthefield. Younger patientsnot sions, prolongingthelifeofaTHR isofparamountimportanceand (THR) onyoungerpatients,incurring anincreasingnumberofrevi- With thecurrenttrendofperforming Total HipReplacements Rd., BournemouthBH13NAUK Tabeshfar Design ofanOptimum Acetabular CupProsthesis 4:45 PM 0134789). work waspartiallysupportedbytheNationalScienceFoundation(DMR Al-Nb alloyshavepotentialforbiomedicalimplantapplications.This Ti-17Al-33Nb orTi-22Al-28Nb.Theresultsofthisstudysuggest Ti- strated thatthereisnodifferenceinthebiologicalresponsetoeither comparable tothatofuntreatedmice.Theseexperimentsdemon- particles andlivingcells,resultinginamidlinesagittalsuturearea Nb particles,indicatedthatnosignificantreactionoccursbetween the ing theresorptionofmousecalvarialtissueinresponsetoTi-Al- alloys werealsocomparable.Biocompatibilityexperiments,measur- 6Al-4V. The RT tensilestrengthandelasticmodulusofthe Ti-Al-Nb Nb alloysexhibitedfatiguelivesequaltoorgreaterthanthoseforTi- havior illustratedthatboththeas-processedandheat-treatedTi-Al- is commonlyusedforbiomedicalimplantapplications.TheS-Nbe- 22Al-28Nb(at.%) werecomparedtothoseforTi-6Al-4V(wt.%),which of theUTS)andtensilepropertiesTi-17Al-33Nb(at.%)Ti- Inthisworkthefatigue(R=0.1,10Hz,max.stressbetween60-95% USA Toyahashi 441-8580Japan; 2 Engrg. &Matls.Sci.,Bldg.,E.Lansing,MI48824-1226USA; Flick with Ti-6Al-4V(wt.%) Biocompatibility ofTi-17Al-33Nb(at.%)andTi-22Al-28Nb(at.%) Comparison oftheFatigueand Tensile Behavior and 4:25 PM entiation ofosteoblastcells. acidic characterofmetallicbiomaterialgivesrisetoenhanceddiffer- results suggestthattheformationofsurfacehydroxylgroupswith acceptor surfacetensionparameteroftheimplantmaterial.These ity increasedwithincreasingsurfacetensionandelectron- differentiation. Itwasalsofoundthatthealkalinephosphataseactiv- raphy, andreducedsurfacepotentialonimproved cellattachmentand the positiveeffectsofnano-scaledroughness,randomsurfacetopog- tion andmorphologieswerestudied.Theresearchresultsindicateon material combinationsandtheresultingcellproliferation,differentia- blast cellswereculturedonsevendifferentsurfacetreatmentsand 4V metalalloyelicitthedesiredosteoblastcellresponse.Miceosteo- learning whichsurfacepropertiesof316LstainlesssteelandTi-6Al- Theapplicationofbonescrewswasexaminedwiththegoal Medtronic Pkwy., Minneapolis,MN 55432USA 49931 USA; gan Tech, Matls.Sci.&Engrg., 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton,MI English fect onInteractionwithOsteoblastCells Surface CharacteristicofMetallicBiomaterialsandTheirEf- 4:05 PM contact angle. surface area. As theareaincreasesthereisadecreaseinsurface shown thattheimplantsurfaceenergyissensitivetotitanium surfaces withsimilarroughnessintherangeof435nm±49nm.Itis dent ofthescanninglengthandthatallsurfacetreatmentsleadto scan sizeslargerthan50mm,theaveragesurfaceroughnessisindepen- length dependenceoftheimplantsurfaceroughnessshowsthat,for dental implantphysicalandchemicalproperties. An analysisofthe pared. Theresultsshowthatsurfacetreatmentsstronglyinfluencethe shot-peening, acidetchingandacombinationofthem,werecom- roughness andsurfaceareaofthesamplessubmittedtoanodizing, plants wasanalyzedbyatomicforcemicroscopy. The morphology, Thesurfaceofcommercialunalloyedtitaniumusedindentalim- Janeiro, RJBrazil Brazil; tary InstituteofEngineering,PrGen.Tiburcio80,RiodeJaneiro Surface TreatmentsImplant of TiDental 3:45 PM 3:30 PMBreak TMS 2005Annual Meeting: Toyohashi Universityof Technology, ProductionSys.Engrg., 3 ; K. A. Rider 1 2 ; J.Fogarty Pontifícia UniversidadeCatólica,CaixaPostal38071,Riode 1 ; 1 Bournemouth University, DesignGrp.,12Christchurch 2 2 Medtronic USA,Inc.,Matls.&Bioscies.Ctr., 710 ; GuilhermoSolorzano 3 ; C.J.Boehlert 1 ; N.Istephanous : C. J.Cowen 175 3 Alfred University, Alfred, NY 14802 TechnicalProgram 1 ; 1 2 1 ; M.Niinomi ; R.Policoro Michigan State University, Cheml. 2 ; RicardoBathomarco : L.Bren : Carlos NelsonElias 1 2 ; A. Zsidi ; A. ; T. Akahori 1 ; J. Drelich : 1 ; 2 ; Kamran 2 1 ; L.M. Michi- 1 Mili- 1 ; L. 1 ; tion Fabrication ofNovel TiZr Alloy Foamsfor Biomedical Applica- 5:05 PM further researchintofatiguefailureofaluminabearingcouplesinTHR. chanical testingmethodsgavefast,cheapresultsandcouldalsoallow addition, theuseofproposednovelanatomicallyorientatedme- the necessityforcostlyanddebilitatingrevisionslateroninlife.In ing surfacethatshouldlastlongerandperformbetter,thusreducing composite acetabularcupprostheseswithaceramiconbear- This paperdescribesresearchanddevelopmentrelatedtoanovel must beretainedbyminimisingbothremodellingandboneresorbtion. optimisation oftheacetabularcup,propertiesnaturalhip grows todifferingthicknessandstrengths(remodelling).For being transferredinanunrealisticmanner. The effect isthatthebone by initialprimaryfixationduringtheoperation,canresultinstresses and henceprosthesisloosening.Changesinstressvalues,evencaused ene weardebrisisseenasamajorcontributingfactortoboneresorbtion cups havesomeformofpolyethylenebearingsurface,butpolyethyl- hip replacementscarriedoutannually, manyofthecurrentacetabular system withoutsacrificingtheservicelifeofTHR.Of800,000 combination ofmaterialstooptimisethestressdistributionin sive impactonthesystem. A mainaimistodevelopamaterialor plex problemwheremanyoftheindividualdesignfactorshavemas- nent. Optimisingtheacetabularcupprosthesisproducesahighlycom- impact onlong-termsurvivaloftheTHRthanfemoralcompo- research hasproposedthattheacetabularcupdesignfarmore generally, thesewerenotintendedforyoungactivepatients.Previous THR wastorelievepainandincreasequalityoflifeintheelderly; discussed inthispresentation. composition relationshipsinthese alloysystems.Theseresultswillbe to trainandtestfuzzy-logicmodelspredictproperty-microtructure- the composition-microstructure-property. This databasehasbeenused assess theirmechanicalproperties,andfinallybuildadatabaserelating ments tothesealloys,characterizeandquantifytheirmicrostructures, cess compositionallygradedalloys,administerappropriateheat-treat- proach isbasedontheuseofdirectedlaserdepositiontorapidlypro- paedic alloysaswellinthematurationofexistingones.This ap- such alloysandconsequentlyaidinthedevelopmentofnewortho- veloped forrapidassessmentofthemicrostructureandproperties of mechanical treatments. A novelcombinatorialapproachhasbeende- of alloydesignviaoptimizationcompositionandthermo- literature, thereisstillatremendousscopeforimprovementinterms number ofbiocompatiblebeta-Tialloyshavebeenreportedinrecent microstructure onrapidlycoolingfromhightemperatures.While a ment lowermodulusbeta-Tialloyswhichretainasinglebetaphase for anidealorthopaedicalloy, thereisathrust towardsthedevelop- phase, andthebetaalloysalsosatisfymostofotherrequirements in Tialloysexhibitsasignificantlylowermodulusthanthealpha resistance, lowmodulus,andgoodwearresistance.Sincethebetaphase body fluidwhereitwillbeused,highmechanicalstrengthandfatigue with noadversetissuereactions,excellentcorrosionresistanceinthe combination ofdifferentpropertiessuchasexcellentbiocompatibility Orthopeadicalloysforimplantapplicationstypicallyrequirea NY USA Banerjee Implants Orthopaedic for Titanium Alloys A NovelCombinatorial 5:25 PM ologic loadingandalowelasticmodulusveryclosetobone. TiZr alloyfoamsexhibitanappropriatestrengthtowithstandphysi- resembling boneandtheporesizerangesfrom200 ders. TheTiZralloyfoamsdisplayaninterconnectedporousstructure were fabricatedbyapowdermetallurgicalprocessusingtheMApow- loying process.NovelTiZralloyfoamswithporositiesofabout80% present study, TiZr alloypowderswerepreparedbyamechanicalal- physical, mechanical,andnewbonetissueingrowthproperties.Inthe globally. Inparticular, porousmetalsareattractiveduetoitsunique biomaterials. Researchinthisareaisreceivingincreasedattention Boneinjuriesandfailuresoftenrequiretheinceptionofimplant Simoshidami, Moriyama-ku,Nagoya, Aichi 463-8560Japan nology, Matls.Rsch.Inst.forSustainableDvlp.,2266-98 Anagahora, Australia; University, Sch.ofEngrg. & Tech., PigdonsRd.,Geelong, VIC 3217 bus, OH43210USA; sity, Matls.Sci.&Engrg., 477 Watts Hall,2041CollegeRd.,Colum- : Cui’e Wen 1 ; JohnStechschulte 2 National Instituteof Advanced IndustrialScienceand Tech- 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM 1 ; PeterDamianHodgson 2 Cornell University, Matls.Sci.&Engrg., Ithaca, Approach to 2 ; HamishL.Fraser 1 the DevelopmentofBeta ; Yasuo; Yamada : Soumya Nag 1 ; 1 µ Ohio StateUniver- m to500 2 1 ; ; Rajarshi µ 1 Deakin m. The 175

TUESDAY PM ; : 3 Mo : ; Michael 1 ; Mark Morrison 3 Georgia Institute of 1 Technical Program Technical Yunfeng Shi Yunfeng ; : 2 Michigan Tech. University, Math. University, Michigan Tech. 2 University of Tennessee, Cheml. Tennessee, University of ; Peter K. Liaw 1 2 University of Tennessee, Matls. Sci. Tennessee, University of 3 ; 3 ; Guang-Ping Zheng 1 ; Kathleen Feigl 1 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM Mo Li Georgia Institute of Technology, Sch. of Matls. Sci. & Technology, Institute of Georgia 1 : TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: Hong Kong University, Dept. of Mechl. Engrg., Hong Dept. of Mechl. Engrg., Hong Kong University, ; 2 1 ; Ray A. Buchanan ; Ray 3 University of Michigan, Matls. Sci. & Engrg., 2300 Hayward 1 Arbor, MI 48109-2136 USA Arbor, ; 1 ; QiKai Li 1 L. Falk Ann St., Molecular dynamics simulations of uniaxial tension in a two-di- mensional model of a metallic glass exhibit varying degrees of shear localization depending upon the process by which each of the materi- als was produced. The samples that were quenched most gradually show the largest degree of localization. In addition higher strain rates lead to Technology, Sch. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., 771 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, GA 771 Ferst Dr., Sch. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Technology, 30332 USA; Kong China is pro- mesoscopic theory for shear localization in metallic glass A and atomistic modeling posed. Based on experimental observations free volume density and results, we establish the relation between local predicts shear localiza- applied stress. This phenomenological theory phase-field mod- A tion, shear instability and shear zone propagation. eling is applied based on this theory. 3:40 PM Break 4:00 PM Atomistic Study An Localization in Metallic Glass: Shear 30332 USA Atlanta, GA 771 Ferst Dr., Engrg., Shear localization in binary metallic glass ZrNi, CuZr and PdSi are investigated using extensive molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that shear localization is a result of local instability of deformation triggered by local concentration of stress. Contrary to long-held view that shear localization is adiabatic in its origin, our work suggest that local heating and fluid-like behavior are simply a consequence of the is found in the not the cause. Excess free volume shear instability, shear zone. The speed of the shear zone propagation is estimated. Effects of various processing factors on shear zone formation are also investigated. 4:20 PM of Quasicrystalline Struc- Shear Localization and Percolation a Simulated Model Metallic Glass in ture Bing Yang USA; TN 37996 Engrg., Knoxville, USA; Scis., Houghton, MI 49931 TN 37996 USA & Engrg., Knoxville, have indicated that shear bands originate and Recent observations glasses (BMGs) under tensile loading once propagate in bulk metallic propagate and dissi- plastic deformation has begun. These shear bands with high-speed and pate on the order of milliseconds, as witnessed present In this presentation, we high-sensitivity infrared thermography. onset, propagation, and results of a study aimed at understanding the tensile loading in BMGs. eventual dissipation of these shear bands under of a non-equilib- Initial results are discussed, based on the application which results in a rium thermodynamics approach to this problem, stress distribution within system of equations that couples the applied vector field associated the sample with temperature and an additional equations describes the with the free volume in BMGs. This set of within the BMGs, shear-band formation, propagation, and dissipation shear bands, their speeds and gives hints concerning the origination of direction of propagation, of propagation, their width and length, their deformation that occurs and the magnitude of any permanent plastic across them. 3:20 PM Shear Localization in Mesoscopic Theory and Modeling of Metallic Glass Li (atomic percent) BMG alloy, commonly known as Vitreloy 105. By 105. Vitreloy as known commonly BMG alloy, percent) (atomic loca- length, width, the technique, visualization this unique utilizing shear of individual velocity evolution, and temperature tion, sequence, the variables among correlations Furthermore, were quantified. bands these param- statistical analyses of Detailed also were investigated. process of the gain insight into the conducted in order to eters were are grate- materials. The authors deformation in BMG inhomogeneous Educa- Integrative Graduate Science Foundations, ful to the National grant number program under (IGERT) Training tion and Research Development and Curriculum the Combined Research DGE-9989548; ZZC-9527527 and EEC-0203415 program under (CRCD) Training M. and Ms. L. Goldberg, Jennings, Dr. W. Clesceri, Dr. L. with Dr. and the Division of Materials Science Poats as the contract monitors; of Energy under contract DE-AC05- and Engineering, Department Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) operated 00OR22725 with Oak LLC. by UT-Battelle, 3:00 PM Propagation in Bulk Metallic Glasses Modeling Shear Band Brian J. Edwards ; ; ; 2 1 2 5.0 Ti Case 1 10.0 ; 2 Al 14.6 ; Bing Yang ; Bing Ni 1 17.9 : Wenhui Jiang : Wenhui Cu Oak Ridge National ; A. L. Greer ; 52.5 2 ; Cecil A. Carmichael ; Cecil 2 1 Atlanta, GA 30332 USA Atlanta, GA Mark L. Morrison : University of Tennessee, Dept. of Stats., Tennessee, University of Engrg., Engrg., 176 3 ; N. A. Stelmashenko ; N. ASM-MSCTS) 1 ; Raymond A. Buchanan ; Raymond Room: 3006 Convention Center Location: Moscone West University of Cambridge, Dept. Matls. Sci. & 2 2 Peter K. Liaw, University of Tennessee, of University Peter K. Liaw, University of Michigan, Dept. of NERS & MSE, University of Michigan, 1 University of Tennessee, Matls. Sci. & Engrg., 434 & Engrg., Matls. Sci. Tennessee, University of 1 Michael Atzmon, University of Michigan, Matls. Michael ; Structural Materials Division, SMD-Mechanical Structural Materials 1 ; 3 ; C. T. Liu T. ; C. 1 Materials-(Jt. Materials-(Jt. ribbon at various loading rates and compared it with that of ribbon at various loading rates and compared 5 J. J. Lewandowski : Gd 5 Fe 90 University of Michigan, Dept. of NERS, Cooley Bldg., 2355 Bonisteel University of Michigan, 176 Ops & Mgmt. Scis., 337 Stokely Mgmt. Ctr., Knoxville, TN 37996- Knoxville, Mgmt. Ctr., Ops & Mgmt. Scis., 337 Stokely 0532 USA For the first time, the evolution of multiple shear bands has been visualized in a bulk metallic glass (BMG) with infrared (IR) thermogra- up to 58 shear bands were observed to initiate, propa- Surprisingly, phy. gate, and arrest during a single tensile test of a Zr Laboratory, Metals & Ceram. Div., PO Box 2008, MS 6115, Oak PO Box 2008, MS 6115, Metals & Ceram. Div., Laboratory, USA; Ridge, TN 37831-6115 Dougherty, Knoxville, TN 37996-2200 USA; Knoxville, Dougherty, Metall., Cambridge CB2 3Q UK (BMGs) are limited Structural applications of bulk metallic glasses deformation, leading to by the inhomogeneous nature of their plastic The temperature rise interest in the mechanisms of shear banding. investigated for BMGs associated with shear-band operation has been of beta phase in Zr- based on Cu, Hf or Zr, and for in-situ composites coating them with thin films of low-melting-point by based BMG, increases have been detected in all cases by mor- Temperature metals. phological changes taken to arise from melting of the coating. The As increases are at least 200 K, and within the band are much higher. indicated by melting of the coating, here is heating not only associated with final rupture, but also around subsidiary bands, extending 1 to 10 micrometres on either side of the band. No similar observations were noted on identical experiments conducted on an oxide glass or a high The local heating estimated from these ob- strength aluminum alloy. servations on the BMGs will be compared with published observations made by different techniques and with calculations based on models of the flow mechanism. 2:40 PM Tensile During Evolution of Shear-Band Visualization In Situ of a Bulk Metallic Glass Testing Western Reserve University, Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Cleveland, Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Reserve University, Western OH 44106-7204 USA; Peter K. Liaw Leon Ramon V. 2 MI 48109-2104 USA Arbor, Ann Blvd., shear bands on the Few studies have addressed the effect of existing flow has recently deformation behavior of metallic glass. Serrated glasses, and linked been observed in nanoindentation studies of metallic nanoindentation, we have to shear-band formation. Using instrumented cold-rolled, amorphous, investigated the plastic flow behavior of a Al 2:00 PM of Plas- Nanoindentation Study A Bands — Annealing of Shear Metallic Glass Al-Based ticity in a Cold-Rolled total thickness reduction undeformed, as-spun ribbon. Cold rolling to a of small steps so as to of 45.5% was performed in a large number ribbon exhibited serrated prevent sample heating. While the as-spun amorphous ribbon dem- flow and pileups around the indents, the rolled and no pileup. Further- onstrated a smooth load-displacement curve the crystallization more, annealing of the cold-rolled ribbon below The role of shear- temperature restored the serrated flow and pileups. be discussed. Support band initiation in the deformation behavior will under Grant DMR- provided by the National Science Foundation 0314214. 2:20 PM in Bulk Metallic Experimental Observations of Shear Banding Glasses Cooley Bldg., 2355 Bonisteel Blvd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2104 USA; Arbor, Ann Blvd., Cooley Bldg., 2355 Bonisteel Bulk Metallic Glasses: Shear Banding and Banding Shear Glasses: Metallic Bulk Deformation by: Sponsored Behavior of Michael Atzmon Program Organizers: Organizers: Program Knoxville, TN 37996-2200 and Engineering, Materials Science Materials Tennessee, University of A. Buchanan, USA; Raymond TN 37996-2200 USA Engineering, Knoxville, Science and Tuesday PM February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: Sci. & Engrg., Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA; Mo Li, Georgia Institute Mo Li, Georgia MI 48109 USA; Arbor, Ann Sci. & Engrg., Matls. Sci. & Technology, of

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 nique tation inBulkMetallicGlassesUsingaBondedInterface Tech- Evolution ofMultipleShearBandPatternsBeneathanInden- 5:00 PM of thecompositealloys. tween themicromechanicsandmacroscopicmechanicalbehavior finite elementmodelsofdeformation,wediscusstherelationshipbe- the uniaxialcompressiontests,insitustrainmeasurements,and global yieldingoftheamorphousmatrix.Combiningresultsfrom a result,theglassyieldslocallyaround Ta-rich particlespriorto creates astressconcentrationthatleadstoinitiationofshearbands. As particles createsamisfitstraininthesurroundingglassmatrix;this using insituhigh-energy x-rayscattering. Yielding ofthe Ta-rich examine themicromechanicsofdeformationcompositealloys stresses intensionv. compression,aswellshearbandangles.We also matrix. We evaluateyieldcriteriaforthecompositebasedon posites consistingofcrystalline Ta particlesinaZr-based amorphous We haveexaminedthemechanicalbehaviorofinsituformedcom- IL 60439USA Frederic Sansoz Model An Analysis ofImpellerPerformanceBasedonan Air-Water 2:00 PM Solihull, W. MidlandsB939EW UK Session Chair: February 15,2005 Tuesday PM Norsk Hydro ASA, OsloN-0240 Norway Technical Center, Alcoa Center, PA 15069USA;HalvorKvande, Bonn 53117 Germany;CorleenChesonis, Alcoa Inc., Alcoa Program Organizers: Sponsored by: and Filtration Shop Technology:Melt Treatment:Degassing Cast tion withrespecttotheinterfacewillbepresented. evolution ofshearbandpatternsandtheeffectsindenterorienta- from thetipofindentationandcutacrossfirsttwosets.The indentation. At higherloads(>300g),athirdsetofshear bandsradiate ary shearbandsemanatefromeachofthedeformedsurfaces the indentation. At moderateloads(100-300g),largely spacedsecond- ing betweentheseshearbandsdecreaseswithincreasingdistancefrom lar shearbandssurroundingtheindentationwereobserved.Thespac- this interface. At smallindentationloads(<50g)numeroussemicircu- beneath theindentation. Vickers indentationswereperformedalong interface techniquehasbeendevelopedtoobservetheshearbands count forthelargeductilityobservedinBMGs.Thereforeabonded tation studieshaverevealedonlyafewshearbandsthatcannotac- deformation mechanisminbulkmetallicglasses(BMGs),manyinden- Although shearbandformationhasbeenknowntobethedominant MD 21005USA tory, AMSRD-ARL-WM-MB,Aberdeen Townsend Dr., Houghton,MI49931USA; J. Dowding USA; Hopkins University, Dept.ofMechl.Engrg., Baltimore,MD21218 Vermont, Dept.ofMechl.Engrg., Burlington, VT 05405USA; Hall, 3400N.CharlesSt.,Baltimore,MD21218USA; Hufnagel Situ FormedMetallicGlassMatrixComposites Micromechanics andMacroscopicMechanicalBehaviorofIn 4:40 PM plastic deformation. more stablestructuretoafullyamorphousundertheeffectof Shear localizationoccursinregionswherematerialisalteredfromthis with thepercolationofthisbackbonequasi-crystal-likematerial. environments. Thetransitioninthemechanicalpropertiescoincides samples haveahigherpercentageofatomsinquasi-crystal-likelocal cides withastructuraltransitioninthematerial.Graduallyquenched dence. Thistransitioninlocalizationandstrainratedependencecoin- more graduallyquenchedsamplesshowthereversestrainratedepen- increased localizationinthemostrapidlyquenchedsamples,while TMS 2005Annual Meeting: : : 4 Argonne NationalLaboratory, Advd. PhotonSource, Argonne, Ghatu Subhash J. J.J.Chen 1 ; 2 ; 1 Johns HopkinsUniversity, Matls.Sci.&Engrg., 102MD 1 Michigan Technological University, ME-EMDept.,1400 Light MetalsDivision,LMD-AluminumCommittee John Courtenay, MQP Ltd,CasthouseTech., 2 ; Jean-FrancoisMolinari 1 ; M.Nilmani 1 Gerd UlrichGruen, ; HongwenZhang Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 2001 177 2 TechnicalProgram ; 1 University of Auckland, Cheml.& 1 ; LaszloJ.Kecskes Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Hydro AluminiumAS, 2 3 Army ResearchLabora- ; Jon Almer : Ryan T. Ott 2 University of 4 ; ToddC. 2 ; Robert 3 Johns 1 ; Autumn Fjeld Characterization ofDropletsProducedbyBubblesBursting 2:50 PM influence ofvacuumandultrasonicvibrations. discusses themechanismofdegassinginmolten Aluminum underthe reduced pressure.Thisarticlereportstheexperimentalresultsand efficacy oftheultrasonicdegassingmolten Aluminum alloyunder cently. Parametricstudieshavebeencarriedouttoinvestigatethe sonic degassinghasbeenbuiltinOakRidgeNationalLaboratoryre- experimental devicewhichcombinesthevacuumdegassingandultra- sonic degassingandpromotetheefficiency invacuumdegassing. An bination ofthesetwotechniqueswillhelptolowerthelimitinultra- beneficial andcleanmethodinproducinghighqualityproducts.Com- degassing, apracticaltechniqueusedinEurope,alsohasbeentested gardless oftheinitialhydrogenconcentration degassing willoccurwithinafewminutesofultrasonicvibration,re- effect ofultrasonicvibrationwillbeabsent.Thelimit ever, thereisasteady-statehydrogenconcentrationbelowwhichthe nique, isanefficientwayofdegassinginastaticvolumemelt.How- Ultrasonicdegassing,anenvironmentallycleanandcheaptech- Ridge, TN37831-6083USA Metals &Ceram.Div., 1Bethel Valley Rd.,Matls.Procg.Grp.,Oak Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996USA; Matls. Engrg., PB92019, Auckland NewZealand; method ismodifyingtheflowpattern insuchawaythatseparationof mould aswellentrapmentofinclusions canbeachieved.Thesecond modifying thefluidflowbehaviour. Boththecontrolled fillingofthe system. Thelocationofthesebaffles isanimportantparameterin melt cleanliness.Thefirstmethod isplacingbafflesinthelaunder quantitatively someoftheupstream flowmodifiersandtheireffecton fluctuations inthemetalflow. The aimofthispaperistoassess varying efficiencyofthemetaltreatmentsystemand/oruncontrolled inclusions andoxidescanoccur. Thiscanbeeithercausedbythe from thesemetaltreatmentsystemstothecastingstationpickup of in-line filterboxesanddegassingunits.However,duringthetransfer inclusions instandardDCcastingpracticesiscontrolledwiththeuse of lems duringaluminiumcastingandprocessing.Thelevelofoxides Theoccurrenceofoxidesfilmsandinclusionscangivemajorprob- 1970 CATheNetherlands 2628ALNetherlands; The Zuidema Upstream FluidFlowParticleRemoval 3:15 PM conditions withimageanalysissoftware. jectories andsizedistributionsaredeterminedfortheaforementioned droplet behaviourarealsoexamined.Dropletnumbers,velocities,tra- formation atthemeltsurface,andpresenceofasecondliquidon stream ofbubbles.Theeffectsmeltdepthinthevessel,oxide tion inbubblesize,releaseofsingleormultiplebubbles,acontinuous temperature alloy. A controlledbubblereleasesystempermitsvaria- observation ofsplashingandsprayingatthesurfacealowmelting ments arecarriedoutinacustombuilt,glasswalledvesseldesignedfor high speeddigitalphotographyandimagetrackingsoftware.Experi- bubble ruptureatthefreesurfaceofamoltenmetalareexaminedvia (OIT DE-FC07-01ID14192)and Alcoa, dropletsejectedasaresultof increased tokeeppace.InaninvestigationatBerkeleyfundedbyDOE by splashingandsprayingofmetaldropletsasthegasthroughputis A limitationonthemetalthroughputofagasfluxingunitisposed & Engrg., 210HearstMiningBldg.,MS1760,Berkely, CA 94720USA Han Pressure Ultrasonic DegassingofMolten Aluminum Under Reduced 2:25 PM well-represented byonesingleequation. desorption dataforallfourcommercialimpellerswerefoundtobe Power numberatlargeReynoldswasassumed.Theoxygen Reynolds relationshiphasbeenmeasured.Fortheotherimpellers, condition. Foroneoftheimpellersused,Powernumberversus fully turbulentconditions,andtheactualpowerinputingassed Reynolds numberrelationshipintheabsenceofgasinjectionandunder the powerinputbasedonaconsiderationofPowernumberversus impellers canbedescribedbyamasstransferequationwhichconsiders periments. Thispapershowsthatthedegassingperformanceofthese ing conditionsbasedontestsconductedinfullscalewatermodelex- gave similardegassingefficiencyundersupplierrecommendedoperat- the market,ithadbeenreportedthatmajorityoftheseimpellers Whiletherearemanydesignsofdegassingimpellersavailablein (Australia) PtyLtd.,101/180,FlindersLn.,Melbourne Australia 2 ; 1 University of Tennessee, Matls.Scis.&Engrg., 434Dougherty : 2 ; Hanbing Xu 1 1 Delft University, NIMR,Rotterdamseweg137,Delft ; James W. Evans 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM 1 ; XiaogangJian 2 Corus RD&T,P.O.Box 10000,IJmuiden 1 ; 1 University ofCalifornia,Matls.Sci. 2 Oak RidgeNationalLaboratory, 1 ; Thomas T. Meek : Laurens Katgerman in themelt. 2 NCS Associates 1 ; Qingyou Vacuum 1 ; Jan 177 : TUESDAY PM ; ; 1 1 San 2 Valesul Aluminio Valesul 1 ; 2 Technical Program Technical ; Kenneth S. Vecchio ; Kenneth S. 1 Alexandre Vianna da Silva Vianna Alexandre : ; Ramon Duque 2 /kg total less grain refiner, being similar for ; Marc A. Meyers ; Marc 2 1 Room: 2010 Location: Moscone West Convention Center SELEE Corporation, 700 Shepherd St., Tzong T. Chen, Natural Resources Canada, T. Tzong 2 University of California, Mechl. & Aeros. Engrg., University of California, Mechl. & 1 ; 2 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM Arun M. Gokhale, Georgia Institute of Technology, Institute of Arun M. Gokhale, Georgia Extraction & Processing Division, EPD-Materials TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: Tiezheng Li Tiezheng ; Luiz C.B. Martins 1 : Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0G1 Canada; Ann M. Hagni, 0G1 Canada; Ottawa, Ontario K1A CANMET, CANMET, Laboratories, Inc., Microscopy Group, Technology Construction Technological Michigan Hwang, Y. 60077 USA; J. Skokie, IL MI 49931- Institute of Materials Processing, Houghton, University, 1295 USA Tuesday PM February 15, 2005 Session Chair: 30318 USA Atlanta, GA Sch. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Engene A. Olevsky San Di- 5500 Campanile Dr., Mechl. Engrg., University, Diego State ego, CA 92182-1323 USA The mechanical performance of Ti-6-4-Al3Ti metal-intermetallic laminate (MIL) composites synthesized by a reactive foil sintering technique was evaluated. Crack morphology of untested Ti-6-4-Al3Ti Me- composites has been characterized by optical microscopy. MIL chanical tests were performed on Ti-Al3Ti metal-intermetallic lami- and the principal mechanisms Al3Ti, nate (MIL) composites and pure of damage initiation and accumulation were identified experimentally. The elastic properties and anisotropy of the laminates were calculated and successfully compared with Resonant Ultrasonic Spectroscopy 3% and 0 chlorine. Melt cleanness improvement across both filter 3% and 0 chlorine. Melt cleanness improvement efficiencies of 51.9 types were statistically significant, with filtration the 20-inch 30 ppi filter. % for the 17-inch 20 ppi filter and 77.5% for and Materials: Characterization of Minerals, Metals Materials - II Weight Characterization of Light Sponsored by: Characterization Committee Organizers: Program 2:00 PM An Investigation of Mechanical Behavior and Damage Evolu- Metal Intermetallic Laminate (MIL) Ti-6Al-4V-Al3Ti tion of Composites USA; 92093-0411 La Jolla, CA UCSD-0411, 9500 Gilman Dr., Toronto, Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4 M5S Ontario Toronto, Sci. & Engrg., of Matls. Dept. Toronto, Canada in large determined metals is service of fitness for quality and The correct with the temperature, appropriate at the casting them part by con- clean that the inclusion and sufficiently chemical composition the intended their performance in seriously compromise tent does not for determina- methods available In comparison with the application. until composition, those available and chemical tion of temperature unsophisti- have been very the assessment of cleanliness recently for devised methods have been Many different cated and unsatisfactory. them appli- of both metals, most of of the cleanliness for assessment which is “after the fact” and allows only very cable to the solid metal, any required corrective measures to be taken. limited opportunity for methods exist is clear evidence that none has The fact that so many as providing an accurate measure of the inci- been generally accepted not there are so many methods, they can dence of inclusions. Because rather they are briefly reviewed in an attempt be discussed in detail, but and weaknesses. Some emphasis is placed to highlight their strengths can be applied on-line to liquid metals, and on those techniques which a greater opportunity for corrective measures which therefore provide level of cleanliness is detected. to be taken when an unsatisfactory 5:30 PM and Melt Cleanness Evaluation Using LAIS Filtration Efficiency Aluminio S.A. Valesul Sampling at Alberto Maia de Janeiro, RJ Aterrado do Leme, 1225, Santa Cruz, Rio S.A., Estrada 23579-900 Brazil; Hendersonville, NC 28792 USA Aluminio castshop is a premier supplier of extrusion billets Valesul are cast using an in-line to the Brazilian and Overseas market. Billets designed experiment A degasser and SELEE filtration system. MINT melt quality and filtra- was conducted to determine the influence on 0), and ceramic foam tion efficiency of chlorine content (3% and ). Melt cleanliness was filter type (17-inch 20 ppi and 20-inch 30 ppi Inclusion Sampler (LAIS), a total of Aluminum measured using a Liquid included spinels and ox- 12 drops were tested. Oxide-type inclusions locations. Final ides, grain refiner was present in all three sampling melt quality was 0.010 mm 3 O 2 Hy- 1 ; ; P. H. ; P. 1 2 ; Martin 1 University of University of 1 1 NTNU, Matls. SINTEF Mate- 1 2 ; ; as a filter media 2 1 ; 3 1 filter and an Al filter and an : M. Kurban 3 Harald Görner : ; Wolfgang Schneider ; Wolfgang 1 m, and in principle is capable of µ Ian D. Sommerville ; N. D.G. Mountford ; N. D.G. 1 ; 1 178 ; Thorvald Abel Engh ; Thorvald 2 filter media. Pure Al melts with Na addi- filter media. Pure m, which is regarded as the lower threshold ” µ ; Mark Badowski 1 active “ filter is studied for removal of dissolved impurities ” : T. A. Utigard : T. active “ Ian D. Sommerville

is injected as a refining powder. However, then the yield However, is injected as a refining powder. 3 ; 3 2 ; Eivind J. Øvrelid Metal Vision Manufacturing, Toronto, Ontario Canada Ontario Toronto, Manufacturing, Vision Metal 2 This makes it possible to quantify the fraction of sodium This makes it possible to quantify the fraction 2 Stephen Instone Stephen : as an Aluminium Filter Medium Aluminium Filter as an 3 178 Mountford Ontario M5S 3E4 Toronto, Engrg., Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Toronto, Canada; sensor has been Over the past twenty years or so, an ultrasonic developed which is capable of providing continuous, on-line monitor- ing of the inclusion content of liquid aluminum, where these inclusions can be either non-metallic or intermetallic. By inserting air cooled guide rods into the liquid metal, ultrasound can be passed into the liquid and the return signals processed to provide three pieces of informa- tion: a measurement of the average particle size of inclusions counted, a histogram display of the size distribution of the largest particles counted and an attenuation resulting from the scattering of the ultra- sound by the particles suspended in the melt. This scattering is caused by all the particles present, but mainly by the very large number of particles which are too small to count because they are too small to cause discrete reflections. This technique has been used to detect par- ticles in the size range 15-100 (alkali, Mg, Sr, H) in addition to suspended particles in Al melts. Indus- in H) in addition to suspended particles (alkali, Mg, Sr, AlF trially, for removal of Na is low. A bed filter containing AlF bed filter containing A for removal of Na is low. dummy. removal due to the detecting sizes up to 400 for visual detection by the naked eye. Thus, it is capable of monitoring the acceptability of metal for a wide range of applications from the very high quality required in continuously cast metal to the less de- manding requirements typical of foundry and die casting operations. The technique is virtually non-obtrusive, and is capable of monitoring significant proportions of the total metal volume. In the case of metal flowing in a launder, the proportion monitored is a linear function of the flowrate, and could amount to as much as 20 or even 25% of the total metal volume. 5:05 PM Assess- Comparison of A Aluminum and Steel: Cleanliness of ment Methods tions were filtered. Disc samples were taken to determine the Na tions were filtered. Disc samples were taken outlets. Removal is from concentration at the filter inlet and the two 80% to 91% for the 55% to 73% for the conventional filter and from for such The data are employed to derive a kinetic model active filter. filters. 4:40 PM On-Line Monitor- An Ultrasonic Sensor for the Continuous, Aluminum ing of the Cleanliness of Liquid Syvertsen N-7491 Norway; Trondheim 2, Vei Alfred Getz Tech., N-7465 Trondheim 2, Vei Alfred Getz Metall., rials and Chemistry, Norway AlF An contact time and area. should improve the kinetics by increasing both AlF consisting of a lab setup has been built A fluid from the particles occurs. This is done by employing a cyclone. a done by employing This is occurs. the particles fluid from of discrete particles flow with of fluid simulations of numerical Results as experimental given as well are size distribution mass and different model. a water obtained from results Break 3:40 PM 3:50 PM Filtration Effi- Improved for New Hybrid Filter A - XC Filter ciency Georg- Alloys & Recycling, CC Casting, Aluminium Deutschland, dro Germany 53117 21, Bonn, NRW von-Boeselager-Str. aluminium rolling ingot is increasingly impor- The quality of the of the various aluminium rolling and subse- tant to fulfil requirements process chains. The presence of non- quent downstream finishing important for products such as alu- metallic inclusions is particularly sheet. Inclusions in the size range 10- minium foil and lithographic in current in-line filters and lead to limitations 40µm can pass through new design for a filter unit, A of the ingot. the processing capabilities the treatment of liquid aluminium has been named the XC filter, for in superior filtration efficiency particularly tested and found to give mentioned above. The XC Filter, combines the important size range filtration (CFF) and deep bed filtration elements of ceramic foam of the established technologies. The (DBF) to overcome limitations Filter, measured during industrial casting trials performance of the XC Comparison is made to performance data using LiMCA, is presented. of CFF filters obtained under similar conditions. 4:15 PM AlF

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 further studied. Al-Li alloys havebeenusedinthenewfleetsof tigue andcorrosionbehaviours, arealsoconcernsthatneedtobe threshold andlowductility. Long-termperformance,in particularfa- clude highanisotropyofmechanical strength,lowstresscorrosion ment of Al-Li alloyshasfaced severaltechnicalproblems,whichin- ing thedensityofaircraftstructural materials.However,thedevelop- Weight reductionofaerospacevehiclesisbestachievedbydecreas- NRC/IAR, 1200MontrealRd.,Ottawa,OntarioK1A0R6Canada Ottawa, OntarioK1A0R6Canada; search CouncilCanada,Inst.for Aeros. Rsch.,1200MontrealRd., 1125 Col.ByDr., Ottawa,OntarioK1S5B6Canada; Lefebvre Hajer Mahmoud Awatta Study ofLong-Term Durabilityof Aluminum Lithium Alloys 3:50 PM 3:40 PMBreak pounds. of Ni3Siandindicatethemicrostructurechangeatdifferentcom- much strongerattenuationmayberelatedtothespecialL12structure ation isquitedifferentfromthatofordinarymetalsoralloys.The acoustic speeds.Experimentaldataalsoshowedtheultrasonicattenu- be calculatedeasilyfromtheirrelationshipwithlongitudinalandshear processes atdifferent temperatures. The Young’s andshearmodulican gated byultrasonicmethodnon-invasivelyfromdifferentforming at elevatedtemperatures.Themechanicalpropertieswereinvesti- environment duetoitsgoodmechanicalintegrityandacidresistance tallic isapopularstructuralmaterialinaerospaceenginesandacidulous structure differentfromthoseoftheoriginalelements.Ni3Siinterme- portion oftwometallicelementsthatformaperiodiccrystalline Intermetalliccompoundsaredefinedasamixtureinspecificpro- Hsu, Kaohsiung84008 Taiwan sity, Dept.ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg., 1,Sect.Hsueh-ChengRd., Ta- Hsueh-Cheng Rd., Ta-Hsu, Kaohsiung84008 Taiwan; Ching Ting Wu Acoustic PropertiesofNi3SiIntermetallicMaterials 3:15 PM cipitates incommerciallyrelevantagingtreatments. approach todeterminetherelativevolumefractionandsizeofpre- the basicprocedures,aswellcombinedanalyticalandmodeling tion hardeningoccursinthesealloys.Thepresentworksummarizes tion ofmicrostructuralevolutionintheagingregimeswhereprecipita- recently developedwhichprovidepracticaltoolsforthecharacteriza- thermal calorimetryanddifferentialscanninghavebeen and smallsizeofprecipitates. Two analyticalmethodsbasedoniso- low concentrationofsolutes,thecomplicatedprecipitationsequence difficult taskduetoacombinationoffactorsincludingthetypeand age hardeningintheautomotive AlMgSi(Cu) alloyswasconsidereda Untilrecently, theevaluationofmicrostructuralevolutionduring Ontario K7L5L9Canada International Limited,KingstonR&DCtr., POBox8400,Kingston, 6350 Stores Rd., Vancouver, BritishColumbiaV6T 1Z4Canada; versity ofBritishColumbia,Dept.Metals&Matls.Engrg.,309- Engrg., 200Univ. Ave. W., Waterloo, OntarioN2L 3G1Canada; J. Poole Methods Alloys UsingCalorimetry Characterization ofMicrostructural Evolutionin AlMgSi(Cu) 2:50 PM anisotropic withanincreaseinaspectratioincreasedlength. whiskers israndominthreedimensions,andthatwhiskergrowth procedure. ThedistributionconfirmedthattheorientationofTiB lographic sectionbyusingarecentlydevelopedstereologicalunfolding estimated frommeasurementsperformedonatwo-dimensionalmetal- sional bivariatesizeandshapedistributionofTiBwhiskershasbeen size andshapedistributionofthewhiskers.Thedesiredthree-dimen- posites animportantaspectofmicrostructurerepresentationisthe powder metallurgy andcompactionofTi-6Al-4V-2.9B. Insuchcom- uted inaTi-6Al-4Valloymatrixwasproducedusingblendedelemental Metalmatrixcomposite(MMC)consistingofTiBwhiskersdistrib- Atlanta, GA30332USA 1 6Al-4V-2.9B Bivariate SizeandShapeDistributionofTiBWhiskersinTi- Stereological UnfoldingtoDeterminethe Three-Dimensional 2:25 PM toughness oftheTi-6-4-Al3TiMILcompositeswasanalyzed. (RUS) measurements.Theeffectofresidualstressonthefracture TMS 2005Annual Meeting: Georgia Instituteof Technology, Matls.Sci. &Engrg.,771FerstDr., 1 ; Shian-Ching JasonJang 2 ; DavidJ.Lloyd 3 ; 1 ; 1 : Carleton University, Dept.ofMechl. & Aeros. Engrg., Scott Lieberman 1 I-Shou University, Dept.ofMechl.Engrg., 1,Sect. 1 3 ; Ali Merati Ali ; ; 179 1 2 University of Waterloo, Dept.ofMechl. ; Chen-MingKuo 1 ; DavidMebane TechnicalProgram 3 Department ofNationalDefence, 2 : ; Marko Yanishevsky Shahrzad Esmaeili 1 ; Dong-Yih Lin 1 ; Arun M.Gokhale 2 I-Shou Univer- 2 National Re- : Shih-Jeh 1 ; Warren 2 ; Vivier 2 ; Chen- 3 Alcan 2 Uni- 1 ; : ron asReinforcers posite from Recycled Aluminum Cans Alloys ContainingBo- Characterization ofHeat-Treatable Aluminum Matrix Com- 5:05 PM systems. microstructure to AC electricalresponseofmanydifferent composite volume. Theseresultssuggestageneralmethodforlinkingcomposite impedance spectrafor Al2O3-SiCw compositesof10and20%SiCwby tion, isshowntobeproportionalhigh-frequencyfeaturesinthe tion. Percolatingvolumefraction,asmeasuredthroughthesimula- link betweenthemeasuredmicrostructureandpercolatingvolumefrac- ematically defined,stochasticmicrostructuralsimulationprovidesa images inordertomeasurethesize-orientationdistributions. A math- spectroscopy. Stereological unfoldingtechniquesareappliedtoSEM composite’s resistivity. The resistivitywasmeasuredusingimpedance whiskers embeddedinaluminaareshowntocorrelatewiththe Theorientationandlength-radiusdistributionsofsiliconcarbide Ferst Dr., Atlanta, GA 30332-0245USA structure withImpedanceSpectra Quantitative LinkingofCeramicMatrixCompositeMicro- 4:40 PM tests. of thenewSSM356 Al-alloy hasbeen proportionedbytherheological machine, i.e.rheologicaltestmachine.Microstructureandviscosity studied byanimageanalysissystemandasimpleparallelplatetest research, variationofmicrostructureduetoswirlingintensityhasbeen creates differentprimaryphasesizeanddistribution.Inthecurrent during solidification.Swirlingchangesthedendriticmicrostructureand within mushyzonestate.Swirlingcausesprimaryparticleevolution agitator parameterofthemoltenmetalanddendritebreakingoperant a newtechnologyamongsttheSSMprocesses,whichusesswirlingas SEED(SwirledEnthalpyEquilibriumDevice)isestablisheditselfas Chicoutimi, QuebecG7H2B1Canada 1 New InnovatedSSMProcess Rheological Study oftheFoundry 356 Al-Alloy Prepared bya 4:15 PM durability issuestoprovideproactivesupporttheCanadianForces. and highelasticmodulus. The presentworkinvestigates Al-Li alloy aircraft alloyssuchas7075-T6and2024-T3duetotheirlowdensity search andrescuehelicopterstoreplacemostoftheconventional test andcharacterizetheresultingcomposites. Electron Microscope(SEM)andX-RayDiffractionarebeingused to Mg and Al-B-Mg composites.Microhardnessmeasurements,Scanning further investigationsthatarebeingconductedon Al-Cu-B, Al-B-Cu- cans. Thepresentinvestigationrepresentsabaselineofresearchfor taining alloyisofthe AA 5XXXseriesprovidedbycleanusedbeverage in theseprecipitation-hardened Al-Mg-B improve ageingcharacteristicsofthecompositethatboostshardness particles andmatrix.Mgisincorporatedasanalloyingelementto has lowcostofproductionandreactivitybetweenreinforcing such asSiC,graphite,and Al2O3 particulates. The resultingmaterial in currentlyavailablecast AMC containingceramicreinforcements This new AMC seriesdonotpresentseveraldeleteriouseffectsfound ter alloysandaluminum-magnesiumfromrecycledaluminumcans. cast aluminummatrixcomposites(AMC),usingaluminum-boronmas- Thepresentprojectproposesthefabricationofanovelseries Box 9044,Mayagüez,PR00681-9044USA 00681-9045 USA; of PuertoRico,Mechl.Engrg.Dept.,POBox9045,Mayagüez,PR Mebane University ofQuebec, Applied Scis.,DSA,UQAC,555,Blvd.del’Univ., 1 ; 1 Georgia Instituteof Technology, Matls.Sci.&Engrg.,771 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM 2 University ofPuertoRico,Gen.Engrg.Dept.,PO : Ely X.Colon : Omid Lashkari 1 ; O.MarceloSuarez : Rosario A.Gerhardt composites. TheMg-con- 1 ; RezaGhomashchi 2 ; 1 1 ; DavidS. University 179 1 ; TUESDAY PM ; : 1 Ari- 2 Georgia 1 Yi Cheung Yi ; 1 : ; Jason Wil- ; Jason 1 Kwai S. Chan : Technical Program Technical Adarsh Ayyar : ; Arun M. Gokhale ; 1 g., Tempe, AZ 85287 USA; g., Tempe, Southwest Research Institute, Matls. 1 ; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of 1 1 ; 1 Arizona State University, Dept. of Mechl. & Arizona State University, 1 ; gue Life in Two-Phase Alloys Two-Phase gue Life in 2 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: ; Arun Sreeranganathan 1 ; Michael P. Enright ; Michael P. 1 ; Nik Chawla 2 ; Adam Clayton Powell ; 1 Yi-Der Lee Yi-Der liams Fulton Sch. of Engr Aeros. Engrg., Dept. of Cheml. & Matls. Engrg., Fulton Sch. University, zona State AZ 85287 USA Tempe, of Engrg., Matls. Sci. & Engrg., 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139 USA Cambridge, MA Ave., 77 Mass. Matls. Sci. & Engrg., a major concern in The presence of porosity has always been on the mechanical castings. While the detrimental effect of porosity presence in varying properties of casting is well established, their Numerical simu- amount throughout the casting can often be tolerated. provide an insight into lations on the stress state of a component can of defects. The simula- the optimal tolerance level and configuration (BEM) because it tion is done using the Boundary Element Method for geometrical changes only requires surface meshing and thus allows enables a rapid solution without complete mesh regeneration. This because the regeneration for various interior defect configurations surface is reusable for inverted matrix corresponding to the outer part might help foundry subsequent simulations. Result of the simulation rate. engineer design castings with lower a rejection 3:40 PM Break 3:50 PM of Fati Variability TX 78238 USA Antonio, Dept., 6220 Culebra Rd., San Engrg. Experimental evidence indicates that a large variability in fatigue life can exist in two-phase alloys at or near the fatigue limit. This variability is generally accompanied by a transition of fatigue crack better under- To initiation site from surface grains to internal grains. stand these experimental observations, theoretical models have been developed to compute fatigue life variations of two-phase alloys re- sulting from three possible scenarios: (1) hard and soft phases in the two-phase microstructure, (2) planar slip versus cell-forming grains, and (3) crack initiation versus crack growth. The theoretical results of microstructure, slip morphology, are utilized to elucidate the effects and grain location on fatigue life variability in two-phase alloys, using AFOSR MEANS Pro- supported by Work as an illustration. Ti-6Al-4V Craig S. Hartley, gram through Contract No. F49620-01-1-0547, Dr. Program Manager. 4:10 PM Microstructure-Based Modeling of Crack Growth in Particle Metal Matrix Composites Reinforced The local strengthening effect of these clusters depends on their pack- on their clusters depends of these effect strengthening The local dimen- the three macro-scale, On the morphology. and ing density overall efficiency dictates the clusters of the (3D) distribution sional tech- visualisation (2D) two-dimensional Traditionally, transfer. of load have been electron microscopy as optical and scanning niques such the extrapo- However, composite microstructures. used to characterise if the material images is only valid morphologies from 2D lation of 3D size. In equiaxed and of uniform and the features are is not textured was used to (XRMT) x-ray microtomography this investigation and distribu- morphology the complex three dimensional characterise finite element A alloy matrix. in an aluminium clusters TiB2 tion of the local stiffening and strengthening model was used to estimate element This representative volume of an individual cluster. effects via with the 3D cluster distribution obtained was combined (RVE) re- model to determine the elastic-plastic XRMT in a macroscale a whole. sponse of the MMC as 3:00 PM Alloy Based Behaviors of Die-Cast Mg Simulation of Mechanical Porosity and Finite Element Method on Three-Dimensional Soon Gi Lee 771 Ferst Dr., Sch. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Technology, Institute of 30332-0245 USA GA Atlanta, NW, of the most important microstructural attributes Porosity is one of features of porosity such as the amount, die-cast Mg-alloys. Several locations have dominant influence on the mechanical and geometry, is of interest to incorpo- behavior of die-cast Mg alloys. Therefore, it porosity in rate quantitative description of actual three-dimensional In this contribution, a micro-mechanical analysis of the cast alloys. been applied for con- montage-based serial sectioning technique has and the finite element structing actual three-dimensional porosity, on the 3D microstructure (FE)-based simulations have been performed “real” pores to reveal of a high-pressure die-cast Mg-alloy containing local stresses and strains the relationships between the distributions of of the porosity. and size, orientation, and spatial arrangement 3:20 PM in Casting Rapid Evaluation of Mechanics of Defects Lok ; Peter ; Roger 1 1 ; Nicholas 2 Ian G. Watson Ian G. : ; Surya R. Kalidindi 1 Cornell University, Matls. Pro- Cornell University, 2 Imperial College London, Dept. of -Titanium Using a Taylor-Type Using a -Titanium 1 α α α α α ; 1 180 Xianping Wu : Veeraraghavan Sundararaghavan Veeraraghavan Room: 3012 Convention Center Location: Moscone West Kwai S. Chan, Southwest Research Institute, Southwest Research Kwai S. Chan, : Michael J. Mills, Ohio State University, Matls. Sci. University, State Michael J. Mills, Ohio -Titanium at room temperature. In addition to slip, Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division, and Manufacturing Materials Processing Drexel University, Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., 3141 Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Drexel University, α Cornell University, Matls. Process Design & Control Matls. Process Design Cornell University, 1 1 ; ; 1 1 ; Richard J. Dashwood 1 180 Matls., Prince Consort Rd., S. Kensington, London SW7 2BP UK The high strength and stiffness of particulate-reinforced aluminium orienta- The size, morphology, matrix composites is well documented. tion and distribution of the reinforcement particles are critical param- eters in achieving optimum stiffness, strength and fatigue resistance. Understanding the interaction of the reinforcement particles with the matrix alloy is a dual-scale problem. On the micro-scale, individual reinforcement particles coagulate during slow cooling to form clusters. D. Lee Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA Philadelphia, PA Chestnut St., polycrystalline model has been developed to simu- Taylor-type A late the evolution of crystallographic texture during large deformation processing of deformation twinning has been incorporated as an additional plastic deformation mode in this model. Each activated family of twins in a grain is addressed as a quasi-independent grain that will undergo further but its volume fraction and deformation and rotation independently, orientation are updated at the end of each time step. Slip inside twin- ning has been allowed in this computation. New hardening functions for both slip and twinning are provided in this model. Good prediction of the overall stress-strain response and texture evolution in a number of different deformation modes were obtained using this newly devel- oped crystal plasticity model. 2:40 PM Aluminium Matrix 3D Characterisation and Modelling of an Composite Using X-Ray Microtomography D. Doherty Lab., Sibley Sch. of Mechl. & Aeros. Engrg., 188 Frank H. T. Rhodes T. Aeros. Engrg., 188 Frank H. Lab., Sibley Sch. of Mechl. & 14853-3801 USA; Hall, Ithaca, NY 2:00 PM Poly- the Design of Optimized for Approach Data-Mining A crystalline Materials Aeros. Engrg., Mechl. & cess Design & Control Lab., Sibley Sch. of 14853-3801 USA Hall, Ithaca, NY Rhodes T. 169 Frank H. presented data-driven reduced-order optimization procedure is A for controlling tex- for the design of deformation process sequences problem of identi- ture and texture-dependent properties. The inverse texture is initially solved fying processing stages leading to a desired based on the x-means using an unsupervised data-mining methodology the lower-order ODF algorithm. The hierarchical classifier matches of important orienta- features in the form of pole density functions to a class of pre-existing tion fibers and associates the desired texture classes in the database are affiliated Texture textures within a database. identification of mul- with processing information, hence, enabling The process param- tiple process paths that lead to a desired texture. algorithm driven by eters are fine-tuned using a gradient optimization An adaptive re- continuum sensitivity analysis of texture evolution. decomposition is em- duced-order model based on proper orthogonal to the intermediate ployed wherein the texture modes corresponding from the database. stages of the design process are adaptively selected during the optimization Further, the database continuously improves be unknown data sets, which would problem through addition of new, useful during future optimization runs. 2:20 PM Anisotro- Evolution and of Crystallographic Texture Predicion Curves in pic Stress-Strain Crystal Plasticity Model Crystal Computational Aspects of Mechanical Properties of Properties of Mechanical Aspects Computational Modeling and Continuum Meso-Scale Materials: by: Sponsored ASM- Science & Engineering-(Jt. Materials MPMD-Computational MSCTS) Program Organizers: J. Zabaras Department of Materials Science, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA; Antonio, San of Materials Science, Department University, State Institute and Polytechnic Virginia Diana Farkas, VA and Engineering, Blacksburg, of Materials Science Department 24061 USA Tuesday PM February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: State Arizona 43210 USA; Nik Chawla, & Engrg., Columbus, OH AZ 85287 USA Tempe, & Matls. Engrg., Dept. of Cheml. University,

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 nations willbeshown.Resultsof liquidphasesinteringexperiments combinations viavariouspowderand coatingandmatrixphasecombi- cept willbeintroduced,andthetheoretical basisfornewperformance open new, unprecedentedperformancecombinations. The TCHP con- into thefinaldensifiedmicrostructure, thecoatedhardparticleswill cal totailorandpromoteoptimal propertycombinations.Ifpreserved nents andformingdies.Controlofthesinteredmicrostructureiscriti- signed toofferhighperformancelevelsincuttingtools,wearcompo- Tough coatedhardparticles(TCHP)areanewmicrostructurede- PA 15642USA 2 Engrg. Sci.&Mech.,147Rsch. W., Univ. Park,PA 16802-6809USA; Systems Strength Predictions inSintered “Tough CoatedHardParticle” 5:10 PM the two-phasetitaniumalloys. light ofexistingknowledgeroomtemperaturecreepmechanisms in and microstructuralparameters.Theseresultswillalsobediscussed in creep behaviorofTi-6Al-4Vwitharbitraryheattreatmentschedules neural networkmodel.Thismodelissubsequentlyusedtopredictthe ume fractionofprimaryalpha,havebeenusedtofeedanartificial with measuredmicrostructuralparameterssuchasgrainsizeandvol- ponent nandthestrainratesensitivitym.Theseresults,combined viscoplastic modeltoobtainparameterslikethestrainhardeningex- tures. Thetensilecurveshavebeenfittedwithatime-dependent treatment parametersinordertoobtainalargerangeofmicrostruc- been doneonasetofalpha-beta-forgedsampleswithdifferentheat extensive mechanicaltests,includingtensileandcreephave of theTialloyTi-6Al-4Vatroomtemperature.Forthispurpose, attempt hasbeenmadetopredictthecreepbehaviorandmechanisms creep exists,andshouldbeincorporatedindesigns.Inthiswork,an life expectancyofcrucialservicepartsinaircraftengines.Roomtemp Thecreepbehavioroftitaniumalloysisanimportantfactorinthe USA nological University, Dept.ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg., Houghton,MI Whitney, Matls.&Processes Dvlp.,Structural Alloys; Watts Hall,2041CollegeRd.,Columbus,OH43210USA; Michael J.Mills Schirra Mechanical Properties Dependent ModelsInvolvingMicrostructuralParametersand Prediction ofCreepBehaviorTi-6Al-4VontheBasisTime 4:50 PM relative tothoseinthebetaphase. of thecoloniesandhenceorientationsalphaslipdirections orientation relationshipbetweenthealpha(hcp)andbeta(bcc)phases the criticalresolvedshearstresswasexplainedbasedonburgers strong dependenceoncolonyorientation.Theapparentanisotropyin slip systeminthealpha-phase.Themechanicalbehaviorexhibiteda nique. Eachsamplewasorientedforslipalongadifferentprismatic from single-colonycrystalsthatweregrownusingafloatzonetech- strain-rate uniaxialcompressiontestswereconductedonsamplescut 6Al-4V hasbeenestablishedunderhotworkingconditions.Constant Thedeformationbehaviorofindividualalpha/betacoloniesTi- Patterson AFB, OH45433USA Research Laboratory, Matls.& Single-Colony Samples and Slip Transmission DuringHot Working of Ti-6Al-4V The EffectofColonyOrientationonDeformationBehavior 4:30 PM observations ofcrackgrowthinthesesystems. state. Predictionsfromthisanalysiscorrelatedwellwithexperimental intensity values,andtoobtainanunderstandingofthelocalstress principles wereusedtopropagatethecrackandobtainlocalstress microstructures. Two dimensionallinearelasticfracturemechanics technique. Theclusteringanalysiscorrelatedwellwiththeobserved ticle spacing,andclustersizedistributionsusinganimageanalysis tified bythecoefficientofvarianceinmeannear-neighborpar- of particleclusteringinaluminum/silicon-carbidecompositeswasquan- growth havebeenstudiedusingthefiniteelementmethod.Thedegree morphology anddistribution(homogenousclustered)oncrack simplified bycirclesorellipses.Inthispaper,theeffectsofparticle complex microstructureoftheparticlesbetakenintoaccountandnot rately modelthecrackgrowthinsuchasystemitisimportantthat mechanical behaviorofmetalmatrixcomposites.Hence,toaccu- the SiCparticles.Reinforcementparticleclusteringalsoinfluences significantly influencedbythesize,distribution,andmorphologyof CrackgrowthinSiCparticlereinforced Al matrixcompositesis TMS 2005Annual Meeting: Allomet Corporation,509Hahntown-Wendel Rd., N.Huntingdon, 2 ; MichaelSavage : Ivi Smid 1 ; 1 ; RickE. Toth 1 Ohio State University, Matls.Sci.&Engrg., 477 : : Dhriti Bhattacharyya 2 A. Salem ; Walter W.Milligan 181 Mfg. Direct., TechnicalProgram 2 ; 1 1 Pennsylvania State University, ; S.L.Semiatin AFRL/MLLM, Wright- 1 3 ; SujoyKar ; HamishL.Fraser 3 Michigan Tech- 1 ; 1 Air Force 1 ; JohnJ. 2 Pratt & 1 ; Gui Yoon Engrg. Prog.,Golden,CO80401USA Session Chair: February 15,2005 Tuesday PM 48121-2053 USA Ford MotorCompany, ScientificResearchLaboratory, Dearborn,MI Albuquerque, NM87185-1411 USA;ChristopherMark Wolverton, Laboratories, MaterialsandProcessModelingDepartment, Program Organizers: Engineering-(Jt. Materials Committee,MPMD-ComputationalScience& Materials Division,EMPMD/SMD-Chemistry&Physicsof Division, MaterialsProcessing&ManufacturingStructural Sponsored by: Transformations: AtomisticandAbInitioMethods Computational Thermodynamics andPhase treatment andgrindingeffectsonthematerialcharacteristics. tion elucidatesgrindingdynamicsandsupportsatheoryoftheheat surface RSdistribution.Withonlyoneparameterinvolved,thepredic- perimental conditionsanddemonstratesagoodestimationofthesub- validation. Theproposedmodeldepictschangesofthecomplexex- multipass grindinglevelswasusedforthemodeldevelopmentand levels oftemperingfactor,2grindingconditionsand3 workpiece. A nestedfactorialexperimentof18conditionswith3 mass-damper ofthegrindingmachineanddamper-stiffness ing dynamicswasrepresentedasalumpedsystemcomposedofspring- tionship intheRSdistributionduetonumberofgrindingpasses.Grind- the RSandtensilepeaklocation,(2)establishsuperpositionrela- ing dynamics.Thestudywasmotivatedto(1)predictthemagnitudeof (RS) distributionsundervariousheattreatmentproceduresandgrind- A secondorderdynamicsystemisproposedtomodelresidualstresses 43061, Lubbock,TX79409-3061USA System Modeling ofGrindingDynamicsUsingSecondOrderDynamic 5:30 PM will bepresented. ticle/matrix adhesionandparticleshape,resultsonperformance crostructure. A calibrationofstrengthpredictionsbasedonfiller-par- grain shapechanges,andpreservationofthedesiredcoatedmi- time andtemperaturewithrespecttodensification,grainsize ance betweenliquidcontent,thermodynamicreactionsduringheating, will bepresentedwithmodelTCHPpowders,showingtheneededbal- oxides isofparamountimportance fortheireffectiveusein Understandingoxygendiffusion inyttriastabilizedzirconiabased 08542 USA & Dept.ofMechl. Aeros. Engrg., 70Prospect Ave., Princeton,NJ 1 sion in YSZ-Based Oxides A FirstPrinciples/KineticMonteCarloStudy ofOxygenDiffu- 2:30 PM not limitedto,metallicphasetransformations. specifically densityfunctionaltheory. Applications include, but are however, wefocushereonapplicationsusingfirstprinciplesmethods, method canbeusedwithanyenergyrepresentationofamaterial, phase transformationsmaybeexploredattheatomisticlevel.The path inthepresenceofexternalpressure,sothatpressure-induced of materialtoanother. We can alsocalculatetheminimumenergy crystal, inordertofindsaddlepointsfortheconversionofonephase points, wealsominimizetheCauchystressonunitcellof the stead ofonlyminimizingtheforcesonatomstofindcritical minimum energypathforatomicandmolecularreactionpaths. In- zation oftheso-calledNudgedElasticBandmethodforfinding solid phasetransitionsispresented.Thetechniqueinvolvesagenerali- A methodforcharacterizing theminimumenergy pathforsolid- Princeton, NJ08544USA 1 mations inCrystals Elucidating KineticPathwaysfor Phase Martensitic Transfor- 2:00 PMInvited MA 01609-2280USA; Polytechnic Institute,Matls.Sci.&Engrg., Princeton University, PrincetonInst.fortheSci.& Tech. ofMatls. Princeton University, Mechl.& Aeros. Engrg., TheEngrg. Quad., : Olga Karabelchtchikova 1 ; KonstantinKudin 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM Mark T. Lusk,ColoradoSchool ofMines,Mechl. Electronic, Magnetic&PhotonicMaterials ASM-MSCTS) : Corbett C.Battaile,SandiaNational 2 Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 3005 Texas Tech University, Industl.Engrg., Box Emily AnnCarter : Ramanathan Krishnamurthy 1 ; RobertoCar 1 ; SimonM.Hsiang 100 Inst.Rd.,Worcester, 1 ; KyleJ.Caspersen 1 ; DavidJ.Srolovitz 2 ; 1 Worcester 1 ; Young- 181 1 1 ; ; TUESDAY PM 2 E. 2 Brian : 1.5K. ; Gennady ± 1 Patrick Ken- University of 1 : B. Forbord, W. B. Forbord, Altai State Tech- Altai State 1 ; 1 1 ; 2 Technical Program Technical ; Gennady Mikhailovich 1 Altai State Technical Univer- Technical Altai State 1 a Model of Aluminum a Model of ; 2 ; Brian Becker 2 1.3K - somewhat below the experi- ; Irina A. Demina ; Irina 1 ± University of Kansas, Dept. of Chmst., 1 Lawrence Livermore National Labora- 2 ; 2 ; G. V. Popova V. ; G. 1 Mikhail Dmitrievich Starostenkov : University of Florida, Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., University of Florida, Dept. 2 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM ; Simon R. Phillpot TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: 1 Mikhail Dmitrievich Starostenkov East Kazakhstan State University, Ust Kamenogorsk University, East Kazakhstan State 2 : ; Jess B. Sturgeon ; Natalia B. Cholodova 1 1 Poletaev Gen. Physics Dept., Lenin st., 46, Barnaul 656038 nical University, Russia; Mikhailovich Poletaev Lefebvre, F. Danoix, H. Hallem, and K. Marthinsen. Three dimen- Marthinsen. H. Hallem, and K. Danoix, Lefebvre, F. Al3(Sc,Zr) dis- the formation of probe investigation on sional atom 51:333 337, 2004. Mater., aluminium alloys. Scripta persoids in B. Laird Kazakhstan The mechanisms of the disordering process of two-dimensional crystals Cu3Au and Ni3Al were studied by the method of molecular dynamics. The order of crystals was corresponded to L12 superstruc- ture. The two-dimensional crystal was presented by the packing of atoms corresponding to the plane (111). The crystal block was sub- jected to the impulsive heating to the definite temperature. The fol- lowing diffusion mechanisms of the disordering of alloys were found: crawdion, ring, vacancy and mechanism of Frenckel pairs formation (vacancies and interstitial atoms). Every mechanism began to func- tion from the definite temperature of impulsive heating in the se- quence, as it was above mentioned. The temperature of the beginning of disordering process activation was lower for the alloy Cu3Au. Frenckel pairs contributed greatly in the evolution of microstructure at high temperatures. It was shown, that the diffusion coefficient is integral characteristic, depending on all the mechanisms of diffusion recon- struction of the material. 5:20 PM Me- of Two-Dimensional The Research of Mechanical Stability tallic Composites that the nucleation stage can be well reproduced by mesoscopic models mesoscopic by be well reproduced stage can nucleation that the is considered. of the system tendency range order as the short as long to model allowing mesoscopic to build a used so as is then This result system. Al-Zr-Sc in the ternary nucleation study Orlando, FL 4000 Central Florida Blvd., AMPAC, Central Florida, 32816-2455 USA; FL 32611 USA 162 Rhines Hall, Gainesville, dynamics is a powerful technique for gather- Phonon wave-packet about phonon dynamics, scattering, and ther- ing detailed information I will present recent result for the scatter- mal transport. In this talk, grain-boundaries, silicon nanowires, and car- ing of phonons at silicon describe recent conceptual improvements that bon nanotubes. I will a experimentally-measurable quantities in have allowed us to compute the need for multiple simulations previ- one-shot simulation, without show I will Finally, ously needed to sample the entire Brillouin zone. of mesoscale models of how this work can lead to the development thermal transport. 4:30 PM Invited System via Gibbs- Adjusting the Melting Point of a Model Application to Duhem Integration: Lawrence, KS 66045 USA; 94550 USA Livermore, CA Ave., 7000 E. tory, are generally opti- Model interaction potentials for real materials that are easily evalu- mized with respect to experimental properties (at T=0K), static ated as mechanical averages (e.g., elastic constants with experiment for Agreement and liquid structure). lattice energies point, is not guar- the non-mechanical properties, such as the melting from experiment. We anteed and such values can deviate significantly model interaction poten- present a method for re-parameterizing any This is done tial of a real material to adjust its melting temperature. properties of the without significantly affecting other mechanical integration [D. system. This method is an application of Gibbs-Duhem As a test we apply the method to Kofke, Mol. Phys.78, 1331 (1993)]. Davenport, and J.W. an embedded atom model of aluminum [J. Mei which the melting temperature for the B 46, 21 (1992)] for Phys. Rev. thermodynamic limit is 826.4 After re-parameterization, the melting tem- mental value of 933K. be 931.5K perature of the modified potential is found to 5:00 PM Two-Dimen- in The Research of Evolution of Microstructure Order- Transition sional Crystals Cu3Au and Ni3Al at Phase Disorder Clouet, M. Nastar, and C. Sigli. Nucleation of Al3Zr and Al3Sc in Al3Sc Al3Zr and Sigli. Nucleation of and C. Nastar, Clouet, M. to classical Carlo simulations from kinetic Monte aluminum alloys: B, 69:064109, 2004. Phys. Rev. theory. 3:50 PM Break 4:00 PM Invited the Nanoscale and Scattering at Transport Phonon neth Schelling : ; ; 1 1 1 ; Christophe 1 David N. Seidman ; 2 French Atomic Energy Com- 2 ; Maylise Nastar 1 Mikhail Dmitrievich Starostenkov ; 1 Altai State Technical University, Gen. University, Technical Altai State 1 182 ; Georges Martin ; 1 1 Emmanuel Clouet : simulations show that in ternary Al-Zr-Sc system simulations show that in ternary Zugang Mao : Pechiney, Centre de Recherches de Voreppe France Voreppe Centre de Recherches de Pechiney, Service de Recherches de Metallurgie Physique, CEA/Saclay 2 1 ; 2 Northwestern University, Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Cook Hall, 2220 Cam- Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Northwestern University, 182 A comparison of these kinetics of precipitation for Al-Zr and Al-Sc Al-Zr and comparison of these kinetics of precipitation for A binary systems with prediction of the classical nucleation theory shows Zr addition mainly affects nucleation whereas Sc addition influences nucleation as well as growth and coarsening stage. This allows us to Al-Sc understand experimental results showing that a Zr addition to an of Structure alloy leads to finer precipitates and increases their density. precipitates obtained in these simulations, a Sc rich hearth surrounded by Zr rich shelves, agrees with the one observed with 3D atom-probe. France; Zr and Sc precipitate in aluminum alloys to form the compounds of the Al3ZrxSc1-x which for low super-saturations Al3Sc, and Al3Zr, solid solution have the L12 structure. The aim of the present study is to model at an atomic scale this kinetics of precipitation and to build a mesoscopic model based on classical nucleation theory so as to extend the field of super-saturations and annealing times that can be simulated. In this purpose, we use some ab-initio calculations and ex- perimental data to fit an Ising model describing thermodynamics of using a ki- system. Kinetics of precipitation are studied Al-Zr-Sc the netic Monte Carlo algorithm based on an atom-vacancy exchange mechanism. These Sigli Gennady Mikhailovich Poletaev Julia Vladimirovna Patzeva Russia Physics Dept., Lenin st., 46, Barnaul 656038 of self-diffusion mecha- The paper is concerned with the research Al, Cu metals by the method nisms in two-dimensional crystals of Ni, metals in a of molecular dynamics. The packing of two-dimensional (111) of FCC lattice. computer model was corresponded to the plane potentials were Morse pair potentials and Finnis-Sinclair multipartial mechanisms were stud- used in the researches. Different self-diffusion the contribution of every of the mechanisms, Activation energies ied. on temperature mechanism into diffusion process in the dependence mechanism (the vacancy were calculated. It was found, that vacancy of the formation was formed by Shottki method) and the mechanism contribution into self- and annihilation of Frenckel pairs made major pair forms in the crystal diffusion in two-dimensional metals. Frenckel displacements. The in the result of the crossing of thermal crawdion in two-dimen- other diffusion mechanisms influence on self-diffusion sional metals not so gritty. 3:30 PM to Atomic Alloys: From Al-Zr-Sc in Kinetics of Precipitation Mesoscopic Models 1 60208-3108 USA; Evanston, IL pus Dr., mission, Paris France by of a Ni-Al-Cr alloy at 873 K is studied The decomposition simulation. In agreement with our three- kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) microscope experiments we find that a sig- dimensional atom-probe of the gamma-prime (L12) precipitates coarsen nificant fraction (30%) the fraction coalesced is a function of aging via coalescence and that is studied by time. The atomic scale mechanism for our observations is the monovacancy-solute binding key quantity A KMC simulation. which is shown to control the presence or absence of coales- energy, involves the formation cence. It is demonstrated that the mechanism (dimers, trimers, quadramers, and Al and Cr solute atoms of clusters of The Al or Cr monomers. pentamers) all of which are more mobile than is studied and it is diffusive behavior of these higher order clusters motion, and that the 2D shown that they undergo both 2D and 3D the 3D diffusivity. is greater than diffusivity 3:10 PM Metals Two-Dimensional Self-Diffusion Mechanisms in applioations. We present a multi-scale model to study oxygen diffu- to study model a multi-scale present We applioations. to calcu- methods theory density functional employ We YSZ. sion in cation local in different migration for oxygen energies late activation Carlo Monte to a kinetic serve as input results These environments. and yttria function of temperature diffusivity as a study of oxygen show that with experiment, simulations, in agreement content. The 10 mol% maximum value around diffusivity attains a the oxygen en- diffusion activation oxygen vacancy concentration, yttria. The content, differently with yttria effects all vary ergy and correlation effects above when their collective behavior described producing the correlations sup- analysis of dopant-induced simple A are considered. This methodology is extended to study oxygen ports this explanation. The results are discussed with regard to their diffusion in similar oxides. applications. implications for several 2:50 PM of of a Mechanism for Coalescence Study Kinetic Monte Carlo Precipitates

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 impact havingbeenobservedwith thesilicacontentofslag.This respect tomagnetitebehaviorof theslag,withmostsignificant ever, someminoroxidesadversely affectC-furnaceoperation,with materials andtheinvestigationof alternativefluxingagents.How- nace operationhaveincludedincreasing theprocessingofrecycled Converting Furnace(C-furnace). Recent improvementsontheC-fur- proven technologyofalime-ferriteslag(CaO-FeOX-Cu2O)on the trates. Continuousconvertingoriginatesfromtheapplicationof the the continuousproductionofblistercopperfromconcen- TheMitsubishiProcessisthesolepyrometallurgicalprocess for 297 Kitabukuro-cho,Omiya-ku,Saitama330-8508Japan Fumito Tanaka Materials intheMitsubishiContinuousCopperConverter Metallurgical ConsiderationsforRecyclingSiliceousBearing 3:30 PM slag volumeandcontacttimewiththevesselrefractory. sphere andtheuseofreal-timeopticalprocesscontrolminimizeboth and processingtimes.Inaddition,carefulcontrolofthevesselatmo- anode refiningvesselscanconsiderablyreducebothrefractorywear COP KINporousplugsanduseofSEMTECHOPCinconverters longed contactwithcopperoxide-richslag.Nitrogenstirring oxidize theblistercopperwillsufferrapiddeterioration,duetopro- Refractoryliningsinconvertersoranodefurnacesusedtoover- St., Burlington,ONL7L2A4Canada Refining Vessels Requirementstory for Peirce-Smith Converters and Anode Controlling theProcessing 3:00 PM tively controlledbyefficient utilizationofdifferent slagchemistry. showed thattheimpurityfluctuationsinrawmaterialscouldbeeffec- mentation oftheresultsintoconvertingpracticeisgiven.Results Description ofathermodynamicsimulationusingMTDATA andimple- at OutokumpuResearch,theCaO-fluxingpracticewasintroduced. quality. Basedontheoreticalandpracticalknowledgein slagchemistry mixture wassuccessfullyeliminatedinordertoguaranteetheanode copper matte.Thispaperreviewsacasestudywhenhigharsenicfeed is basedonflashsmeltingtogetherwithPeirce-Smithconvertingof BolidenHarjavaltaOyoperatesacoppersmelterinFinland,which Copper, Teollisuuskatu 1,HarjavaltaFIN-29200Finland search, Kuparitie10,Box60,PoriFIN-28101Finland; Fagerlund Arsenic ContainingFeedMixtureinHarjavalta Copper ConvertingFluxingPractiseDuringInstantaneousHigh 2:30 PM Toronto, ONM6S3G3Canada Ontario L5K1Z9Canada;CameronHarris,H.G. EngineeringLtd., Session Chairs: February 15,2005 Tuesday PM Smelting &CopperBusiness,Cliff,P0M1N0ONCanada Program Organizer: lurgy Committee Sponsored by: Fundamentals Converter andFireRefiningPractices: Processing of thebeginningwashingprocessinterphaseboundary. layer, consistingofpureNi.Thedeformationchangesthetemperature begins athighertemperatures(incomparisonwith Al layer)inthe given betweenthephasesofNi3Alintermetallid. Washing process interphase boundariesisconnectedwiththetypeofmetalliclayer, The temperatureofthebeginningtransformationstage perature attheexpenseofdifferenttypesdiffusionmechanisms. ing processofinterphaseboundariesbeginswiththegrowthtem- posite areconnectedwiththestructure or Nimetals.Physicalandphysics-mechanicalpropertiesofthecom- different variantsofpackingNi3Alintermetallidphasesandpure Al uniaxial tension.Thestructureofcompositionmaterialisgivenby studied inthedependenceondeformationofhydrostaticpressureand of composites,consistingthephasesNi3Al-AlandNi3Al-Niis Thestabilityofinterphaseboundariesintwo-dimensionalthinfilms Kazakhstan State University, UstKamenogorskKazakhstan sity, Gen.PhysicsDept.,Leninst.,46,Barnaul656038Russia; TMS 2005Annual Meeting: 1 ; PekkaPyykkö 1 ; Extraction &ProcessingDivision,EPD-Pyrometal- : Tony Warner, IncoLtd, Techl. Serv., Mississauga, 1 Mitsubishi MaterialsCorp.,CentralRsch.Inst.,1- Anthony J.Rigby Alistair G. Ross,INCO,Ltd.,Canadian Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 2016 2 183 ; Pekka A. Taskinen Parameters theRefrac- Affecting TechnicalProgram 1 ; of interphaseboundaries. 1 RHI Canada,4355Fairview 1 ; 1 Outokumpu Re- : 2 Harjavalta Kim Olof Wash- 2 East : of CopperSmelterDust Minor ElementControl by Vacuum CalcinationandRecycling 4:15 PM 4:00 PMBreak converting operation. discusses thecontrolsthathavebeenidentifiedtosustaincontinuous paper willquantifytheimpactofsilicaonlime-basedslag,and within the[NiO]calcine-H2-CO-C-CO2-H2O-O2-N2system. expressions ofmacrokineticparametersthereactioninteraction a resultofthepresentinvestigations,wehaveobtainedanalytical role ofthelatterisinsignificantfromtechnologicalviewpoint. As tion withproductsoffueloilconversioninthepresencecoke, conditions oflow-temperature(900Cto1000C)nickeloxidereduc- (H2, CO)alsotakeplacewhenusingagaseousmixture.Underthe larities typicalofthecalcinereductionprocesswithindividualgases tives. Withinatemperaturerangeof900Cto1100Cthemainregu- in thepresenceofgaseousH2-COmixturesandsolidreductantaddi- been conductedofthemacrokineticbehavioractualcalcinesamples matte separationinanickelanodeproductioncircuit,ananalysishas of nickelconcentrateproducedasaresultcopper-nickelconverter “soft” modesofreductioncalcineobtainedbydesulfurizingroasting To carryoutaphysicochemicalsubstantiationoftransitionto Moscow Russia Research CenterofRussianFederation,13, Acad. KorolyovSt., 129515, Solid Carbon Calcine With Products of Vapor OxidationofFuelOiland Physicochemical Study ofReductionNickelConcentrate 5:15 PM ments oftheindustrialoperationshavebeenpresented. mation intheslaghavebeenpredictedanddiscussed.Someimprove- charges, oxygenenrichment,andtemperatureonthemagnetitefor- by industrialdata. The effects offluxingstrategy, returnsandskim compositions, andmagnetitecontentintheslaghavebeenvalidated in theconverterslag.Predictionsofbathtemperature,slagandmatte P-S converterhasbeendevelopedtopredictthebehaviorofmagnetite optimizing converteroperations. A thermodynamicmodelofcopper Converterslagchemistrycontrolhasplayedanimportantrolein Queensland 4825 Australia Limited, Metallurgl.PlantsBldg.,PrivateMailBag6,Mt.Isa, per P-SConverter Control ofMagnetiteFormationDuringSlag-MakinginCop- 4:45 PM oxygen inthecalcinedmixture. may beincreasedbyupto8%duethesupplyofcoppervaluesand could beincreasedby60%. Also theproductivityofconverters that theminorelementtreatmentcapacityofsmeltercomplex concentrate asthesulphidizingagentinvacuumcalcinationmeans to produce100tonnesofcopperaswhitemetal.Theusedirty converter foundthat~30tonnesofthevacuumcalcinecouldbeused trate. Heatandmassbalancecalculationsoftheslag-blowinacopper highly volatilesulphidesbyreactionwithsulphurfromtheconcen- sion oftheminorelementcompoundstheseelementsintotheir complete removalofthe As, Sb,BiandPboccurredduetotheconver- dust andcopperconcentrate,were element eliminationthatoccurredwhenmixturesofcoppersmelter Experimentswereperformedtodeterminetheextentofminor bec H3A2B2Canada sity, Mining,Metals&Matls.Engrg.,3610Univ. St., Montreal,Que- : A. V. Tarasov 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM : Pengfu Tan : Jin Qiu 1 ; V. M.Paretsky 1 1 ; Pierre Vix ; RalphHarris calcined under 1 ; V. Bryukvin A. 1 ; 1 ; 1 Mount IsaMines vacuum. Almost 1 McGill Univer- 1 ; 1 State 183

TUESDAY PM ; 1 ; Luo 1 General Re- 1 ; 1 Andrzej Warczok : Chen Song : Technical Program Technical University, Mechl. Engrg., University, Air Force Research Labora- ; Wang Rui Zhong Wang ; Universidad de Chile, Ingenieria de 1 1 ; 1 Brigham Young Brigham Young 1 ; ; Zhang Li 1 Room: Nob Hill C/D Location: San Francisco Marriott 1 Kumar V. Jata, Kumar V. 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM Julie A. Christodoulou, Office of Naval Research, A. Christodoulou, Office Julie Materials Processing & Manufacturing Division, ; Martin Artigas ; Martin 1 TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: ; Wang Li Jun Wang ; 1 Tracy W. Nelson W. Tracy : Universidad de Sonora, Dept. de Matematicas, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Luis Encinas Blvd. de Matematicas, Dept. de Sonora, Universidad tory, Materials & Manufacturing Directorate, WPAFB, OH 45433 WPAFB, Materials & Manufacturing Directorate, tory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, J. Lienert, Los Thomas USA; Rockwell Science Mahoney, W. Alamos, NM 87545 USA; Murray Center, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360 USA; Rajiv S. Mishra, University of Missouri, Metallurgical Engineering, Rolla, MO 65409-0340 USA Tuesday PM February 15, 2005 Session Chair: USA 22217-5660 VA Arlington, 2:00 PM Keynote the Brief Review and Perspective for A - Welding Friction Stir Future 435 CTB, Provo, UT 84663 USA Friction stir welding (FSW), a tremendous development in me- chanical working of metals, is a proven technology for joining alumi- Application in aluminum and num and other lower temperature metals. copper are growing while FSW in steels and other higher temperature search Institute for Non-Ferrous Metals, Minl. Resources, Metall. & Metals, Minl. Resources, Metall. search Institute for Non-Ferrous Beijing 100088 China Da Jie St., Wai Matls., No.2 XinJie Kou process of copper and cobalt from nickel sul- During separation compositions of mixted phate solution, the effects of constitutions and or Cyanex272, has been studied. In and PC88-A extractant D2EHPA are obtained:[Ni]/ one step extraction cycle, the following results sulphate solution, [Co]/ [Co]>4000 and [Ni]/[Cu]>40000 in nickel solution, [Cu]/ [Ni]>1000 and [Co]/[Cu]>30000 in cobalt chlorinate solution. It was [Ni]>10000 and [Cu]/[Co]>200 in copper sulphate mixtures can effec- elucidated that the above-mentioned synergistic sulphate acid solution tively separate cobalt and copper from nickel and achieve a greater synergistic effect. 4:50 PM Slag and Reduction of Copper Electrolysis 2069, Santiago Casilla 2777 Chile Av.Tupper Minas, contain from 2 Fayalite slags from smelting of copper concentrate depending on the to 25% of copper and from 8 to 25% of magnetite based on its reduc- smelting process. Pyrometallurgical slag cleaning furnace or various tion and sedimentation is carried out in an electric Since common accep- furnaces with injection of carboneous reductant. of utilization of tance of ionic structure of liquid slags the possibilities are the point of inter- electrochemical phenomena in copper recovery reduction together with est. Slag electrolysis combined with chemical removal during slag electrokinetics phenomena may accelerate copper electrolysis with inert cleaning. Results of crucible scale tests of slag current efficiency of and graphite electrodes showed relatively high removal from the slag. copper and significant acceleration of copper Process/ III: and Processing Welding Friction Stir Applications Sponsored by: MPMD-Shaping and Forming Committee Organizers: Program Gabriel Riveros 2 Mexico 83000 Sonora Centro, Hermosillo, Colonia Rosales, genetic algorithms using calculations mass balance this paper, In are presented. flash furnace Outokumpu in an smelting for copper being of the copper concentrates elemental composition Based on the concentrate composition of the the mineralogical fed to the reactor, macroscopic algorithms. The by means of genetic mixture is adjusted the furnace entering and leaving equations for the species mass balance slag, and the flow rates of matte, the compositions and are solved and theoretical agreement between are computed. Good off-gas stream and slag flow in terms of matte and plant data was obtained predictions in copper, iron, magnetite, and silica contents rates, matte grade, and to the present method showed to be superior the slag. Predictions of one in which the mineralogical composition those of a conventional Future applications of the present formula- of the feed is not adjusted. tion are discussed. 4:10 PM Break 4:25 PM and Cobalt from Nickel Sulphate Solu- Separation of Copper Mixied Extractant tion by Organophosphorus Hui Yuan ; 1 Elli : Gabriel : ; Pekka A. ; Pekka 2 ; Jose Adolfo ; Jose 1 Outokumpu Re- 2 Universidad de Chile, 1 ; 2 ; Manuel Perez-Tello 2 ; Kim O. Fagerlund 1 184 ; Roberto Parada 1 RTB BOR, Copper Institute, Dept. of Metall., RTB 1 Room: 2018 Convention Center Location: Moscone West Thomas P. Battle, DuPont Titanium Battle, DuPont Thomas P. ; ; Laura Stykki 1 1 Victor Manuel Sanchez-Corrales Victor : ; Pedro Flores-Perez 1 Florian Kongoli, Flogen Technologies Inc., Matls. Inc., Technologies Florian Kongoli, Flogen Extraction & Processing Division, EPD-Aqueous Division, & Processing Extraction Helsinki University of Technology, Matls. Procg. & Pow- Helsinki University of Technology, 1 ; 2 ; Andrzej Warczok 1 Natasha Mitevska : Universidad de Sonora, Ingeniería Química y Metalurgia, Blvd. Luis Anglo American Chile, Minera Sur Andes, Fundición Chagres, Chagres American Chile, Minera Sur Anglo 184 Valera-Gonzalez 1 Encinas y Rosales, Colonia Centro, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000 Mexico; Riveros search, PO Box 60, Pori 28101 Finland boilers recovery heat metallurgical in build-ups and Aggregations may cause process shut decrease the efficiency of the heat transfer and has been applied to downs. Transient plane source method (Hot Disk) Flash Smelting flue measure the thermal conductivities of the Copper and zinc sulphates, and dusts. Thermal conductivities of copper, iron indicate that all the process flue dusts were measured. The results having a thermal con- components are effective thermal insulators, layer porosity has an ductivity of less than 1 W/mK. Decreasing dust Insulating layers on the on thermal conductivity. increasing effect of the boiler. efficiency boiler walls decrease greatly the heat transfer CFD-modelling of the The gathered information can be used in the process, and in process control. 3:20 PM Natural Gas Kinetics of Copper Slag Reduction with 2069, Santiago Casilla 2777 Chile; Av.Tupper Ingenieria de Minas, 2 Chile Smelting of copper concentrate in a flash smelter produces high grade matte and a slag containing from 2 to 3% Cu and 10-12% Fe3O4. slag cleaning furnace by reduction Teniente The slag is processed in with injected bunker oil, followed by slag sedimentation. The use of natural gas as a reductant is of great interest due to its price, easier management and benefits related to the decrease of negative environ- mental impact. The results of crucible scale simulation of slag reduc- tion with injected air/natural gas mix showed as a major factor affect- ing the rate of magnetite reduction the air/natural gas ratio. The de- pendence of reaction rate on temperature is weaker in comparison to magnetite reduction from slag with solid carbon and carbon monoxide. Activation energy 100 kJ/mol and first order reaction regarding to magnetite content in the slag point out diffusional control in the gas towards gas/slag interface. Reaction thermal instability indicates the temperature of bubble/slag interface as a major factor determining the kinetic of magnetite reduction. 3:45 PM Copper Flash Smelting Mass Balance Calculations Using Ge- netic Algorithms der Metall., PO Box 6200, Espoo 02015 Finland; der Metall., PO Box 6200, Espoo 02015 Finland; 2:30 PM Between Reverb Furnace Smelting Prod- Copper Distribution ucts Taskinen Zeleni bulevar 35, BOR 19210 Serbia Zeleni bulevar 35, BOR be- investigations of copper distribution The results of industrial in slag melt along the slag depth and length tween matte and slag, and BOR, Copper Smelter and of the reverberatory furnace No.1 in RTB Copper distribu- paper. Refinery (Serbia) in 2004 are presented in this slag phase is calculated, tion coefficient between copper matte and program for simu- too. On the base of results obtained, the computer in furnace is devel- lation of copper distribution in both melt phases oped. 2:55 PM Flue Dust Thermal Conductivity of Copper Flash Smelting Extractive Metallurgy: Copper Metallurgy: Extractive by: Sponsored EPD- Committee, Committee, EPD-Pyrometallurgy Processing & Minimization Committee Treatment Waste Organizers: Program Vidal, USA; Edgar E. DE 19880-0352 Wilmington, Technologies, Courtney CO 80401-1887 USA; of Mines, Golden, Colorado School of Montana, Metallurgi- of the University Tech Montana Young, A. USA Butte, MT 59701 cal Engineering, Tuesday PM February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: Arthur Morris, H3S 2CS Canada; Dept., Montreal, Quebec Tech. CA 92128 USA Thermart, San Diego, Nurminen Vilhelmiina

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 gether. Thisenvironmentallyfriendly, solid-statetechniquehasbeen serted intoaweldseamandliterally stirstheedgesofseamto- Infrictionstirwelding(FSW), arotatingthreadedpintoolisin- ED33, Huntsville, AL 35812USA Space FlightCenter,Matls.,Processes &Mfg.ofMetallicMatls., ter Engrg.Bldg.,MississippiState, MS39762USA; sippi State University, Mechl.Engrg. Dept.,POBoxME,210Carpen- ing theFSW Process Unraveling theMaterialProcessingConditionsforOptimiz- 3:50 PMInvited 3:30 PMBreak tural assessmentsoftheweldedareas. mercially. The paperwillinclude process informationandmicrostruc- and willgiveexamplesofwherethesetechniquescouldbeusedcom- processing ofarangealuminiumalloys,copperalloysandsteels, paper willsummariserecentprogressmadeinfrictionstirwelding/ forged microstructurewithoutasignificantchangeinshape).This and forre-processing,(wherethemicrostructurecanbeconvertedto a joining toothermaterials(castorwrought),forrepairoflocaldefects, stir weldingprocessestocastingsinmanymaterials,asamethodof Therehasbeenconsiderableinterestintheapplicationoffriction Cambridgeshire CB16ALUK Forge Processes Tech. Grp.,GrantaPark,Great Abington, Cambridge, Ltd, POBox3314,SheffieldS139WZUK; Threadgill Friction Stir Welding ofCastings 3:10 PM pared toconventionalmillingmachines. the majorsystemsofaFSWmachine,andhowtheyareuniquecom- iar ofwhatconstitutesaFSWmachine.Thispresentationwilloutline equipment designisbecomingevident,yetmanypeopleareun-famil- welding. As theprocessbecomesbetterdefined,criteriaforFSW garding thematerialscienceandapplicationbenefitsoffrictionstir niques. Extensivepublicationsandpresentationshavebeenmadere- tate improvedpropertiescomparedtoconventionalweldingtech- research hasbeendedicatedtooptimizingweldingparametersfacili- TheFSWprocesshasresearchedforseveralyears.Mostofthe Mountlake Terrace,WA 98043-2187USA Holman Features andConfigurationsofFSWEquipment 2:50 PM with thesurfaceofmaterial. pin, turningwithinthealuminum,andthatofshoulder,engaged rate thecontributionstoprocessloadsandtorquesarisingfrom able Pin Tools (RPT).Thisworkhasenabledustoevaluateandsepa- one-piece (solidshoulderandpin)FSWtoolstwo-piece,Retract- from 3.2mm(0.125")thickto9.5(0.375"),usingbothstandard, in thelapjoiningof2024 Al sheets,withtop-sheetthicknessranging specific structuralarchitecture. We haveexploredtheserelationships welding operation,or, conversely, totailortheFSW processtoa to properlydesignthesubstructurewithstandtheseforcesduring tion speedsandrequiredorresultantprocessloadstorques,inorder developed betweentherelationshipsoftoolfeatures,travelrate,rota- by theFSWprocess.Inthisscenario,afullerunderstandingneedstobe substructure, thatsubstructuremustreactorcarrytheloadsgenerated ever, suchasclosing-outstructuralcomponentsbyweldingskinsto suitable weldedcomponents.Insomeenvisionedapplications,how- speeds (“feedsandspeeds”)canbesufficientforsuccessfullymaking appropriate weldoperatingwindowintermsoftravelrateandspindle FormanyFSWapplications,arelativelysimpledelineationofthe PO Box516,MC:S245-1003,St.Louis,MO63166-0516USA A. Baumann Process DynamicsofFrictionStir Welding (FSW)of2024 Al 2:30 PMInvited applications willbegiven. development activitiesareneededtoevolvethetechnologyforfuture of FSW&P. A researcher’s perspectiveregardingwhatresearchand velopment, mustbeundertakeninordertoachievebroadapplication fundamentals. Fundamentalresearch,inparallelwithtechnologyde- left behindtheresearchnecessaryforunderstandingessentialprocess ment andtechnologyapplication,thedrivetoimplementationhas munity injustoveradecade.Despitetheprogressprocessdevelop- technology ofFSW&PhasconsumedmuchtheweldingR&Dcom- variety ofcommercialapplications.Withsuchpromisingbenefits,the Processing (FSP)hasbeengaininginterestoverthepastfewyearsina tool materialsandprocessunderstanding.Inaddition,FrictionStir materials arenearingimplementationstatusduetotheadventofnew TMS 2005Annual Meeting: 1 ; 2 ; William J.Kyffin 1 1 Nova-Tech SW, Engineering,6808220thSt. Ste.200, ; R.J.Lederich : Judy A. Schneider Judy A. 185 1 ; ; W. C.Starnes 1 ; TechnicalProgram 1 TWI Technology Centre(Yorkshire) : Richard Johnson 1 ; Arthur C.Nunes 1 ; 1 2 The BoeingCompany, TWI Ltd,Friction& 2 NASA-Marshall : 1 ; PhilipL. 2 Donald J. ; 1 Missis- : J. Kevin J.Colligan FSW of Aluminum Usinga Tapered andScrolled Shoulder Tool 4:30 PM parameters andweldconditionstoinhibit AGG aresuggested. and theextrusionratioofweldsissummarized.Optimumprocesses nugget withrespecttograinsize. The relationshipbetweenthe AGG results areanalyzedusingplotsoftheextrusionratioweld ated byheatingandholdingthesamplesat950 includes theuseofthreedifferent pintools.PostFSW AGG wasiniti- ing sideoftheweld.Thetestmatrixcontains48six-inchweldsand Liquid nitrogenwasdirectedcloselybehindthepintoolonretreat- liquid nitrogenduringFSWwasappliedinanattempttoinhibit AGG. tool geometrywerevaried. Additionally, cryogenicquenchingwith The weldprocessparametersofspeed,rotationandpin abnormal graingrowth(AGG)infrictionstirwelded(FSW) Al-2195. Theobjectiveofthisworkwastoinvestigatetheinhibition USA Mines and Technology, Advd. Matls.Procg.Ctr., RapidCity, SD57701 St. JosephSt., RapidCity, SD57701USA; Mines and Technology, Dept.ofMatls.&Metallurgl. Engrg., 501E. Minimize Abnormal GrainGrowthin Al-2195 Determining OptimumFrictionStir Weld Process Variables to 4:10 PM within theweldstructure. process andimpartingadistinctmicrostructure,canbedifferentiated ries, eachsubjectingtheweldmetaltoadistinctthermomechanical tories alongtheirrespectiveflowtrajectories. Two kindsoftrajecto- alloy arerelatedtotheirrespectivestrain-strainrate-temperaturehis- field. MicrostructuresobservedinaFSWcross-sectionanaluminum tion andsegmentationofthewireareusedtoelucidateflow the weldseamatvariouslocations.X-rayradiographsrecordposi- fields aremarkedbytheuseofthin(0.001tungsten)wiresembeddedin tion flowpathandvelocityisrequired.Inthisstudythemetal defect freeweld,abetterunderstandingoftheresultingmetaldeforma- weld. To determineoptimalprocessingparametersforproducinga successfully usedinthejoiningofmaterialsthataredifficulttofusion length byFSW. Bothself-reactingandstandard fixedpintoolshave proposed designistoextrudetwo C-Channelsandjointhemalongthe effective alternativetoextruded hollowaluminumboxbeams.The Work hasbeendonetoinvestigatefrictionstirweldingasacost Ctr., 501E.St. JosephSt.,RapidCity, SD57701USA 1 Paul Toskey Stir Welding for Fabricationof Aluminum Box Beams Comparison ofSelf-ReactingandStandard FixedPinFriction 5:10 PM sheets. parameters, andthemicrostructuremechanicalpropertiesofwelded SFW, thedifference betweenFSW andSFW, theeffect ofwelding alloy sheetof1.0mmthick.Thispaperwillintroducetheprinciple of fully appliedtobuttweldingof6061Alsheets1.5mmthickandMg tic deformationlikefrictionstirwelding(FSW).TheSFWwassuccess- as surfacefrictionwelding(SFW)whichutilizesheatandplas- mm wasinventedandpatentedbytheauthors.Theprocessnamed A novelprocessforbuttweldingofmetalsheetsthinnerthan2.0 sity, Jinju 660-701Korea Sangnam, Changwon641-010Korea; Lee Thin MetalSheets Surface Friction Welding – A NewProcess for Butt Welding of 4:50 PM applications. paper describestheweldingtooldesignanditsuseindifferent for self-reactingweldsusingtoolsthathaveafixedgeometry. This welds, forweldsinmaterialwithcomplexcurvatureandpipe, tion. Thispatentedtooldesignhasimplicationsforconventional crown oftheweldbeingvariabledependingondepthpenetra- neath thesurfaceofplatetoanydepth,withwidth outside diametertothepin.Thisscrolledconecanbeembeddedbe- shoulder thatisnotgenerallyflatbuttaperedoutwardfromthe with moresimpleequipment.Thetaperedshoulderconsistsofascrolled tapered shoulder,whichallowsFSWtobeoperatedmoreeasilyand reliable quality. A newfeaturehasbeendeveloped,referredtoasthe operated athighertravelspeeds,inthickersections,andwithmore vancements inweldingtooldesignhaveallowedtheprocesstobe SinceFSW wasoriginallyinventedby The Welding Institutead- AL USA Stanley M.Howard South DakotaSchoolofMinesand Technology, Advd. Matls. Procg. 1 ; Sang-SikKim 1 ; William; J. Arbegast 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM 1 ; 1 : 2 ; WilliamJ. Arbegast ; 1 Sung-Joon Kim Concurrent Technologies Corporation,Harvest, 1 Korea InstituteofMachinery&Materials,66 1 ; ; Anil K.Patnaik 1 ; HeungNamHan 2 Gyeongsang NationalUniver- 2 ; 2 1 South DakotraSchoolof South DakotaSchoolof ° F forfiveminutes.The : Srikanth Labhala 1 ; Casey A. Allen 1 ; ChangGil : Alex 185 1 1 : ; ; TUESDAY PM for Uni- γ 1 ; Luc 1 ; 2 is lower γ for both fcc as a function γ γ ESRF, Polygone ESRF, 3 University of Illi- 1 , of the crystal-melt Øyvind Nielsen γ Technical Program Technical ; ; 1 3 tion in Solidifying AlSiCu- tion in Solidifying , which is important input for γ ; Ruslan L. Davidchack 1 ; Marco Di Michiel 2 Jonathan A. Dantzig ; 1 Brian B. Laird C/s. During solidification, about 40 tomograms ° : 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: SINTEF, Matls. & Chmst., PB 124 Blindern, Oslo 0314 Matls. & Chmst., PB 124 SINTEF, ICMCB-CNRS, 33608 Pessac, Cedex France; 1 2 University of Leicester, Math., Univ. Rd., Leicester LE1 7RH Math., Univ. University of Leicester, ; 2 : Dominique Bernard 4 : Anthony Chang GPM2-INPG-CNRS, Saint Martin d’Heres 38402 France that that of fcc by about 30%, in qualitative agreement with recent that that of fcc by about 30%, in qualitative Asta, Hoyt and Karma. simulations on iron by 3:45 PM Break 3:55 PM Invited with Biological Modeling Interaction of Dendritic Interfaces Cells and bcc crystal structures.For these systems, the bcc-melt and bcc crystal structures.For these systems, Salvo Scientifique Louis Néel, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, Grenoble 38000 France; the hard-sphere and Lennard-Jones systems, as well as recent results the hard-sphere and Lennard-Jones systems, For the inverse on the series of repulsive inverse-power potentials. determine sixth and inverse-eighth power systems, we Urbana, Green St., W. MC-244, 1206 nois, Mechl. & Industl. Engrg., IL 61801 USA of a water-based solution Cryopreservation involves solidification successful protocol ensures A and incorporation of biological cells. by any of several pos- that the cells are not damaged during freezing intracellular ice sible factors, including excessive solute concentration, interface is almost formation and mechanical damage. The solidifying for directional solidi- always dendritic. In this work, we present models use a level set cells. We fication (DS) of aqueous solutions containing direct calculation of method to model the solidification, and include We the moving interface. the interaction forces between the cells and with repsect to the examine the role of particle size, and location pushing ahead of the evolving interface structure, on capture and interface. 4:30 PM of Morphology Study Microtomography In-Situ Synchrotron Evolution and Microporosity Forma Alloys 4 Direct observation of the microstructure evolution in solidifying metal alloys is still a great challenge in solidification science, which is manifested by the extensive literature on quenching experiments and Although recent progress has been made in time transparent analogues. resolved, high resolution x-ray imaging of thin metal samples during solidification (2D), the extension to microtomography (3D) has not yet been made, due to limitations in e.g., the x-ray beam intensity and characteristics, and the data acquisition and transfer speed. In the present work, recent results are shown from a study aiming at time resolved, high resolution 3D x-ray-imaging using microtomography at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF). Cylindrical Al-9 wt.% Si-3.5 wt.% Cu alloys samples (D=1.2 mm, H=1.2 mm) of were mounted in the microtomography setup at ESRF Beamline ID15A, melted completely by the use of a small furnace, and then cooled at a constant rate of 0.1 were acquired for each sample. The spatial resolution is 2.8 µm and the data acquisition time for each tomogram (400 images) is 13 s. Due to The magnitudes and crystalline anisotropies of crystal-melt inter- crystal-melt of anisotropies and crystalline magnitudes The alloy of metal and for a variety calculated have been free energy facial em- employing simulations molecular-dynamics based upon systems, Ni and Pb Au, Cu, Fe, Al, Ag, for fcc Results potentials. bedded-atom and hcp Mg. for bcc Fe, Mo, V with recent calculations are compared described by are found to be well interfacial free energies Calculated that coefficients Turnbull with empirical scaling relation, Turnbull’s fcc and hcp. the bcc metals than for 30 percent lower for are roughly fcc metals is for bcc relative to lower anisotropies A trend towards show bcc-based B2 NiAl compound for the ordered observed. Results those for the consistent with and anisotropies Turnbull coefficients these results suggest that the underlying elemental bcc metals. Overall plays a primary role in governing crystal-melt crystal lattice structure in metals. interfacial free energies 3:10 PM Invited Ato- Energies by Interfacial Free Calculation of Crystal-Melt and Dependence Upon Crystalmistic Simulation: Structure Interatomic Forces Lawrence, KS 66045 Hall Dr., Wescoe 1251 versity of Kansas, Chmst., USA; UK on the direct calculation, via MD com- review our recent work We interfacial free energy, puter simulation, of the of model systems. The value of interface for a number is determined using a thermodynamic integra- of crystal orientation Lett., 85, [Phys. Rev. tion technique employing moving cleaving walls accurate to at least par- 4751 (2000)]. The calculation is sufficiently tially resolve the small anisotropy in report values of We continuum simulation of dendritic growth. Norway; ; A. , de- 3 µ North- 1 ; Carl D. ; East China 1 3 3 ; D. Y. Sun Y. ; D. 2 ; Deyan Sun 2 Aaron L. Stahl Aaron : ; M. D. Asta ; M. D. East China Normal University, 1 3 Northeastern University, Physics Dept., Northeastern University, 4 University, Mechl. Engrg., 435 CTB, 435 Engrg., Mechl. University, 186 ; Jeffrey J. Hoyt ; Jeffrey 1 J. J. Hoyt Weld Pin Tools Pin Weld : Room: 2020 Location: Moscone West Convention Center Ralph E. Napolitano, Iowa State University, Ralph E. Napolitano, Iowa State Northwestern University, Dept. of Matls Sci. & Northwestern University, 2 Mike I. Baskes, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Alamos National Mike I. Baskes, Los and a pronounced asymmetry between solidification Materials Processing & Manufacturing Division, µ Mark D. Asta Mark D. Brigham Young Brigham Young : 1 Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 5800, Albuquerque, Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 5800, ; 1 1 ; Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM USA; Sandia National Laboratories, 4 2 186 Normal University, Dept. of Physics, Shanghai China Normal University, western University, Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Evanston, IL 60208 Evanston, IL Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., western University, USA; Boston, MA 02115 USA The crystal-melt interface mobility plays an important role in controlling the morphology and growth kinetics of dendrites. The mobility is typically characterized by the kinetic coefficient, February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: Alamos, NM 87545 USA; Martin E. Glicksman, Rensselaer Los 12180 USA NY Troy, Polytechnic Institute, NM 87185 USA; Physics Dept., Shanghai China; fined as the constant of proportionality between the interface under- Using molecular dynamics simu- cooling and the solidification velocity. lations and interatomic potentials of the embedded atom form, we have computed the kinetic coefficient in several FCC and BCC pure metals. With the exception of BCC metals growing along [100], the crystallization rates and their dependence on crystallographic growth direction are well described by a density functional theory based model The discrepancy in the BCC case stems due to Mikheev and Chernov. from an anomalously large solid-liquid interface width observed for the [100] orientation. In addition, we have computed the kinetic coeffi- namely the B2 ordered NiAl system. For NiAl cient in a binary alloy, a low value of and melting rates is observed. 2:35 PM Invited Crystal-Melt Interfacial Free Energies in Metals: Role of Crys- tal Structure Ames Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineer- Ames Laboratory, R. Morris, Oak Ridge National USA; James 50011 Ames, IA ing, USA TN 37831-6115 Oak Ridge, Laboratory, Tuesday PM 2:00 PM Invited Interface Mobility in Atomistic Simulations of Solid-Liquid FCC and BCC Metals 60208 USA; IL Evanston, Engrg., Sponsored by: ASM- Engineering-(Jt. MPMD-Computational Materials Science & MSCTS), MPMD-Solidification Committee Organizers: Program Karma Frontiers in Solidification Science: Crystal-Melt Frontiers in Solidification Science: and Related Interfaces: Fundamental Properties Behavior Sorensen been evaluated as methods of joining. The effects of different pin tool of different effects joining. The methods of as been evaluated type. for each tooling setups as well as presented will be geometries be com- welds will resulting of assessment and mechanical Metallurgy tooling In the end, data. and thermal process forces along with pared use in closed self reacting pin tool and issues with long limitations for the fixed pin tool being chosen in the standard sections resulted fabrication approach. final design 5:30 PM Distribu- of Longitudinal Load Measurements Experimental Stir tions on Friction Provo, UT 84602 USA tools is of FSW understanding of the forces acting on the pin An especially in materials with limited tough- critical to appropriate design, describes a study to measure the longitudi- ness like PCBN. This paper longitudinal Total a friction stir weld pin tool. nal force distribution on a dynamometer while welding 6061 aluminum forces were recorded on was developed model A length and diameter. with pins that varied in force as a function of pin length and diameter. that characterizes pin an zero, the longitudinal force reaches As the pin length approaches the longitudinal force due to the shoulder. asymptote, which is apparently increases with pin length, but varies insignifi- The force due to the pin on the pin appears to The force distribution cantly with pin diameter. force Unexpected distance from the shoulder. increase linearly with be large pin lengths, a result which has yet to variation was found at explained.

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 Dennis Paisley muth Microstructure EvolutiononShockMeltandRefreezeinBis- 5:10 PM lous eutectics. model caninterpretmostpublisheddataontheformationofanoma- solution overgrowsthecompoundtoyieldanomalouseutectic.This face comparedwiththatofdiffusion-limitedgrowthandthusthesolid compound; collision-limitedgrowthgeneratesahighlymobileinter- incorporate kineticundercoolingforcompetingsolidsolutionand ternary oxideeutectics.Theeutecticgrowthmodelismodifiedto of thesepoly-domainsystems,eitherbinarymetallicorand cating thatmassiveorcopiousnucleationoccursinfreesolidification ZrO2-Y2O3 eutecticsconsistedofindependenteutecticcolonies,indi- on anaero-acousticlevitator. The latestmicrostructureon Al2O3- Yb2O3-SiO2, Sm2O3-SiO2,andY2O3-SiO2oxideeutecticssolidified Yb2O3-Al2O3, Al2O3-MgO, Fe2O3-La2O3, binary Al2O3-ZrO2, in of anentiresample.Similarmicrostructuralcharacteristicswerefound distribute notonlyatsamplesurface,butalsothroughoutthevolume Microstructural observationrevealedthatindividualeutecticcolonies Ni-Si, Co-Sn,Co-Sb,andCo-Geeutecticsatvariousundercoolings. We employedanelectromagnetic levitatortoinvestigateNi-Sn, 8510 Japan Sagamihara Campus,3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara,Kanagawa229- space Exploration Agency, Inst.ofSpace& Astronautical Sci., Yoda Laboratory, Matls.Sci. & Tech., MST-8, POBox1663,MSG755,Los Juan C.Ramirez Convective EffectsonThermosolutal FreeDendriticGrowth 37831-6115 USA James Morris,OakRidgeNationalLaboratory, OakRidge, TN Ralph Napolitano,IowaState University, Ames, IA 50011 USA; Session Chairs: February 15,2005 Tuesday, 5:30-7:30pm Laboratory, OakRidge, TN 37831-6115 USA ing, Ames, IA 50011 USA; JamesR.Morris,OakRidgeNational Ames Laboratory, DepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineer- Program Organizers: MSCTS), MPMD-SolidificationCommittee MPMD-Computational MaterialsScience&Engineering-(Jt. ASM- Sponsored by: Frontiers inSolidificationScience: Poster Session under contractNo. W-7405-Eng-48. University ofCaliforniaLawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratory performed undertheauspicesofU.S.DepartmentEnergyby solid-liquid phasechangesonveryshorttimescales.Thisworkwas shock microstructure.Theresultscarryimplicationsforthestudyof ity andfree-surfacevelocity),controlledvariationsofthepre- light oftheoreticalpredictions,real-timeshockdiagnostics(resistiv- rapid resolidification. We interprettheshockedmicrostructuresin rial hasamixofmicrostructuresincludingfinedendritesindicating Bi inordertoinducearapidmelt/refreezecycle.Therecoveredmate- 10/7, 2940,2003),weusedlong-pulselaserstoshock-meltpreheated Using thetechniqueoftampedablation(Colvinetal.,Phys.Plasmas initial releaseofashockwave,accordingtosingle-phasemodel). sure, yieldingextremelyfastinitialundercoolingrates(~10 bismuth shouldbegintofreezeimmediatelyuponreleaseofthepres- Becausesolidbismuthislessdensethantheliquid,pressurizedliquid Physics, P-24,MSE526,POBox1663,Los Alamos, NM87545USA Livermore, CA 94551USA; National Laboratory, Chmst.&Matls.Sci.,POBox808,L-370, Ctr., 2-1-1Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki305-8505Japan; Exploration Agency, Inst. ofSpace& Astronautical Sci., Tsukuba Space Mingjun Li Containerless SolidificationofUndercooledEutecticMelts 4:50 PM gas andshrinkageporositywereobserved. was observedandquantified.Moreover,thenucleationgrowthof contrast isachievedandthe3Devolutionofsolid/liquidinterface the segregationofcopperintoliquidphase,solid/liquidabsorption TMS 2005Annual Meeting: 1 : ; KosukeNagashio Bryan W.Bryan Reed 1 ; Yasutomo Arai 2 ; DamianSwift Materials Processing&ManufacturingDivision, Shan Liu, Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA 50011 USA; 1 ; ChristophBeckermann 1 ; JeffColvin Ralph E.Napolitano,IowaStateUniversity, Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 2020 2 ; KazuhikoKuribayashi 1 ; Jianding Yu 187 2 Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, Plasma 2 ; Tom Tierney TechnicalProgram 1 ; Alan Jankowski Alan ; 1 ; TakehikoIshikawa 2 ; 2 ; 1 Los Alamos National Los Alamos 1 2 Lawrence Livermore ; 1 1 ; MukulKumar Japan Aerospace 2 Japan Aero- 10 1 K/supon ; Shinichi 1 ; : : Base Superalloys The Effect ofSeedDendrite Arm SpacingonSingleCrystal Ni- be discussed. mium, analyzedbyEPMA,intwofoundedalloy-richcarbideswillalso mechanism ofelementsredistributionsuchasmolybdenumandchro- ent fromthatofcastingwhichsolidifiedinupwarddirection.The at thebottomwhichwaslastsolidified.Thesephenomenaarediffer- mold whichsolidifiedfirst,butsomesmallernodulargraphiteexisted was observedthatanumberoflargernodulargraphitenearthechilled upward, abidirectionalanddownward.Inthedownwardportion,it used forstudyingthatprovidesthreedistinctsolidifyingzones:an wiched withawaterchilledcoppermoldinthemiddleoffuranswas cylindrical moldcavityset-upwhichconsistsbytwofuranmoldssand- tion ofdirectionallysolidifiedductileironswillbepresented. A vertical this papertheeffectoffluidconvectiononmorphologyandsegrega- tures andchemicalsegregationsduringthesolidificationofcastings.In Convectioneffectplaysanimportantroleinthefinalmicrostruc- Dept. ofMechl.Engrg.,#43,Sect.4, Alloys SiliconGrowthMechanisms ofPrimary inNear-Eutectic Al-Si cation. Thesimulationresultsarecomparedtotheoreticalmodels. considered: purelythermal,solutalandthermosolutalsolidifi- relative importanceofthermalandsolutaleffects,threeregimesare standing ofconvectiveeffectsondendriticgrowth.Dependingthe dendrite tipfromsimulationsprovidegreatinsightintotheunder- Detailed knowledgeofthermal,solutalandvelocityfieldsaroundthe interface conditionsinthelimitofathin,diffuseregion. dilute binaryalloys.Themodelemployedreproducestheusualsharp the effectsofmeltconvectionondendritetipoperatingstate Two-dimensional phasefieldsimulationsareperformedtoexamine Industl. Engrg., 2412SeamansCtr., IowaCity, IA 52242-1527USA Alamos, NM87545USA; was conductedtoexamineanypossible mechanicalbenefitoftheLMC of specimensmadeusingboththe conventionalandLMCprocesses tal structurefreefromcastingdefects. Preliminarymechanicaltesting conventional processwereachieved whilemaintaininganalignedcrys- ally, withdrawalratesatleasttwotothreetimesthosecapablewith the ing defects,includingelimination offreckle-typedefects. Addition- cooling rates,refinedmicrostructure,andreducedoccurrenceofcast- process, liquidmetalcooling(LMC)resultedinconsiderablyenhanced ducted. ComparedtotheconventionalBridgman(radiationcooling) solidification (DS)oflargeNi-basesuperalloycastingshasbeencon- A seriesofexperimentsinvestigatingliquid-tinassisteddirectional 12309 USA Arbor, MI48109USA; 1 ings Directional SolidificationofLargeNi-BaseSuperalloyCast- Examining theBenefitsofLiquidMetalCooling(LMC)for defects. characterize thedendritemorphologyandoriginofanycasting sectioned todeterminethetimerequiredreachsteadystateand to shapes werecastusingstandardindustryparameters.Eachcastingwas sen bothinsideandoutofpredictedstableranges.Bothbarsblade CMSX-4. Threewidelyvaryingseeddendritearmspacingswerecho- casting wasmadewithsamplesofasinglecrystalNi-basesuperalloy, model bychangingseedcrystaldendritearmspacingwithinasingle binary castingsaccordingtothermalhistory. An attempttoverifythis predicted arangeofstabledendritearmspacingsforsinglecrystal Recentcellularautomaton-finitedifference(CA-FD)modelshave 116400, Gainesville,FL32611USA Shou Lei Directionally SolidifiedDuctileIrons Convectional EffectonMorphologyandSegregationof ined. transition fromprimarySigrowthtocoupledeutecticisexam- positions from10wt%Sito14areinvestigated,andthe mechanisms ofbranchingandspacingadjustmentarediscussed.Com- of thetwinnedbicrystaldendriticcoresandroletwinningin various tip-splittingandbranchingmechanisms.Thedetailedstructure the early-stageselectiondynamicsandprimaryarrayevolutionthrough combined withbackscatteredelectrondiffractionanalysistoexamine the regimeof10-3m/sec.Serialmillingandx-raytechniquesare arrays aregrowndirectionallyinaBridgmanfurnaceatvelocities is investigatedinnear-eutectic Al-Si alloys. Angular silicon“dendritic” Morphologicalevolutionandselectionofangularprimarysilicon IA 50011USA sity, Matls.Sci.& University ofMichigan,Matls.Sci.&Engrg., 2300HaywardSt., Ann : Andrew J.Elliott : Ralph E.Napolitano 1 ; 1 National Taiwan UniversityofScienceand Technology, 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM : Engrg., Ames Elyssa ReneeCutler 1 2 ; Tresa M.Pollock General Electric,GlobalRsch.,Niskayuna,NY 2 University ofIowa,Dept.Mechl.& 1 ; ChoonhoJung Lab., Matls.&Engrg. Physics, Keelung Rd., Taipei 1 ; GerhardE.Fuchs : Wen ShiungChang 1 ; MichaelF.X. Gigliotti 1 ; 1 Iowa StateUniver- 1 106 Taiwan ; 1 PO Box 1 ; Tien Ames, 187 2 ; TUESDAY PM ; ; 1 2 James R. James ; David J. : 3 ; Kevin Klug 1 University of Le- University 2 Iowa State Univer- Iowa State 3 Technical Program Technical ; Gustavo A. Cragnolino ; Gustavo 1 Princeton University, Dept. of Princeton University, 4 Laurentiu Nastac Concurrent Technologies Corpora- Concurrent Technologies : 1 ; Mikhail I. Mendelev ; Mikhail I. 2 ; 2 This work was conducted by the National -phase whereas the Scheil simulations pre- γ ; Darrell S. Dunn 1 ; Troy Tack ; Troy 2 Concurrent Technologies Corporation, Johnstown, Technologies Concurrent 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM 2 TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Metals & Ceram. Div., Metals National Laboratory, Oak Ridge 1 Yi-Ming Pan Yi-Ming ; 4 : ; Ruslan L. Davidchack ; Ruslan L. 1 . This research has been sponsored by the Division of Materials . This research has been n CNWRA, Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Rd., San Anto- CNWRA, Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Rd., San icester, Dept. of Math., Leicester LE1 7RH UK; of Math., Leicester icester, Dept. 1 nio, TX 78238 USA Simulations have been conducted to determine the phase stability by elemental segregation in the solidified weld affected Alloy 22 of microstructure. Compositional analyses of gas-tungsten arc welded Alloy 22 using energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy revealed that the interdendritic regions are enriched in Mo and depleted in Ni relative to the dendrite cores. Both equilibrium and Scheil solidification simula- N software and Version tions were performed with the Thermo-Calc The solidus, liquidus, and P-solvus 5 database. Version the Ni-DATA temperatures were calculated for the bulk alloy composition, as well as for the measured compositions for the dendrite cores and the interdendritic regions. The equilibrium simulations predict complete solidification of liquid to dicts the formation of P-phase (the predominant topologically close- the end of solidification. In addition, Alloy 22) near packed phase of the Scheil simulation predicts a high solvus temperature for the P- phase in the interdendritic regions due to element partitioning in the consistency will be shown and compared with the previous model of previous model with the compared be shown and will consistency interface. in diffuse solute partitioning localized Interfaces of Crystal-Melt Energies Free Anisotropic Morris USA; Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6115 PO Box 2008, Ames Ames, Lab., 50011 sity, USA; IA NJ 08544 USA Aeros. Engrg., Princeton, Mechl. & in approaches to significant advances there have been Recently, of crystal-melt interfaces from simula- calculating the free energy but can not only predict accurate values, tions. Current approaches We in the values on the order of 1-2%. can resolve the anisotropies in particular the fluctuation approach demonstrate these approaches, and compare the results. For the Lennard- applicable to rough interfaces, the are in very close agreement, whereas Jones system, the results smaller values than in previous calculations. hard-sphere results give potentials have different Al, we show that of For more realistic models We structure. values, which are correlated with the liquid very different for purely repulsive potentials, of the form also include recent results 1/r Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. De- Sciences and Engineering, with UT- under contract DE-AC05-00OR-22725 partment of Energy Battelle. During the Invest- Microstructure Evaluation and Prediction ment Casting of Ti-6Al-4V Plates Mehmet N. Gungor 28th Fl., Pittsburgh, Tower, Enterprise Regional Ave., tion, 425 Sixth 15219 USA; PA 15904 USA PA experimental efforts for This paper describes the modeling and the and its relation- the evaluation and prediction of the microstructure casting of Ti-6Al- ship with the mechanical properties in investment M777 Lightweight Howit- This work supports the alloy. (Ti-6-4) 4V program, where investment casting was selected over ma- zer (LWH) part count and associated chining and welding titanium plate to reduce predictive components. Key manufacturing expense for several LWH and microstruc- capabilities such as shrinkage, alpha-case thickness, was to better understand ture were simulated. The purpose of the work defects in LWH the investment casting process to eliminate/minimize aggressive schedule components and provide useful insights to meet trials. The mod- requirements by minimizing experimental production of fluid flow and eling approach was based on the numerical solution of the microstruc- heat transfer equations and mesoscopic modeling plate microstructures ture. The effects of casting parameters on the phases as a function of were studied. The amount of alpha and beta relationship between the A cooling rates was experimentally measured. established. The influ- microstructure and mechanical properties was microstructure and me- ence of composition variance on both the results showed that chanical properties was investigated. Evaluation acceptable mechanical the HIP and heat treated Ti-6-4 plates have grain coarsening and properties and microstructure with minimum Acknowledgment. porosity. (NCEMT), oper- Technology Center for Excellence in Metalworking Corporation under contract No. Technologies ated by Concurrent N00014-00-C-0544 to the U.S. Navy as part of the U.S. Navy Manu- Approved for public; distribution is Program. Technology facturing unlimited. Alloy 22 Phase Solidification-Induced Segregation on of Effects Stability Srolovitz : ; 1 ; Dou- 1 University of Ala- University of 1 ; 1 ; Robert W. Hyers W. ; Robert 1 ; Holavanahalli S. Udaykumar ; Holavanahalli Kunsan National University, Dept. Kunsan National University, 1 1 160 Governors Dr., Amherst, MA 160 Governors Dr., ; 2 : Layachi Hadji 188 ; Yi Yang ; Yi 1 Alaina B. Hanlon : University of Massachusetts, Dept. of Mechl. & University of Massachusetts, Dept. of Mechl. Won Tae Kim Tae Won 1 ; 1 ; 2 Tufts University, Dept. of Mechl. Engrg., Rm. 025 Ander- Rm. 025 Dept. of Mechl. Engrg., University, Tufts 2 Justin Wayne Garvin Justin Wayne : Cheongju University, Applied Sci. Div., 36 Naedok Dong, Cheongju Applied Sci. Div., Cheongju University, University of Iowa, Dept. of Mechl. Engrg., 3131 Seamans Ctr., Iowa Seamans Ctr., 3131 Engrg., Iowa, Dept. of Mechl. University of 188 glas M. Matson Matls. Sci. & Engrg., 68 Miryong Dong, Kunsan 573-701 Korea; 2 360-764 Korea Remarkable progress in phase-field simulations of alloy solidifica- tion has been made by using the thin-interface analysis and introducing an anti-trapping current into the standard phase-field model for al- loys. This make us to overcome the stringent restriction on the inter- face width and enhance both the computational efficiency and accu- we extend the phase-field model with the anti- In this study, racy. trapping current to alloy systems with arbitrary phase diagrams and find the mapping conditions of the phase-field model onto the classi- few simulations for testing the self- A cal moving boundary problem. 01003 USA; Industl. Engrg., Engrg. Lab Bldg., Engrg. Industl. Engrg., 02155 USA Medford, MA Ave., son Hall, 200 College steels solidify from an In certain compositions, Fe-Cr-Ni stainless the metastable ferrite undercooled melt by a 2-step process in which Recent experiments have phase transforms to a stable austenite phase. shown that flow within the molten sample strongly influences the lifetime of the metastable phase. The current research will provide insight to why flow affects the metastable phase, and lead to the use of convection to control microstructural evolution. If the convective velocities are great enough to cause the dendrites to bend then low angle boundaries form at the points of collision. These result in high energy sites that could serve as nuclei for the stable phase. Numerical models are employed to evaluate interactions between fluid and micro- structures during rapid solidification. Simulations yield a range of con- vective flow velocities that causes mechanical damage to the dendrites and can be compared to experimental results. Diagrams Phase Arbitrary Alloys with Phase-Field Model for Seong Gyoon Kim bama, Dept. of Math., 345 Gordon Palmer Hall, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487- AL Tuscaloosa, bama, Dept. of Math., 345 Gordon Palmer Hall, 0350 USA examine the interaction of a minute foreign impurity with a We that the interaction induces show directionally solidified interface. We that the distance be- the onset of morphological instability provided a critical value. This tween the impurity and the interface falls below the threshold for the instability occurs at pulling speeds that are below The expression for the criti- onset of the Mullins-Sekerka instability. only for certain cal distance reveals that this instability is manifested parameters, and its combination of the physical and processing thermal gradient in the occurence is attributed to the reversal of the Another in- interface. melt between the impurity and the solid-liquid near-contact with the stability may arise when the impurity is in derive an We the interaction. The disjoining pressure affects interface. occurs. The influ- expression for the film thickness at which rupture rejection of the impurity ence of these instabilities on the capture or is discussed. Evolution in The Effects of Internal Convection on Dendritic Alloys Steel Stainless 1 52242 USA IA City, a micron-sized particle and a solidifica- The interaction between a multi-scale problem. For particles of microns tion front is inherently the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations in in size or greater, the be- resolution of the nano-scale gap particle-front system including be impossible due to the fine mesh requirement tween surfaces would is therefore developed for the interaction lubrication model A needed. an- solid surfaces moving relative to one between any two immersed The model includes the disjoining pres- other at arbitrary velocities. forces as well as liquid-solid phase sure effects due to intermolecular of the interfaces. The solution to the lubrication change at one or both the solution outside the gap that is solved using model is coupled to the The interfaces are tracked using a level-set Navier-Stokes equations. for the interaction between a particle and method. Results are obtained are compared to previous theoretical results a solidification front and for the interaction. Impurity-Induced Instabilities process. The effect of various LMC process parameters were also were process parameters LMC of various The effect process. experi- The modeling. and thermal experiments through investigated compari- analysis, mechanical microstructural casting results, mental under- a broader to provide examined modeling are thermal son, and large DS is beneficial for producing how the LMC process standing of castings. Dynam- Front Modeling of Particle-Solidification Multi-Scale ics

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 David Torres Multiscale ModelingofSolidificationProcesses solidification inporousmediaareaddressed. tions. Heterogeneousnucleationonforeignparticles,roughwalls,and via the“no-flux”boundaryconditionareintroducedintosimula- tions andcomparedwiththeoreticalpredictions.Sharpwallsdefined The magnitudeofthenucleationprefactorisestimatedfromsimula- rate isevaluatedfromsimulationsperformedwithLangevin-noise. is determinedbysolvingtheEuler-Lagrangeequations.Thenucleation work ofthephasefieldtheory. The propertiesofcriticalfluctuations Homogeneousandheterogeneousnucleationisstudiedintheframe- and Optics,POB49,BudapestH-1121Hungary volume offluid(VOF)method,has beendevelopedfortheanalysisof A numerical model,basedontheenthalpy-porositymethodand Inc., Lebanon,NH03766USA versity, Sch.ofMechl.Engrg., W. Lafayette,IN47907USA; Sun Analysis oftheSolidification of Particle-LadenMelts the effectofconvectiononmicrostructureparameters. accepted steady-stategrowthmodels.Simplemodelsarederived for strength. Theexperimentalresultsarecomparedtoliteraturedataand unique mannerwithsolidificationspeedandrotatingmagneticfield arm spacing,theeutecticspacingandfractionsolidchangein a structural featuresliketheprimarydendrite,secondarydendrite using numericalmodelling.Theinvestigationsshowthatthemicro- can berelateddirectlytotheflowfieldinsideliquidandmush can induceahomogeneousrotatingmagneticfield.Thefieldstrength solidification process.ThreepairsofHelmholtzcoilsaroundthesample ing toflatisothermsandallowingthedirectopticalobservationof the transparent nanostructuredsilicaaerogelsasacruciblematerial,lead- with anewfurnacefacilitythatutilizestheextremeproperties of cally controlled,convectiveboundaryconditions.Thiswasachieved AlSi-base alloysdirectionallyunderwelldefinedthermalandmagneti- microstructure ofcastalloysisstilllacking. We thereforesolidified A offluidflowonthe quantitativeunderstandingoftheeffect Cologne Germany 1 Solidified AlSi-BaseAlloys Directionally The InfluenceofFluidFlowontheMicrostructure macro passive1-waycoupling. al (1999)isdemonstrated.Comparisonmadewithafastermeso- thalpy based,Jacobianmatrix-freeheattransferalgorithmofKnollet cal difficultiesareaddressedandacouplingwithfinite-volume,en- region wherethecoolingcurvesarehighlyoscillatory. These numeri- challenges foramacroscopicenthalpyalgorithmintherecalescence coalescence. A fullyiterativemeso-macrocouplingposessignificant allows uniformtreatmentofgrowth:fromjustafternucleationthrough based ontheworkof Torres et.al.(2004).Thisnumericalapproach ment ofthesolutediffusioninshrinkingextradendriticregion macro coupling. A furthermodificationisafull,fast,numericaltreat- ODE formtoallowforanexactlyconservativeinenthalpymeso- variant ofthatsuggestedbyBeckermannetal(1993)modifiedtoa2- A robustandefficient equiaxedgrowthmodelisdeveloped.Ita Laboratory, MST-8, Los Alamos, NM87545 Laboratory , T-3, Los Alamos, NM87545; 211 MaynardDr., SantaFe,NM87501USA; pling To aMacro HeatTransfer Algorithm A RobustandEfficientEquiaxedGrainGrowthModelCou- tems. discussed. Computationalresultsaregivenforsomesolidificationsys- way couplingofmolecular,microandmacroscalephenomenaare domain. Themodelingstrategiesthatinvolvebothmutualandone- eventually fromthemolecularscaleallwaytocontinuum based fluidflowandheattransferphenomenaareintegratedtocover ing. Themolecularsimulation,phasefieldmodelingandcontinuum- eling ofthemicrostructuredevelopmentduringsolidificationprocess- This paperdiscussesamultiscalecomputationalschemeforthemod- Solidificationprocessinginvolvesmultiplelengthandtimescales. Pullman, WA 99163USA Ai Pusztai Nucleationin3D Phase FieldModelingofCrystal NRC. and doesnotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsorregulatorypositionof Acknowledgment: ThispaperisanindependentproductoftheCNWRA the solutionannealingtreatmentof Alloy 22weldmentsarediscussed. solidified weldmicrostructure.Theimplicationsoftheseresultsfor TMS 2005Annual Meeting: Institute ofSpaceSimulation,German Aeros. Ctr. DLR,D-51147 1 ; BenQ.Li 1 ; Suresh V. Garimella 1 ; LaszloGranasy 2 ; MariusStan 1 ; 1 Washington State University, Dept., Mechl.Engrg. 1 ; 1 ; Aniruddha Mukhopadhyay Aniruddha ; 3 1 189 ; Research InstituteforSolidStatePhysics 1 Metal CastingSimulationConsultant, TechnicalProgram : S. Steinbach 3 Los Alamos National Los Alamos 2 Los Alamos National Los Alamos : Andrei Starobin : 2 ; Yan Shu 1 1 Purdue Uni- ; L.Ratke : : 2 Dawei Tamas 1 Fluent ; Xin 1 1 ; ; Slags andinContactwithOxides Undercooling ofLiquidIronDropletsPartlySubmergedin between thetwogrowthconfigurations. found, whichisbelievedtobeduethedifferenceinheattransfer growth kineticscurvesfortheundercooledanddirectionalwas change at~16KundercoolingwasobservedforPEG. A crossoverofthe data werecomparedwiththenucleationtheoryandagrowthregime and growthvelocitycanbepreciselymeasuredconcomitantly. The nique todeterminethegrowthkineticssinceinterfacetemperature process. Inthispaper,weproposetousethedirectionalgrowthtech- and havebeenwidelyusedforstudyofkineticsinundercooledgrowth change. Spherulitesarethemostcommongrowthforminpolymers lization proceedswiththesecondarynucleationandconformational interface inthesmallmolecularandmetallicalloys,polymercrystal- phologies. Insteadofcrystallizingbytheatomicjumpacrossgrowth less symmetricalcrystalstructureandverycomplicatedgrowthmor- Incomparisonwithmetallicalloys,polymercrystalshaveamuch 50010 USA Lab.-USDOE, Matls.&Engrg. Physics,235 Wilhelm Hall, Ames, IA Wilhelm Hall, Ames, IA 50010USA; GrowthCrystal inPolymericMaterials considered dependsontheconcentrationofsuspendedparticles. extent towhichthenon-Newtoniannatureoffluidneedsbe shrinkage playsanimportantroleinthecastingprocess,and casting ofenergeticmaterials.Ithasbeenfoundthatsolidification measurements, andthenusedtoinvestigatepipeformationinthe account. Theproposedmodelisfirstvalidatedagainstexperimental the non-Newtonianfluidonphasechangeprocessistakeninto of solidificationshrinkage.Theinfluencethesuspendedparticlesin particle-laden fluids.Theprimaryfocusofthisworkistheprediction coupled fluidflowandheattransferprocessesduringthecastingof LENS this studyareto:(1)understandthe completethermalbehaviorduring cally byusingthefinitedifference methods(FDM).Theobjectivesof events, andaccordingly, thethermalhistorycouldbemodeled numeri- sition ofLENS experience thermalcyclesduring LENS Engrg. &Matls.Sci.,1Shields Ave., Davis,CA 95616USA; Smugeresky Deposition Numerical SimulationofThermalBehaviorDuring3-DLaser M7C3. will beusedtostudythepreferredcrystallographicorientationof the chilled mold.OtherthanSEMusedformorphologies,theEBSDresults specifically, longrodsofM7C3carbideupto3mmweregrowninthe primary alloycarbideM7C3showsdifferencesinthesethreezones, characteristics inthesethreezonesaredifferent.Themorphology of Due totheeffectofgravityandfluidconvectionsolidification the chilledcoppermold,andadownwardzonebelowmold. zone abovethechilledmold,abidirectionalsolidificationwithin vides threezoneswithdifferentsolidificationdirection:anupward was usedfordirectionalsolidification.Thissolidificationset-uppro- layers ofFuransandmoldandsandwichedwithachilledcopper investigated. A verticalcylindricalcastingset-upwhichconsistsoftwo castings of ASTM A532-87 Class- V highchromiumwhitecastironis Thecharacterizationofcarbidegrowthindirectionallysolidified Dept. ofMechl.Engrg., 43KeelungRd.,Sect.4, Taipei 106 Taiwan Shou Lei fied HighChromium White CastIron Characterization ofCarbideGrowthinDirectionallySolidi- cooling. which suggeststhatimpuritycontenthasastrongeffectontheunder- undercooling increasesaftereachsuccessivere-meltingofthesample, ticles canbesignificantlyundercooled(upto260K).Theextentof silicate basedslag.Theexperimentsindicatethatfullysubmergedpar- scope (CSLM).TheresultspresentedareforpureFedropletsina tacting thecruciblewallsthroughaConfocalScanningLaserMicro- the shapechangeofasmalldropletsubmergedinslagwithoutcon- available isasteel/slaginterface.Themethodologyinvolvesobserving undercooling ofmetalsandalloydropletswhentheonlyinterface Thispaperdescribesanovelexperimentaltechniquetomeasure PA 15213USA Matls. Sci.&Engrg., 5000Forbes Ave., Wean Hall2325,Pittsburgh, Seetharaman Sridhar Rohit Trivedi engineered netshaping(LENS As aresultofthelayeradditivenatureassociatedwith laser National Laboratories,Dept.8724,Livermore,CA94551-0969USA TM processing,and(2)correlatethe processing parameters(e.g., 1 ; : 2 ; EnriqueJ.Lavernia 1 Baolong Zheng National Taiwan UniversityofScienceand Technology, 1 ; 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM TM 1 Iowa State University, Dept.Matls.Sci.Engrg., 225 processcanbeviewedasasequence ofdiscrete 1 ; Alan W. Alan ; Cramb 1 ; Yaojun; Lin TM ) process,thepartstobebuiltwould 1 ; 1 University ofCalifornia,Cheml. 1 ; TM 2 : Iowa State University, 1 deposition.Thelaserdepo- Carnegie MellonUniversity, Martin EmilianoValdezMartin : 1 ; Yizhang; Zhou : Dong ShyenYang Jing Teng 1 ; ShanLiu 1 ; JohnE. 2 1 Sandia ; Tien Ames 189 1 2 ; ; TUESDAY PM ; ; 1 1 Kumamoto 1 ; Lawrence Ber- 1 1 Kenji Ebihara : ; 1 Anupam Madhukar Technical Program Technical : ; Tomoaki Ikegami ; Tomoaki 1 Z. Liliental Weber : 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM ; San-Moo Park 1 TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: University of Southern California, Depts. of Matls. Sci. & Physics, University of Southern Manuel Alonso Kumamoto Kurokami 2-39-1, Electl. & Computer Engrg., University, 860-8555 Japan New type pulsed laser ablation process(separated pulsed laser depo- sition: SPLD) has been proposed for oxide thin film preparation using ozone and NO. The SPLD consists of the ablation chamber and the deposition chamber with the orifice. The ablation chamber is a stain- The deposition chamber is less steel globe with 300 mm diameter. made with a quartz tube of 100 mm diameter and a metallic conic wall with variable orifice diameters. For the ablation process we use a KrF laser with =248 nm and 25 ns pulse duration. The differential vacuum and gas pressure in the two chambers allows us to have some control over the doping gas pressure, the plasma plume and the ion implanta- tion by applying a variable voltage between the conic wall and the this SPLD technique produces thin film ZnO at Typically substrate. low temperature and leads to the creation of nano-hybrid thin film structures. 1 Los Angeles, USA CA in of descriptions of strain accommodation The vast majority overlayer-substrate systems rely lattice mismatched semiconductor ground state energies of a (partially or wholly) upon comparison of the configuration with that of an assumed non- strain relaxed atomic for a fixed number of particles. Tremendous relaxed reference state, in reconciling and understanding experimental strides have been made growth of a Yet, applied appropriately. findings using such analyses, of evolution of a system with changing number film by its nature is the to consider an atomistic view in which particles. It is thus reasonable and multiplication of strain relieving defects the initiation, growth, and thermodynamics are dynamic events, tied to the changing kinetics I shall present such a of the interacting open system. In this talk of III-V compound framework, motivated by molecular beam epitaxy given the complex na- semiconductors. It is necessarily incomplete, provide deeper insights ture of a dynamical open system, but it does It also lends itself into the nature of strain accommodation processes. scale simulations and to examination via multi-length and multi-time accessible parallel com- visualization carried out on increasingly more revealing potential path- puting platforms, thus holding the promise of experimentally observed ways by which the system moves towards the state. 3:30 PM Invited by Trans- of Screw Dislocation in GaN Studied Structure Core Microscopy mission Electron USA CA Berkeley, keley National Laboratory, such as GaN grown by Thin film heteroepitaxy of polar materials (MBE) grown on MOCVD, MBE or HVPE Molecular Beam Epitaxy by the formation of structural Al2O3 is frequently hampered SiC or In this presenta- defects mostly dislocations, nanotubes and pinholes. present in HVPE tion it will be shown that the screw dislocations on top of each other samples are decorated by pinholes arranged found in MBE samples (“bamboo” structure) but these defects are not suggest either differ- grown on the top of HVPE samples. These might HVPE and MBE grown ent core structure of a screw dislocation in two materials. MBE material or suggest a different purity of these A have been studied. samples grown under Ga-rich and Ga-lean material of the scattered elec- direct reconstruction of the phase and amplitude transmission electron tron wave from a focal series of high-resolution microscopy (TEM) images were applied to learn about a core structure of screw dislocation. It will be shown that cores in MBE samples were filled and stoichiometric but in HVPE materials have an excess of Ga. 4:00 PM Break 4:15 PM Invited Oxide Ablation for Development of Separated Pulsed Laser Light Emitting and Semiconducting Thin Films randomness are observed: phase separation and atomic ordering. Both ordering. and atomic separation phase are observed: randomness during regions or near surface surface evolve at the features of these work Our recent the system. energy of the strain and reduce growth, indeed layers that InGaN layers shows III nitride group on mixed tendency and exhibit weak phase separation, undergo two-dimensional is show 1:1 ordering that layers also Al0.5Ga0.5N for 1:1 ordering. affect microstructural features composition. The above sensitive to enhance the of layers, and should and optical properties the electronic is grateful devices. The author resistance of light emitting degradation support. ONR and DOE for research AFOSR, to NSF, 3:00 PM Invited Accomodation in Strain for Atomistic Kinetic Framework An Semiconductor Epitaxy Lattice Mismatched ; 1 Yi Yang Yi Army Re- 1 : University of University 1 ; 1 ; 1 John T. Prater John T. : Arizona State University, Cheml. & Arizona State University, 1 190 ; 1 Room: 3020 Location: Moscone West Convention Center N. (Ravi) M. Ravindra, New Jersey Institute ; Holavanahalli S. Udaykumar ; Holavanahalli 1 Roger Narayan, Georgia Institute of Technology, Institute of Roger Narayan, Georgia Electronic, Magnetic & Photonic Materials Subhash Mahajan : 190 Matls. Engrg., PO Box 876006, Tempe, AZ 85287-6006 USA Tempe, Matls. Engrg., PO Box 876006, layers, will demonstrate that atomic species in mixed III-V We differing in their covalent tetrahedral radii, are not distributed at ran- types of deviations from Two dom on their respective sub-lattices. 2:00 PM Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors search Office, PO Box 12211, Rsch. Triangle Park, NC 27709-2211 search Office, PO Box 12211, Rsch. Triangle USA The recent revelation that the magnetic spin component associ- ated with electronic charge could be used to provide enhanced func- tionality in electronic devices has led to a flurry of research on dilute magnetic semiconductors. In particular, studies on the magnetic dop- ing of various wide band-gap semiconductors have been conducted across the country in search of systems that will display room tem- An overview of the progress made to date by perature ferromagnetism. the various groups around the country will be presented. This overview research will also include some recent findings by Professor Narayan’s where I have had the honor University, group at North Carolina State of establishing a most rewarding research collaboration. Recent break- throughs for cobalt doped systems suggest that a viable materials solu- tion may be near at hand. The challenge will soon turn from material discovery to materials integration. Here the concepts of domain match- ing epitaxy (DME), which were first forwarded by Professor Narayan expanded options for device fabrication. will afford in the late 1990’s, The DME concept will be presented as it applies to spintronic device integration and the deposition of magnetic semiconductors onto such mainline commercial substrates as silicon. 2:30 PM Invited Atomic Species in Mixed III-V Non-Random Distribution of Layers Frontiers in Thin Film Growth and Nanostructured and Thin Film Growth in Frontiers of Prof. Jagdish Materials: A Symposium in Honor Narayan: Semiconductors Sponsored by: Iowa, Dept. of Mechl. Engrg., 3131 Seamans Ctr., Iowa City, IA 52242 IA City, Iowa Ctr., 3131 Seamans of Mechl. Engrg., Iowa, Dept. USA are of dendrite-particle interactions, which Numerical simulations composite production, are performed with important in metal-matrix melt is used to grow the pure under-cooled A a sharp interface method. approaches the particle, appropriate con- dendrite. When the dendrite particle-solid interface before and after con- ditions are applied at the the dendrites as they approach and grow around tact. The behaviour of For a particle-melt thermal conductivity particle is closely examined. to front does not get close enough ratio kp/kl < 1.0, the solidification the the particle pushing mechanism. Instead, the particle to activate to go around the particle, and eventually solidification front chooses by sidebranches. This result contradicts theo- the particle is engulfed front interactions with a particle. Den- retical treatments of planar in alloys are also investigated. drite-particle interactions Committee Division, EMPMD-Thin Films & Interfaces Program Organizers: USA; Department of Physics, Newark, NJ 07102 Technology, of of Department Texas, Holland, University of North Wayne Orin University of Physics, Denton, TX 76203 USA; Sungho Jin, La Jolla, CA 92093 California, Department of Materials Science, Sold J. Pennycook, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA; Stephen Rajiv K. Singh, State Division, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA; USA TX 78758-4455 Austin, University of Texas, Tuesday PM February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: 30332-0245 USA; Douglas B. Atlanta, GA Biomatls. & Bioengrg., DC 203375-5345 Washington, Naval Research Laboratory, Chrisey, USA substrate temperature, laser power, substrate traverse speed) with the speed) traverse power, substrate laser temperature, substrate from a results The numerical of parts. properties and microstructure be com- will geometries of different experiments of designed series samples processed from observations with the experimental pared is supported by the by Sandia Work loop feedback control. with closed contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. of Energy under U. S. Department Embedded Particles of Dendrites with Interactions Garvin Justin Wayne

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 cost solarcellfabricationapproaches. effectiveness ofthesetechniquesandtheircompatibilitywithlow- processing schedules,andcontrolofcosts.Thispaperwilldiscuss the face passivationandothercellrequirementssuchasopticalproperties, solar cellfabrication,therecanbeconflictingdemandsbetweensur- surface charges, typicallywithinadielectriclayer. IncommercialSi high-low junctions,dopantprofiling,andbyintroductionofsuitable minority carrierreflectingfieldscanbedevelopedbyformationof ing interfacedensityarewellestablishedintheMOStechnology. The can repelphotogeneratedminoritycarriers.Proceduresforminimiz- include minimizinginterfacestatedensityandformationfieldsthat minimizing thecarrierrecombinationvelocityatinterfaces,which the waferthicknessisreduced.Severalapproacheshavebeenusedfor bination. Controlofinterfacepropertiesisparticularlyimportantas interfaces/surfaces— interfacesthatcanofferverylowcarrierrecom- that havelongminoritycarrierdiffusionlengthsandwell-controlled FabricationofefficientSisolarcellsrequireshigh-qualitywafers Technology, Dept.ofPhysics,Newark,NJ07102USA Energy Laboratory, Golden,CO80401USA; N. M.Ravindra Controlling InterfaceEffectsinSiSolarCells 5:45 PM sion ElectronMicroscopy-AtomicNumber)contrastexperiments. energy lossspectroscopy(EELS)andSTEM-Z(ScanningTransmis- resolution transmissionelectronmicroscopy, coupledwithelectron (SQUID). Themicrostructuralcharacterizationwasdoneusinghigh- magnetometer orasuperconductingquantuminterferencedevice magnetic measurementsweredoneusingeitheravibratingsample magnetism eitheratroomtemperatureorlowtemperatures.The now establishedthatthissystemisdevoidofanysignaturesferro- netic dopantinthelatticesitesversusclustersand/orprecipitates.Itis ties withthemicrostructuralaspects,suchasoccupationofmag- tems andtocorrelatetheproperties,especiallymagneticproper- netic propertiesofthesedilutedmagneticsemiconducting(DMS)sys- 650°C. Theemphasisinthisworkhasbeenondeterminingthemag- nique. All thegrowthswere doneattemperaturesrangingfrom500- sapphire c-planesinglecrystalsusingpulsedlaserdepositiontech- taxial thinfilmsofZnxV1-xO(x=0.01tox=0.2)werepreparedon and magneticpropertiesofthinfilmsvanadiumdopedZnO.Epi- Herewereportasystematicstudyofstructural,optical,electrical 2141 BurlingtonLabs,CB7916,Raleigh,NC27606USA Tiwari Doped ZnOThinFilms Structural, Optical,MagneticandElectrical 5:15 PMInvited the thinfilms. deposition. XRDandTEMstudiesarebeingcarriedouttocharacterize to understandtheunderlyingelectrochemistry cess followedbyannealing.Cyclicvoltametrystudieswerecarriedout chemically depositedinasinglestepprocessaswelltwo-stepspro- proved substantially. Inthisstudy, thinfilmsofCZT wereelectro- electron transportandthereforethedetectionefficiencycanbeim- Thin filmandnano-wiresofCZTmaterialcouldexhibit1or2D CZT isimprovedbyminimizingthebulkdefectspresentincrystal. crystal usingBridgmantechniquesandthedetectionefficiencyof CZT (typicalcompositionCd0.9Zn0.1Te) ismanufacturedasasingle medium energy gammaradiationandhardX-rays.Conventionally, is apredominantradiationsensingmaterialcapableofdetectinglowto CadmiumZinc Telluride (CZT),acompound-typesemiconductor, St., MS388,Reno,NV89557USA 1 Electrodeposition ofCd-Zn-Te Thin Films 4:45 PM TMS 2005Annual Meeting: University ofNevada,Metallurgl. &Matls.Engrg., 1661N. Virginia 1 ; J. Narayan 2 ; ChuanLi 1 ; 1 North CarolinaStateUniversity, Matls.Sci., : 191 1 Shivaraman Ramachandran ; PareshSaxena TechnicalProgram 2 : 2 ; of Cd-Zn-Te compound New JerseyInstituteof Krishnan SelvaRaja 1 National Renewable : Bhushan Sopori Properties Properties 1 ; Ashutosh of V 1 1 ; ; Sung Han Chen Hydrogen onthePhaseStability Effects ofNiTi 2:30 PM Exhaust (QARE)rig.Theperformanceofthesecoatingsarediscussed. hydrogen-oxygen combustionflameinNASA’s Quick Access Rocket burner rigusingahydrocarbonfuelandsubjectedtohighheatflux of thecoatings. Additional studieswereconductedinahighpressure furnace atdifferenttemperaturesinordertoevaluatetheperformance niques. Coatedanduncoatedspecimenswerethermallycycledina deposited byeithervacuumplasmasprayingorcoldtech- with severalcopperandnickel-basedcoatings,wherethecoatingswere coating alloyshasbeenevaluated.GRCop-84specimenswerecoated being developedforGRCop-84.Theoxidationbehaviorofseveralnew also ofconcern. As aresult,protectiveoverlaycoatingsalloysare tial forsulfidationattackofthelinersinhydrocarbon-fueledenginesis using liquidhydrogenasfuelandoxygentheoxidizer. Poten- dergo anenvironmentalattackcalled‘blanching’inrocketengines ever, pastexperiencehasshownthatunprotectedcopperalloysun- NASA’s future sidered foruseaslinersincombustorchambersandnozzleramps Research Center,anddesignatedasGRCop-84,iscurrentlybeingcon- An advanced Cu-8(at.%)Cr-4%Nb alloy developed at NASA’s Glenn 21000 BrookparkRd.,Cleveland,OH44135USA S. V. Raj Environmental DurabilityofCoatedGRCop-84Copper Alloys 2:00 PM Fremont, CA94539USA Session Chair: February 15,2005 Tuesday PM CA 92697-2575USA California, DepartmentofChemicalandMaterialsScience,Irvine, Auckland 00160NewZealand;JamesC.Earthman,Universityof Auckland, DepartmentofChemical&MaterialsEngineering, Lansing, MI48824-1226USA;JohnJ.Chen,Universityof Department ofChemicalEngineeringandMaterialsScience,East Program Organizers: Sponsored by: and Durability General AbstractSession: Environmental Damage Cu-Carbon compositecameto930 mAh/g. As showninthisresult,the the capacityofSi-Carboncomposite was679mAh/g,whilethatofSi- initial capacitywasmaintained.) even inSiutilizationof55%.Then, exhibited goodcyclelife(After 50cycles,morethan98%ofthe in Siutilizationof40%.Ontheother hand,Si-Cu-Carboncomposite retical capacitywasused.),itscycle lifewasprecipitouslydeteriorated cycle lifeinSiutilizationof32%(Thismeansthatthetheo- improve thecyclelifeofSi.EvenifSi-Carboncompositeshowedgood Inthepreviousreports,Si-Carboncompositehasbeensuggested to Yuseong-gu, DaejeonS.Korea Technology, Dept.ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg., 373-1,Guseong-Dong, Mook Kang Composite for an Anode MaterialofLi-IonBatteries A Study ofSi-Cu-Carbon ontheElectrochemicalProperties 3:00 PM ous diffusionstudies. ance ofnewhydridephasesarediscussedandcorrelatedagainstprevi- are alsoinvestigated.Hydrogen-inducedlatticestrainsandtheappear- XRD peaksappear. Structural effects ofhydrogeninmartensiticNiTi tion (XRD).Withonlyroughly80wppmofHinaustenticNiTi,new of hydrogeninNiTihavebeenpreparedandstudiedbyx-raydiffrac- affect thephasestabilityandproperties.Samplesofvariousamounts ments, hydrogencanbeinadvertentlyintroducedintotheNiTiand tive toprocessingconditions.Duringcleaning,etching,orheattreat- temperature isusuallythekeypropertytocontrol,andverysensi- (such asmorphingwings). The A nae wire,orthodonticarchwire),aswellpotentialnewapplications eral commercialproducts(e.g.,endovascularstents,cellphoneanten- ShapememoryandsuperelasticNiTiarefindingitswayintosev- 47533 Westinghouse Dr., Fremont,CA 94539USA San LuisObispo,CA93407USA; nia PolytechnicState University, Matls.Engrg.Dept.,1Grand Ave., 1 ; Amanda Runciman Amanda ; 1 1 ; ; 1 Jai-Young Lee ; Min-SikPark 1 NASA GlennResearchCenter, Matls.Div., MS106-5, generations ofreusablelaunchvehicles(RLVs). How- 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM TMS Alan K.Pelton,NitinolDevices&Components, Thomas R.Bieler, MichiganState University, Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 2011 1 1 ; ; Alan R.Pelton ; 1 ; Min-SangSong 1 Korea Advanced InstituteofScienceand f (austenitetransformationfinish) 2 Nitinol Devices&Components, 2 ; Andreas Wick Andreas ; 1 ; Hyun-SeokKim : Katherine C. 2 ; 1 : Califor- 1 ; Kyu- Yong- 191 : TUESDAY PM ; 1 ; Duc 1 An Pang Tsai : Technical Program Technical Hokkaido University, Div. Hokkaido University, 1 ; 1 Université de Cergy-Pontoise, Lab. Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 1 UKAEA Fusion, Culham Sci. Ctr., UKAEA 2 ; 3 CNRS, Lab. D’Etudes des Propriétés Guy Trambly de Laissardière de Guy Trambly 3 : Room: 3008 Convention Center Location: Moscone West Patrice E.A. Turchi, Lawrence Livermore Patrice E.A. Tsutomu Ishimasa Tsutomu : 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM S. Joseph Poon, University of Virginia, Dept. of Virginia, of S. Joseph Poon, University Electronic, Magnetic & Photonic Materials Magnetic & Photonic Electronic, TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: ; Didier Mayou 2 Tohoku University, Inst. of Multidisciplinary Rsch. for Advd. Matls., of Multidisciplinary Rsch. for Inst. University, Tohoku of Applied Physics, Kita 13-jou, Nishi 8-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, of Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan In the past four years, several new quasicrystals have been discov- They belong to new Ag-In- based alloys. ered in Zn-, Cu-, Cd-, and family of quasicrystals having a unique type of atomic cluster as a local Al-based Mackay- from those in the structural unit, which is different type and the Zn-based Bergman-type quasicrystals. Many quasicrystals belonging to this family are thermodynamically stable and exhibit remarkable high degree of structural perfection, for example in the The Ag. cases of Zn-M-Sc where M denotes Mg, Fe, Co, Ni, Pd and purpose of this presentation is to review the structural properties, in particular structural relationship to the corresponding crystalline approximants, and the formation conditions of this unique type of quasicrystal. The role of Hume-Rothery rule as a formation condition is an interesting and important subject. 1 Katahira 2-1-1, Sendai 980-8577 Japan has been studied in The stability of the icosahedral quasicrystals have confirmed that most of stable We terms of Hume-Rothery rules. work of the Hume- quasicrystals cann be understood within the frame that stable it is found Rothery rules. Even more interestingly, only form at sharp quasicrystals are strict electron compounds, which All of the quasicrystals commonly valence electron concentration. have the corresponding valence electron concentration, but the de- pendence of the stability on atomic size factor is different among the the most relevant criterion for the formation of groups. Qualitatively, stable quasicrystals is that the alloy should have a definite valenceelectron concentration. On top of this, a high stability of the quasicrystal is observed when the atomic size facto is favored. 3:00 PM Break 3:20 PM Invited Hume-Rothery Rule as a Formation Condition of New Icosahe- dral Quasicrystals Hume-Rothery Symposium: The Science of Science The Hume-Rothery Symposium: Alloys Complex by: Sponsored Committee Phases Division, EMPMD/SMD-Alloy Program Organizers: Science, Livermore, & Materials Chemistry National Laboratory, University, Carnegie Mellon Thaddeus B. Massalski, 94551 USA; CA PA and Engineering, Pittsburgh, of Materials Science Department 15213 USA Tuesday PM February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: Jean-Marie Dubois, 22904-4714 USA; VA Physics, Charlottesville, Matériaux et de Lab. de Sci. et Génie des Ecole des Mines de Nancy, France Métall., Nancy 54042 2:00 PM Invited Complex Hume-Rothery of Tran- Phases in Electronic Structure sition-Metal Aluminides Nguyen-Manh Chauvin, A Martin, 2 av. Physique Théorique et Modélisation, St. 95302 France; Cergy-Pontoise Abingdon OX1 430B UK; 38042 France Electroniques des Solides, BP 166, Grenoble, Al-Mn and approximants in The discovery of quasicrystals phases aluminides containing system has revived the interest of complex is now accepted that the transition-metal atoms. On the one hand, it role. On the other hand, Hume-Rothery stabilization plays a crucial on their stability and TM atoms have also a very important effect there has been no model their physical properties. But, until recently, we In this paper, taking into account these two aspects together. stabilization review a model that unifies the classical Hume-Rothery state model for transi- for sp electron phases with the virtual bound matrix. This new theory tion-metal atoms embedded in the aluminum Al(Si)-transition- to for “spd electron phases” is applied successfully of their stability and metal alloys and it gives a coherent picture calculations of physical properties. It is compared to first-principles the electronic structure and experimental results. 2:30 PM Invited Quasicrystals Hume-Rothery Rules for Stable Rama Rao ; Kyung Soo 1 : I-Shou University, 1 ; 1 VNR VJIET, Mechl. Engrg., VJIET, VNR C and decreases at tempera- 1 C and also with the test tem- ° C. The delayed hydride crack- ; Seung Jun Choi ° 1 ° ; 3 C to 200 192 ° Young Suk Kim Young JNTU, Ctr. for Energy Studies, Coll. of Engrg., Studies, for Energy JNTU, Ctr. C. Based on the Kim’s DHC model where the C. Based on the Kim’s 3 : ° ; K. V. Sharma ; K. V. Shian-Ching Jason Jang Shian-Ching 2 : ; D. N. Reddy Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Zirconium Team, PO Team, Research Institute, Zirconium Atomic Energy Korea 1 1 ; 1 Osmania University, Mechl. Engrg., Coll. of Engrg., Hyderabad, Andra Hyderabad, Coll. of Engrg., Mechl. Engrg., Osmania University, 192 ing velocity (DHCV) was determined using compact tension specimens ing velocity (DHCV) was determined using compact rolling direction of the with the pre-fatigued crack growing along the decreased with the test sheet. The DHCV of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy temperature increasing from 20 to 100 This fact is quite in perature decreasing below the zero temperature. that increases with the contrast with the DHCV of Zr-2.5Nb alloys to 300 increasing temperature from RT tures in excess of 300 Andra Pradesh 500 072 India; Hyderabad, Kukatpally, Bachupally, 2 Pradesh 500 007 India; India Andra Pradesh 500 072 Hyderabad, (GT) with F-Tech- Turbine The performance optimization of Gas nology System is presented that yields higher thermal efficiency and Plants. F-Technol- higher power output than the existing G.T.Power ogy means to increase the Fire Point in the combustion chambers in Inlet temperature thereby the which in turn increases the Turbine G.T. (KE) on the G.T. (HE) converted into Kinetic Energy Heat Energy Nozzles and K.E. is converted into Mechanical Energy (ME) on the Blades which results in rotating the Generator Rotor thereby G.T.Rotor with- To producing the higher power output and thermal efficiency. Sections stand the higher temperature in the hot zones in the G.T. Nozzles, Hastalloy material in combustion chambers, FSX 414 for G.T. 336 for shrouds, and Ni Cr A ASTM hot zone parts, IN 706 for G.T. are preferred. Perfor- Rotor discs the G.T. steel for all MO forged mance, calculations being done to get optimized results with relevant sources. driving force for the DHC is a supersaturated hydrogen concentration driving force for the DHC is a supersaturated for dissolution or C over the terminal solid solubility of hydrogen solubility of hydrogen, arising from a hysteresis of the terminal solid of the DHCV for we discussed the different temperature dependency of which have the micro- the Ti-6Al-4V alloys and the Zr-2.5Nb both structure of the - and -phases. 4:50 PM Output and Power Turbine Performance Optimisation of Gas System F-Technology Thermal EfficiencyWith Box 105, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-353 Korea Yuseong, Box 105, phase was subjected to The Ti-6Al-4V sheet with the -Ti and the to constant load tests at electrolytic charging of 1000 ppm H and temperatures varying from 10 Im Adapa cycle life of Si-Cu-Carbon composite was drastically improved com- improved drastically composite was life of Si-Cu-Carbon cycle of Si- than that much higher was its Si utilization with Si, and pared composite. Carbon 3:30 PM Mechanical Be- on the Rate and Environment of Strain Effect at Alloy Intermetallic of the Ni-19Si-3Nb-0.15B-0.1C havior High Temperature Dashu Shiang, 1, Shiuecheng Rd., Sci. & Engrg., 1, Sec. Dept. of Matls. County 840 Taiwan Kaohsiung be- environment on the mechanical of strain rate and The effect for the Ni-19Si-3Nb-0.15B-0.1C was havior at different temperature tensile test in various condi- investigated by atmosphere-controlled re- rate at different temperature). The results tions (different strain alloy exhibits ductile me- vealed that the Ni-19Si-3Nb-0.15B-0.1C ~ 1250 MPa, ?Õ ~ 14%) at temperature below chanical behavior (UTS torr), in air, and in water vapor (850 ppm 873K in vacuum (2 x 10¡V4 of This indicates that the microalloying water vapor) atmosphere. of overcome the environmental embrittlement boron and carbon does temperature below 873K for the Ni-19Si- water vapor at the testing the ductility of the Ni¡V19Si-3Nb-0.15B- However, 3Nb base alloy. and vacuum drops significantly when the tem- 0.1C alloy tested in air the K. In addition, the strain rate effect on perature increases to 973 in- alloy was revealed tensile strength of Ni¡V19Si-3Nb-0.15B-0.1C K. temperature from room temperature to 1073 sensitive over a wide behavior related to the strain rate and tem- The detail of mechanical perature will be discussed in this paper. 4:00 PM Break 4:20 PM Veloc- Dependence of Delayed Hydride Cracking Temperature Alloy Ti-6Al-4V ity in

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 Virginia, Dept.ofPhysics,Charlottesville, VA 22904-4745USA; Mihalkovic glass formationwillbediscussed. tent accuratethermodynamicdescriptionstoexplaintheobserved and modelingwillbeemphasized.Theapplicationofsuchself-consis- this talk,detailsonintegrationofthesecalculationswithexperiments experimental uncertainty, includingphasechemistryandstructure.In prediction ofphasediagrams(e.g.,solubilityrange)andminimizing were performedonthissystemandhaveproventobeimportantin temperatures. Inordertoassistthisstudy, first-principlescalculations TEM, whileDTA wasusedtocharacterizethesolidusandliquidus state phaseequilibriawereinvestigatedusingXRD,SEM,EBSDand tural andthermalstabilitywasstudiedusingXRDDSC.Thesolid- mined usingmelt-spinninganddie-castingtechniques,itsstruc- poorer glassformingabilityonthe Al-rich side. The GFRwasdeter- tries. ThisisincontrasttothenarrowGFRreportedearlierwithmuch identified neartheCa-richsidethatincludesseveralbulkglasschemis- Virginia, thatanunusuallybroadglassformationrange(GFR)hasbeen this systemoriginatesfromtherecentdiscovery, attheUniversityof ternary phasediagram(especiallyontheCa-richside).Researchin to validatetheCALPHADmodeling. This isthecasefor Al-Ca-Cu little literatureinformationavailable,criticalexperimentsareneeded namic modelingofmulti-componentsystems.However,whenthereis TheCALPHADmethodhasbecomeapowerfultoolinthermody- USA 4 University, Dept.ofPhysics,Boston,MA 02115 USA; 116 Engr.’s Way, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4745USA; Glasses Phase EquilibriaandThermodynamicsofCa-BasedMetallic 4:20 PMInvited for phaseselectionaswelltheirnucleationandgrowthrates. exchange ofthelatetransitionmetalsareassumedasrulingparameter tamination, alloyingwithsmallamountsofadditionalelementsorthe lic glassesmelttemperature,quenchingrate,oxygenorhydrogencon- blocks. InthediscussiononquasicrystalformationinZr-basedmetal- built e.g.inZr-Cu-Ni-Al glassesfrom Al atomic sizeorbondstrengthdependentstructures,hybridstructures arguments: QuasicrystalsareoftenconsideredasHume-Rotheryphases, such anassumption.Formationofquasicrystalsisexplainedbyvarious ent routesofglassformationonthephaseselectioninZr-Pdconfirm in melt-spunZr-Cu-Ni-Alglassesaswellontheinfluenceofdiffer- the influenceofquenchingtemperatureonquasicrystalformation order inthemelt,quenched-inintometallicglass.Observationson devitrification. Thisindicatesastronginfluenceoftheshort-range Inalargenumberofmetallicglassesquasicrystalsformfirstupon Chem. Eng.,DortmundD-44221Germany Glasses On theFormationofQuasicrystalsinZr-BasedMetallic 3:50 PMInvited TMS 2005Annual Meeting: Carnegie MellonUniversity, Dept.ofPhysics,Pittsburgh, PA 15213 : MichaelC.Gao : Uwe Koster 4 ; MikeWidom 1 ; 1 University ofDortmund,Dept.Biochem.& 2 4 ; ; Gary J.Shiflet 193 1 University of Virginia, POBox400745, TechnicalProgram 2 Cu- andMoSi 1 ; S.JosephPoon 2 3 -type building 2 University of Northeastern 3 ; Marek Formation The Effect of Temperatur 2:00 PMInvited University, Dept.ofCheml.Engrg., Hsinchu300 Taiwan Toronto, ONM5S3E4Canada;Sinn-Wen Chen,National Tsing-Hua Session Chairs: February 15,2005 Tuesday PM Toronto, ONM5S3E4Canada of Toronto, CenterforMicroelectronic Assembly &Packaging, Science, EastLansing,MI48824USA;LauraJ.Turbini,University Michigan State University, ChemicalEngineeringandMaterials Research Center, Yorktown Heights,NY 10598USA;J.P. Lucas, Engineering, Hsinchu300Taiwan; SungK.Kang,IBM,T. J.Watson Chen, National Tsing-Hua University, DepartmentofChemical School ofEngineering, T Department ofChemicalandMaterialsEngineering,Ira A. Fulton FL 33716USA;NikhileshChawla, Arizona State University, Inc., FAR Lab/AdvancedManufacturing Technology, St.Petersburg, IMEB, Flint,MI48504-4898USA;SrinivasChada,JabilCircuit, Program Organizers: Materials Committee Division, EMPMD-ElectronicPackagingandInterconnection Sponsored by: and Electrical “Aging” ofLead-FreeSolderJoints Development, New Technology: Electromigration, Lead FreeSolderImplementation: Reliability, Alloy strate sidehadthe Au/Ni metallurgy. Inordertohavein-situobserva- the chipsidehadaCumetallurgy, and thesurface-finishonsub- diameter of100microns.TheUBM (under-bumpmetallization)on solder jointswasstudiedatroom temperature. Thesolderjointshada Theeffectofelectronflowon themotionofPbphaseinflipchip versity, Dept.ofCheml.&Matls. Engrg., JhongliCity320 Taiwan Stressing In SituObservationofFlip-ChipSolderJointsUnderCurrent 2:50 PM value ofcurrentdensityandcrowdingratio. 88.12. TheflipchipsolderbumpofthinfilmUBMhasthelargest crowding ratiooftheflipchipsolderbumpvariesfrom19.62 to of Al traceintotheflipchipsolderjoint. The maximumcurrent ranges from41,740to187,492 A/cm2, alwaysoccursattheentrance for theflipchipsolderjoints. The maximumcurrentdensity, which cron NiUBM,and3micronNi/5Cuwereinvestigated cron Cr-Cu/0.1micronTithinfilmUBM,5Cumi- metallurgies (UBM)structures,includingthe0.7micronCu/0.3mi- under 0.567amperecurrentstressing.Fourkindsofbump The currentdensitydistributioninsidetheflipchipjointwasexamined electrical currentstressingwassimulatedbyfiniteelementmethod. 3-Dcurrentdensitydistributionoftheflipchipsolderjointunder 30050 Taiwan University, Dept.of Applied Math.,1001 Ta-hseuh Rd.,Hsin-Chu 1001 Ta-Hseuh Rd.,Hsin-Chu30050 Taiwan; Chih Chen Under ElectricalCurrentStressing 3-D CurrentDensitySimulationinFlipChipSolderJoint 2:30 PM tibility atbothleadandlead-freesolderingconditions. for lead-freesolderingtemperatures.ItwillevaluatetheirCAFsuscep- presents dataonnew those exposedtoconventionalprocessingtemperatures.Thispaper processing conditionshaveagreaterincidenceofCAFfailurethan growth. BentandTurbinihaveshownthatPWBsexposedtolead-free will accelerateepoxy-glassdelaminationandthereforeenhanceCAF lead-based (201-205 between thepolymerandreinforcementinboard.Themovefrom to mechanicalstressorthermalassociatedwithCTEmismatch step isdelaminationoftheepoxy-glassinterface.Thiscanoccurdue anode tocathodealongtheepoxy-glassinterface.Theratelimiting voltage gradientconditions.Thefilament,acoppersalt,growsfrom wiring boards(PWBs)whichoccursunderhighhumidityand Conductive Anodic Filament(CAF)isafailuremodeinprinted Canada Toronto, Matls.Sci.&Engrg., 184CollegeSt., Toronto, ONM5S3E4 : 1 Chia MingTsai ; : Antonio Caputo 1 National Chiao Tung University, Matl.Sci.&Engrg., 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM Electronic, Magnetic&PhotonicMaterials Laura J. Turbini, Universityof Toronto, CMAP, ° C) tolead-freesolderingconditions(240-245 “ halogen free Mark A. Palmer, KetteringUniversity, Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 3014 empe, AZ 1 ; C.RobertKao e onConductive Anodic Filament 1 ; LauraJ.Turbini ” laminatematerialsbeingdeveloped 85287-6006 USA;Sinn-Wen : T. L.Shao 1 ; 1 2 National CentralUni- National ChiaoTung 1 ; Shih-Wei Liang 1 ; 1 University of 193 ° C) 2 ; TUESDAY PM ; 1 ; J. 1 National 1 University 1 ; 1 ; 2 IBM T. J. Watson IBM T. 2 ; King-Ning Tu ; Jae-Woong Nah ; Jae-Woong 1 1 Technical Program Technical ; John Pang Cheng-Yi Liu Cheng-Yi 2 ; 1 Albert T. Wu Albert T. : ; Jong-ook Suh 1 ; Luhua Xu 2 Shen-Jie Wang : University of California, Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Nanyang Technological University, Dept. of University, Technological Nanyang Fei Ren 1 2 : ; 3 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: ; Bingshou Xiong 1 ;Tamura N. 2 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Advd. Light Source, Berke- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, of California, Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., 405 Hilgard, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard, Los of California, Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., 90095-1595 USA; CA 90095 USA; Angeles, CA 1677 Boelter Hall, Los 3 94720 USA CA ley, When a white Sn (â-Sn) thin film stripe is subjected to electromigration, it shows a voltage drop typically about 10%. The reason might be due to the dependence of resistivity on anisotropic crystal structure of â-Sn; the c-axis is about 35% higher than a- and b- axes. Synchrotron x-ray micro-diffraction (~1µm in beam diameter) has been used to achieve grain-by-grain analysis of the changes of grain orientation in the Sn stripe before and after electromigration. Grain growth, with a mechanism which seems different from normal grain growth, was observed under electromigration; the low-resistance We grain grew at the expense of a neighboring high resistance grain. propose a different mechanism of grain growth under electromigration. joint becomes unstable due to void formation and intermetallic com- intermetallic and to void formation due unstable joint becomes (Pb or species diffusing the dominant Because transformation. pound current electromigration, under temperatures at different Sn) differs in the mechanism on failure a role also plays temperature stressing joint. composite solder 4:40 PM of Cu/ Structures Effect by Using Sandwich of Coupling Study Basis Metals Sn/Various Rd., Jhong- No.300, Jungda Cheml. & Matls. Engrg., Central University, 320 Taiwan li, Taoyuan between Cu-Sn and Ni-Sn interfacial soldering The coupling effect interfacial reaction on The intensively. reactions have been reported Cu be affected by the interfacial reaction on the Ni side would strongly the reliability of solder joints. Currently, side, which further influences structure often contains other metal layers a practical solder joint it is very important to study coupling beside Cu and Ni. Therefore, In this study, basis metal bond pads. different for any other two effects Au, X metals are The structures were used. Cu/Sn/X metals sandwich preliminary results did show that the interfacial Ag, Pd and so on. The simultaneously by the opposite soldering Cu-Sn reaction was affected on this talk, we will report the coupling effects interfacial reaction. In of interfacial Cu-Sn reaction. the kinetics and morphology 5:00 PM on Stress Applied and Combined Effect of Electromigration Solder Joint Failure King-Ning Tu Singapore 639798 Ave., 50 Nanyang Mechl. & Production Engrg., Singapore and applied stress on Pb- The combined effect of electromigration tensile and creep tests, free solder joints has been investigated. For of 300 ¥ìm were reflowed samples of Pb-free solder balls with a diameter line struc- between two Cu wire-electrodes to form one-dimensional samples were used. The tures of Cu-solder-Cu. For shear tests, flip chip were conducted after tensile tests at a strain rate of about 3 ¥ìm/min A/cm2 and electromigration at 1~5¡¿103 the samples were undergone that the failure always occurs at the observed We at 100~150¨¬C. in a daisy chain of cathode interface. Same kind of failure also occurs after electromigration. flip chip solder jumps when tested by shear simultaneously using the Creep and electromigration were conducted 15 MPa. The combined line samples, with the applied stress at 1 to solder joint failure under effect of electrical and mechanical forces on these different conditions will be discussed. 5:20 PM by Syn- Studied Electromigration Under Tin of Grain Growth X-Ray Microdiffraction chrotron R. Lloyd 10598 USA; Hgts., NY Yorktown PO Box 218, Research Center, : ; 1 C. ° ; C. 1 National Chiao 1 C with a current ° ; ; Jae-Woong Nah ; Jae-Woong 1 Yen-Liang Lin Yen-Liang 1 : ; Chih Chen 1 National Cheng Kung University, 1 ; 1 . The dominant diffusing species was species . diffusing dominant The 2 194 Annie Tzu-yu Huang : A/cm 4 ; Sue-Hong Liu 1 The threshold current density at 50?• was mea- National Central University, Dept. of Cheml. & Matls. National Central University, 1 ; Kwang-Lung Lin C. However, when the composite solder joint is under 1 ° ; 1 Hung-Chih Yu : University of California, Matls. Sci. & Engrg., 6532 Boelter Hall, 405 194 Tung University, Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., 1001 Ta Hsueh Rd., Ta 1001 of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Dept. University, Tung Taiwan Hsin-Chu 30050 of attention due to the Electromigration in pure tin draws a lot implementation of Pb-free solders, in which tin weighs over 96% for most of the solders. Electromigration phenomenon is investigated A/ under the current density of 7.5?~104?A1?~105 and 1.75?~105 cm2. The testing temperature were room temperature?A50?• and 75?•. Depletion and hillocks were found at the cathode side and anode side, respectively. A/cm2 by extrapolating the plot of the sured to be about 4.4?~104 and applied current density versus drift velocity to zero drift velocity, the threshold current density was approximately inversely propor- tional to the testing temperature. Other electromigration parameter, can be mea- number, charge and effective such as activation energy, sured by this technique. They will be presented in details in the confer- ence. 4:20 PM Effect of Electromigration on Interdiffusion and Failure Mode Joint in Composite Solder 1 USA 90095-1595 CA Angeles, Los Ave., Hilgard Combination of the high melting 97Pb-3Sn or 95Pb-5Sn solder on the chip side and the low melting eutectic 37Pb-63Sn solder on the organic substrate side has recently been investigated for applications Our studies showed that interdiffu- in high-end devices such as server. sion of the high-Pb and the high-Sn solder is minimal during thermal annealing and the composite joint remains stable at a temperature as high as 150 current stressing, electromigration occurs and the composite solder Yeh-Hsiu Liu Yeh-Hsiu Taiwan 701 Tainan Rd., Ta-Hsueh No. 1, Matls. Sci. & Engrg., flip chip solder bump of The electromigration-induced failure in at 150 5Sn-95Pb was studied after current stressing metalli- The under-bump h. A/cm2 for up to 1711 density of 5?~103 thin films Al/Ni(V)/Cu zation (UBM) on the chip side was sputtered finished. The diam- and on the board side was electroless Ni/Au surface shown that the failure of eter of the bumps was about 90 ?Êm. It was the side). Simultaneously, the joints occurred at the chip side (cathode streesing up to 1711 h. V layer in the UBM was damaged after current Cu, Ni or Sn, there is no Owing to no reaction occurring among V and serves as an atomic electromigration in the V layer so that its interface compound and void flux divergence plane. The Cu-Ni-Sn intermetallic the chip side. The failure were found near the current crowding area in will be discussed. mechanism for 5Sn-95Pb flip chip solder bump 4:00 PM in Pure Tin Threshold Current Density of Electromigration Films Robert Kao in joints that had electrons flowing from The failure always occurred of of local melting was also observed. Some chip to substrate. Evidence to were placed at room temperature in order the flip chip packages oc- In these in situ experiments, voids perform in situ observation. electrons flowing from chip to substrate. curred in joints that had stressing, and evetually These voids grew wider and deeper with current could reach a depth of 36 microns. 3:30 PM Break 3:40 PM Bump Flip Chip Solder on Sn-Pb Applied Current The Effect of tion, the samples were cross-sectioned through the centers of the the centers through were cross-sectioned the samples tion, the density through current stressing. The current joints before solder 3.1×10 was about solder Taiwan Jhongli City 320 Engrg., crowding on the flip chip solder joints during The effect of current The solder was 63Sn37Pb eutectic solder, current stressing was studied. a nominal diameter of 125 microns. In these and the solder joints had chip had a Cu/Ni/Al multiplayer structure, and joints, the UBM on the During current had a very thick Cu metallurgy. that on the board side packages were kept in an oven set at 150 stressing, the flip chip found to be Sn, as Pb had moved in the opposite direction of electron of opposite direction in the Pb had moved to be Sn, as found traced, and thus the motions of the Pb grains were The locations flow. behavior of nonuniform motion were monitored. The of these grains flow, the distribution of electron may correspond to the Pb grains solder bump. The electronmigration on the geometry of which depends calculated. effective charge were flux and the 3:10 PM on the Failure Mechanism of Flip Effect of Current Crowding Stressing Current Chip Solder Joints Under

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 Menachem Bamberger Mg-4Zn-2Y) and Al isaddedinMg-Zn-Y alloy(Mg-(9-x)Zn-4Al-2Y ties whentheZn/Y ratiofrom4.5to2(Mg-9Zn-2Y, Mg-6Zn-2Y and investigated thevariationofmicrostructures andmechanicalproper- and goodformabilityathightemperature. been reportedtoexhibitacombination ofhighstrengthandductility, alloys. Thequasicrystalreinforced Mg-9Zn-2Y(inwt.%)alloyhas been focusedinordertoovercomethedisadvantagesofmagnesium Recently, efforts onquasicrystalreinforcedmagnesiumalloyshave dong, Sangdang-gu,Cheongju,Chongbuk360-764S.Korea S. Korea; Metallurgl. Engrg.,134Shinchon-dong,Seodaemun-gu,Seoul120-749 Kim ofMg-Zn-Yerties Alloys of Effects Al Addition onMicrostructure andMechanicalProp- 2:40 PM sion resistanceoftwo-phaseMg-Lialloys. addition willeffectivelyimprovethemechanicalpropertyandcorro- Mg-Li alloyarealsoinvestigated.Preliminaryresultsrevealthat Al of thesetwo-phaseMg-Lialloys. The effects of Al additiononthe ture, crystalstructure,mechanicalbehaviorandcorrosionresistance are notwellunderstood.Inthisstudy, weaimtostudythemicrostruc- ability. However, theirmechanicalpropertyandcorrosion resistance loys. Thetwo-phaseMg-Lialloysarereportedtohaveexcellentform- issues toimprovethemanufacturingabilityofthinplatesMgal- with highformabilityofrolling,pressingandforgingareimportant facturing efficiency. Therefore, thedevelopmentsofnewMgalloys of defectproductsindie-castingMgalloyswillreducetheirmanu- die-casting becauseoftheirpoorformability. However, thehighratio TheproductsofMgalloysaremainlymanufacturedbyusingthe Taiwan gies Co.Ltd,R&DCtr., 80Erh-ChiaRd., Ying-Keh, Taipei-Hsian Wenhwa Rd.,Seatwen, Taichung 40724 Taiwan; Taiwan; Dept. ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg., No.1,Sec.4,RooseveltRd., Taipei 106 Cheng Hsiu Yang Lithium Alloys Effects of Aluminum Addition onProperties ofMagnesium- 2:20 PM and virtualmethodsutilisedinthisdevelopment. loys forspecialuseinaircraftsisdescribedaswelltheexperimental international researchproject(IDEA)todevelopnewmagnesiumal- the needsofmodernaerospaceindustry. The methodologyusedinan drawback isthelackofasufficientnumberavailablealloysfulfilling garding tomechanicalpropertiesaswellcorrosionproperties.Today’s requirements ofmodernaircraftindustrytoMagnesiumcastingsre- use ofMagnesiuminaircraftsthepast.Thepaperthenpresents chanical propertiesandcorrosionresistance. A reviewisgivenonthe aerospace industrymustcombinehighperformanceregardingme- these alloysaremostlydesignedforautomotiveindustry. Alloys for creation ofnewMagnesiumalloyswithimprovedcorrosionresistance, to “traditional”problemswithcorrosionresistance.Inspiteofthe of Magnesiumalloysisnotwidespreadintheinteriorairplanesdue Although weightreductioninaircraftsisafundamentalmatteruse Institute, Beer-ShevaIsrael tries, Tel AvivIsrael; Am Muensterwald11, Roetgen52159Germany; Requirements Magnesium Castingsin Aeronautics Applications -Special 2:00 PM Japan Materials Science,Matls.Engrg.Tsukuba, Lab., Ibaraki305-0047 Warren, MI48090-9055USA; Alok Singh,NationalInstitutefor Session Chairs: February 15,2005 Tuesday PM Magnesium LLC,SaltLakeCity, UT 84116 USA LLC, SaltLakeCity, UT 84116 USA;HowardI.Kaplan,US Program Organizers: Association, LMD-MagnesiumCommittee Sponsored by: Development Magnesium Technology 2005: MagnesiumAlloy TMS 2005Annual Meeting: 1 ; 1 Yonsei University, Ctr. forNon-CrystallineMatls.,Dept.of 2 Feng ChiaUniversity, Dept.ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg., No. 100 2 Cheongju University, Dept.of Applied Sci., 36,Naedok- : Light MetalsDivision,InternationalMagnesium : Alan A. Luo,GeneralMotorsCorp,R&DCtr., Achim Wendt 2 Hsin ChinLin ; Ming Tang Yeh 3 ; BorisBronfin 3 Ramaswami Neelameggham,USMagnesium Technion, HaifaIsrael; Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 2004 : H. K.Lim 195 1 ; Konrad TechnicalProgram 1 ; KunMingLin 4 3 ; NirMoscovitch ; 1 ; J. Y. Lee 1 National TaiwanUniversity, 1 Weiss Inthepresentstudy, we 4 Magnesium Research 2 3 1 Israel Aircraft Indus- Israel Aircraft Hsu-Yang Technolo- 1 ; W. T. Kim ; Arye Ben-Dov ; Arye 2 ; HsinManLin 4 ; 1 RWP GmbH, 2 ; D.H. 2 2 ; ; Control ofMagnesiumDieCasting Alloys The RoleofRare ElementsinStructure Earth and Property 3:55 PM 3:40 PMBreak coating strategy. opment, componentdesignandanalysis,corrosionprotection various aspectsincludingmagnesiumalloyspropertydatabasedevel- ments. The frontenginecradlemade of AE alloyisintroducedin ogy development,scientificunderstandingandup-to-dateaccomplish- paper providesanoverviewoftheprojectscopes,magnesiumtechnol- ing andimplementinganone-piecefrontenginecradlecasting.This tive todeterminethetechnicalfeasibilityandpracticalityofproduc- North America companiesandorganizations tosetitsoverallobjec- comprises GeneralMotors,Ford,DaimlerChryslerandthirty-fourother tive components.Thisproject,startingattheendofyear2001, portunities ofapplyinglarge-scalestructuralcastmagnesiumautomo- technical andmanufacturingissuesthatlimitthelightweightingop- Council for Automotive Research(USCAR)toidentifyandresolve sponsored effortbytheUSDepartmentofEnergy(DOE)and TheStructuralCastMagnesiumDevelopmentProjectisajointly Naiyi Li The USCARStructural CastMagnesiumDevelopmentProject 3:20 PM gated. fluidity andmechanicalpropertiesofMgcompositeswereinvesti- tion CylinderMethod)andtheeffectsofCaOonoxidationresistance, cal properties.TheMgcompositesweremanufacturedbyRCM(Rota- composites intermsofimprovingoxidationresistanceandmechani- The aimofthisstudyistomanufactureCaOparticlereinforcedMg reinforced Mgcompositeshavedesirablehighmechanicalproperties. though itshighcost,iseffectiveforoxidationresistanceandparticle alloying and/orcompositesmanufacturing.ItiswellknownthatCa, peratures. Researchhasbeendirectedtoimprovethesepropertiesby reactivity, limitedhighstrengthandcreepresistanceatelevatedtem- erties, Mgalloysareusedwithmanyprecautionsofhighchemical specific strength,goodcastability, lowdensity, etc.Despitetheseprop- Mgalloyspresentanumberofinterestingproperties,suchashigh 440-746 Korea Matl. Engrg.,300Chunchun-dong,Jangan-gu,Suwon,Gyounggi-do tification andthecorrespondingmechanicalproperties. variations ofMg-Zn-REalloysisdiscussedintermsstructuraliden- (x=0, 3,and5)).Themicrostructuraldependenceuponcomposition analysis showedthataftersuperheating nucleationtemperaturein- assessed bythermalanalysis.The resultsobtainedfromthethermal Thesuperheatinggrainrefinement ofMg-9%Alalloyhasbeen Uxbridge, Middlesex,LondonUB8 3PHUK Australia; CRC forCastMetalsMfg.,Sch.of Engrg.,St.Lucia,Queensland4072 sis inMg-Al Assessment ofSuperheating Alloys by Thermal Analy- 4:15 PM characteristics withphaseequilibriaconsiderations. sition isaddressedintermsofblendingadvantageousmicrostructural ily ofrareearth-containingalloys.Theoptimizationalloycompo- various microstructuralfeaturesandattributesisgivenforanewfam- as wellsilicon,strontiumandcalcium. A detailedanalysisofthe precipitates duringsolidification.Suchelementsincludetherareearths, with lowsolubilityinthesolidstate,leadingtoformationofstable emphases inalloydevelopmentfocusontheutilizationofelements ond phaseparticlesinstabilizingthegrainboundaries.Thecurrent structure, theelementsinsolidsolutionandeffectivenessofsec- strength undercreepconditions,areprimarilydeterminedbythegrain of thealloy. The elevatedtemperatureproperties,especiallymechanical occur asaresultofthechemicalcompositionandprocessinghistory microstructure andbythedistributionofstructuralfeatureswhich Theperformanceofmagnesiumdiecastpartsisgovernedbythe Porsgrunn N-3908Norway Westengen poration; MI 48124USA; Company, Incheon 406-130Korea; Technology, Advd. Matl.Ctr., 994-32Dongchun-dong, Yeonsu-Gu, Ha The Behavior ofCaOinMagnesium Alloys 3:00 PM S.H. Kim,D.H. W.T. Kim, Acta Mater. 50(2002)2343. : 2 ; Peng Cao Shae K.Kim 1 ; RichardOsborne 4 2 1 Manufacturing Services&Development,Inc. Brunel University, BrunelCtr. for Advd. Solidification Tech., Mfg. &Processes,2101 Village Rd.,MD3135,Dearborn, ; 1 1 ; QianMa Hydro Aluminium, MgCompetenceCtr., POBox2560, 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM 2 General MotorsCorporation; 1 ; Young-Jig; Kim 2 ; DavidH.StJohn 2 2 Sungkyunkwan University, Dept.of Advd. ; BruceCox 2 ; 3 ; DonaldPenrod 1 Korea InstituteofIndustrial 1 ; 1 University ofQueensland, 3 : : Jin-KyuLee DaimlerChrysler Cor- Per Bakke 4 ; 1 1 Ford Motor D.H. Bae, 1 ; Hakon 1 ; Won 195 : TUESDAY PM ; ; 1 1 ; Versiane 3 Mount Isa 1 ; Guo Xueyi ; 1 1 Technical Program Technical Varadarajan Seshadri Varadarajan Huang Kai ; Pierre Vix ; Pierre : : 1 Mount Isa Mines Limited, , with no indication of film , with no indication of 1 2 ; Itavahn Alves Silva ; Itavahn Universidade Federal de Minas 3 1 ; 1 ; 3 Pengfu Tan : ; Pierre Vix ; Pierre 1 Belgo Mineira, Joâo Monlevade, Minas Gerais 2 ; Carlos Antonio Silva ; Carlos 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM 2 TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: McGill University, Metals & Matls. Engrg., 3610 Univ. Engrg., Metals & Matls. University, McGill 1 Pengfu Tan ; Diego Canez Fernandes ; 3 3 K.U. Leuven, Afd. Chemische Materiaalkunde, Kasteelpark Materiaalkunde, Afd. Chemische Leuven, K.U. : 3 Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Escola de Minas/Engrg. 3 Central South University, Sch. of Metallurgl. Sci. & Engrg., Yuelu Sci. & Engrg., Sch. of Metallurgl. Central South University, Umicore Research, Dept. Pyro-Metall., Kastelstraat 7, Olen B-2250 7, Olen Kastelstraat Dept. Pyro-Metall., Research, Umicore Mines Limited, Metallurgl. Plants Bldg., Private Mail Bag 6, Mt. Isa, Australia Queensland 4825 thermodynamic model and database has been developed to model A the desilverising of lead by the reagent zinc during lead refining, whereby silver-zinc intermetallic compounds is formed, and floats out of the dissolved zinc/silver in the lead bath. The model predictions have been validated by the industrial data. The solubility of silver-zinc interme- number A tallic compounds in lead decreases with falling temperature. of parameters of the Davey desilverising process are modeled, and applied to a wide range of silver contents in lead bullions in the indus- try. 4:50 PM Torpedo Inside a Desulfurization Optimization of the Pig Iron by Physical Modeling Techniques Car Ildeu Alves Souza Albis Leão Gerais, Metallurgl. Engrg., Rua Espirito Santo, 35, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil; Brazil; Metalúrgica, Campus do Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais 35400-00 Brazil car model was built in order to assess the refining 1:6 torpedo A conditions during pig iron desulfurization. The industrial conditions 1 Dist., Changsha, Hunan 410083 China into the solution of nickel By adding the solid oxalate acid powder the uniform compound chloride or its ammonia coordinated solution, particles were trans- particles were prepared and the precipitation calcination. In the study, ferred to be mono-dispersed NiO particles by and the charac- the various experimental conditions were investigated were analyzed, and teristics of the corresponding obtained particles elucidated. It was found the formation mechanism of the particles was interface for the that the solid oxalate acid provided the solid-solution growth of the product precipitation and induced the nucleation and particles. 4:10 PM Break 4:25 PM Thermodynamic Modeling of Desilverising of Lead Bullion by Zinc During Lead Refining Verscheure 2 Belgium; Heverlee B-3001 Belgium Arenberg 44, metallurgi- copper tapholes in the of operators to The proximity mechanism seek an improved cooling has caused a drive to cal industry catastrophi- cooling, which can fail convection water vis-à-vis forced the research The purpose of unlikely event of a failure. cally in the using novel copper tapblock to develop an industrial-scale presented is safer than convention- which is fundamentally heat pipe technology, system incorporating two tapblock cooling A ally cooled tapblocks. was designed and assembled at Umicore Re- independent heat pipes Pilot tests containing a total of 4 kg of water. search in Belgium, each the of 140 kW into a single heat pipe, with achieved a heat load reduction in cooling water requirements com- potential for an 80% system. Modeling indicates a maximum pared to a forced convection of 2.4 MW/m local heat extraction rate was reached during testing and was boiling. The dry-out limitation subsequently circumvented. 2:55 PM of Imperial Smelting and Lead Smelt- Modelling for Viscosities ing Slags Private Mail Bag 6, Mt. Isa, Queensland 4825 Metallurgl. Plants Bldg., Australia has been developed to simulate the viscosities ‘SlagVis’ program A slag, combined with a of Imperial Smelting slag and lead smelting model of slag viscosi- thermodynamic database and the mathematical modelling results have ties based on a modified Urbain formalism. The The effects of slag been validated by a number of measurements. viscosities of Imperial compositions on the liquidus temperature and Smelting slag have been simulated and discussed. 3:20 PM Cancelled Barium in Molten Investigation on the Synthesis of Titanate A. C. Impedance Technique NaOH-KOH by the 3:45 PM Particles by In- Preparation of Monodispersed NiO Precursor Acid Oxalate of Solid duced Precipitation St., Wong Bldg., Rm. 2160, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B2 Canada; H3A Quebec Montreal, Rm. 2160, Bldg., Wong St., ; 1 ; Karel ; Hujun 2 1 ; Deliang 1 of Elektron University of 2 Roger Rapp ; 1 ION Automotive Ltd, 1 Properties Properties ; Pietro Navarra Pietro ; Peter Verguts ; Peter 2 2 Magnesium Elektron, TSD, Magnesium : 1 ; 1 Timothy Loughnane Timothy : : Christoph Scheer 196 ; Daniel Cheret ; Thomas Neitzert 1 1 Room: 3001 Location: Moscone West Convention Center Princewill N. Anyalebechi, Grand Valley State Valley Grand Anyalebechi, Princewill N. Timothy E. Wilks E. Timothy ; 1 Extraction & Processing Division, Materials Univer- State Valley Anyalebechi, Grand Prince N. Paul Lyon : ; Darius P.K. Singh ; Darius P.K. ; Frank Mucciardi 2 1 MELTEC Industrieofenbau GmbH, Guggenberg 15-17, Kirchham A- 15-17, Kirchham Industrieofenbau GmbH, Guggenberg MELTEC 196 Zhao 2:30 PM Tapblock Heat Pipe Cooling of a Slag Processing & Manufacturing Division, EPD-Process Fundamentals Analysis & Control Committee, MPMD/EPD-Process Modeling Committee Organizers: Program Padnos School of Engineering, Grand Rapids, MI 49504- University, Technology, Powell, Massachusetts Institute of Adam C. 6495 USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307 USA Tuesday PM February 15, 2005 Session Chair: Padnos Sch. of Engrg., Grand Rapids, MI 49504-6495 USA sity, Materials Processing Fundamentals: Smelting & Refining II Sponsored by: 1 4656 Germany die casting industry (Hot Modern melting devices for Mg-Alloy for automatic charging, and Cold Chamber) – consisting of preheating, melting and gas protection for the molten Mg. In particular about accurate and safe dosing of Mg-Alloy. Zhang Auckland New Zealand; Light Metal Castings Div., Waikato, Dept. of Matls. & Process Engrg., Hamilton New Zealand & Process Engrg., Dept. of Matls. Waikato, to simu- gravity filled permanent mould casting has been designed A automotive wheel. late the geometry and feeding habits of a typical a wheel casting that are The casting geometry reflects the areas of hub and the transition most prone to defect formation, that is, the are often experienced. from the spoke to the rim where hot spots with various melt addi- Different magnesium alloys were trialled along during solidifi- tions to facilitate the refinement of the microstructure castability of the alloys cation. The effect of grain refinement on the sizes, porosity levels, was investigated by measuring the resulting grain and surface slumping porosity types, as well as levels of hot tearing that the conclusions defects in the castings produced. It is expected be applied to the perma- drawn from this, and future investigations can The aim of this paper nent mould casting of magnesium alloy wheels. to date. is to present and discuss the results of the investigation 5:15 PM Die Casting Industry Modern Melting Devices for Mg-Alloy for (Hot and Cold Chamber) creased while nucleation undercooling decreased. The grain size of the grain size The decreased. undercooling while nucleation creased Micro- after superheating. significantly decreased alloys Mg-9%Al samples in the present that the particles showed examination scopic super- were these samples whether Fe, no matter Al and contained refinement superheating causes grain It is suggested that heated or not. particles, of the nucleant the shape, size or distribution by adjusting particles. of the nucleant changing the composition rather than 4:35 PM Upon Alloying Elements of The Influence Manchester M27 8DD England PO Box 23, Swinton, Designation EV31) is a Mg-RE-Zn-Zr alloy Elektron 21 (ASTM The alloy is ca- Applications. Aerospace and Speciality designed for achieve To to approximately 200C (400F). pable of operating up Elektron 21 has had to exhibit not only good successful applications, but also good corrosion performance and ease mechanical properties of the Rare Earth the effect the alloy, When developing of castability. Zinc were optimised to achieve these requisite (RE) constituents and Changes in the Rare Earth and Zinc content alloy characteristics. Control of individual Rare Earth com- affect age hardening response. The level of Rare Earth compo- castability. ponents also influences Zinc content, must be limited and con- nent and, more importantly and consistent corrosion performance. Finally, trolled to achieve good variables were assessed to ensure that the effects of heat treatment to aid produceability. they are as broad as possible 4:55 PM Castability of Magne- The Effects of Grain Refinement on the sium Permanent Mould Castings 21 Alloy

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 samples fromamorerecentfabrication runconfirmthatthefatigue ening). Moreover,fatiguetestsconducted inambientaironpolysilicon ture fatiguefailures(i.e.no failureinvacuoandnooxidethick- high vacuum(~2.0x10 undergoes moisture-assistedcracking. Morerecentresultsobtainedin - suchastherootofanotchedcantilever beam-whichsubsequently induce athickeningofthepost-releaseoxideatstressconcentrations fatigue isaresultof“reaction-layer”process,wherebyhighstresses have beensubjecttointensedebate.Ourpaststudiesshownthat mined. Thisisparticularlytrueforfatigue,wherethemechanisms responsible forthesefailuremodeshaveyettobeconclusivelydeter- MEMS hasreceivedincreasingattention,thephysicalmechanisms arise fromtheserviceenvironment.Whilesystem-reliability of intentionally inducedinthestructure(i.e.aresonator)orthosewhich their (single-cycle)fracturestress,whichmayariseduetovibrations are subjectedtoalargenumberofloadingcycleswithamplitudesbelow for microelectromechanicalsystems(MEMS)applications,whereparts cron-scale structuralthinfilmsare.Thishasimportantimplications Whilebulksiliconisnotsusceptibletofatiguefailure,mi- 16802 USA University, Matls.Sci.&Engrg., 310Steidle Bldg.,Univ. Park,PA One CyclotronRd.,Berkeley, CA 94720USA; Berkeley NationalLaboratory, Natl.Ctr. forElectronMicroscopy, Sci. &Engrg., OneCyclotronRd.,Berkeley, CA 94720USA; Stach tural Thin-Films A MechanisticUnderstandingofFatigueinPolysiliconStruc- 2:00 PMInvited National Laboratories,Livermore,CA94551-0969USA 1851, Albuquerque, NM87185USA;NevilleR.Moody, Sandia Session Chairs: February 15,2005 Tuesday PM Engineering, MississippiState,MS39762USA Schneider, MississippiState University, DepartmentofMechanical Science &Engineering,UniversityPark,PA 16802USA;Judy A. Muhlstein, PennsylvaniaState University, DepartmentofMaterials Electron Microscopy, Berkeley, CA 94720USA;ChristopherL. Lawrence BerkeleyNationalLaboratory, NationalCenterfor Science &Engineering,Baltimore,MD21218USA; Andrew Minor, USA; EvanMa,JohnsHopkinsUniversity, DepartmentofMaterials Materials andProcessesSciencesCenter, Albuquerque, NM87185 77843-3123 USA;BradL.Boyce,SandiaNationalLaboratories, Department ofMechanicalEngineering,CollegeStation,TX Program Organizers: Materials Behavior Behavior ofMaterials-(Jt. Sponsored by: MEMS and Thin Structures I Structures: Fatigue,Fracture,andReliabilityof Mechanical Behavior of Thin FilmsandSmall value productsobtainedfromprecipitationprocess. this studyishelpfulforthepreparationofuniformparticlewithhigh Size analyzerwereusedtocharacterizetheparticles.Theresultsof ture ontheparticlepropertieswerestudied.SEM,XRD, TG-DTA, and istic sizeofthetubularreactor,residencetime,andreactiontempera- nia oxalateandcobaltchloridesolutions.Influencesofthecharacter- 3mm wereusedtosynthesisthecobaltoxalateparticlesfromammo- Micro-fluidtubularreactorswiththeinnerdiameterof2mmand Hunan 410083China University, Sch.ofMetallurgl. Sci.&Engrg., Yuelu Dist.,Changsha, Fluid TubularReactor Synthesis ofUniformCobaltOxalateParticlesintheMicro- 5:15 PM tion wasevaluated. such aslevelofmetal,gasflowrate,lancepenetration,orienta- iodine transferfromkerozenetowater. The influenceofparameters addition andthekineticsofmetal/slaginteractionsbyassessing turbulent Reynoldsgroups.Mixingtimeswereevaluatedbypulsetracer was accomplishedbyfollowingcriteriadevel-opedfromFroudeand the refiningismadebyinjectionofaCaO-CaF2-Mgpowder. Similarity are thoseusedatBelgo-Mineira,JoãoMonlevade,Brazil. At thisplant TMS 2005Annual Meeting: 2 ; ChristopherL.Muhlstein Structural MaterialsDivision,SMD-Mechanical Brad L.Boyce,SandiaNationalLaboratories,Dept. : Robert O.Ritchie Robert -7 mbar)revealabsolutelynoevidence ofprema- Xinghang Zhang, Texas A&M University, Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 2024 : Huang Kai ASM-MSCTS), MPMD-Nanomechanical 197 TechnicalProgram 3 ; 1 University ofCalifornia,Matls. 1 ; GuoXueyi 1 ; Daan Hein 3 Pennsylvania State 1 ; Alsem 1 Central South 1 2 ; Eric A. Lawrence USA; Microscopy, One CyclotronRd.,MS72/150,Berkeley, CA 94720 lation Rate The InfluenceofEnvironment Long-Term ReliabilityofSingle-Cr 2:25 PM mechanism forfatigueofmicron-scalepolysilicon. both oftheseresultsaddfurtherconfirmationtothe“reaction-layer” were notanartifactofthatparticularfabricationrun. We believethat behavior andoxide-layerthicknessesobservedinearlierexperiments increases withdecreasingfilmthickness. Theinsightsgainedfrom ture. Further,ageneraltrendhas beenfoundthatfatiguelifetime frequency andtemperature,aswell asfilmthicknessandmicrostruc- details ofthedamagemorphology dependonloadingconditions,e.g. has beenobservedtoconsistof extrusions, voids,andcrackswhere thermomechanical cyclicloadingconditions willbereviewed.Damage the effectoffatiguefailureasaresultmechanical or usage cycles,uptoGHz,e.g.incommunicationdevices.Inthispaper, with loadingfrequenciesrangingfromwellbelow1Hz,e.g.related to applications, thinfilmmaterialsareoftenstressedinacyclicmanner to currentcarryingmetallizationsinsensorsoractuators.Inthese (MEMS). Applications rangefromreflectivecoatingsinmicro-optics below 1µmarewidelyusedinmicro-electro-mechanicalsystems Continuousandpatternedmetalthinfilmswiththicknesseswell 3640, Karlsruhe76021Germany 1 Fatigue FailureofMetalThinFilmsinMEMS 2:55 PMInvited face asperitiescouldplayanimportantrole. wear directionwerefound,suggestingthatfractureandfatigueofsur- both ploughingweartracksandsurfacecracksperpendiculartothe than 600nmandconsistcompletelyofsilicon-dioxide.Furthermore, particles wereobservedvaryinginsizefrombelow100nmtogreater to investigatetheirmorphologyandmicrostructuralchanges.Debris system. Analytical TEM wasperformedonweardebrisand wornparts worn partswerepreparedforTEMusingadual-beamfocusedionbeam microscopy (TEM)ofwornMEMSparts. After runningthedevices, tron microscopewereperformed,aswelltransmissionelectron mechanisms inslidingwear. In-situexperimentsinthescanningelec- specimens incombinationwithelectronmicroscopytostudyactive sively determined. We haveusedpolycrystallinesiliconside-walltest cal mechanismsformicron-scalewearinsiliconhaveyettobeconclu- micron-scale wearmodelshavebeenmade.However,theexactphysi- growing amountofattentionandsomecautiousattemptstopropose Surface characterizationofsiliconstructuralthinfilmshasreceiveda and canthereforenotautomaticallybeusedforMEMSreliability. majority ofbulkwearmodelsfocusoninthesetypematerials mostly ductilematerialsinmacro-scalemechanicalapplications,a MEMS issilicon,whichabrittlematerial.Becauseoftheuse of thestructuralmaterialsused.Themostwidelyusedmaterialin systems (MEMS)andisheavilyaffectedbythetribologicalproperties Wear isanimportantfailuremechanisminmicroelectromechanical Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM87185USA USA; nia, Matls.Sci.&Engrg., OneCyclotronRd.,Berkeley, CA 94720 Stach Microelectromechanical Systems An Electron Microscopy StudyWear of inPolysilicon 2:40 PM appears tobethemostappropriatefitthisexperimentalevidence. tion andenvironmentally-assistedcrackingofthesurfaceoxidelayer, nism, implyingaprocessofsequential,mechanically-inducedoxida- in short-lifefatiguedspecimens.Thereaction-layerfatiguemecha- fatigued specimenstestedinbothairandvacuumthatwerenotfound face examinationshowedhighlylocalized,distinctfeaturesinlong-life affected bybothrelativehumidityandstressamplitude.Fracturesur- damage accumulationrateandthereforefatiguelifewerestrongly used forinterpretationoffatiguedamageaccumulation.Particularly, was periodicallymonitored,anditsevolutionduringcyclingcouldbe were electrostaticallyactuatedatresonance.Theresonantfrequency sisting ofanotchedcantileverbeamattachedtoplate-shapedmass, investigated inthisstudy. Thefatigue characterizationstructures,con- fully-reversed loadingconditionsathighfrequency(~40kHz)was ity (R.H.),mediumvacuum,andvacuumwithpre-bake) various environments(300.1°Cat251,401or501%relativehumid- Thefatiguebehaviorofsingle-crystalsiliconthinfilmstestedin Steidle Bldg.,Univ. Park,PA 16803USA University, Dept.ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg. &theMatls.Rsch.Inst.,310 Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe,Inst.fürMaterialforschungII,Postfach 2 ; Michael T. Dugger 2 3 Lawrence BerkeleyNationalLaboratory, Natl.Ctr. forElectron Sandia NationalLaboratories,Matls.&ProcessScis.Ctr., PO : O.N.Pierron 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM 3 ; RobertO.Ritchie 1 ; C. L.Muhlstein on theFatigueDamage Accumu- : Daan Hein Alsem ystal Silicon Thin Films: 1 ; 1 ; 1 University ofCalifor- 1 Pennsylvania State : Oliver Kraft 1 ; Eric A. 197 1 ; TUESDAY PM ; 1 ; M. 2 NASA Glenn NASA I. Chasiotis 1 : ; 6 ; O. M. Jadaan , that is less than or 1 Ih Technical Program Technical National Institute of Standards 1 ; G. M. Beheim ; G. 5 ; 1 N. N. Nemeth : ; J.-P. Guin ; J.-P. ; G. D. Quinn G. ; 1 4 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM University of Virginia, Mechl. & Aeros. Engrg., PO Box Aeros. Engrg., & Mechl. Virginia, University of TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: iederhorn 1 ; 1 ; W. N. Sharpe W. ; 3 Carnegie Mellon University, Dept. of Mechl. Engrg., Pitts- Dept. of Mechl. Engrg., Carnegie Mellon University, University of Wisconsin, Math. & Sci., Platteville, WI 53818 S. M. W 3 2 : equal to the expected fatigue limit, and holding it for a period of time. The load was then increased to the original stress intensity factor and After breaking the fracture the time measured to restart the crack. specimen in two, the “upper” and “lower” fracture surfaces were Fracture sur- mapped and compared using atomic force microscopy. faces matched to an accuracy of better than 1 nm normal to the fracture plane and 5 nm within the fracture plane. Displacements between the upper and lower fracture surfaces that developed after a critical holding time were independent of distance from the crack tip, but increased with holding time, approaching an upper limit of about 25 nm for very long times. Despite the surface displacement, cracks tips appeared to be sharp. Results are discussed in terms of a hydronium ion-alkali ion exchange along the crack surfaces and corrosion of the glass surface near the crack tip by hydroxyl ions. 5:25 PM Versus of Silicon Carbide Microspecimens Strength Fracture Predictions Size Effect Weibull A. Trapp Research Center, Life Prediction Branch, Cleveland, OH 44135-3191 USA; USA; and Technology, Matls. Sci. & Engrg. Lab., Gaithersburg, MD 20899- Matls. Sci. & Engrg. Technology, and 8500 USA by most techniques. Crack tips in glass are difficult to resolve because glass is amor- Transmission electron microscopy is not feasible are not useful because phous and shows no contrast. Optical techniques for considerable the surface separation is of the order of nanometers this study we used the distances from the actual tip of the crack. In Atomic Force Microscope to resolve crack tips in glass specimens subjected to high stresses below the static fatigue limit. Experiments were conducted by first propagating a crack in glass and then reducing the applied stress intensity factor to a value, K ods can then be used to provide new strengthening methods to further methods to new strengthening to provide then be used ods can devices. of MEMS the capabilities advance PM 4:45 to MEMS Statistics of General Weibull Application A. McCarty USA 22904-4746 VA 400746, Charlottesville, strength used extensively to describe statistics have been Weibull The we inves- specimens. In this study, stressed MEMS data for uniformly of to more general situations statistics Weibull of tigate the relevance cumu- Weibull applicability of the specimen failure. The MEMS-scale failure of (a) specimens with a single flaw lative function to describe geometry and (b) multiple flaw populations distribution and variable the is studied. In the first case, we examine and a specific geometry description for statistics to provide a universal Weibull potential of non-uniform cross-sections. The uniaxial failure of specimens with and analyzed in this work included variable tension specimens tested center of their gauge section, which allowed size perforations at the of stress intensity factor and radii of curva- for twelve combinations to for each of these geometries were used ture. The strength data The modulus. Weibull scale parameter and the calculate the material took into account the non-uniform stress approach followed here perforations in each specimen through a finite state resulting from the Weibull use of the general integral form for the element model and the Weibull parameter and the The computed material scale function. description of brittle failure for MEMS modulus allow for a general can be further used in devices with different stress distributions, which with complex geom- design and reliability of miniature components polysilicon MEMS-scale etries. In the second case, we investigated different flaw popula- specimens that simultaneously possessed two The microtension tions, both of which were responsible for failure. possessed one flaw popu- specimens characterized in this investigation (RIE) during surface lation introduced by Reactive Ion Etching that was the effect of a micromachining and a second population The study also surface treatment conducted during post-processing. flaw populations only, included specimens with the first of the two of failure to be isolated. which allowed the effects of the second source statistics with the as- The data show that the application of Weibull appropriate. Instead, the sumption of a single flaw population is not populations is better failure behavior of the specimens with two flaw statistics to incorporate the contribution of described by bi-Weibull Such a statistical treat- both flaw populations to the material strength. failure and supports ment provides insight into the origin of material more reliable predictions for component failure. 5:00 PM Invited in Tips Crack to Study Microscopy Force Atomic The Use of Glass ; ; 1 4 Sandia 1 ; A. ; Mi- 1 ; Yokohama 2 Neville R. Sandia Na- 4 : Tokyo Institute of Tokyo >1.5 GPa) and its 1 ; W. O. Soboyejo W. ; 1 ult ; ; Soumari V. Prasad V. ; Soumari 1 3 : M. C. Zapata ; S. Allameh ; S. ; William W. Gerberich W. ; William 1 3 198 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, R2-18, ; Kazuki Takashima 1 ; Marion S. Kennedy ; Marion S. Jikou Zhou Pennsylvania State University, Dept. of Matls. University, Pennsylvania State 2 1 ; 1 ; 1 ; David F. Bahr ; David F. 4 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Natl. Ctr. for Ctr. Natl. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2 University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA; of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University 2 Yakaichi Higo Yakaichi : : Yong Yang : Yong ; John M. Jungk 1 C. L. Muhlstein ; 2 Princeton University, Dept. of MAE & PRISM, E-Quad, Olden St., Princeton University, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA; WA Pullman, University, State Washington 198 Technology, P&I Lab., 4259 Technology, 226-8503 Japan For future application in micro/nano electro mechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) devices, the elemental size for MEMS devices is thought to be 1/1000 to 1/10000 that of traditional structures. This down sizeing can causes many difficulties, called “Size Effects”, which are described as follows, (1) Preparation Process, (2) Handling and Fixing, Accuracy of Measurement Method, (4) Accuracy of Dimensions, (3) (5) Surface Effect, (6) Materials Strengthening Methods and (7) Me- chanical Properties. In order to understand these size effects and to overcome the difficulties associated with them, it is essential to de- velop mechanical testing methods for micro-sized specimens in order to obtain fundamental information for the design of durable and reli- able MEMS devices, and to allow comparison of materials of different origin and the processing methods used to produce them. These meth- 1 Princeton, NJ 08540 USA Fatigue life of LIGA Ni MEMS materials has been reported by several groups, but the failure mechanism has never been investigated for such single-layer film materials. In this work, we studied the effects found that surface We of surface oxide scales on fatigue behavior. oxide layer retards crack initiation by blocking the accessibility of water vapor to dislocation slip bands. Film surface morphology evalu- AFM, and was found to play an important ation was also studied using role in the film fatigue failure. 4:20 PM Invited Ap- Materials for MEMS of Microscale Mechanical Properties plications tional Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87158 USA Albuquerque, NM tional Laboratories, and wear are dominant factors in the perfor- Strength, friction, materials and devices fabricated using nickel mance and reliability of ef- based MEMS technologies. However, the based LIGA and silicon have We and wear are not well-defined. fects of frictional contacts employing nanoscratch and nanoindentation therefore begun a program nickel samples. Nanoscratch techniques were on electrodeposited LIGA of patterns as a function of load and number used to generate wear was then used to measure properties in each passes. Nanoindentation show a systematic increase in hardness with wear pattern. The results little effect of repeat passes on sample applied load with surprisingly we will use measured hardness val- deformation. In this presentation, model for plasticity to show how flow stress cavity ues and Johnson’s evolve under sliding contacts. The authors and the extent of plasticity the support of Sandia National Laboratories gratefully acknowledge under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. 3:35 PM Break 3:50 PM Films Nickel Fatigue of Electrodeposited Park, PA Bldg., Univ. Inst., 310 Steidle & Matls. Rsch. Sci. & Engrg. 16803 USA; for nickel films estab- fatigue resistance was consistent with the trends the electron microscopy lished in the literature. The implications of will be discussed. observations in understanding the fatigue mechanisms 4:05 PM in LIGA Ni Fatigue Roles of Surface Oxide and Morphology Behavior Electron Microscopy, Berkeley, CA USA CA Berkeley, Electron Microscopy, films used in microelec- The fatigue resistance of the metallic thin microelectromechanical tronic circuits, microelectronic packages, and to product perfor- systems (MEMS) can be a fundamental limitation of how metallic thin mance. However, our fundamental understanding is limited. In this work films degrade under fatigue loading conditions electrodepos- the stress-life (S/N) fatigue behavior of a 25mm-thick of subsized samples ited nickel film was evaluated by mechanical testing fracture surfaces and under tension-tension loading conditions. The were then evaluated using dislocation substructure of the failed samples nm) The ultrafine grained (i.e., grain sizes <100 electron microscopy. (s nickel exhibited extraordinarily high strength Moody CA 94551- MS9409, Livermore, PO Box 969, National Laboratories, 0969 USA; nor 3 these studies into lifetime prediction and mechanism of fatigue in thin of fatigue mechanism and lifetime prediction studies into these be discussed. will film devices PM 3:20 Nickel Samples LIGA of Testing Wear Nanoscale Buchheit Thomas E.

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 Sampath K. Vanimisetti During IndentationofThinHardFilmsonSoftSubstrates A Numerical Analysis ofFlexureInducedCylindricalCracks 5:40 PM mental resultsimprovedwhentighterdimensionalcontrolwasachieved. grip section.Correlationofpredictedstrengthcomparedtoexperi- effect) butcorrectlypredictedthatsomespecimenswouldfailinthe the notchedspecimensversusun-notched(thesize NASA CARES/Lifecode.over-predictedthestrengthof pared topredictionsbasedonthe Weibull distributionbyusingthe specimen side-wallsandlargesizedgrains.Strengthresultswerecom- the sourceoffailuretobeacombinationetchinggroovesalong un-notched specimenswasobserved.Fractographicexaminationshowed A sizeeffectwherebythenotchedspecimenswerestrongerthan material weretypicallybelow1GPawitha Weibull modulusofabout3. centration onthestrength.Measuredstrengthsinpolycrystalline mens werefabricatedinordertoinvestigatetheeffectofstresscon- Notchedandun-notchedmicro-sizedsiliconcarbidetensilespeci- USA Research Center, Sensors&Elect. Tech. Branch,Cleveland,OH44135 Technology, Ceram.Div., Gaithersburg, MD20899USA; croprocessors generateswastefrom boththecopperelectroplating waste-water treatment.Specifically, themanufacturingofcurrentmi- aluminum metallizationfordevices. Thatposesnewchallengesin Inthesemiconductorindustry copperisreplacingtungstenand USA 1 try WasteStreams Electrochemical CopperRemovalfromSemiconductorIndus- 2:30 PMInvited Whan Ahn, KoreaInstituteGeoscience&MineralResources Session Chairs: February 15,2005 Tuesday PM USA Edgar E.Vidal, ColoradoSchoolofMines,Golden,CO80401-1887 University ofTokyo, InstituteofIndustrial Science, Tokyo Japan; of ChemicalEngineering,Osaka564-8680Japan; Toru Okabe, Program Organizers: Treatment &MinimizationCommittee Sponsored by: Session I Minimization: Metallurgicalfor Technology Waste issues issystematicallyinvestigated. and arrest.Finally, theroleofsubstrateyieldstrengthonabove length greaterthan60%ofthefilmthicknessleadingtocrackclosure contact zone,themodeIcomponentofloadingvanishesforcrack due tothepresenceofastrongcompressiveradialstressfieldnear third ofthefilmthicknessandthereafterbecomesunstable.However, that thecrackgrowthprocessisstableuptoalengthofabout mode II,forcrackslocatedawayfromtheindenteraxis.Itisobserved length increases,themodemixitygraduallychangesfromIto prevail duetotheflexurestressesnearinterface. As thecrack when thecracklengthissmall,predominantlymodeIconditions constitutive modelwithlinearstrainhardening.Theresultsshowthat taken tobelinearelasticwhilethesubstrateobeysanelastic-plastic (cylindrical) cracksasmentionedaboveareperformed.Thefilmis perfectly bondedtoasteelsubstrateandcontainingcircumferential finite elementanalysesofsphericalindentationathinTiNfilm is toexaminethebehavioroftheseflexureinducedcracks. To thisend, thin platerestingonaplasticfoundation.Theobjectiveofthispaper the filmexperiencesbendingduetocontactloadandbehavesasa interface directlyunderneaththeindenter. The latteroccurbecause outside thecontactzoneonfilmsurfaceoratfilm-substrate that duringsphericalindentation,circumferentialcracksmayform better coating-substratesystems.Recentexperimentalworkhasshown understand themechanicsoffracturethesefilmsinordertodesign are experienced(forexample,incuttingtools).Itisimportantto neering applicationswheremechanicalloadslikethoseduetocontact Thinhardfilmsdepositedonsoftsubstratesareemployedinengi- ence, Dept.ofMechl.Engrg.,Bangalore560012India Engrg., Baltimore,MD21218USA; burgh, PA 15213USA; TMS 2005Annual Meeting: University ofCalifornia,Matls.Sci. &Engrg.,Berkeley, CA 94720 Extraction &ProcessingDivision,EPD-Waste Toru Okabe,UniversityofTokyo, Tokyo Japan;Ji- : RanDing Junji Shibata,KansaiUniversity, Department Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 2012 1 4 ; Johns HopkinsUniversity, Dept.ofMechl. R. Narasimhan 199 1 ; TechnicalProgram James W. Evans 5 National InstituteofStandards& 1 ; 1 Indian InstituteofSci- 1 ; FionaM.Doyle 6 NASA Glenn 1 : ; 1-1 Katahira2-chome, Aoba-ku, Sendai,Miyagi980-8577Japan; 1 ulfurization ofHeavyOil Molybdenum from Wasted Catalystsfor Hydrotreating Des- A HydrometallurgicalProcess of forRecovery Vanadium and 3:00 PMInvited Research supportedbyUSEnvironmentalProtection Agency. has beenbuiltanditsperformanceincopperdepositionisdescribed. tives onthecoppercrystalsurface.Finally, afluidizedbedelectrode tal microbalance(EQCM)todeterminetheadsorptionofcertainaddi- have alsoconductedresearchonusingtheelectrochemicalquartzcrys- porous carbonelectrodeforcopperremovalarealsodescribed. We by theuseofarotatingdiscelectrode. A fewresultsfromcellsusing effects oftypicalelectrolyteadditivesoncopperdepositionkinetics and electrodeposition.Ourfirst-stageworkhasbeentoexaminethe water fromallthewastesolutionsbyacombinationofion-exchange dilute wastesolutions.Ourprojectisaimedatrecyclingcopperand and therehasbeenlittleworkontherecoveryofcopperfrom tionally, theconcentrateddepletedelectrolyteistreatedseparately solution andthecopperCMP/post-CMPcleaningprocesses.Tradi- the extractantmixturesofacidic extractants andnitrogen-containing compounds, whilealargestaticsynergistic effectisconfirmedwhen extractant mixturesofacidicextractants andneutralorganphosphorous The staticsynergisticeffectdoes nottakeplacesignificantlyforthe tion rate(dynamicsynergisticeffect) forseveralextractantmixtures. between extractionequilibrium(static synergisticeffect)andextrac- using twokindsofextractantsinordertoclarifytherelationship solution. Inthisstudy, solventextractionofNi(II)isinvestigatedby cipitation methodsmaybeusedforthetreatmentofthiskind of sition. Solventextraction,cementation,ionexchangeresinandpre- SO42-, 98kg/m3HPO32-and31kg/m3lacticacidasatypicalcompo- 4.0kg/m3 Ni(II),0.1kg/m3Fe(III),0.01kg/m3Zn48kg/m3 Waste solutionfromtheNinon-electricplatingprocess contains 8680 Japan 1 Shibata and the Application to Waste SolutionContainingNi(II) Static for andDynamicSynergistic Effects Ni(II) Extraction 4:05 PM current andfuturetypesvolumesofe-wasteisevaluated. ers areidentified,andtheviabilityofutilizinganMRFtohandleboth date themodelingresults.Furthermore,criticalcostandrevenuedriv- ing anMRFthathandlese-waste.Sensitivityanalysisisusedtovali- the modelcalculatestotalprocessingcostsandrevenuesinoperat- plastics. Byestimatingthecostsandrevenuesforeachunitoperation, from resalesystems/component,andrecoveryofscrapmetals costs andrecyclingfeesforCRTs, andoutputstreamsincluderevenues enues ineachunitoperation.Inputcostsincludemachinecosts,labor spreadsheet modelhasbeendevelopedtoestimatethecostsandrev- ing/testing, dismantle,sizereductionandseparationbymaterials. A recovery processcanbedividedintofourbasicunitoperations;sort- components, andrecyclablematerialssuchasplasticsmetals.The can becomemarketableoutputproductsincludingresalablesystems/ At a MaterialsRecoveryFacility(MRF)electronicwaste(e-waste) Ave., 3118 BainerHall,Davis,CA 95616USA 1 Facility Materials Recovery Assessment ofCostsandRevenuesfor anElectronic Waste 3:45 PM 3:30 PMBreak lower temperaturethanthatforthecurrentlyoperatingprocess. ammoniacal systemmakesitpossibletooperatetheroastingatmuch nium saltsintheprocessliquorisrepeateduse.Employmentof recycled totheleachingstageofroastedmaterials,andammo- process, thesolutionafterrecoveryofvanadiumandmolybdenumis lutions upontemperatureandammoniumsaltconcentration.Inthis dependence ofsolubilityammoniummolybdateinammoniacalso- ing-out agent.Recoveryofammoniummolybdateisbasedonlarge nadic acidissuccessfullyperformedusingammoniumsulfateasasalt- molybdate precipitation.Theselectiverecoveryofvanadiumasva- ous leachates,selectiveprecipitationofvanadicacid,andammonium leaching ofthetargetmetalcomponentswithdiluteammoniacalaque- oxidation roastingofthewastecatalystsattemperaturearound500 ulfurization ofheavyoil.Theprincipalstepstheprocessareamild vanadium fromwastedcatalystsgeneratedinthehydrotreatingdes- velop ahydrometallurgicalprocessforrecoveryofmolybdenumand Thefundamentalreactionshavebeeninvestigatedinordertode- Techno-system, Kamisu,IbarakiJapan Tohoku University, Inst.ofMultidisciplinaryRsch.for Advd. Matls., Kansai University, Cheml.Engrg., 3-3-35, Yamate, Suita,Osaka564- University ofCalifornia,Cheml.Engrg.&Matls.Sci.,OneShields 1 ; Yoshinori; Motoda 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM 1 ; NorihiroMurayama : : Toshiaki Akaboshi Hai-Yong Kang 1 ; JulieM.Schoenung 2 1 ; Yoshiaki; Umetsu ; Hideki Yamamoto : 2 Junji YSK 199 ° C, 1 1 1 ; ; ; TUESDAY PM J. S. : Technical Program Technical , minimum dissipation and equiva- ASM-MSCTS) Room: 3000 Location: Moscone West Convention Center Fuqian Yang, University of Kentucky, Yang, Fuqian 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM R. J. Arsenault, University of Maryland, Dept. of R. J. Structural Materials Division, ASM International: Materials Division, Structural TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: Materials-(Jt. McMaster University, Brockhouse Inst. for Matls. Rsch., Brockhouse Inst. for Matls. McMaster University, 1 ; 1 2:00 PM Invited Externally-Catalysed Negative Creep of Metallic Glasses as an Ginzburg-Landau Kinetics Within Dissipative Structure Kirkaldy Hamilton, ON L8S-4M1 Canada concerns annealing The process to which negative creep is applied ambient where normal temperatures of metallic glasses approaching change is dramati- densification is negligible, but negative dimensional load perturbation cally catalysed as a response to a LeChatelier-like temperature and load in- and initially accelerated against the load by load point where nor- crease. This obtains on the isotherm up to the mal creep in the opposite direction must begin to counter the anoma- lous effects. The proposed dissipative structure, originally regarded by J.C.M. Li as analogous to uphill spinodal decomposition, is based upon strain as a global average order parameter satisfying the time-depen- dent Ginzburg Landau (TDGL) equation and more generally following the experimentally verified Ostwald Step Rule which subsumes autono- mous selection for near-reversibility Micromechanics of Advanced Materials II Micromechanics 80th Li’s of James C.M. (Symposium in Honor and System Stability Birthday): Microstructure by: Sponsored SMD-Mechanical Sector, Technology Materials Science Critical Behavior of Organizers: Program and Materials Engineering, Lexington, KY Department of Chemical Technol- Pactiv Corporation, Canandaigua 40506 USA; C. C. Chau, Nee George Chu, ogy Center, Canandaigua, NY 14424 USA; Sung Ashraf Imam, M. Multiplex Inc, South Plainfield, NJ 07080 USA; Technology Materials Science & Naval Research Laboratory, Kung, Teh-Ming DC 20375-5343 USA; Washington, Division, 14650 USA; Peter K. NY Rochester, Eastman Kodak Company, Materials Science and Engineering, Tennessee, University of Liaw, Naval Research Knoxville, TN 37996-2200 USA; B. B. Rath, Science and Component Technology Materials Laboratory, DC 20375-5341 USA Washington, Directorate, Tuesday PM February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: USA; Changxu Shi, Matl. Sci. & Engrg., College Park, MD 20742 Beijing 100085 National Natural Science Foundation of China, lent high free energy configuration en route to equilibrium. This self- organizing phenomenon can be conceived as a continuous stroke, potential energy-increasing heat engine driven by the quenched-in It is remarkable in that a significant part of the stored thermal energy. free energy is strictly macroscopic, where the usual TDGL reactions such as order-disorder, clustering, Ostward Ripening and grain growth the unused free energy is microscopic or mesoscopic. The Ginzburg- II superconductivity Type Landau analogy which comes to mind is under irreversible flux creep where the conserved free energy corre- sponding to minimum dissipation is the macroscopic kinetic energy of the Cooper pairs which constitute the supercurrent. In this case the externally applied magnetic field plays the thermodynamic role of the applied stress field. This analogy is suggestive of the possibility that the incredible molecular collaboration involved in negative creep ulti- mately has a quantum mechanical explanation in much the same way that classical semiconductor theory transforms to a more rigourous quantum mechanical version. Electric arc furnace (EAF) dust from the steel industries is listed by is the steel industries dust from (EAF) arc furnace Electric Con- of the Resource the regulations under hazardous waste as a EPA approximately of the The disposal Act. and Recovery servation is an and Canada the U.S. per year in EAF dust tons of 650,000 steel compa- for the majority of unresolved problem expensive and process treating considered as the best process has been Waelz nies. modelling, combined thermodynamic process model, A EAF dust. to simulate has been developed with heat transfer, chemical kinetics balance in the heat transfer and heat reactions, mass and the chemical profile slag and the temperature of air into the kiln. The injection on The effect of (CaO+MgO)/SiO2 have been modelled. along the kiln of slag has also been modelled and discussed. the solidus temperature have been presented in this paper. Some optimising results : ; 2 Pengfu Ryosuke : : National In- 1 Miyazaki Uni- 1 ; 1 ; 1 ; Yasuo Hatate ; Yasuo 1 ; Hideshi Tanaka ; Hideshi ; Kazuko Morisaku 1 1 University of Tokyo, Dept. of Matls. Tokyo, University of 1 200 Yoshinobu Kawano Yoshinobu ; 2 : Mount Isa Mines Limited, Metallurgl. Plants Bldg., Mount Isa Mines Limited, Metallurgl. ; Takashi Sana ; Takashi 1 1 ; Mikiya Tanaka ; Mikiya ; 1 1 University of Tokyo, Internatl. Rsch. Ctr. for Sustainable Internatl. Rsch. Ctr. Tokyo, University of 2 ; Toru H. Okabe Toru ; 1 Kagoshima University, Chem & Chem. Engrg., Korimoto, Chem & Chem. Engrg., Kagoshima University, 2 ; Pierre Vix ; Pierre 1 200 Tan Private Mail Bag 6, Mt. Isa, Queensland 4825 Australia Private Mail Bag 6, Mt. Isa, Queensland 4825 Engrg., Grad. Sch. of Engrg., 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113- Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Grad. Sch. of Engrg., Engrg., 8656 Japan; 153- Tokyo Matls., Inst. of Industl. Sci., 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, 8505 Japan This study investigated iron removal from titanium ore using selec- tive chlorination, and effective utilization of chloride wastes gener- ated from titanium production process (Kroll process). The thermo- dynamic analyses of the chlorination reactions in the Ti-Fe-O-Cl system were carried out prior to the experimental work, and the con- ditions for chlorination experiments were optimized. The iron in the Ti ore was selectively chlorinated by reacting low-grade Ti ore and metal chloride at 1100 K under a nitrogen atmosphere, and low-iron Ti ore and iron chloride (FeClx) were obtained. Chlorine in the FeClx produced by selective chlorination was recovered as TiCl4 by reacting FeClx and metallic titanium at 1100 K under an argon atmosphere. which utilizes low- This recycling process investigated in this study, grade ore or chloride wastes, is useful because the Ti scrap and chloride wastes are expected to increase. This process has the potential for developing a new environmentally sound chloride metallurgy. 5:40 PM Dust EAF Modelling of RotaryProcess Kiln Treating Hirokazu Narita Hirokazu Kagoshima 890-0065 Japan Kagoshima 890-0065 presented in the bath of electroless nickel-plat- Phosphorous acid of nickel plating. Solvent extraction process ing reduce the efficiency the acid in bath. Extraction rate of phosphorous is designed to remove in toluene was investigated using a Lewiss acid by Tri-n-octyl amine of a stagnant interface. The dependencies type transfer cell having rates were analyzed considering the interfacial concentrations on the equilibrium constants for the system. reaction steps and extraction mixer type extractor The results for the extraction rate in vibro were analyzed by the having small droplets formed in mixing of fluids cell. The mass transfer rate equation derived in Lewiss type transfer of that in Lewiss type rates constants was enlarged about 3x103 times propose the application of the extraction for phos- We transfer cell. extractor. phorous acid by tri-n-octylamine in vibro mixing 4:45 PM Thiodiglycolamide Solvent Extraction of Precious Metals Using for Rsch. Inst. Technology, Advanced Industrial Science and stitute of Ibaraki 305-8569 Tsukuba, 16-1 Onogawa, Environml. Mmgt. Tech., Japan for catalysts, electronic Since precious metals are in extensive use metals from their wastes devices and so on, the recovery of precious separations of the has recently received much attention. Especially, of the most important precious metals by solvent extraction are one we have investigated the ex- studies on their recycling. In this study, (Au(III), Pd(II), Pt(IV) traction properties of some precious metals and Zn(II)) from hydro- and Rh(III)) and base metals (Fe(III), Cu(II) chloric acid solution using the N,N’-dimethyl-N,N’-dioctyl- Au(III) of The extraction percentages thiodiglycolamide (MOTDA). 100% over a wide HCl and Pd(II) using 0.05 M MOTDA are almost Ad- are hardly extracted. concentration range, while the other metals of Pd(II) is extremely fast. the extraction ditionally, 5:05 PM Break 5:20 PM Iron Removal From Titanium Ore Using Selective Chlorina- Wastes tion and Effective Utilization of Chloride Matsuoka compounds are used. Nickel ions can be extracted in the wide pH range the wide pH extracted in ions can be Nickel are used. compounds several extractant by using the any pH adjustment without of 3.0-8.0 increases remarkably rate the extraction same time, At the mixtures. and nitrogen- extractants of acidic mixtures the extractant by using syner- for static and dynamic compounds. The mechanism containing Ni (II) from is possible to extract was investigated. It gistic effects and LIX860 without of D2EHPA liquor using a mixture artificial waste sulfuric acid with 0.1 mol/dm3 Ni (II) can be stripped pH adjustment. The re- and LIX860. of D2EHPA (II)-loading mixtures from the Ni the Ni non- the waste solution in of Ni (II) from covery process the results of this research. was proposed from electric plating 4:25 PM Tri-n- Acid by Rate of Phosphorous Analysis of Extraction Toluene Octylamine in Koichiro Shiomori Miyazaki 889-2192 Applied Chmst., 1-1 Gakuen-KIbanadai, versity, Japan;

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 J. Burns Energy BalancesandStability ofElectro-Capillary Systems 2:50 PMInvited tures. that decreasesinthethicknessoflayerlowercriticaltempera- ter/site approximation(CSA).Inallthesemodels,theresultsshow approximation oftheCluster Variation Method(CVM)andtheclus- several thermodynamicmodels,theregularsolutionmodel,pair tion resultsasafunctionofthethicknessmetallayersusing perature forthebulkcase.Inthispresentation,wereportsimula- nanostructures ofCo/Cuattemperatureslowerthanthecriticaltem- a recentstudysuggestedthatintermixingoccursinmultilayered of theinterfacialenergytototalfreesystem.Indeed energy becomessignificant. We cannolongerignorethecontribution Whenthesizeofasystemdecreasestonanoscale,interfacial 4WT UK experimental observations,amacro-mechanical dynamicmodelwas between thesampleandindenter head. Taking intoaccountthe Le Chateliertypeplasticinstabilities startingfromthecontactsurface namic microhardness.Theseoscillations arecorrelatedwithPortevin- oscillations aroundanearlyconstant valueoftheconventionaldy- curves measuredinconstantloading ratemode,indicatinghardness- increase hasbeenobservedintheindentationdepthvs.load(d-F) ring indepthsensingindentationmeasurements,duringwhichastepwise Thispapersurveysthephenomenonofplasticinstabilitiesoccur- P. sétány1/A.,Budapest1117 Hungary János Lendvai Quang Nguyen ties OccurringinNano-and Kinematic andDynamicCharacterizationofPlasticInstabili- 3:45 PMInvited 3:40 PMBreak Nuclear Security Administration undercontract DE-AC04-94AL85000. Lockheed MartinCompany, fortheUSDept.ofEnergy’s National is amultiprogramlaboratoryoperatedbySandiaCorporation, a voids atthe AuIn2/Au interfacethatdegradedadhesionstrength.Sandia interface integrity. However, contaminantsinthe Au layercaused nated Au layer. Formationofthe AuIn2 layerwasnotdetrimentalto value ofQ(50-70kJ/mol)wasslightlyhigherforthenon-contami- one andshowednodependenceupon Au layercontamination.The was describedby A(t^n) exp(Q/RT). The timeexponent,nwasequalto taminated andnon-contaminated Au layers. The AuIn2 layergrowth ics weremeasuredforthinfilm Au/In-Pb soldercoupleshavingcon- metallic compound(IMC)layeratthe Au/solder interface.Ratekinet- level 2interconnections.Solid-statereactionsformthe AuIn2 inter- Electroplated Au films areusedwith50In-50Pb(wt.%)solderfor USA Laboratories, POBox5800,MS0889, Albuquerque, NM87185-0889 Vianco The Long-Term Stability ofElectroplated Thin Films 3:15 PMInvited ink-jet printersanddrugdeliverysystemsareexplored. volumes ofliquidcanbedeliveredinmicro-literunits. Applications to tem stabilityallowswettinginelectro-capillarysystemssosystematic total wettedsurfacearea.Itisexperimentallydemonstratedthatsys- control whilethechargeaddedtosystemisproportional tional totheinterfacialsurfaceenergy’s drivingforceusingcharge charge. Measurementsestablishthatthevoltagesquaredispropor- neutrally stableatconstantvoltage,andabsolutely changes linearlywithwettedsurfacearea,isconsidered.Thissystem linear systemsforaparallelplatecapacitorwhenthecapacitance voltages createequaldrivingforcesforthesesystems.Thestabilityof release rateisproportionaltothevoltagesquaredandthus AC orDC ample, experimentalobservationsshowsthattheelectrostaticenergy the voltageislinearwithcharge, i.e.,alinearcapacitor. Forthisex- systems areincludedinthesegeneralenergy balances.Mostfrequently, mal linesofconstantinterfacialsurfaceenergy. Nonlinear, charged mechanics areusedtoobtainthevoltage-chargerelationsonisother- considered thestatevariablesinsystem.Reversible,equilibrium cial surfaceenergy, thevoltage,charge, temperatureandentropyare analyzed usingenergybalances.Thewettedsurfacearea,theinterfa- Wetting betweenadielectricliquidandflatconductingsurfaceis Rochester, NY14627-0133USA 53706 USA; 1 tures Thermodynamic Stability ofCo/CuMultilayered Nanostruc- 2:25 PMInvited TMS 2005Annual Meeting: University ofWisconsin,Dept.Matl.Sci.&Engrg.,Madison,WI : W. W. Cao W. W. : 1 ; GarryBryant 1 ; 1 University ofRochester,Mechl.Engrg.,Matls.Sci.Prog., 2 University ofSalford,Inst.forMatls.Rsch.,SalfordM5 1 ; 1 ; András Juhász András ; 1 Eotvos University, Dept.ofGen.Physics,Pázmány 1 ; Y.; Yang 1 ; GaryZender 201 1 ; J.Zhu 1 TechnicalProgram ; GyõzõHorváth Microindentation Tests 1 ; PaulF. Hlava 1 ; W.; Oates A. 1 1 ; György Bérces ; 2 1 ; Sandia National Y.Chang A. : : Paul T. Chinh : S. 1 1 ; ; Creep Surface MorphologyEvolutioninThinFilmsViaDiffusional 4:50 PM closed endofcrystallinetubes. surface radius.Theinstabilitywillleadtotheformationof which dependsontheratioofinnersurfaceradiustoouter A finitespatialfrequencyformaximumgrowthratewasalsoobtained, Metall. Soc. AIME 233(1965)1840]foraninfinitelycylindricalrod. thickness isthesameasthatgivenbyNicholsandMullins[Trans. surprise, thecriticalfrequencyforanannulartubeofinfinitesimal quency, whichisequaltotheinverseofinnersurfaceradius. To our grow whentheperturbationfrequencyislessthancriticalfre- tion growthrateonperturbationfrequency. The perturbationwill mulated. A criterionhasbeenobtainedonthedependenceofperturba- crystalline tubesduetolongitudinalsurfaceperturbationhasbeenfor- a newdispersionrelationdescribingthemorphologicalstabilityof the tuberadiusfollowsalinearlaw. When surfaceenergy issignificant, an annulartubehavinginfinitesimalthickness,thetimedependenceof energy whilethecross-sectionalareaoftuberemainsconstant.For surface disturbancetheannulartubewillshrinktoreduce the basisoflatticediffusionandlinearstabilityanalysis.Without Thesurfaceevolutionofanannulartubehasbeenestablishedon puter Sci.,Lexington,KY40506USA Lexington, KY 40506USA; Surface EvolutionofCrystalline Tubes 4:30 PM of thethickness. surface tension,Eis Young’s modulusandh instability dependsontheelasticparameter(2 scribing thesurfaceevolutionwasderived.Itfoundthat with surfaceenergy andelasticenergy. A newdispersionequationde- surface instabilitywasthegradientofchemicalpotentialassociated linear elasticityandthermodynamics.Themechanismcontrollingthe and cylindricalrigidsubstratewasanalyzedbyusingthetheoryof constant uniaxialstress Thelateralsurfacestabilityofacylindricallayersubjectedto Lexington, KY40506USA Song Stress-Induced SurfaceInstabilityofCylindricalLayer 4:10 PM conventional, uniaxialcompressionandtensiletests. loading rateindentationarecomparedwiththoseoften-observedin The characteristicsofserratedflow-plasticinstabilitiesinconstant also proposedforthecharacterizationofindentationinstabilities. tion ‘family’ inapoledferroelectricceramic asafunctionofitsorienta- provides ausefultechniquefordetermining theelasticstrainofagrain We demonstratedpreviouslythathighenergy X-raydiffraction D-76131 Germany 2 Manchester, Matls. Hall David Anthony Domain TextureTetragonalin PZTCeramics Micromechanics Analysis ofElasticStrain andFerroelectric 5:10 PM smoothing. promoting surfacerougheningwhiletensilestress fusion dependsonthesignoffilmstress,withcompressivestress morphology evolution.Furthermore,thecontributionofvolumedif- both surfacediffusionandvolumecontributetofilm evolution; whereasunderlowstressandhightemperatureconditions, range), onlysurfacediffusioncontributestofilmmorphology the dominantinstabilitywavelength,underhighaveragestresses(GPa input valuesofthefilmmaterialproperties.Theresultsshowthat at metric studyisthencarriedoutusingarangeofpracticallyimportant the amplitudechangeofsuchsurfacesasafunctiontime. A para- ume andsurfacediffusion. A governingequationisderivedthatgives temperature byexploringthedeformationkineticsgovernedvol- the formationofundulationsonsurfacesstressedfilmsathigh diffusion influencealarge numberoftechnologicalproblems. We study Deformationmechanismsinvolvingmasstransportbystressdriven 61801 USA Mech., 111B Talbot Lab.,MC262,104S. Wright St., Urbana,IL Jun Zhang of filmthickness,whileforthickfilmsh mum-growth frequencyareinverselyproportionaltothesquareroot film. Forthethinfilmsh ratio andfilmthicknessh University ofKarlsruhe,Inst.for Ceram. inMechl.Engrg.,Karlsruhe 1 Ψ ; : Fuqian Yang relativetothemacroscopicpolar axis.Specifically, itwas K. JimmyHsia 2 ; 1 University ofKentucky, Dept.ofCheml. &Matls.Engrg., 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM 1 Sci. Ctr., Grosvenor St., ManchesterM17HSUK; ; 1 ; HansKungl 1 University ofKentucky, Chem.&Matls.Engrg., 1 ; σ 0 0 0 andfrictionlessconditionbetweenthelayer , wherer 1 /r University ofIllinois, Theoretl. & Applied 1 ->0, thecriticalfrequencyandmaxi- 2 University ofKentucky, Dept.ofCom- 2 ; PhilipJ. Withers 1 istheradiusofsubstrate, 0 /r : Fuqian Yang 1 0 -> istheinitialthicknessof ∞ , theyareindependent σ 0 2 r : 1 1 )/( Tsutomu Mori ; γ 1 E), Poisson’s 1 University of ; Wei Song : 201 Wei γ is 1 1 ; ; TUESDAY PM ; 3 ; N. 1 Char- ; 1 Hokkaido 2 Alexander V. : Roy G. Faulkner Roy G. Technical Program Technical ; ; Peter E.J. Flewitt 1 2 C in a ion accelerator at- ° : Christophe Domain : Christophe : Zheng Lu ; H. Takahashi ; H. 2 Universite de Lille I, Lab. de Métall. Physique Universite de Lille I, Lab. 2 EDF R&D, MMC, Les Renardières, Moret sur MMC, Les Renardières, EDF R&D, Magnox Electric, Berkeley Ctr., Berkeley, Magnox Electric, Berkeley Ctr., 1 3 ; 2 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: University of Liverpool, Dept. of Engrg., Matls. Sci. & University of Liverpool, Dept. of Engrg., Matls. 1 ; H. Kinoshita 2 ; 1 Loughborough University, Inst. of Polymer Tech. & Matls. Engrg., Tech. Inst. of Polymer Loughborough University, Sakaguchi 1 3TU UK; Ashby Rd., Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 Gloucestershire GL13 9PB UK (Hf) addition were 9%Cr ferritic steels with and without hafnium irradiated by 250 keV nickel-ions at 300 Electron Microscopy Voltage tached to the Multi-beam High on radiation-induced (ARM1300) to study the influence of Hf addition segregation in ferritic steel. Grain boundary segregations of phospho- rus, silicon, chromium and molybdenum were measured by field emis- sion gun transmission electron microscopy with an energy dispensive induces the enrichment of The results show that radiation analyser. Mo) Si) and the depletion of oversized atoms (Cr, undersized atoms (P, in the materials without Hf addition. The addition of Hf suppressed radiation-induced undersized atom enrichment and oversized atom deple- radiation-induced non-equilibrium segregation model is devel- A tion. oped to predict radiation-induced oversized atom depletion at grain factors, such as dislocation density, The microstructural boundary. grain size, grain boundary misorientation, and stress effect are taken into consideration in the model. Effect of hafnium on freely migrating defect population is discussed and estimated. The predicted results show a good agreement with experimental data. tions during IASCC propagation. Measured composition changes at changes composition Measured propagation. during IASCC tions light-water-reactor for calculated changes to tips are compared crack was This work and dose rates. doses temperatures, relevant component Energy of Basic Office Sciences Branch, Materials by the supported Technology, Science and of Nuclear Energy, the Office Sciences and 1830. DE-AC06-76RLO under Contract of Energy, U.S. Department 2:40 PM Electronic Defects in bcc Fe: Interaction with Point Phosphorus Contribution Calculation Structure lotte S. Becquart Loing F-77250 France; - UMR CNRS 8517, Bat C6 - 2eme étage, & Génie des Matériaux d’Ascq Cedex F-59655 France Villeneuve phosphorus in steels is the possible enhanced The main effect of the segregation of P boundaries. Consequently, embrittlement at grain important issue, and furthermore P may influ- under irradiation is an the microstructure under irradiation. The mod- ence the evolution of requires the knowledge of the interaction elling of the P behaviour under irradiation, and the possible transport with point defects created these interactions have been investigated mechanisms. In this work, with The interactions of P functional theory. using ab initio density be atoms have been determined and found to vacancies and interstitial of these large interactions are discussed. significant. The consequences 3:00 PM Segregation to Grain Theoretical Investigation of Phosphorus Alpha-Iron Irradiation Under Boundaries in UK Engrg., Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L69 3GH a big enhancement of In pressure vessel steels of nuclear reactors, grain boundaries (GBs) the concentration of phosphorus (P) atoms at cohesion and to a shift is observed and this leads to a decrease in the GB In this paper we present of the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature. Carlo studies of phos- the results of molecular dynamics and Monte EAM An alloy in the dilute limit. in bcc Fe-P phorus atom diffusion Ackland et al. (2004, J. Phys.: Condens. type potential set developed by of point defects and P Matter 16) is used. The diffusion coefficients of the P segregation atoms are evaluated. The rate theory analysis effect of carbon under irradiation conditions is presented. Possible atoms on the P segregation in steels is also discussed. 3:20 PM Addition on Radiation-Induced Inter-Granu- of Hafnium Effect in Ferritic Steel lar Segregation 8, Sapporo W. N. 13, Tech., Advd. Rsch. of Energy for Ctr. University, 060-8628 Japan; Barashev ), C. ° (200) ions/ +I 14 ; Stephen (002) 1 /(I ; Gregory B. , the 100 nm 1 2 (002) E. Thomas ions/cm 14 ions. FePt is a potential + . In the present paper, these present paper, . In the Ψ ; Larry 2 1 University of Alabama, Metallurgl. University of 1 ; 2 Nicholas William Morgan Nicholas William 202 : Room: 3011 Location: Moscone West Convention Center Brian D. Wirth, University of California, Edward P. Simonen P. Edward Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Matls. Div., Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Brian Cockeram, Bechtel Bettis Laboratory, W. Brian Cockeram, Bechtel Bettis Laboratory, : 1 Structural Materials Division, SMD-Nuclear Structural Materials Division, Analysis of FePt Ordering Reactions and Grain Analysis of FePt Ordering Reactions and ; 1 ; Robert C. Birtcher 1 TEM with minimal grain growth. The films were then simultaneously 2 Argonne National Laboratory, Matls. Sci. Div., 9700 S. Cass Ave., 9700 S. Cass Matls. Sci. Div., National Laboratory, Argonne 202 Thompson 99352 USA WA PO Box 999, Richland, Concurrent point defect processes affect alloy composition in ad- vance of a crack tip during irradiation-assisted stress corrosion crack- ing (IASCC). Crack-tip corrosion can affect solute redistribution in addition to radiation-induced solute segregation because IASCC occurs at the intersection of the alloy matrix, alloy grain boundary and the aqueous solution. Selective dissolution or oxidation can promote va- cancy injection and affect equilibrium concentrations at crack-tip grain boundaries. Competition between radiation-induced segregation, radia- tion-enhanced diffusion and corrosion-induced vacancy injection has been quantified for conditions relevant to austenitic stainless steels in light-water reactor environments. Corrosion-induced vacancy injec- tion has the greatest potential for changing crack-tip alloy composi- Growth Via Ion Irradiation Via Growth When processed, material for next-generation magnetic recording. to order to L10. Irradia- A1 phase requiring an anneal FePt adopts an temperature and main- tion has been proposed to reduce the ordering tain small grains. The as-deposited films, grown on SiO, were amor- phous and crystallized at room temperature at dosages < 1x10 cm annealed and irradiated. Onset of long-range ordering occurred at ~300 At elevated temperatures and dosages of ~10 2:00 PM In-Situ 35487-0202 USA; AL Tuscaloosa, Box 870202, & Matls. Engrg., 2 60439-4838 USA IL Argonne, MSD/212, report the use of in-situ TEM analysis of 10 nm and 100 nm We thick FePt films irradiated with 500 keV Kr film exhibited rapid grain coarsening where as the 10 nm film dewetted will address how ion We and formed an interconnected island pattern. irradiation dosage and temperature can be used to engineer the phase as well as grain morphology of FePt nanostructures. 2:20 PM Corro- at Irradiation-Assisted Stress Unique Defect Processes Tips sion Crack M. Bruemmer Microstructural Processes in Irradiated Materials: Microstructural Processes and Segregation Microstructure Evolution Sponsored by: ASM-MSCTS) Materials Committee-(Jt. Program Organizers: 94720-1730 CA Department of Nuclear Engineering, Berkeley, Superieure de Chimie de USA; Charlotte S. Becquart, Ecole Nationale Genie des Materiaux, Lille, Laboratoire de Metallurgie Physique et Tohoku d’Ascq cedex 59655 France; Hideki Matsui, Villeneuve Institute for Materials Research Japan; Lance L. Snead, University, Metals and Ceramics Division, Oak Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Ridge, TN 37830-6138 USA Tuesday PM February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: Mifflin, PA 15122-0079 USA; Yuri Osetsky, Oak Ridge National Osetsky, Yuri 15122-0079 USA; PA Mifflin, TN 37831 USA Computer Sci. & Math., Oak Ridge, Laboratory, shown that the elastic strain normal to {111} planes and the ferroelec- planes normal to {111} strain that the elastic shown I ratio by the intensity measured texture, tric domain micromechanical of a simple the basis analysed on are observations of the {111} unique characteristics makes use of the model, which spacing of i.e. that the {111} lattice ferroelectrics planes in tetragonal population ferroelectric domain of the internal a grain is independent grains In this approach, individual (unconstrained) state. in the ‘free’ polar matrix, within a surrounding as spherical inclusions are modelled strain of the transformation characterised in terms which are fractions. The ferroelectric domain associated with the (eigenstrain) the linear dependence of the elastic strain analysis successfully explains The domain texture in a quantitative manner. and the ferroelectric of high energy synchrotron XRD for a range results obtained using having a systematic variation in chemical tetragonal PZT ceramics, with their are evaluated and compared composition and tetragonality, field and strain-electric field rela- macroscopic polarisation-electric tionships. both exhibit a linear dependence on cos dependence a linear both exhibit

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 α α potentials. Very littledatahavebeenpublishedconcerning vacancy a consequenceofthedifferent properties oftheusedinteratomic sible forthediscrepancies,butsensible differencesseemtoexistalsoas interstitial atomsthecriterionused todefineclustersislargelyrespon- exist concerningthedefectclustered fractions.Inthecaseofself- efficiency inagreementwithexperimental estimates,largedifferences energy isthesameformostpotentials,yieldingadefectproduction found that,whilegenerallythenumberofFrenkelpairsversusrecoil to discussupwhatextenttheyareconsistentwitheachother. Itis results ofthistypeavailablefromtheliteraturearecomparedinorder ment cascadesiniron,usingdifferentinteratomicpotentials.The Moleculardynamicshasbeenextensivelyusedtosimulatedisplace- 200, Mol2400Belgium α Molecular DynamicsSimulationofDisplacementCascades in rameters canaffecttheprimarydamagestate. boundary structureandgrainsize,howthesemicrostructural pa- primary damagestateafterirradiationisdiscussedintermsofgrain Fe withgrainssizesinarangeof6-50nmarepresented.Theresultant puter simulationsoftheirradiationnanocrystallinefccNiandbcc computation arecomparable.Largescalemoleculardynamicscom- overlap (aroundthe50nmgrainsizescale),whereexperimentsand diation offccNi.Inthenanocrystallineregimethereexistsalengthscale stacking faulttetrahedrapredominatelyforminginhigherenergyirra- structures, withsmallvacancyclustersandvoidsforminginbccFe ences areseenindefectsproducedbythedifferentmetalliclattice these materialscanaffectthefinaldamageproduction.Furtherdiffer- have revealedthatthehighdensityofgrainboundariespresentin Experimentalstudiesofionirradiatednanocrystallinematerials Livermore NationalLaboratory, Livermore,CA USA 1 ter MichaelDerlet diated fccandbccNanocrystallineMetals Atomic ScaleModellingofthePrimary DamageState ofIrra- sented. cade simulationsonpureFeandFe-0.5at%Cualloywillalsobepre- transferability ofthepotentialwillbepresented.Someresultscas- potentials ofFeandCu.Theprocedureparameteroptimization Cu binarysystemwasdevelopedusingpreviouslyMEAM formalism. Inthepresentstudy, aninteratomicpotentialfortheFe- tems becausewiderangeofelementscanbedescribedusingacommon The MEAMinteratomicpotentialsarehighlyapplicabletoalloysys- ones andbeapplicabletopracticalmulticomponentalloysystems. atomic potentialsfortheatomisticsimulationshouldbemorereliable of materialspropertiesmorecorrectly, importantisthattheinter- dynamics orMonteCarlosimulation. To beabletopredictthechanges investigated usingatomisticsimulationapproachessuchasmolecular tial factorsofradiationeffectsonmaterialsproperties,andcanbewell Themicrostructuralchangesoccurringduringirradiationareessen- Matls. Tech.Nucl. R&D Team, TaejonKorea 305-353 Pohang 790-784Korea; University ofScienceand Technology, Joo Lee and CascadeSimulationonPure FeandFe-Cu Alloy An MEAMInteratomicPotentialfor theFe-Cu Alloy System NM 87545USA Voter, Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, Th Oak RidgeNationalLaboratory, OakRidge, TN 37831USA; Arthur Session Chairs: February 15,2005 Tuesday, 4:00-6:30pm Ridge, TN37830-6138USA Oak RidgeNationalLaboratory, MetalsandCeramicsDivision,Oak University, InstituteforMaterialsResearchJapan;LanceL.Snead, Villeneuve d’Ascqcedex59655France;HidekiMatsui, Tohoku Lille, LaboratoiredeMetallurgiePhysiqueetGeniedesMateriaux, USA; CharlotteS.Becquart,EcoleNationaleSuperieuredeChimie Department ofNuclearEngineering,Berkeley, CA 94720-1730 Program Organizers: Materials Committee-(Jt. ASM-MSCTS) Sponsored by: Poster Session Microstructural ProcessesinIrradiatedMaterials: TMS 2005Annual Meeting: α α Paul ScherrerInstitut, Villigen, Argau 5232Switzerland; -Fe: AReview 1 ; JunhyunKwon Structural MaterialsDivision,SMD-Nuclear : David Hoelzer, OakRidgeNationalLaboratory, Lorenzo Malerba 1 ; Helena Van Swygenhoven Brian D.Wirth,UniversityofCalifornia, 2 Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 3011 ; SangChulKwon 2 Korea Atomic Energy ResearchInstitute, 203 TechnicalProgram 1 ; Dept. ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg., 1 SCK-CEN, RMO,Boeretang 2 ; Jun-HwaHong eoretl. Div., Los Alamos, : Maria Samaras 1 ; Maximo Victoria 2 2 : ; Lawrence Byeong- 1 Pohang 1 ; Pe- 2 ; Irradiation Produced Defects Copper Precipitates in Alpha-Iron and Interactionwith Their in detail. mal stabilityandtransformationsinthetwometalswereinvestigated Similarities anddistinctionsinclustervariety, structure,mobility, ther- dependence oftheirmeansizeonsimulationparameterswasfound. SIA clustersarisingindisplacementcascadeswereclassified,andthe vacancy andself-interstitialatom(SIA)clusters. Typical vacancyand were obtained.Clusteryieldpercascadewasalsoevaluatedforboth tion ofpointdefectsinclustersversustemperatureandPKAenergy of theresults.ForbothmetalsnumberFrenkelpairsandfrac- end ofsimulationandcarriedoutcomprehensivestatisticaltreatment cation techniquesweidentifiedpointdefectsandtheirclustersatthe the largestyetreportedforbothmetals.Usingfourdifferentidentifi- ≤ 100 K zirconium (hcp),hasbeenconductedforawiderangeoftemperature with close-packedcrystallinestructures,namelycopper(fcc)and Atomic-scale simulationofdisplacementcascadesintwometals PO Box2008,MS-6138,OakRidge,TN37831USA Liverpool, MerseysideL693GHUK; of Liverpool,Matls.Sci.&Engrg.,Dept.BrownlowHill, man E.Voskoboinikov tion, Stability andBehaviour inCopperand Similarities andDifferencesofPointDetectClusterForma- previous results. that clusterandproperties.Comparisonswillbemadewith allow statisticaltreatmentofthenumberpointdefects,fraction different energyhavebeensimulatedfortemperatureupto600K ence isclosetotheabinitiovalue. A large numberofcascades (Mendelev etal.,Phil.Mag.83(2003))forwhichtheenergydiffer- investigate this,cascadeshavebeensimulatedusinganewpotential show thatthedifference inenergy ofthesedefectsis~0.7eV. To whereas recentabinitiocalculations,(e.g.Fuetal.(PRL92(2004)), dumbbell interstitialisonlymarginallystableoverthe<111>crowdion, because numeroussimulationshaveusedpotentialsforwhichthe<110> between differentpotentialsforthesamemetal.Ironisofconcern atomic potentialshavesimpleformandtheremaybeinconsistency cades inmetals.Sinceitisnecessarytouse~1Matoms,theinter- MDsimulationhasbeenappliedwidelytostudydisplacementcas- Scis. &Math.Div., POBox2008,OakRidge, TN 37831-6158USA Liverpool L693GHUK; drew F. Calder Computer SimulationofCascadeDamagein Alpha-Iron on whatsetofinputprimarydamagestateisused. the outcomeof,forexample,kineticMonteCarlostudies,depending ferent predictions.Thesedifferencesmaybesignificantandinfluence clusters, butinthiscasetoodifferentpotentialsseemtoprovidedif- Recently, anEmbedded Atom Method(EAM)potentialcapableof MD studieswasatvariancewith both experimentalandabinitiodata. scription ofSIAprovidedforbcc-Fe bytheempiricalpotentialsusedin SIA clustermobilityismoleculardynamics(MD). Yet, sofarthede- microstructural evolutionofirradiated metals.Theidealtooltostudy of themotion(1Dversus3D)is knowntodeterminelargelythe by migrationenergy, prefactorasafunctionofsizeanddimensionality Themobilityofself-interstitialatom(SIA)clusters,characterised Nanostructures CP234,BdduTriomphe,BruxellesB-1050Belgium 2 Marc Hou Molecular DynamicsStudy Mobility ofSelf-Interstitial Atom Clustersinbcc-Fe: A New Becquart andDomain(2003,Nucl.Inst.Meth.B202). Ackland etal.(1997,Phil.Mag. A 75)andab initiocalculationsby The calculationswereperformedusingthemany-bodypotentialset of SIA-cluster withaprecipitateandtransportcoefficientsareestimated. precipitate asafunctionofsize,thebindingenergy a cies insideprecipitates,thebindingenergyofacopperatomwith a interactions arepresented.Theequilibriumconcentrationofvacan- the resultsofmoleculardynamicsandMonteCarlostudiesthese interstitial atom(SIA)clusterswithcopperprecipitates.Inthispaper, atoms andinteractionpropertiesofcopperatoms,vacanciesself- tal datarequiresknowledgeofthediffusioncharacteristicscopper either ageingorirradiation.Theoreticaltreatmentoftheexperimen- hardening increaseobservedinreactorpressurevesselsteelsduring Precipitationofcopperatomsisonethemainreasonsfor Matls. Sci.&Engrg.,BrownlowHill,LiverpoolL693GHUK Bacon Osetsky Université LibredeBruxelles,PhysiquedesSolidesIrradiés& E pka

1 ≤ ; Alan C. Arokiam Alan ; ≤ 2 25keV. Ourstudyofmorethan700displacementcascadesis T ; 2 ; 1 ≤ University ofLiverpool,Dept.Engrg.,BrownlowHill, 900Kandprimaryknock-onatom(PKA)energy5keV 1 SCK-CEN, RMO,Boeretang200,Mol2400Belgium; 1 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM ; DavidJ.Bacon 1 ; Yuri N.Osetsky 1 ; 2 Oak RidgeNationalLaboratory, Computer : 1 University ofLiverpool,Dept.Engrg., Dmitry A.Terentyev : 1 Alexander V. Barashev ; Alexander V.; Alexander Barashev 2 Oak RidgeNationalLaboratory, 2 ; DavidJ.Bacon 1 ; LorenzoMalerba α α α α α -Zirconium 1 ; 1 ; DavidJ. 1 1 University ; YuriN. : : 203 An- Ro- α 1 - ; TUESDAY PM ; 1 ; G. Uni- 2 1 ; Stanford 2 ; Michael 2 1 Bor Kae Peter : ; Rick J. Kurtz 1 Technical Program Technical ; Stuart Maloy 1 Chaitanya Suresh Deo Chaitanya Suresh ; G. Robert Odette ; G. 1 : ; Jae-Hyeok Shim University of California, Nucl. Engrg. University of California, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1 1 2 3 ; 1 ; Jae-Hyeok Shim 1 ; Srinivasan G. Srivilliputhur ; Srinivasan G. University of California, Nucl. Engrg. Dept., Berke- 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM 1 1 TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: ; 3 Brian D. Wirth : Los Alamos National Laboratory, MST-8, MS G755, Los MST-8, Alamos National Laboratory, Los 1 Brian D. Wirth ; Brian D. Wirth University of California, Santa Barbara, CA USA ; 1 : 2 2 James Michael I. Baskes Fundamental understanding of defect production in displacement Fundamental understanding of defect production neutron irradiation cascades is required to model and predict long-term production is generally induced microstructural evolutions. Defect in cascades over time treated in terms of primary events, occuring describe the development of advanced We scales of less than 100 ps. to simulate the long-term kinetic lattice Monte Carlo (KMC) methods as well as cascade rearrangement (aging) of displacement cascades in neutron irradiated aging effects on overall damage accumulation been developed to model dilute Fe-Cu alloys. Special algorithms have cascades and long range self-interstitial atom-vacancy recombination in reveal the forma- point defect and solute diffusion. The simulations cascade va- tion of a continuous distribution of three dimensional the critical importance cancy-Cu cluster complexes and demonstrate processes, that of spatial, as well as short and long-time, correlated evolution under mediate the effect of dose rate on microstructural embrittlment. conditions relevant to reactor pressure vessel Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation of Substitutional He Diffu- sion in Fe Robert Odette 94720-1730 USA; CA ley, tory, University of California, Livermore, CA 94550 USA; 94550 CA Livermore, California, of University tory, 94305 USA CA Stanford, University, Monte for kinetic algorithm a new will discuss presentation This physical situations range of to a wide applicable simulations Carlo collide of finite dimensions diffuse, Brownian particles where multiple the new approach is In its spirit, react with each other. and otherwise (JERK) Monte Carlo algorithm of the so-called event-based reminiscent the to JERK, it alleviates similar the years in SACLAY: developed over on more hop but focuses every single diffusional need to simulate unlike JERK, Yet, configuration. changes in the system’s significant is limited and its accuracy is approximation-free the new algorithm the rate coefficients. only by the quality of of Point Defect Recombination Dur- Monte Carlo Simulation in Fe Aging of Cascade ing the Initial Stages Chang USA 94720-1730 CA Dept., Berkeley, to in nuclear energy applications are exposed Structural materials to that create atomic displacements leading intense neutron fields At the smallest scales, and property changes. microstructural evolution initiated with the formation of ener- radiation damage is continually atoms through collisions between high-energy getic primary knock-on Primary damage production in high-en- neutrons and lattice atoms. has been extensively studied by MD simu- ergy displacement cascades of recombination, spatial separation lations and reveals intra-cascade have We clustering. atoms (SIA), and SIA vacancy and self-interstitial “early” stages of cascade studied the subsequent recombination in the the cascade volume. aging as the SIA migrate through and away from energy (from 500 eV to The simulations investigate the effect of PKA parameters), one di- 100 keV), recombination radius (1 to 3 lattice migration, and tem- mensional versus three dimensional SIA cluster increasing recombination perature (50 - 500°C). The results indicate cascades. highest energy which saturates for the with cascade energy, in Dilute Fe-Cu Aging and Dose Rate Effects Modeling Cascade Alloys 94720-1730 CA Dept., Berkeley, versity of California, Nucl. Engrg. USA; 99352 USA; WA Richland, CA USA Ferritic and martensitic steels will experience severe irradiation induced degradation of many important performance sustaining me- chanical properties as well as potential dimensional instabilities in fusion environments, driven by simultaneous production of displace- ment defects and high concentrations of helium. Thus a key issue is the coupled transport and fate of all defect, gas and solute species, including the effects of radiation enhanced diffusion, segregation and As part of a broader multi-scale modeling effort, cluster aggregation. we present the results of kinetic Monte Carlo (KLMC) simulations of substitutional helium diffusion in iron, based on vacancy jump frequen- cies in the vicinity of substitutional helium. The jump frequencies are obtained from molecular statics simulations of the potential energy barriers based on semi-empirical Fe-He interatomic potentials. The KLMC results are compared to theoretical descriptions of substitu- tional solute diffusion in bcc alloys and are also extended to model the diffusion of small helium-multiple vacancy complexes. Helium and Hydrogen Clustering in Radiation Damaged Iron Simulations by Stochastic Studied ; ; 1 4 Char- ; M. A. ; M. : 1 ; Lorenzo 2 ; Marc Hou 3 ; Tomas Oppelstrup Tomas ; Fusion Association, Fusion 1 ; A. P. Sutton ; A. P. 1 ; Lorenzo Malerba ; Christophe Domain 2 1 SCK CEN, Reactor Matls. Rsch. 3 M. L. Jenkins ; George Gilmer ; 2 Lawrence Livermore National Labora- 2 1 Universite des Sciences et Technologies Universite des Sciences et Physique des Solides Irradiés, CP234, 1 204 4 ; EURATOM/UKAEA 1 2 ; 6 SCK-CEN Belgian Nuclear Energy Research EDF R&D, MMC, Les Renardières, Moret sur 3 2 ; Wei Cai Wei ; 1 ; S. L. Dudarev ; Christophe Domain ; A. Soudi 1 1 5 EDF-R&D Département MMC, Les renardières, Moret EDF-R&D Département MMC, Les renardières, Charlotte S. Becquart 2 ; Babak Sadigh : 1 Universite de Lille I, Lab. de Métall. Physique & Génie des 1 University of Oxford, Dept. of Matls., Parks Rd., Oxford, of Oxford, Dept. of Matls., University ; 1 3 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Metals & Ceram. Div., Bldg. Ceram. Div., Metals & Oak Ridge National Laboratory, : Z. Zhou Vasily V. Bulatov V. Vasily 5 Argonne National Laboratory, Matls. Sci. Div., Argonne, IL 60439 IL Argonne, Sci. Div., Matls. Laboratory, National Argonne ; : 3 3 Centre Universitaire de Saida, BP138, En-nasr, Saida 20000 Algeria Saida 20000 Centre Universitaire de Saida, BP138, En-nasr, 204 Malerba Centre, Reactor Matls. Rsch. Unit, Boeretang 200, Mol B-2400 Bel- gium Object kinetic Monte Carlo methods, based on elementary diffu- sion and reaction mechanisms, is a very powerful tool to simulate radiation damage and damage accumulation in various configuration (thin slabs, 3D box ?). Model experiments can be used to parameterise the OKMC codes and we have performed ion irradiation simulations of Fe based alloys remaining as close as possible to the model experi- ments. The purpose is to study the influence of environmental param- eters such as temperature, irradiated specimen shape and chemical composition on the microstructure evolution. The model used to simu- late the ion irradiation is discussed and the sensitivity of some key parameters is also evaluated. Exact Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulations Without the Lattice Hops Malvin Kalos Matériaux - UMR CNRS 8517, Bat C6 - 2eme étage, Villeneuve d’Ascq Villeneuve Matériaux - UMR CNRS 8517, Bat C6 - 2eme étage, Cedex F-59655 France; Loing F-77250 France; Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bd du Triomphe, Brussels B-1050 Bel- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bd du Triomphe, gium; TN 37831-6138 USA; 4500S, MS-6138, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, 6 on the long term The influence of the internal cascade structures by an Object Kinetic evolution of the primary damage is demonstrated cascades produced by Monte Carlo Method and using displacement damage prediction. Dis- molecular dynamics as input for long term approximation as placement cascades obtained in the binary collision all similar overall well as random point defect distributions having are used to deter- morphologies to the molecular dynamics cascades distributions (spatial mine which characteristics of the point defect extension, the level of agglomeration, etc.) are the most important. Different interatomic potentials are used to generate cascades by MD, allowing the influence of the potential on the results to be discussed. Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation of Model Experiments in Iron Based Alloys Kirk Roger E. Stoller sur Loing Cédex F-77818 France; Unit, Mol B-2400 Belgium; de Lille, LMPGM, UMR 8517, Batiment C6, Villeneuve d’Ascq cedex Villeneuve de Lille, LMPGM, UMR 8517, Batiment C6, 59700 France; Theory & Modlg. Dept., Culham Sci. Ctr., Oxfordshire OX14 3DB Culham Sci. Ctr., Theory & Modlg. Dept., UK; lotte S. Becquart Oxfordshire OX1 3PH UK; Oxfordshire OX1 3PH providing a clearly improved description of SIA in á-Fe has been in á-Fe has of SIA description improved a clearly providing This 3977 3994). 2003, Mag. 83(35), et al., Phil. (Mendelev proposed calculations for dynamical present work used in the has been potential of the The results in bcc-Fe. SIA clusters of diffusion coefficient of the set for definition of the parameter to help in the study are expected evolution in of radiation damage Carlo simulations kinetic Monte ferritic alloys. from Small Diffuse Scattering of Elastic Electron Simulations Defects USA scattering patterns that elastic diffuse have recently shown We on defect clusters carry information both obtained from single small of the defect. Potentially this is an impor- the morphology and nature possible drawback A small clusters. tant new method for characterising was the use of kinematical diffraction theory of the our earlier work of dynamical model A experimental patterns. for the simulation of the the scattering has now been used to calculate elastic electron diffuse scattered electrons in reciprocal space from distribution of diffuse and stacking-fault tetrahedra. Simulations were small dislocation loops conditions used in experiments to investigate carried out for similar parameters such as deviation param- the influence of experimental for example, crys- eters, beam coherence, and the sample conditions, of defects. The dy- tal structures, sample thicknesses and the depths and the validity of namical and kinematical models will be compared that the database built the kinematical model assessed. It is shown is essential for from simulated results according to various conditions diffuse scattering pat- the characterization of defects by experimental are also very useful for terns, and theoretical analysis and simulations optimizing the experiments. Morphology on Effect of the Internal Displacement Cascades Irradiation the Growth of Point Defect Clusters Under

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 centration inmetalsincreasesby direct implantationofheliumorby future useinfusionapplications. Infusionreactors,theheliumcon- Thebehaviorofheliuminmetals mustbeunderstoodfortheir actor Institute,Mekelweg15,2629 JBDelftTheNetherlands 94720-1730 USA; Schut Desorption Spectroscopy Helium BehaviorinMetalsCharacterizedbyThermal and theirimportantroleinHedispositionwillbediscussed. ing, andstabilityofHe-divacancycomplexesinneardislocations transport alongdislocations. Various aspectsofthemobility, cluster- complexes maybeaprimarymodeforthecollectionofHeand its near thecore,butwithamuchlowerbindingenergy(~0.5eV).These the slipplane. A He-divacancycomplexcanalsomigrateandbetrapped bound (>2eV)incrowdionpositionsthelayerofatomsjustabove He atomscaneasilymigratetodislocations,wheretheyarestrongly vicinity ofa/2<111>{110}edgedislocationsinalpha-iron.Interstitial surface mappingarebeingusedtostudythefateofheliumin the lecular statics,moleculardynamicsandthedimermethodofpotential respect toitsinteractionwithvariousmicrostructuralfeatures.Mo- chanical propertiesofmetalsistounderstandthefateheliumwith An importantfirststepinmitigatingheliumeffects ontheme- Matls. Sci.Div., POBox999,P8-15,Richland, WA 99352USA A. Le Dislocations in Alpha-Iron Atomistic ModelingofHeliumClusteringandDiffusion Along aries areimportantforthediffusivityofHe. aries suggeststhatthevaryingatomicstructuresofgrainbound- gies anddiffusionmechanismsinthesetworepresentativegrainbound- were observedathighertemperatures.Thedifferentactivationener- peratures withone-dimensionalbehavior,butafewdirectionalchanges method. Heatomsdiffusequicklyinthegrainboundariesatlowtem- paths ofHeatomsandclustersweretracedoutbytheDimer effective migrationenergies weredetermined. Also, thelowestenergy coefficient ofHeatomsandsmallclusterswereobtained,the peratures between400and1000K.Thediffusivityself-diffusion atoms andsmallHeclusterswerefollowedfrom10to30ns,attem- {111}, wereusedforthecurrentinvestigations.ThemigrationofHe sented. Two grainboundaries,the He atomsandsmallclustersingrainboundaries A systematicstudyofthemigrationanddiffusionmechanisms MS K8-93,POBox999,Richland, WA 99352USA Heinisch Boundaries in Alpha-Fe ofHe The Diffusion Atoms andSmallHeClustersinGrain crosecond. (clusters, dislocationsorgrainboundaries)withinafractionofmi- transmuted heliumandhydrogenistrappedinsinkconfigurations operating temperaturesisdetermined.Itfoundthatalmostallthe composition ofembryonicdefectclustersasafunctiontimeand configuration leadingtodefectclusteringandbubbleformation.The KMC simulationstoinvestigatethetimeevolutionofpointdefect tained fromthepost-cascadedataoflarge MDruns. We employthe ded atompotentials.Thedefectratiosandconfigurationscanbeob- dynamics (MD)simulationsusingembeddedatomandmodifiedembed- These quantitiesareobtainedfromexperimentaldataandmolecular concentrations andconfigurationsofpointdefectsdefectratios. energies ofthepointdefectsfromHenVmclustersandinitial and hydrogen),formationenergiesoftheHenVmclusters,dissociation defects (interstitialiron,vacancy, interstitialandsubstitutionalhelium Input tothesimulationsincludesmigrationenergiesofpoint for thetrappingofpointdefects(dislocationsandgrainboundaries). atoms, interstitialironvacancies,vacancy-clusters,andsinks ties inbcciron:interstitialandsubstitutionalheliumhydrogen clustering inbccalphairon.Themodelconsistsofthefollowingenti- kinetic MonteCarlo(KMC)simulationsofpointdefectdiffusionand improvement towithstandirradiationdamage. We haveperformed hydrogen implantationbyradiationandwillsuggestmethodsofalloy mechanisms bywhichironandiron-basedalloysrespondtohelium lation tomaterialpropertieswillresultinbetterunderstandingofthe tion oftheatomicmechanismsgoverningprocessandtheircorre- steels mayexertdeleteriouseffects onmaterialproperties. A descrip- mutation productssuchashydrogenandheliuminirradiatedstainless tion ofmechanicalpropertiesandcontributetomaterialfailure.Trans- irradiation withenergeticparticles.Thesedefectscancausedegrada- Manymicro-structuraldefectsareintroducedintomaterialsupon TDO, MSH809,Los Alamos, NM87545USA Alamos, NM87545USA; TMS 2005Annual Meeting: 2 1 ; ; RichardJ.Kurtz 1 1 University ofCalifornia,Dept. Nucl. Engrg., Berkeley, CA ; 1 Pacific NorthwestNationalLaboratory, FundamentalSci., 2 Delft Universityof T 1 : ; : Stephen C.Glade 2 : Fei Gao 205 Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, AAA- 1 Howard Pacific NorthwestNationalLaboratory, TechnicalProgram Π 1 11<110> {323},andthe ; RichardJ.Kurtz L. Heinisch echnology, 1 ; BrianD.Wirth 1 ; FeiGao Interfaculty Re- 1 ; HowardL. α -Fe ispre- 1 ; Edward Π 1 ; Henk <110> Miller Apt CharacterizationofHighNickelRPV Steels the Cu-precipitation. strate theeffectofCuonreducingmatrixdamageandenhancing Fe-Cu containing0.1and0.3%willbereported.theresultsdemon- surements thathavebeenperformedonneutronirradiatedpureFeand cal steels.Inthispaper,theLifetimeandcoincidencedopplermea- rials thathavebeenirradiatedarerangingfrompureFetotechnologi- performed at300°Cfordosesrangingfrom0.05to0.2dpa.Themate- modelling ofirradiatedmaterials. Well controlledirrdiationshavebeen IntheframeofeuropeanprojectPERFECT, dealingwiththe LHMA, Boeretang200,Mol2400Belgium Glade tures inHighNickelCopper Free Model Alloys Positron Annihilation CharacterizationofNanostructuralFea- be obtainedfromanalysesofthedesorptionspectrawilldiscussed. tural effectsontheheliumbehavioriniron.Theinformationthatcan the UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley. We plantostudymicrostruc- thermal heliumdesorptionspectrometerthatweareconstructingat lar embittlement. We presentthedesignandinitialperformanceofa bubbles athighconcentrations,causinghigh-temperatureintergranu- alloys andprecipitatesinvacancyclustersvoids,forminghelium nuclear transmutationreactions.Heliumisinsolubleinmostmetals were detectedinallalloys.Some 1-2nmdiameterprecipitateswere (E >1MeV)atatemperatureof 290°C. After irradiation,precipitates 1.6% Mnandwereneutronirradiated toafluenceof nickel. Thesealloyscontained0,0.05 or0.1%Cu,0.81.6%Niand alloys duringneutronirradiation andtodeterminetheinfluenceof mine whetheranyprecipitationoccurs inlow(0.05%)andcopper-free atom probetomographyandsmallangleneutronscatteringtodeter- A seriesofFe-Cu-Ni-Mnmodelalloyshavebeencharacterizedby CA 94720-1730USA 93106 USA; 2 Box 2008,Bldg.4500S,MS6136,OakRidge,TN37831-6136USA; Wirth loys Precipitation inNeutron IrradiatedFe-Cu-Mn-NiModel Al- N695-3W withtheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy. Regulatory Commissionunderinter-agencyagreementDOE1886- LLC andbytheOfficeofNuclearRegulatoryResearch,U.S. of Energy, undercontractDE-AC05-00OR22725 withUT-Battelle, the DivisionofMaterialsSciencesandEngineering,U.S.Department Oak RidgeNationalLaboratorySHaREUserCenterwassponsoredby Cu, 1.20%Ni,1.27%Mn)afterneutronirradiation.Researchatthe riched precipitateswereobservedinthePalisadesreactorweld(0.20% density ofcopper-,nickel-,manganese-,silicon-andphosphorus-en- Ni, 0.80%Mn)materialsafterneutronirradiation. A highnumber 1000 base(0.05%Cu,1.26%Ni,0.46%Mn)andweld(0.07%Cu,1.78% vealed nickel-,manganese-,andsilicon-enrichedprecipitatesinVVER on theresponsetoneutronirradiation. Atom probetomographyre- electrode atomprobetoinvestigatetheinfluenceofhighnickellevels steels withhighnickelcontentshavebeencharacterizedinthelocal Themicrostructuresofhighandlowcopperreactorpressurevessel Bldg. 4500S,MS6136,OakRidge,TN37831-6136USA 1 tion Positron Anihilation inFeandFe-Cu After NeutronIrradia- data. electricial resistivity-Seebeckcoefficientandatomprobetomography compared tocorrespondingsmallangleneutronscattering,combined tion andmagneticpropertiesoftheMNPs.Thepositronresultsare high nickelandlowcopper. The resultsprovideinsightintocomposi- spectroscopy resultsofneutronirradiatedmodelalloyscontaining cently byavarietyoftechniques. We presentpositronannihilation ing inlowcopperandfreealloyshasbeendemonstratedre- ening andembrittlement.ThepresenceLBP-MNPslargeharden- fractions ofso-calledlatebloomingMNPs(LBP),causeseverehard- free alloys,containinglargeamountsoftheseelements.Largevolume rich precipitates(MNPs)canforminbothcopperbearingand But astheoreticallypredictedlongago,manganese-nickel(-silicon) rich precipitates(CRPs)alloyedwithmanganese,nickelandsilicon. RPV steelswith>0.1%Cuthedominanthardeningfeaturesarecopper- results fromformationofahighdensitynm-scaleprecipitates.In Irradiationembrittlementofreactorpressurevessel(RPV)steels National Laboratory, OakRidge, TN USA USA; versity ofCalifornia,Nucl.Engrg. Dept.,Berkeley, CA 94720-1730 Oak RidgeNationalLaboratory, Metals&Ceram.Div., POBox2008, University ofCalifornia,Dept.Cheml.Engrg.,SantaBarbara,CA : : 3 Michael K.Miller 1 Abderrahim Almazouzi 1 2 ; ; BrianD. Wirth ; Mikhail A. Sokolov University ofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,CAUSA; 1 Oak RidgeNationalLaboratory, Metals&Ceram.Div., PO 3 University ofCalifornia,Nucl.Engrg. Dept.,Berkeley, 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM 1 ; G. RobertOdette 1 ; KayeF. Russell 1 ; RandyK.Nanstad 1 ; 1 SCK.CEN, ReactorMatls.Rsch., 2 ; MichaelK.Miller 1 ; RobertOdette 1 ; KayeF. Russell ~1.3 x10 : : Michael K. Stephen C. 3 2 Oak Ridge ; BrianD. 3 ; 23 nm 1 Uni- 205 1 -2 ; TUESDAY PM ; ; 3 1 Uni- 3 ; Yasuo 4 ; Lance L. 1 Yamagata ; Todd R. Allen R. ; Todd Japan Nuclear Cycle 2 4 ) and a “slow” strain- Technical Program Technical -1 ; Naoyuki Hashimoto 1 s -3 ; Ichiro 4 Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne 2 ; Richard W. Smith W. ; Richard 1 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Met- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ; Hanchung Tsai ; Hanchung 2 1 Thak Sang Byun : ; Naoaki Akasaka ; Naoaki 4 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM Brian V. Cockeram Brian V. ). The samples were tested at 430°C. The influence of James I. Cole TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: -1 : : Argonne National Laboratory, Nucl. Tech. Div., PO Box Div., Tech. Nucl. National Laboratory, Argonne 1 s -7 ; Bechtel Bettis Laboratory, PO Box 79, ZAP 05R/MT, W. 05R/MT, PO Box 79, ZAP Bechtel Bettis Laboratory, 4 1 ; 2 Tsunemitsu Yoshitake Tsunemitsu Nakamura 60439 USA; IL Argonne, Ave., 9700 S. Cass Div., Tech. Energy versity of Wisconsin, Engrg. Physics, Coll. of Engrg., Engrg. Rsch. WI 53706 USA; Madison, Dr., Bldg., 1500 Engrg. Oarai- Ctr., Oarai Engrg. Development Institute, Fuels & Matls. Div., machi, Ibaraki 311-1393 Japan series of studies have been performed to investigate the post- A irradiation deformation and failure behavior of 12% cold worked 316 stainless steel following irradiation to variety of doses and tempera- three sets of samples with tures. In the current phase of the study, distinctly different radiation-induced microstructures have been char- acterized with transmission electron microscopy following tensile test- ing to failure at a “fast” strain-rate (1 x 10 the defect microstructures and strain-rate on deformation and failure behavior is discussed. In particular, mechanisms that might lead to transitions in deformation mode from heterogeneous to localized are analyzed with respect to the irradiation and testing temperatures. in Steels Deformation Mode Maps of Irradiated 316 Stainless Space Stress-Dose True 2528, Idaho Falls, ID 83403 USA; rate (1 x 10 Snead 15122-0079 USA; PA Mifflin, TN USA Oak Ridge, als & Ceram. Div., to are generally known to be susceptible Molybdenum alloys neutron irradiation at temperatures < 800C, embrittlement following broad use of Mo-base alloys in nuclear applica- which can restrict the of molybdenum-base alloys at higher tem- tions. However, irradiation low neutron fluence (<60 X 10^20 n/cm^2 peratures to relatively no in little radiation hardening and (E>0.1 MeV)) can result changes in the mechanical proper- embrittlement1. The undesireable by following irradiation can be affected ties of molybdenum alloys are and base composition. These variables altering the microstructure commercially available evaluated in this work by the irradiation of molybdenum in the Arc Cast (LCAC) and TZM wrought Low Carbon 600C, and 1000C to High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at 300C, n/cm^2. The wrought neutron fluences between 10.5 to 200 X 10^20 carbon to oxygen ratio, LCAC sheet has a fine grain size and a high prior to which results in high levels of ductility at room-temperature has a fine grain size with irradiation. Wrought TZM molybdenum also solid solution that results coarse carbides and titanium + zirconium in in the Ductile to Brittle in higher non-irradiated strength. The change is based on tensile properties (DBTT), which Temperature Transition quantifying radiation and failure mode, was used as the basis for to result in evaluation of embrittlement. Irradiation at 300C is shown to a post-irradiated the DBTT from a pre-irradiated value of -100C a similar increase in value of 800C for both LCAC and TZM with increase). Irradiation at fracture stress for both alloys (91% to 25% in fracture stress for both 600C also resulted in a comparable increase DBTT for LCAC alloys (90% to 47% increase), but the post-irradiated (700C). Irradiation of (300C) was much lower than observed for TZM in little radiation harden- both LCAC and TZM at 935-1100C resulted approximately a -50C ing (15% to 0% increase in yield strength) and The finer grain size, DBTT for both LCAC and TZM molybdenum. ratio, and absence of low oxygen content, high carbon to oxygen embrittlement re- coarse carbides may explain the slightly improved 600C irradiation tem- sistance for LCAC compared to TZM at the are shown to correlate perature. The post-irradiated fracture modes TZM molybdenum. 1. with the tensile properties of LCAC and J.L.Hollenbeck, and L.L.Snead, J. Nuclear Materials, B.V.Cockeram, 324 (2004) pp. 77-89. in Irradi- Deformation Effects on Microstructural Strain-Rate ated 316 SS under irradiation and aging have been reviewed. The review suggests review reviewed. The have been and aging irradiation under transformation with SFTs, their clusters of SIAs and that interactions of cascades/subcascades direct impingement loops and into Frank of SFTs the evolu- role in determining significant may play SFTs on existing These aspects must irradiation conditions. under different tion of SFTs microstruc- treatment of the account in the theoretical be taken into work. The objective for the present and this is main tural evolution for to further calculations, obtained will be implemented results thus evolution of microstructural the temperature dependence example, of in FCC metals. Tem- Irradiation and Irradiation Neutron The Influence of Fast TZM LCAC and Wrought of Properties Tensile on the perature Molybdenum ; : 3 Pacific 3 Oak Ridge ; James I. 1 1 ; 1 by the Office of by the Office ; Suntharampillai 3 ; Helmut Trinkaus 2 Jian Gan : Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 ; David T. Hoelzer ; David T. University of Wisconsin, Dept. of 1 2 ; 1 Forschungszentrum Jülich, Inst. Für 3 ; Bachu N. Singh 1 206 ; Shuttha Shutthanandan Risø National Laboratory, Matls. Rsch. Dept., Risø National Laboratory, 2 2 ; Kaye F. Russell ; Kaye F. 1 Argonne National Laboratory, Nucl. Tech., PO Box Tech., Nucl. National Laboratory, Argonne 1 ; Roger E. Stoller 1 ; 3 ; Todd R. Allen R. ; Todd Stanislav Ilijch Golubov 1 : 206 Festkörperforschung, Jülich D-2425 Germany By now it is well established that clusters of vacancies and self- interstitial atoms (SIAs) are produced directly in the displacement cascades. Furthermore, some of these SIAs clusters diffuse one-dimen- sionally and occasionally may change their direction of diffusion. In addition, they and in addition may diffuse transversely by conserva- tive climb. While diffusing, these clusters are likely to interact with all other defects and their clusters present in the crystal. Over the years, these features of the primary damage production and the ensuing con- sequences have been incorporated in the production bias model (PBM). During the last ten years or so, various aspects of defect accumulation and microstructural evolution under cascade damage conditions have been treated both analytically and numerically within the framework of the PBM. However the impact of the evolution of stacking fault on damage accumulation in FCC metals, has so far tetrahedra (SFTs) not been subjected to a serious and systematic theoretical treatment. Recently the available experimental data on the evolution of SFTs Northwest National Laboratory, Environml. Molecular Sci. Lab., 902 Northwest National Laboratory, 99352 USA WA Battelle Blvd., PO Box 999, Richland, alloy has the same basic composition as INCOLOY Alloy 800H higher creep-rupture 800 (Fe-20Cr-32Ni) but with significantly candidate alloys being strength. It is one of the high temperature system. The radia- considered for the Generation IV nuclear reactor been studied. This work tion resistance of 800H has not previously changes in 800H after provides information on the microstructural 5 and 50 dpa. Following irradiation using 5.0 MeV Ni ions at 500°C to stability were studied irradiation, changes in microstructure and phase At the dose of 50 dpa, no using transmission electron microscopy. the faulted loops were voids were found and the density and size of There are respectively. measured to be 2.3x1016 cm-3 and 8.4 nm, average size approxi- fine precipitates distributed in 800H with an cm-3. The high Ni mately 6 nm and a density greater than 9.1x1015 to be responsible content and the presence of precipitates are believed for the resistance to void formation at dose up to 50 dpa. Cascade Damage Conditions with Accumulation Under Damage Tetrahe- Fault Specific Emphasis on the Evolution of Stacking dra Rd., PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, Valley 1 Bathel Metals & Ceram. Div., TN 37831-6138 USA; Roskilde DK 4000 Denmark; Cole Thevuthasan 2528, Idaho Falls, ID 83403 USA; J. Zinkle Steve Engrg. Physics, 1500 Engrg. Dr., Madison, WI 53706 USA; Madison, Dr., Engrg. Physics, 1500 Engrg. enriched in Ni and Mn and some were enriched in Cu, Ni and Mn. in Cu, Ni enriched some were Mn and in Ni and enriched alloys 0.05% Cu in the were observed precipitates Copper-enriched these limit under solubility above the Cu is that 0.05% indicating were not atom distributions Ni and Mn The Cu, conditions. irradiation Monte Carlo in agreement with same center-of-mass located at the Labora- at the Oak Ridge National predictions. Research simulation of Materials by the Division User Center was sponsored tory SHaRE under contract of Energy, Engineering, U.S. Department Sciences and and LLC with UT-Battelle, DE-AC05-00OR22725 PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, Metals & Ceram. Div., National Laboratory, TN 37831-6136 USA oxide dispersion strengthened (MA/ODS) Mechanically alloyed, excellent high-temperature creep and tensile ferritic steels exhibit ferritic steels are attractive for fusion reactor properties. These ODS their potential for higher operating tempera- applications because of the dispersed oxide particles may provide a trap tures and also because alloys are fabricated by mechanically alloy- for helium. These ferritic Y and Ti powder with a small amount of yttria ing a pre-alloyed Fe, Cr, that these MA/ODS Atom probe tomography has revealed powder. and Y- Ti-, scale alloys contain a high number density of nanometer These particles O-enriched particles in the as-processed condition. at temperatures up were found to be extremely resistant to coarsening National Laboratory to 1300°C (0.85 Tm). Research at the Oak Ridge of Materials Sci- SHaRE User Center was sponsored by the Division under contract Energy, ences and Engineering, U.S. Department of LLC. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with UT-Battelle, Alloy 800H of Irradiated Microstructure Nuclear Regulatory Research, U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission S. Nuclear Regulatory Research, U. Nuclear Regulatory the U. S. 1886-N695-3W with agreement DOE under inter-agency by the U. S. Research at UCSB was sponsored Department of Energy. NRC-04-01-064. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Ferritic Steels in MA/ODS Precipitation Characterization of Michael K. Miller

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 diation: A Discrete DislocationSimulation Brittle-Ductile Transition in FerriticSteels SubjectedtoIrra- loops isalsopresented. and smalldefectsformedunderirradiationsuchasvoidorinterstitial nary resultsregardingtheinteractionbetweenscrewdislocation iron inordertoassessthequalityofcohesivemodelsused.Prelimi- results arecomparedtoexperimentaldataobtainedinextremelypure strain ispresented.Itoperatesthroughadoublekinkmechanism.The potentials forFe.Themotionofthescrewdislocationunderapplied classical moleculardynamicsusingdifferentembeddedatommethod motion ofscrewdislocations.ScrewdislocationinbccFeisstudiedby At lowtemperature,theplasticityofsteelsiscontrolledby MMC, LesRenardieres,MoretsurLoingF-77250France tional Laboratory, ComputerScis.&Math.,POBox2008,OakRidge, Scale Modeling Void HardeninginBCCandFCCMetalsStudied by Atomic- generated duringirradiationisevaluated. of dislocationsduetoglissileand sessiledefectclusterscontinuously ening behaviourundertheseconditions, theresistancetomotion will begeneratedsimultaneously. Inaneffort tounderstandthehard- experiment, ontheotherhand,bothdefectclustersanddislocations motion ofdislocationproducedbyappliedstress.Inadynamicrector during irradiationbyassumingthattheseclustersactasobstacles to tensile testsisrelatedtothedensityofdefectclustersaccumulated Commonly, thelevelofradiationhardeninginpost-irradiation PO Box49,RoskildeDK-4000Denmark Hill, LiverpoolL693GHUK; 37831 USA; Computer Scis.&Math.,POBox2008,MS-6138,OakRidge,TN David J.Bacon Environment ofRadiation-InducedClusters Dynamics ofEdgeandScrewDislocationsinCopperthe mental data. discussed. Thesimulationresultsarecomparedwithavailableexperi- crease inthefracturetoughnesswithtemperaturearoundDBTTwillbe with irradiation.Themicromechanismsthatleadtothesharpin- (DBTT) withirradiationisstudiedusingthevariationofyieldstress behavior. The dependenceofductile-to-brittletransitiontemperature other microcrackinitiationsitesplaysacriticalroleinthefracture propagation frommicrocracksaroundhardcarbideprecipitatesor determine thebrittle-ductiletransitioninferriticsteelswherecleavage tion betweendislocationsandwiththecrack.Themethodisusedto tion aretakenintoaccountapartfromthelongrangeelasticinterac- hilation, dislocationjunctionformationanddynamicsourcegenera- at crack-tip.Theresultofdislocationreactions:likeanni- porating 3Dmechanismsareusedtostudytheevolutionofplasticity Two dimensionaldiscretedislocationdynamicssimulations,incor- 420 Westwood Plaza,#48-121,Los Angeles, CA 90095-1597 USA Nasr M.Ghoniem in bccFe Molecular DynamicsSimulationofScrewDislocationMotion conditions withminimalexperimentalefforts. possibility thatthestress-basedmappingcanbeexpandedtoother ing duetotheremovabledefectclusters.Thisstudyalsoshowed neutron-irradiated specimensexperiencedheavydislocationchannel- tendency fortwinningduetothenon-shearablegasbubbles,while tion modeathighdoses;theheliumion-irradiatedspecimensshoweda induced defectsplaysanimportantroleindeterminingthedeforma- diation hardeningandinteractionsbetweendislocationsradiation- stability havebeenproposedandappliedinthemapping.Indeed,irra- criteria fortwinning,channeling,andmacroscopicplasticin- were drawnbystress-basedcriteriafordeformationmodes;thestress stress. Inthemappingdeformationmodes,therefore,boundaries factor forcontrollingthedeformationmicrostructurewastrue of theausteniticsteels.Itwasfoundthatmostimportantexternal microstructure isbelievedtoresultfromthelowstackingfaultenergy nel-dominant microstructure.Muchofthisvarietyindeformation nant toastackingfault/twinband-dominantordislocationchan- crostructure changedprogressivelyfromadislocationnetwork-domi- test conditions.Withincreasingradiationdosethedeformationmi- martensite particles,havebeenobserveddependingonirradiationand tangles andpileups,dislocationchannels,stackingfaults,twins, steels variousdeformationmicrostructurefeatures,suchasdislocation irradiation dosecoordinatesystem.Intheirradiatedtype316stainless ture neutronandionirradiationhavebeenmappedintothetruestress- Deformationmodesintype316stainlesssteelsafterlowtempera- Div., POBox2008,OakRidge, TN 37831-6151USA Kenneth Farrell TMS 2005Annual Meeting: : Christophe Domain 2 University ofLiverpool,Matls.Sci.&Engrg.,Brownlow 2 1 : ; BachuN.Singh ; 1 Yuri N.Osetsky ; 1 Oak RidgeNationalLaboratory, Metals&Ceram. 1 University ofCalifornia,Mechl.& Aeros. Engrg., 207 3 Risoe NationalLaboratory, Matls.Dept., 1 ; GhiathMonnet TechnicalProgram 1 3 ; DavidJ.Bacon ; 1 Oak RidgeNationalLaboratory, : Silvester J.Noronha 1 ; : 2 ; Yuri N.Osetsky 1 EDF R&D,Dept. 1 Oak RidgeNa- 1 1 ; ; in Metals On theInteractionsBetweena Vacancy andInterstitialLoops of matrixdefectsthathardenlowcoppersteelsisalsoassessed. and MNPsthatmaybepartiallyordered.Thecorrespondingstrength MPa. Thepeakhardeningincreasesbetweenpurecopperprecipitates the RBMpeakingat1.2nmvaluesfrom2800±200to4500±400 overall yieldstress.Precipitatestrengthsaregenerallyconsistentwith first de-superimposingtheindividualprecipitatecontributionto molecular dynamicssimulations. Analysis ofcomplexsteelsrequires pared toboththeRussell-Brownmodel(RBM)andrecentresultsof temperature. Theyieldstress/squarerootofvolumefractionarecom- RPV steelsandmodelalloysirradiatedoverarangeofflux,fluence The databasecoversawiderangeofcompositions(Cu,Ni,Mn,..)for stress changestoassesstheprecipitate-dislocationobstaclestrength. (MNP) precipitatesinirradiatedRPVsteelswerecombinedwithyield characterization ofcopperrich(CRP)andnickel-manganese Smallangleneutronscatteringsize(r)andvolumefractions(f) Nucl. Engrg., Berkeley, CA 94720-1730USA Santa Barbara,CA93106USA; cipitates andDefectCluster An Assessment oftheDislocationObstacleStrength ofPre- gible. Otheratomic-scalefeaturesarealsodemonstratedanddiscussed. and largeobstacles,whentheeffectofdissociationbecomesnegli- tion withsmallobstacles,wheneachpartialinteractsindependently, the structureofdissociateddislocationandfeaturesitsinterac- for larger voidstheresultsareingoodagreement.We explainthisby void islowerthanthatpredictedbythecontinuummodeling,whereas count. InCu,wheredissociationoccurs,theCRSSforsmall(<4nm) by continuummodelingwhendislocationself-stressistakenintoac- the criticalresolvedshearstress(CRSS)issimilartoestimatesobtained 6nm diameteratT=0.InFe,whereadislocationisnon-dissociated, the Burgersvector½<111>inFeand½<110>Cu,voidsofupto tals ofBCCironandFCCcopper. We haveconsidereddislocationswith between movingedgeandscrewdislocationsvoidsinmodelcrys- We presentresultsoflarge-scale atomicmodelingofinteraction Brownlow Hill,LiverpoolL693GHUK TN 37831USA; its glideprism. bination, inparticular,isinhibitedbydissociationoftheSIAloopon therefore differentinthethreecrystalstructures. Vacancy-SIA recom- tion dependsstronglyonthedislocationnatureofclusterandis served inhighenergydisplacementcascadesallmetals.Theinterac- formation ofSIAclusters,particularlyglissileones,iscommonlyob- type ofreactionisconsideredtobeonethemostfrequentbecause (SIAs) andasinglevacancyinmodelsofbcc,fcchcpmetals.This modelling ofinteractionsbetweenaclusterself-interstitialatoms the irradiatedmaterials. We presentresultsofatomic-scalecomputer evolution andleadtochangesinmechanicalphysicalpropertiesof them andwithexistingmicrostructurefeaturescause Interactionsbetweenpointdefectsanddefectclusters Liverpool L693GHUK USA; puter Sci.&Math.Div., POBox2008,OakRidge, TN 37831-6158 Universitaria, MadridSpain; 2 Applied Math.III,JordiGirona1-3,Barcelona08034Spain; Osetsky Brian D.Wirth Universidad Complutense,FísicaMateriales,FacultaddeFísica,Ciudad 4 Liverpool University, Matls.Sci.&Engrg., Dept.ofEngrg., 3 ; DavidJ.Bacon : M. Angels Puigvi 2 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM ; 2 1 University ofLiverpool,Matls.Sci.&Engrg., University ofCalifornia,Dept.Mechl.Engrg., 4 ; 1 ; : 3 1 Anna Serra Oak RidgeNationalLaboratory, Com- Takuya Yamamoto Polytechnic UniversityofCatalonia, 2 University ofCalifornia,Dept. 1 ; NievesdeDiego 1 ; G. RobertOdette 2 ; Yuri; N. 207 1 ; TUESDAY PM ; ; : 1 1 ; K. 1 Indian 3 Yali Li Yali : ; Prabhakar Singh 1 ; L. B. Wiggins 2 North Carolina State Technical Program Technical 2 Ohio State University, Ohio State 2 Z. Gary Yang : Pacific Northwest National Labora- 1 ; D. N. Leonard Los Alamos National Laboratory, MST- Alamos National Laboratory, Los 1 1 ; 1 ; 1 University of Connecticut, Dept. of Metall. & University of Connecticut, Dept. of Metall. 1 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM S. N.S. Reddy ; 2 : ; Gordon Xia ; Marius Stan TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: 1 1 IBM Corporation, Sys. & Tech. Grp., 2070 Rte. 52, B/330, Grp., 2070 Tech. & IBM Corporation, Sys. 1 ; 3 C) solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). During SOFC operation, the ° Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Columbus, OH 43210 USA Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Columbus, OH with improved oxidation In order to help design commercial alloys to predict inter- resistance, mathematical models are being developed and boundary condi- nal oxidation as a function of physical properties Modeling using methods being used are: Error Function Two tions. using DICTRA. Mathematica and Finite Difference Modeling small supersaturations Mathematica can be applied in the limit of cases, except when while DICTRA can be applied to more general superficial oxide scales form. One limitation is that all simulations assume local equilibrium conditions. Corresponding experimental re- sults on internal oxidation of Cu-Ni alloys will be compared with simulation predictions. 4:45 PM Air/Hy- in Steels Anomalous Oxidation of Ferritic Stainless Fuel Dual Environments drogen Jeff Stevenson T. Jacob T. interconnects are working in a dual environment, i.e. simultaneously exposed to air at cathode side and a fuel (e.g. hydrogen) at the anode side. Our recent studies found that the oxidation behavior of stainless steels in the dual environments can be significantly different from that in a single exposure, either an oxidizing or reducing atmosphere. The anomalous oxidization is attributed to the hydrogen diffusion flux from the airside to the fuel side under the influence of a hydrogen (as well as water) gradient across the stalinless steel interconnects. This paper will present the details of our study on a number of selected alloys under the dual environments and discuss mechanistic under- standing on the anomalous oxidation. ation profiles at the interface. Diffusion profiles are narrow (<1µm) are narrow profiles Diffusion the interface. profiles at ation interdiffusion Ca–(Fe,Mg) techniques. ATEM using measured and were deter- m2s-1 were 1*10-21 and range 1*10-19 in the coefficients curves Some penetration respectively. and 1050°C, at 1250°C mined indicates Modelling of these curves of uphill diffusion. are indicative it is the first time we know, As far as of zero flux planes. the presence is evidenced in silicates. uphill diffusion Break 3:15 PM 3:30 PM Oxide in Multicomponent Reactions Internal Displacement Solid Solutions NY 12533 USA; Z/81A, Hopewell Junction, Sci., Raleigh, NC 27695 USA; Dept. of Matls. University, Alamos, NM 87545 USA 8, Los intrinsic point de- The diffusion-mediated interactions between investigated. It is shown fects in nonstoichiometric cerium dioxide is ions, the presence of that the electric charge carried by the oxygen of defect pairs influ- reduced Ce(3+) cerium ions, and the orientation generated by the ence the frequencies and the local configurations and chemical diffusivity diffusion jumps. The oxygen self-diffusivity partial oxygen pressure. are calculated as functions of temperature and 4:20 PM Internal Oxidation Temperature Simulations of High John E. Morral 06269-3136 USA; CT Matls. Engrg., Storrs, 99352 USA WA 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, Matls. Sci. Div., tory, Ferritic stainless steels are among the most promising candidate alloys to construct interconnects in the intermediate temperature (650- 800 Institute of Science, Dept. of Metall., Bangalore 560012 India Institute of Science, Dept. the reactions in oxide solid solutions are of Internal displacement type: A(metal)+(B,C)O(oxide)=B(metal)+(A,C)O(oxide). The oxides and form complete solid solutions AO,BO and CO are iso-structural sub-lattice. During reaction, cation A,B and C occupying the same with as internal metal and B is precipitated A by B in oxide is displaced not participate in the chemical exchange phase. The cation C does oxide, the kinet- At low concentrations of BO in the starting reaction. diffusion in the product oxide. The diffu- ics are controlled by cation in the product oxide are interrelated through A,B and C sion of cations Concentration gradients cross-coefficient terms in the flux equations. are illustrated by develop for all cations in product zone. The concepts and the following reactions at 1273 K : Fe+(Ni,Mg)O=Ni+(Fe,Mg)O Fe+(Co,Mg)O=Co+(Fe,Mg)O. 3:55 PM Cerium Dioxide Oxygen Diffusivity in Nonstoichiometric Petrica Cristea - 2 E. α ; A. 1 : -TiAl Al(O) 3 γ -Ti 2 Al(O) α 3 Al substrate. 3 -Ti 2 -Ti 2 ; A. Baronnet α α α α α IBM Corporation, 2 1 α ; 1 , the formation of a 3 Al was studied with a series of 3 Case Western Reserve Univer- Western Case O 1 2 ; A. Lupulescu 1 -Ti ; 2 3 α Al(O) indicating a significant thermo- ; L. B. Wiggins 3 1 and 208 Al(O) in an attempt to better understand 3 -Ti 3 2 University of New South Wales, Sydney, University of New South Wales, RPI, Matl. Sci. & Engrg. Dept., Troy, NY Troy, Dept., RPI, Matl. Sci. & Engrg. O 2 2 α 2 D. Vielzeuf -Ti : 2 Room: 3007 Convention Center Location: Moscone West α Carelyn E. Campbell, National Institute of Campbell, National Institute Carelyn E. ; B. Gleeson 2 Al(O) the diffusion coefficients for O were deter- Al(O) the diffusion coefficients for O were 3 S. N.S. Reddy Afina Lupulescu, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Afina Lupulescu, Rensselaer Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA Ames, IA Iowa State University, 3 Materials Processing & Manufacturing Division, & Manufacturing Materials Processing : -Ti 2 Université de Lille – CNRS, LSPES, France 3 Al multiphase diffusion couples annealed at 900, 1000 and Al multiphase diffusion couples annealed at 900, α 3 Université Marseille – CNRS, CRMCN, 5 rue Kessler, 63038 Ti 1 2 ; D. J. Young ; D. J. 1 α ; 3 / -TiAl. Finally this is related to the subsequently measured activi- -TiAl. Finally this is related to the subsequently 3 γ O Al(O) composition. For alloys with low oxygen concentrations the Al(O) composition. For alloys with low oxygen 2 3 208 12180 USA; reaction-layer and diffusion of Al and O into the of reaction-layer and diffusion interaction-zone showed Measured concentration profiles across the “up-hill” diffusion of O in Clermont-Ferrand, France; In order to determine calcium diffusivity in garnets, we carried out self-annealing experiments at 1.3 GPa, 1050-1250°C, from 5 to 36 days, in piston-cylinder apparatus. Polished and calibrated (250-350µm) garnet spheres (Fe51Mg45Ca3Mn1) were incorporated in a powder of and At HP clinopyronene and garnet in a graphite and Pt container. the powder partially melted, recrystallized and developped a cal- HT, cic overgrowth (Fe28Mg54Ca16Mn2) around the garnet spheres. Long duration experiments were performed to provide measurable relax- and and O in Al, Ti ties of observed in the measured the nature of the thermodynamic interaction diffusion-paths. 2:25 PM Displace- During Solid-State Diffusion and Interface Stability ment Reactions 2070 Rte. 52, B/330, Z/81A, Hopewell Junction, Div., Tech. Sys. & NY 12533 USA AO (oxide) + (metal) + BO (oxide) = A The displacement reaction, B (metal), at high temperatures is controlled by the diffusion in prod- in B. AO and oxygen diffusion uct phases, namely cation diffusion in The stability of the reactive interface is dependent on which of the diffusion step is rate controlling, and was first demonstrated by Rapp, the transition from stable to unstable In this paper, Yurek. Ezis and reactive interface is studied by controlled variation in cation diffusion during the reaction between Copper Oxide and Co-Fe alloys. The transition to interface instability occurs when the product oxide, (Co,Fe)O, can support a cation flux that exceeds the maximum pos- The concepts are illustrated using reac- sible Oxygen flux in Copper. tion kinetics and product zone microstructure. 2:50 PM An Experi- Uphill Diffusion and Zero Flux Planes in Garnets: Study ATEM mental and sity, Cleveland, OH USA; Cleveland, OH USA; sity, Al between reaction The Al strongly depend on 1100°C. The diffusion-paths were found to Al reaction involved the reduction of As O takes intersti- Ti. Al or dynamic interaction between O and either tial sites in Al on the and Ti of mined independently from the interdiffusion reported for substitutional lattice. Diffusion coefficients are Addad 2:00 PM in Substitutional and Interstitial Diffusion Australia; NSW Copland Ti Multicomponent Multiphase Diffusion Symposium Diffusion Multiphase Multicomponent in Oxide Diffusion E. Morral: of John in Honor Systems by: Sponsored Phases Division, EMPMD/SMD-Alloy Structural Materials ASM/MSCTS-Atomic Committee, MPMD-Solidification Committee, Committee Transport Program Organizers: MD Division, Gaithersburg, Metallurgy Technology, and Standards R. Kattner, National Institute of Standards 20899-8555 USA; Ursula MD 20899- Gaithersburg, Division, Metallurgy and Technology, Polytechnic Institute, Afina Lupulescu, Rensselaer 8555 USA; USA; 12180-3590 NY Troy, Materials Science & Engineering, Materials Advanced of Central Florida, Sohn, University Yongho Materials and Analysis Center and Mechanical, Processing & Orlando, FL 32816-2455 USA Aerospace Engineering, Tuesday PM February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: USA; Evan K. Ohriner, 12180-3590 NY Troy, Matls. Sci. & Engrg., TN 37831 USA Oak Ridge, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 Nickel BaseSuperalloys Interaction ofStress onPhaseStability ina Single Crystal 2:20 PMInvited surements. LANL fortheirhelpinaccomplishingtheneutrondiffractionmea- ing ustheDSsuperalloy, andDrs.BjornClausenMarkBourkeof thank Dr. Venkat SeetharamanofPratt& Whitney forkindlyprovid- methodology basedonactualmicromechanismsofdeformation. We sented, withtheoverallgoalofdevelopingarealisticlifeprediction rate. Resultsfromfiniteelementmethodanalysiswillalsobepre- presented toshowhowthesenetworksmightinfluenceoverallcreep reaction ofthesenetworkswillbediscussed,andcalculations and gamma-primephasesathightemperature.Theevolution figuration thatappearedtoreducetheoverallmisfitbetweengamma works formedfairlyearlyinlife.However,theyreactedintoacon- the interfacedislocationstructure,anditwasobservedthatthesenet- gamma-prime interface.TEManalysiswasconductedtocharacterize in termsofthedevelopmentdislocationnetworkatgamma/ it decreasedinthetransversedirection.Theseresultsarerationalized misfit intheloadingdirectionincreasedfairlyrapidlywithtime,while a functionoftime.Thediffractionmeasurementsshowedthatthe was successfullyusedtomonitortheelasticstrainsintwophasesas were conductedatarangeofstresses900C,androckingtechnique the pulsedneutronsourceatSMARTS facilityatLANSCE. Tests periments onacolumnargraindirectionallysolidifiedsuperalloyusing track theinternalstressdevelopment,weconductedinsitucreepex- microstructural stability, andfinalfractureofthealloy. Inorderto significant internalstresses.Thesestresses,inturn,playalargerole ment, andthedifferentelastic/inelasticresponseofphases,induce remaining primarilyelastic,exceptathighstresses.Thelargeconfine- narrow 50-100nmwide?×channels,withthe300-500?×’phase life inthisregimeisdominatedbydeformationbeingconfinedto temperatures exceeding90%ofthemeltingpoint.Muchcreep of coherentmicrostructures,andarebeingpushedforapplicationat Superalloysrepresentremarkableachievementintheengineering 87545 USA Alamos NationalLaboratory, Matls.Sci. between shape, andcompositionofthe The importantmicrostructuralparameters (volumefraction,size, L12 ordered high-temperature strengthisrelatedtothepresenceofcoherent,hard engines aremadeupofsingle-crystalnickel-basesuperalloys.Their Turbinebladesusedinbothland-basedgasturbinesandaircraft NM 87545USA 6064 USA; Bethel Valley Rd.,POBox2008,MS6064,OakRidge, TN 37831- W. Brown Tech, Matls. &Metallurgl. Engrg., Socorro,NM87801USA; peratures ally SolidifiedHigh Volume FractionSuperalloysatHigh Tem- Measurement andModelingofInternalStresses inDirection- 2:00 PMInvited Orlando, FL32816USA Vaidyanathan, Universityof Matls. Sci.&Engrg.,Charlottesville, VA 22904USA;Raj Session Chairs: February 15,2005 Tuesday PM Laboratory, SpallationNeutronSource,OakRidge, TN 37831USA Knoxville, TN 37996-2200USA;Xunli Wang, OakRidgeNational Liaw, Universityof Tennessee, MaterialsScienceandEngineering, Metals andCeramicsDivision,OakRidge,TN37831USA;PeterK. 37996 USA;CamdenR.Hubbard,OakRidgeNationalLaboratory, Department ofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,Knoxville,TN Program Organizers: Behavior of Technology Sector, Structural MaterialsDivision,SMD-Mechanical Sponsored by: Behavior: DeformationIII Neutron DiffractionCharacterizationofMechanical application ofstressathightemperature, thehard treatment conditions,stress,andtime. Priorresearchsuggeststhaton take partintheplasticdeformation, whichisconcentratedinthesoft TMS 2005Annual Meeting: γ 2 ’ and : ; B. S.Majumdar 2 Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, Materials-(Jt. 1 γ Oak RidgeNationalLaboratory, Metals&Ceram.Div., 1 ’ precipitateswithinthe ASM International:MaterialsScienceCritical γ Sean R. Agnew phases)areaffectedbythebulk composition,heat- Hahn Choo,Universityof Tennessee, Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 3004 : S.Babu ASM-MSCTS) 1 209 ; S.Ma Central Florida, γ , Universityof Virginia, Dept.of TechnicalProgram ’ phase,aswelllatticemismatch 1 ; D. D. ; W. Brown 1 ; γ (fcccrystalstructure)matrix. Edward AndrewPayzant & Tech.,Los NM Alamos, Lujan Ctr., AMPAC/MMAE, γ 2 ’ phasedoesnot ; 1 New Mexico Los Alamos, 1 2 ; D. Los Dan Stoica Tension/Compression DuringFatigue Asymmetry 3:40 PM 3:20 PMBreak the analyticalresults. and agoodagreementisfoundbetweentheexperimentalfindings materials. Onlytheun-irradiatedmaterialbehaviourisconsideredhere laws havebeendevelopedforun-irradiatedandirradiatedzirconium relaxation ofthenotchregionstresses.Generalizedconstitutivecreep viscoplastic constitutivelawwasimplementedtosimulatethecreep ings arecomparedwiththeresultsofafiniteelementmodelwhere during thecreepportionofexperiment.Theexperimentalfind- were takenduringtheloadingsequenceandatregulartimeintervals were carriedoutat25and300°C.Neutrondiffractionmeasurements section. Experimentalcreeptestsonnotched,Zr-2.5Nbspecimens defined asaradiusthatissubstantialportionofthespecimencross were determinedusingneutrondiffraction techniques. A large radiusis ments ofthestressesaroundalargeradiusnotchintensilespecimen predict thisstressre-distributionwithtime.Experimentalmeasure- some manner. This paperdescribesaninvestigationtoascertainand therefore thehighstressesaroundnotchregionmustberelaxedin dence oftheselife-limitingeventsappearstoberelativelylowand perhaps limittheusefullifeofcomponent.However,inci- are sufficienttoinducecracksthatformedatthenotchrootand ating conditionscouldindicatethatthelocallyelevatedstresslevels ties, stressanalysisofnotchesincomponentssubjectedtocyclicoper- component. Dependingonthefar-fieldstressandmaterialproper- can becreatedbyanoperatingevent,suchascontactwithanother crack. A notchcanbeaconsequenceofthemanufacturingprocessorit is notasseverethatcreatedbythesharpreentrantgeometryofa of thenotchbyafactor2or3.Thestresselevationaround stress concentrationfeaturethatelevatesthearoundregion A notchisusuallydefinedasarelativelysmoothdiscontinuity ora 1J0 Canada Inst. ofMolecularScis.,ChalkRiverLabs.,River,OntarioK0J Ontario K0J1J0Canada; River Laboratories, AECL, Deformation Tech. Branch,ChalkRiver, sion Creep RelaxationNear aNotchinSpecimenLoaded Ten- 3:00 PM clarify theroleofinternalstressesinmaterialresponse. compared withanelasto-plasticpolycrystaldeformationmodelto the cycle.Thegrainorientationstrainsobtainedbydiffractionare sponse ofthematerialduringdwellperiodsatdifferentpositionsaround developed duringcyclicloadingwiththehightemperaturecreepre- order toexploretheinteractionbetweenmicroscopicinternalstresses the responseofmaterialatarangeelevatedtemperaturesin the cycleisimportant. We havecarriedoutexperimentsinvestigating relaxation behaviourobserved;thelocationofdwelleventaround the start-of-dwellstressaloneisinsufficienttodescribecreep dwell interruptionsatvariouspointsaroundthecycle. A knowledgeof however, thematerialisnotsimplycycled,butundergoescyclingwith material statetoacyclicallyhardenedstate.Inpracticalapplications subjected tocyclicloadingathightemperatureevolvesfromthevirgin Themacroscopicstress-strainresponseoftype316stainlesssteel 2 flight neutrondiffraction,aswell as longitudinalandtransversallattice during fatiguelifein316LNstainless steel,wasdeterminedbytime-of- Theresidualstraindependence ofgrainorientation,developing Knoxville, TN37996USA Tennessee, Dept.ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg., 319DoughertyEngrg. Bldg., Sci. Ctr., MS H831, Los Alamos, NM87545USA; 4163 USA; Intense PulsedNeutronSource,9700S.Cass Ave., Argonne, IL 60439- MS 6474,OakRidge, TN 37830USA; 1 Bjorn Clausen Mechl. &Matls.Engrg.,NicolHall,Kingston,ONK7L3N6Canada; less Steel Elevated Temperature UniaxialandCyclicLoadingof316Stain- 2:40 PMInvited beamline atLANSCE. continuous coolingandisothermalconditionsusingtheSMARTS neutron-diffraction whilesubjectedtohigh-temperaturestressduring phases inasingle-crystalnickel-basesuperalloywereinvestigatedby graphic directions.Inthisresearch,thelatticeparametersof under insituthermomechanicalconditionsanddifferentcrystallo- γ Oak RidgeNationalLaboratory, SpallationNeutronSource,Bldg.8600, British EnergyGenerationLtd.,Barnwood,GloucesterGL43RSUK phase. A criticalrequirementistodescribetheabovephenomenon : Nicolas Christodoulou : 1 Mark Daymond ; XunLi Wang 3 Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, Los Alamos Neutron 3 ; HongboTian 1/18/2005, 10:21 AM 2 National ResearchCouncilofCanada,Steacie 1 1 ; James W. Richardson 1 ; P. JohnBouchard ; Brian W. Leitch 4 ; MichaelLeeBenson 2 Argonne NationalLaboratory, 1 ; RonaldRogge 2 ; 2 ; DonaldW. Brown 1 Queen’s University, 4 ; PeterK.Liaw 4 University of : Alexandru 2 ; γ ’ and 1 Chalk 209 4 3 γ ; ; TUESDAY PM ; ; ; ; 3 1 1 1 S. : ; H. Choo ; A. Ionita Los Alamos 1 1 2 ; C. R. Hubbard 1 University of Tennes- University of 1 ; Raj Vaidyanathan ; Raj Technical Program Technical 2 E. Garlea ; A. Ionita ; 1 Young’s moduli obtained Young’s : 2 ; P. K. Liaw ; P. 1 Y. Sun Y. : ; D. W. Brown W. ; D. 1 ; M. A.M. Bourke ; M. 1 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Metals & Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 3 ; R. A. Buchanan A. ; R. 2 ; B. Yang ; B. 1 1/18/2005, 10:22 AM TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: ; A. L. Little ; 1 ; Y. L. Lu Y. ; 1 ; D. W. Brown W. ; D. 1 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Matls. Sci. & Tech., Los Tech., Matls. Sci. & Laboratory, Alamos National Los Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA Los National Laboratory, Alamos Los 2 2 University of Central Florida, AMPAC/MMAE, Orlando, FL 32816 Orlando, FL AMPAC/MMAE, University of Central Florida, University of Tennessee, Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Knoxville, TN 37996 Knoxville, Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Tennessee, University of see, Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Knoxville, TN 37996 USA; see, Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Knoxville, 1 USA; In situ neutron diffraction during loading and instrumented nanoindentation experiments, using a spherical indenter, were con- ducted on a B19' shape-memory NiTi alloy to study its elastic behav- Lattice plane and elastic moduli obtained from the two approaches ior. were comparable but significantly higher than from extensometry in this work and previously widely reported. The lower values from extensometery were attributed to twinning at low stresses that was observed in the diffraction measurements but was suppressed in the spherical nanoindentation experiments. This work was supported by grants from NASA (NAG3-2751) and NSF (CAREER DMR-0239512) to UCF. evolution processes during fatigue has been conducted by a combina- been conducted has during fatigue processes evolution scat- and neutron infrared thermography the state-of-the-art tion of in- demonstrated detection While thermography techniques. tering diffrac- neutron bands, of Lüders and propagation initiation situ the stresses in analyses of the residue provides quantitative tion technique Lüders band internal mechanism of band and disclosed the the Lüders the early be essential to understand fatigue, which will evolution during fatigue behaviors. stages of material 4:40 PM on the the Effect of Hydrogen and Modeling of Measurement Alloy of a Zircaloy-4 Mechanical Behavior H. Choo 1 USA; Alamos, NM 87545 USA; TN 37831 USA Oak Ridge, Ceram. Div., is one of the main degradation sources of zirco- Hydride formation environments. When sufficient hydro- nium alloys in hydrogen-rich be alloys, zirconium-hydride precipitates can gen is available in these near a crack tip can initiate crack growth formed. The brittle hydrides is failure of the material. Hydride formation leading to a premature by the presence of residual or applied stresses. believed to be enhanced in stress field ahead of a crack tip may pro- Therefore, the increase be- additional hydrides. In order to verify this mote precipitation of the effect of hydrogen charging on the lattice havior, we investigated behavior of Zircaloy-4 dilation, hydride formation, and mechanical internal strain mea- alloy using neutron diffraction. Spatially-resolved compact-tension speci- surements were made on fatigue pre-cracked applied loads of 667 and mens using in-situ neutron diffraction under of hydrogen. The results 4,444 newtons with or without the presence crack tip changes signifi- show that the internal strain profile near the hydrogen. The neutron cantly when the specimen is charged with predictions ob- diffraction results will be compared to the theoretical tained using finite element modeling. 5:00 PM Ten- During Strains Tip Modeling of Crack and Measurement sile Loading and Unloading Cycles K. Liaw P. Alamos, NM 87545 Los Tech., Matls. Sci. & National Laboratory, USA profiles and plastic zone The changes in the elastic-lattice strain (CT) specimen were in- around a fatigue crack in a compact-tension cycles using neutron vestigated during tensile loading and unloading were performed to diffraction. Spatially-resolved strain measurements lattice-strain profiles determine the in-plane and through-thickness load. The strain scan- ahead of the crack tip under a constant tensile ranging from 667 to ning was repeated under various applied loads overload at 8,889N was applied, and the strain 6,667 N. Subsequently, compressive strain fields were After overload, large scans repeated. the crack-closure phe- observed close to the crack tip indicative of to the plastic zone was nomena. Diffraction-peak broadening related predictions of the strain also investigated. The finite element model (both elastic and plastic) distributions ahead of the crack tip showed good agreements with the experimental data. The results provide fun- damental understanding of the micro-mechanics around the crack tip during fatigue deformation. 5:20 PM Elastic Modulus of B19' Shape-Memory NiTi from Neutron Dif- fraction, Instrumented Nanoindentation and Extensometry Rajagopalan ; 1 ; R. 3 ; Sven 1 ; Yinan 1 University 1 Los Alamos, ; 1 Tarik A. Saleh Tarik ; J. Y. Huang Y. ; J. 2 max of 700 MPa. Bing Yang : σ : Institute of Nuclear 3 ; Peter K. Liaw 2 Haynes International, Inc., 3 elastic anisotropy. A phenom- A anisotropy. elastic Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, 2 Lawrence Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley, Materials Research at Temperature Materials Research at ; Mark R. Daymond 1 ; Raymond A. Buchanan ; Raymond ; Bjorn Clausen 3 2 210 Nickel Based Superalloy University of Tennessee, Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Tennessee, University of 1 Taiwan Power Company, Taipei Taiwan Taipei Company, Power Taiwan 4 ® ® ® ® ® ; 4 ; Choo Hahn 1 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos Neu- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los 230 2 ® ® ® ® ® ; Donald W. Brown W. ; Donald 1 ; Dwaine L. Klarstrom 2 ; J. G. Huang ; J. G. 3 ; Peter K. Liaw 1 210 ISIS Facility, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX UK; Chilton, Didcot OX11 ISIS Facility, Village, Rd., Chiaan Wenhua Research, PO Box 3-14, 1000 Energy Taiwan; Lungtan 325 In tensile testing, yielding, initialized with discontinuous and local- ized plastic zones or bands, are called the Lüders-band effect, which is commonly observed in steels containing interstitial elements. In engi- neering applications, Lüders bands often indicate the onset of the plastic deformation at the vicinity of stress concentrations and inclu- sions, which will contribute to crack initiations - a critical issue in few studies have been up to now, fatigue damage processes. However, performed to understand the Lüders-band evolutions during cyclic load- detailed investigation on the Lüders band a ing. In the current study, Engrg., Knoxville, TN 37996 USA; Knoxville, Engrg., Sun and Stress (SMARTS) at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center at the Los (SMARTS) and Stress was measured before and after cycling using the Texture (LANSCE). diffractometer at High Pressure Preferred Orientation (HIPPO) strains were seen to LANSCE. During the fatigue experiment, internal life) and then hold relax over the first 1000 cycles (2.4% of the fatigue The initial tex- steady over the remainder of the fatigue experiment. After cycling, random. ture of the fatigue specimens was found to be with the normal to the the specimen had a texture, 2.5 times random, direction and a two-fold 111 plane oriented parallel to the loading element The experimental data is being compared to finite symmetry. modeling, to de- modeling and viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) of fatigue and defor- velop a mechanistic understanding of the effects mation on the internal strains and microstructural texture. The present work is supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Pro- (IGERT) Training Integrative Graduate Education and Research gram, under DGE-9987548, and the International Materials Institutes (IMI) Program under DMR-0231320, and the Combined Research- Curriculum Development (CRCD) Program, under EEC-9527527 and Clesceri, C. L. Jennings, L. S. Goldberg, W. EEC-0203415, with Drs. P. Huber and Ms. M. Poats as contract monitors. 4:20 PM Understanding Lüders-Band Evolution During Fatigue by Ther- Techniques Diffraction mography and Neutron tron Sci. Ctr., Los Alamos, NM USA; Los tron Sci. Ctr., Kokomo, IN USA face centered cubic Haynes 230 is a solid solution strengthened, used in fatigue This alloy is frequently (FCC), nickel based superalloy. In situ neutron studies intensive applications such as turbine engines. in a material during can reveal changing internal and residual strains experi- neutron diffraction Additionally, monotonic or cyclic loading. before and after ments can reveal the texture of the microstructure, was subjected to mono- deformation has taken place. Haynes 230 alloy at a tonic and tension-tension cyclical loading using in situ neutron Internal strains were measured during cycling at the Spectrometer for diffraction C. Kuo and Oak Ridge. 4:00 PM During Cyclic Load- Development Texture and Internal Strain ing of Haynes Knoxville, Dept. of Matls. Sci., 434 Dougherty Engrg., Tennessee, of TN 37996 USA; strain dependence of tensile or compressive load on pre-fatigued speci- pre-fatigued load on or compressive of tensile dependence strain general the data involves types of strain of both The analysis mens. takes which function, distribution orientation of strain/stress concept and symmetry of texture into account strains was of lattice model- independent representation enological, specimens. cylindrical untextured for uniaxial loading of developed strains induced intergranular of plastic deformation The contribution marked ten- A anisotropy behavior. from elastic is clearly separated during fatigue observed to develop asymmetry was sion/compression strain state mea- in residual intergranular dramatic difference A life. as soon as half-cycle appears the compression and tension sured after generated. In late stage, the residual strains the fatigue cracks are ending in tension and remain high for fatigue vanish for fatigue tests It is shown that the lattice strain behav- tests ending in compression. loading experiments match the residual iors in incremental in-situ if the creep deformation during in-situ load- strains in ex-situ samples, This research was supported by U.S. Depart- ing is taken into account. Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Science Basic ment of Energy, contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with UT- and Engineering, under a partnership of six national laboratories: Battelle, LLC. SNS is Brookhaven, Jefferson, Argonne, Hahn Choo K. Vogel

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 Takeshi Egami Medium-Range Atomic Order Studied byNeutron Scattering 3:50 PMInvited nanostructures incrystals.Iwillalso discussprospectsforthefuture. mentary tox-rayinformation,resulting insuccessfulunderstandingof where neutrondiffractiondatagiveseitheruniquedata,orcomple- powerful quantitativeprobeofnanostructures.Iwilluseexamples distribution function(PDF)analysismethodwhichhasproventobe a to theseprobesarebulklocalprobes.Iwilldescribetheatomicpair quantitative atomicpositionsinthisway. An importantcomplement but donotgivebulkaverageinformationanditisdifficultto get tallographic methods.ImagingprobessuchasSTMandTEMareuseful nature, long-rangeorderedandcannotbestudiedusingtraditionalcrys- “nanostructures” butthisisdifficultbecausetheyarenot,bytheir ing interactionsinthematerials.Itisimportanttocharacterizethese come aboutfromdefectsbutoftenareintrinsic,comingcompet- cal structuresthatareimportantindeterminingtheirproperties.These functional properties.Complexmaterialsoftenexhibitnanoscale lo- We areincreasinglyinterestedincomplexmaterialsfortheirunique Lansing, MI48824USA State University, Physics& Astron., 4268Biomed.Phys.Sci.Bldg.,E. Distribution FunctionMethods Nanoscale Structures inComplexCrystals UsingNeutron Pair 3:20 PMInvited 3:00 PMBreak science inthestudyofpolycrystallinematerials. POWGEN3 willthusprovideunprecedentedopportunitiesfornew leap forwardinperformanceoverpreviousdiffractometerdesigns. achieved togetherwithhigh-resolutioncharacteristicspresentabig POWGEN3 isaveryefficientinstrument.Thehighcountratesthus neutron guidesystemwithaverylargemodulardetectorarraymeans of-flight powderdiffractometer. Thecombinationofasupermirror POWGEN3 maybeconsideredtheworld’s firstthird-generationtime- time-of-flight powderdiffractometerataspallationneutronsource. POWGEN3isafundamentaldeparturefrompreviousdesignsfor tion NeutronSource,POBox2008,OakRidge,TN37831-6474USA 1 Diffractometer Under ConstructionattheSNS POWGEN3: A HighResolutionThird 2:30 PMInvited mance expectedfrommanyoftheseinstruments. these instrumentationactivities,andwillalsoindicatetheperfor- for thespringof2006.Thispresentationwillprovideanoverview nents isalreadyunderway. Firstinstrumentcommissioningisscheduled instruments arealreadywellalong,andinstallationofsomecompo- of thesehavealreadybeenfunded.Designandconstruction beam instrumentswhichwillcoverabroadspectrumofscience,and14 als science.TheSNShasprovisionstoaccommodateup24neutron Ridge NationalLaboratorybringmanynewopportunitiesformateri- struments ofthenewSpallationNeutronSource(SNS)facilityatOak Theunprecedentedpowerandbest-in-classneutronscatteringin- 37830 USA Laboratory, ExperimentalFacilitiesDiv., Bldg.8600,OakRidge, TN lation NeutronSource Neutron ScatteringInstrumentsandOpportunitiesattheSpal- 2:00 PMInvited USA California Instituteof Technology, Matls.Sci.,Pasadena,CA 91125 Sci. &Engrg., Ann Arbor, MI48109-2136USA;BrentFultz, Session Chairs: February 15,2005 Tuesday PM Materials Science&Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI48109USA USA; Michael Atzmon, UniversityofMichigan,Department Technology, DepartmentofMaterialsScience,Pasadena,CA 91125 Program Organizers: Committee Division, EMPMD/SMD-Chemistry&PhysicsofMaterials Sponsored by: Diffraction: InstrumentsandNanostructure Neutron ScatteringinMaterialsResearch: TMS 2005Annual Meeting: Oak RidgeNationalLaboratory, ExperimentalFacilitiesDiv., Spalla- 1 ; Electronic, Magnetic&PhotonicMaterials Michael Atzmon, UniversityofMichigan,Matls. 1 University of Tennessee/Oak RidgeNationalLabo- Brent T. Fultz,CaliforniaInstituteof Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 3022 : R. KentCrawford 211 TechnicalProgram : Simon J.L.Billinge Generation TOFPowder 1 ; 1 Oak RidgeNational : Jason P. Hodges 1 ; 1 Michigan 1 ; : extends todistantneighbors. expanded aroundtheGe“defects”andstaticdisplacementfield on thelowanglesideofBraggpeaksindicatingthatSilatticeis crystal showedpronouncedfansofdiffusescatteringemanatingstrongly scattering arequiteprominentforthenull-matrixcrystal.TheGe-Si The chemicalshort-rangedorderandstaticdisplacement(sizeeffect) crystal madewithnaturalNiforstudyingthedynamicsofalloy. configurations thatdeviatefromtheaveragelattice,andamuchlarger pressed leavingonlythosecomponentsthatdependonthelocalatomic the scatteredintensitythatdependonaveragelatticearesup- matrix crystalusingisotopic62Nichosensothatthecomponentsof (DCS) atNIST. FortheNi-Ptstudytwocrystalswereused,anull- atomic percentGeinSi,usingtheneutrondiskchopperspectrometer We haveinvestigatedtwoalloys,Ni52-Pt48andadilutealloyof7 ing, Bldg.7962,OakRidge,TN37831-6393USA Robertson Local Atomic Environments inNiPtandSiGe Alloys 4:20 PMInvited namics ofrelaxorferroelectricPMNwillbediscussed. PDF, byinelasticneutronscattering. An exampleoflocallatticedy- scale domainsinLiNiO_2.Itisalsopossibletodeterminethedynamic to 20nmormore.We discussrecentexamples,includingthenano- NPDF, gap. Inparticular,bytheupgradingofapulsedneutrondiffractometer, of atomicpair-densityfunction(PDF)analysis,whichcanbridgethis range, butaveragedoverthesamplethickness. We discussthemethod range from0.5to2nm.NotethatTEMseesthestructureinthis of techniquesthatcanprobethemedium-rangeatomicorderin local probes,suchastheEXAFSandNMR.However,thereisadearth studied bydiffraction,whilethelocalstructurecanbeaccessed Long-rangeatomicorder,orthelatticestructure,canreadilybe 37996 USA ratory, MSE/Physics,208S.College,1413Cir. Dr., Knoxville, TN by calorimetricmeasurementsperformed atdifferenttemperatures. mined partialandfinallyintegral enthalpies ofmixingliquidalloys relation datafromliteratureandour ownexperiments.Firstwedeter- material. Theaimistoestablish reliablethermochemicalandphase systems forlead-freesolderingand Niisafrequentlyusedcontact and ternaryconstituentsareofimportance because Ag-Cu-Sn isakey The quaternary intermetallic system Ag-Cu-Ni-Sn and its binary Vienna, Inorganic Chmst.,Waehringer Str. 42, Vienna 1090 Austria Christian Flandorfer ofthe Thermochemistry 2:00 PM Houghton, MI49931USA Michigan TechnologicalUniversity, Dept. Inorganic Chmst., Wien A-1090 Austria; DouglasJ.Swenson, Session Chairs: February 15,2005 Tuesday PM Japan Environmental Conscious Technology, Ibaraki,Osaka567-0047 Suganuma, OsakaUniversity, DepartmentofNanomaterialsand Science &Engineering,UniversityPark,PA 16802USA;Katsuaki E. Mohney, PennsylvaniaState University, DepartmentofMaterials Materials Science&Engineering, Taejon 305-701Korea;Suzanne Advanced InstituteofScience& Technology, Departmentof Engineering, ChungliCity32054 Taiwan; HyuckMoLee,Korea National CentralUniversity, DepartmentofChemicalandMaterials of ChemicalEngineering,Hsinchu300 Taiwan; C.RobertKao, USA; Sinn-Wen Chen,National Tsing-Hua University, Department Lab/Advanced Manufacturing Technology, St. Petersburg, FL 33716 Houghton, MI49931USA;SrinivasChada,JabilCircuit,Inc.,FAR University, DepartmentofMaterialsScience&Engineering, Program Organizers: Committee Division, StructuralMaterialsEMPMD/SMD-AlloyPhases Sponsored by: Phenomena inSolderJoints Equilibria, InterfacialEnergyand Wetting Phase FormationinElectronic MaterialsIV: Phase Phase Stability, Phase Transformation andReactive of Los Alamos, wenowcandeterminethePDFfromzerotoup 1 ; 1 Oak RidgeNationalLaboratory, Ctr. forNeutronScatter- 1/18/2005, 10:22 AM Electronic, Magnetic&PhotonicMaterials Herbert Ipser, Universityof Vienna, Dept.of 1 ; ChristophLuef Douglas J.Swenson,Michigan Technological Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 3016 Quaternary System Quaternary Ag-Cu-Ni-Sn 1 ; HerbertIpser of Matls.Sci.&Engrg., 1 ; 1 University : : J. Lee Hans 211

TUESDAY PM ; 1 ; J. 3 Liang : National ADAMIS 1 C to tem- ; Chih-chi ° 1 C was pro- C was ; 1 ° ; K. Bukat 2 Moser Zbigniew : Technical Program Technical Warsaw University of Warsaw 4 Pb-free solders ; X. J. Liu Sinn-wen Chen 2 : ; Jenq-Gong Duh 1 C. C, finally to draw the conclusions Tele and Radio Research Institute, Tele ° ° 3 Binghamton, Dept. of Mechl. Engrg., Binghamton, C characteristic for traditional Sn-Pb ° Polish Academy of Sciences, Inst. of Polish 1 coupled with solute concentration gra- coupled with solute concentration use database for ; I. Ohnuma 2 substrates was dissolutive and driven by substrates was dissolutive ; ζ C) and with interfacial tensions from 4 compounds was evaluated. Finally, the iso- evaluated. Finally, was compounds SUNY SUNY ° 5 1 Yung-Chi Lin Yung-Chi National Tsing-Hua University, Chem. Engrg. University, Tsing-Hua National 1 Sn : ; 6 1 ; 1 ; K. Ishida 1 phase formation and exhibited a near perfect wet- phase formation and closer to 183 1/18/2005, 10:22 AM m ζ ; R. Kisiel 3 TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: substrates at 430°C. Spreading on pure Au substrates was on pure substrates at 430°C. Spreading and (Cu,Ni) ζ 4 Sn 3 ; J. Sitek 1 ; Ching-ya Kao 1 ; Timothy J. Singler Timothy ; 1 Tohoku University, Grad. Sch. of Engrg., Dept. of Matls. Sci., Oba- Grad. Sch. of Engrg., University, Tohoku eutectic solders. In this study we Chen Taiwan Dept., #101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsin-Chu 300 In the Cu/Ni(V)/Al UBM, 7wt% vanadium is added to overcome the magnetic interference of nickel and to enhance the Nickel sputtering. ternary isotherm. In addition, the solubility of the Cu and Ni in the Cu and of the solubility In addition, isotherm. ternary (Ni,Cu) Furthermore, study. in this results of experimental on the basis posed respect to the also discussed with phase transformation was the related the IMCs around 240 formation of Break 3:30 PM 3:40 PM Au-Sn System in the Wetting of Reactive Driving Force Yin Gasior Wladyslaw Pstrus 25 Poland; Reymonta Str. Metall. & Matls. Sci., 30-059 Kraków, 2 yama 02, Sendai 980-8579 Japan; Poland; 11 Ratuszowa Str. Warszawa, 03-450 Warszawa, & Optoelect., 00-662 Inst. of Microelect. Technology, 75 Poland Koszykowa Str. close to ternary eutectic Starting from binary eutectic Sn-Ag and of Sb to quaternary Sn-Ag-Cu alloys we have investigated the additions is to obtain alloys with tin based Sn-Ag-Cu-Bi alloys. Main aim wettability and T Sec.2 Kuang- 101 Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Hua University, Tsing Taiwan Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300 The nickel plating has been used as the under bump metallurgy the electroplat- In this study, (UBM) in the microelectronic industry. ing process was demonstrated to be a good alternative approach to produce the Ni-P layer as UBM. The wettability of several lead-free solders, such as Sn-3.5Ag, and Sn-3.5Ag-xCu (x=0.2, 0.5, and 1.0) solder, on electroplating Ni-P with various phosphorous contents (7wt%, 10wt% and 13wt%) was investigated. The role of phosphorus in the wettability was probed. The surface morphology and surface roughness in electroplating Ni-P was observed with the aid of both field emission scanning electronic microscope and atomic force microscope. The correlation between wettability and phosphorus contents in electro- As the phosphorous contents increased, was evaluated. plating Ni-P the nodule size of the Ni-P deposit reduced and surface roughness of The improvement of surface morphology and smaller. became Ni-P surface roughness enhanced the wettability of electroplating Ni-P. The interfacial reaction between lead free solder and electroplating Ni-P UBM was also investigated. 4:40 PM Interfacial Reactions in the Sn/(Ni,V) Couples and Phase Equi- libria of the Sn-Rich Sn-Ni-V System thermal section of the ternary Sn-Cu-Ni system at 240 system Sn-Cu-Ni of the ternary section thermal meniscographic studies made at 250 application analyzing important from the point of view of practical mechanical and electrical properties. wettability, 4:20 PM Bump Metallurgy in Under Ni-P of Electroplating Wettability with Sn-Ag-Cu Solder developed in Tohoku University in Japan, to calculate the phase dia- University in Japan, Tohoku developed in by means of Calphad gram of the Sn-Ag-Cu-Bi-Sb quinary system solidification using method and the melting phenomena, to simulate tensions from thermodynamic model and to calculate surface Scheil’s The resulting model. parameters of the liquid phase by the Butler’s experimental data from calculated surface tensions will be verified with within 250 maximum bubble pressure method (performed peratures exceeding 900 4400 Vestal Pkwy. E., Binghamton, NY 13902-6000 USA 13902-6000 E., Binghamton, NY Pkwy. Vestal 4400 drop experiments were performed in a gaseous Isothermal sessile to identify the driving force for the reactive reducing atmosphere Au-Sn alloys, pure Sn and a eutectic Two Au-Sn system. wetting in the an intermetallic Au and to wet pure Au), were used alloy (80 wt.% compound accompanied by ting behavior. Spreading on ting behavior. force uncompensated Young’s dients in the liquid. 4:00 PM the Combined With Related Studies Experimental Wettability Silver, With Alloys Based Tin Data Bases for from Properties Additions Antimony Bismuth and Copper, , , ; 4 2 0.80 Sn 3 ; Jan 3 ; Adolf ; Univer- 1 1 ; Institute of 1 3 ; Sue-Yueh Tsai ; Sue-Yueh 1 and (Ni,Cu) 5 National Tsing Hua National Tsing 2 C. Three equilibrium ; Ales Kroupa Sabine Knott Sn ° 2 6 : ; Hans Flandorfer 1 Jenq-Gong Duh ; 1 compounds. In this study, ternary Sn- compounds. In this study, . Furthermore, the degree of composit 5 5 212 Sn Sn : Adela Zemanova , were identified by XRD analysis, and also 6 6 5 ) y ) Sn 6 0.41 ,Ni ; Christoph Luef 1 1-y ,Ni : Chia-Ying Li : Chia-Ying 0.59 Masaryk University, Dept. of Physl. & Theoretl. Masaryk University, 2 and Cu 4 Sn and (Cu 3 University of Vienna, Inst. of Inorganic Chmst., Inst. of Inorganic Vienna, University of 4 1 Sn and (Cu 3 4 Herbert Ipser Herbert ) ; x ; 1 Sn 2 3 ) ,Cu 1-x 0.20 National Tsing Hua University, Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., No. Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Hua University, Tsing National 212 evidenced in BEI micrograph. Using EPMA quantitave analysis, three acme compositions of the ternary region in the Sn-Cu-Ni isotherm near the Sn-riched corner were determined as 98.5 at.%Sn, (Ni Cu ion homogeneity and the distribution of the forming phases were evaluated by X-ray color mapping and phase analysis technique. By way of software program to convert the concentration measured with EPMA, the exact compositions could be mapped on the Sn-Cu-Ni Cu-Ni alloys were prepared and annealed at 240 1 Taiwan; 101, Sec. 2, Kuan Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300 No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuan Fu Rd., Hsinchu Instrument Ctr., University, 300 Taiwan The interfacial reactions between solders and under bump metalli- zation (UBM) are of highly interests recently in flip chip technology. Intermetallic compounds (IMCs), i.e. (Cu,Ni) phases, Sn, Ni Mikula Republic; Chmst., Kotlarska 2, Brno CZ-61137 Czech Zizkova 22, Brno CZ-616 62 Czech AS CR, Physics of Materials Republic Ag-In-Sn solders In order to understand the interaction of lead-free Ag-In-Pd-Sn quaternary with palladium substrates one has to know the binaries and ternaries. phase diagram, and for that all the constituent determined calorimetri- For this purpose, enthalpies of mixing were Ag-In- quaternary Ag-Pd-Sn and In-Pd-Sn and cally for liquid ternary taken into account as Pd-Sn alloys. These experimental results were phase diagram cal- an input for the optimization in CALPHAD-type phase diagrams. These culations of the above-mentioned two ternary Ag-In-Pd of the were then combined with an earlier optimization to obtain Ag-In-Sn system system as well as with literature data on the Ag-In-Pd-Sn alloy a first idea of the phase diagram of the quaternary a number of specifically system. The calculations were supported by devised experiments. 3:10 PM Ter- of the Sn-Cu-Ni Phase Equilibria in the Sn-Rich Corner nary Alloy System fully understand the interfacial To formed between solders and UBM. reactions and phase transformation phenomenon, a suitable phase As a material is required. IMCs and UBM diagram concerning solder, result, Sn-riched phase in Sn-Cu-Ni ternary phase diagram is very critical in determining the concentration tendency of x and y values in (Ni Währingerstraße 42, Vienna 1090 Austria 1090 Vienna Währingerstraße 42, discovered as a metal in 1753, offers a wide Bismuth, which was after metal, named Woods It is a component of range of applications. used in electrical which is widely B. Wood, American metallurgist the is fire alarm and sprinkler systems. Bismuth fuses and in automatic a and non toxic and it is already used as environmentally friendly solder alloys. The investigated thermodynamic replacement of lead in and the ternary Cu-Bi-Sn systems will be Ag-Bi-Sn data of the ternary solder- Wave used for the Ag-Sn-Bi solder is especially The presented. of the ternary Cu-Bi-Sn ing and Reflow soldering processes. No data the knowledge of system are available within the literature although not only for a pos- the properties of this system might be necessary as a base for the investi- sible application as a lead free solder but also Ag-Bi-Cu-Sn system. gation of the quarternary 2:50 PM A Substrates: Ag-In-Sn Solders with Palladium Interaction of Approach Phase Diagram Vrestal Wien 42, Waehringerstrasse Chmst., Dept. of Inorganic Vienna, sity of A-1090 Austria; The experimental results were fitted using the Redlich-Kister-Muggiano fitted using results were The experimental integral of the description a numerical to provide in order formula The ex- method. CALPHAD to the according of mixing enthalpies theo- and with extrapolations compared were also results perimental is consid- calculations. Our work from pseudo-potential retical values 531 “Lead-free solder to the COST-Action ered as a contribution the basic the action is to increase The main objective of materials”. as lead-free that can be used on possible alloy systems knowledge possible lead- scientific database on and to provide a solder materials thermo- processes. Experimental materials and soldering free solder diagram the optimization of phase are important for chemical data the evaluation of physicochemical properties calculations as well as surface tension. like e.g., diffusion and 2:30 PM Free Solders Metal to Lead Woods Bi-From

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 cessful theoreticalmodelswhichexplain theunderlyingmechanism(s) crostructure andinterfacesinthese filmsinordertoputforwardsuc- essential tounderstandthephase evolutionandcharacterizethemi- been observedinthehetero-epitaxial thinfilmsystems.Itistherefore particles. Likewise,relativelycomplex microstructuralevolutionhas metal areoftenstillretainedinsolution intheGematrixbetween tion metalrichparticlesinaGematrix;smallamountsoftransition transition metalfilmsarenotsinglecrystallineandconsistoftransi- films basedonCdCr2Se4/ZnSe/AlGaAs.Itisobservedthatthe Ge Ge-X semiconductors(X=Mn,Fe,Cr),andinhetero-epitaxialthin ratory tounderstandthebasicmechanism(s)offerromagneticorder in ConsiderableeffortshavebeenmadeattheNavalResearchLabo- Ave., Washington, DC20375USA 20375 USA; Lab., 4555Overlook Ave., Metall.,Code6320, Washington, DC Hanbicki n-Type CdCr2Se4 Semiconductor FilmsBasedonp-Type Ge-X(X=Mn,Fe,Cr)and Microstructural EvolutionandInterfacesinFerromagnetic 2:35 PMInvited simulations andelectronholographyobservations. gram, aswellconfirmationofthediagrambymeansmicromagnetic magnetic exchangelength). We willpresentthedetailedphasedia- parameters (ratioofanisotropytomagnetostaticenergydensityand eters, (ratioofinnertoouterradiusandaspectratio),twomaterial diagram. Themagnetizationstateisdeterminedbytwoshapeparam- change energyterms,andderivefromthemafour-dimensionalphase demagnetization factors,themagnetocrystallineanisotropyandex- gram ofsuchrings. We derivethemagnetostaticenergy, including present ananalyticalapproachtothecompletemagneticphasedia- given setofshapeandmaterialsparameters.Inthiscontributionwe computational approachtodeterminethemagnetizationstatefora vortex. Moststudiesofmagneticnano-ringsuseamicromagnetic when theyaresufficientlysmall:uniformaxial,in-plane,and (MRAM). Therearethreebasicmagnetizationstatesforsuchrings tion, formthebasicbuildingblocksofmagneticrandomaccessmemory Magneticnano-rings,circularstructureswithrectangularcross-sec- Upton, NY11973USA ratory, Ctr. forFunctionalNano-Matls.,Building 480,POBox5000, Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15229-3180USA; Zhu Marco Beleggia The PhaseDiagramofMagneticNano-Rings 2:00 PMInvited 15229-3180 USA Carnegie MellonUniversity, Matls.Sci.&Engrg., Pittsburgh, PA Matls. Sci.&Engrg., Berkeley, CA 94720USA;MarcDeGraef, Session Chairs: February 15,2005 Tuesday PM Engineering, CollegeStation,TX77843-3123USA Zhang, Texas A&M University, DepartmentofMechanical Metallurgy Branch, Washington, DC20375-5000USA;Xinghang USA; George Spanos,NavalResearchLaboratory, Physical and Testing, Metallurgy Division,Gaithersburg, MD20899-8552 45221-0012 USA;RobertD.Shull,NationalInstituteofStandards Department ofChemicalandMaterialsEngineering,Cincinnati,OH Program Organizers: EMPMD-Nanomaterials Committee EMPMD/SMD-Chemistry &PhysicsofMaterialsCommittee, MPMD-Phase TransformationCommittee-(Jt. ASM-MSCTS), Sponsored by: Magnetic andStructural Transformations Systems: Small-Size Phase TransformationsWithin thermal sectionandthereactioncoupleanalysis. ied. Thereactionpathsaredeterminedbasedontheiso- phase isformed.TheequilibriaoftheSn-richSn-Ni-Varestud- dium contents.ItisfoundthatbesidestheNi3Sn4phase,anewternary pure Snwiththevanadiumand(Ni,V)substratesofvariousvana- not beeninvestigated.Thisstudyexaminedtheinterfacialreactionsof vanadium additionuponthesolder/(Ni,V)interfacialreactionshave strate havebeeninvestigatedextensively;however,theeffectsof The interfacialreactionsbetweenvarioussolderswiththenickelsub- TMS 2005Annual Meeting: 2 ; 1 Carnegie MellonUniversity, Matls. Sci. &Engrg., 5000Forbes 2 ; B.T. Jonker 2 Naval ResearchLaboratory, Code6300,4555Overlook 2 ; JuneLau Materials Processing&ManufacturingDivision, Ramamoorthy Ramesh,UniversityofCalifornia, : Ramasis Goswami Vijay K. Vasudevan, UniversityofCincinnati, 2 ; G. Spanos Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 3002 2 ; MarvinSchofield 213 TechnicalProgram 2 ; 1 Geo-Centers Inc.,NavalRsch. 2 Brookhaven NationalLabo- 1 ; G. Kioseoglou 2 ; Shakul Tandon : Marc DeGraef 2 1 ; A. T. A. ; ; Yimei; 1 ; Nanoscaled Composite Cu-Fe InterdiffusionDuringSeverePlasticDeformationofa 3:10 PM the AlGaAs/GaAs LEDstructures. next, andrelatedtotheobservedspinpolarizedelectroninjectioninto and interfacesofCdCr2Se4/ZnSeCdCr2Se4/AlGaAswillbeshown properties. Theeffectofsubstratetemperatureonthemicrostructure based systemswillbediscussedfirst,andcorrelatedwiththemagnetic substrate temperatures.ThemicrostructuralevolutioninallthreeGe- GaAs(LED) filmspreparedbymolecularbeamepitaxyatdifferent CdCr2Se4/ZnSe/AlGaAs/GaAs(LED), andCdCr2Se4/AlGaAs/ interfaces havethusbeenstudiedindetailGe-X(X=Mn,Fe,Cr), of ferromagneticorder. Phasetransformations,defect evolution,and tion grantnumberDMR-0305472. strate. Thisworkhasbeensupported bytheNationalScienceFounda- mismatch betweenthedifferentobserved phasesandtheSi(100)sub- of strain.Theobservedstructureswillbediscussedinterms the veals anumberofdifferentinterfacialstructures,withvaryingdegrees type) co-existontheSi(100)substrates.Cross-sectionalHRTEM re- of theDySi2,orthorhombic(GdSi2type)and/ortetragonal(ThSi2 indicates thatinadditiontotheexpectedhexagonalform(AlB2type) nanowires. HRTEM andassociatedfastFouriertransform(FFT)analysis tion) andwidthsupto50nmwerefoundinterspersedamongst the with heightsrangingfrom1.2to7.5nm(dependingongrowthcondi- the <110>Sidirections.Largerrectangular3-Dislands(nanostructures) with heightsupto0.7nmandwidths6werefoundgrow in vealed twogeneraltypesofstructures.Largeaspectrationanowires, resolution transmissionelectronmicroscopy(HRTEM). STM hasre- characterized usingscanningtunnelingmicroscopy(STM)andhigh 0.3 to3.0monolayers.TheresultingDySi2nanostructureshavebeen sition ontoSi(100)substratesat600 Dysprosiumsilicidenanostructureshavebeengrownbymetaldepo- 48823-1226 USA State University, Dept.ofCheml.Engrg. &Matls.Sci.,E.Lansing,MI on Si(100) Self-Assembled GrowthofDySi2NanowiresandNanostructures 4:25 PMInvited storage andothermagneticdeviceapplications. civity ofthenanowiresmakethemdesirableforhigh-densitydata 6 nmforthegrowthat560ºC.Thelargeremanenceandsizablecoer- and thencircularsection.Thediameterofthenanowiresreducesto4- perature isreducedtheshapeevolvesprogressivelyintooctahedral with alateralwidthof40-50nmareformed. As thedepositiontem- conditions. At highgrowthtemperature,squareshaped spacing ofthese and spantheentirefilmthickness.Thediameter,shape,density magnetic LaSrFeO array ofsinglecrystalline reducing oxygenconditionsleadstospontaneousformationofan The growthofLa composition ofasingle-phaseperovskiteoxideduringfilmgrowth. ferromagnetic We reportanovelandsimpleapproachto createself-assembled ing Bldg.,Berkeley, CA 94720USA Mohaddes-Ardabili formed byDecomposition Self-Assembled SingleCrystalFerromagneticIronNanowires 3:50 PMInvited 3:35 PMBreak would dramaticallyincreasetheatomicmobility. HPT processisthendiscussed.Theformationofexcessvacancies lary energy. The mechanismofFe-Cuenhanceddiffusion duringthe for themechanicalmixingisthoughttoberesultofahighcapil- nanoclusters thestrongerinterdiffusion.Thus,drivingforce technique givestheevidenceofFe-CuthatsmallerFe diffraction (XRD),and3Datomprobeanalysis(3D-AP).Thislatter microscopy (SEM),transmissionelectron(TEM),X-ray High Pressure Torsion (HPT)wasinvestigatedbyscanningelectron tion. ThenanostructureofaCu-Fe(10%vol.)compositeprocessedby a bulkCu-Fenanocompositebycontinuoussevereplasticdeforma- tions. Theaimofthisworkwastoinducesuchamechanicalmixingin mixtures usuallyleadstotheformationofsupersaturatedsolidsolu- As reportedintheliterature,ballmillingofFe-Cupowder Saint-Etienne-du-Rouvray France Rouen, GroupedePhysiquedesMatériaux-UMRCNRS6634,76801 : Gangfeng Ye α 1/18/2005, 10:22 AM -Fe nanowires,whichinvolvesspontaneousphasede- 0.5 α 4 1 matrix,whichgrowperpendiculartothesubstrate ; -Fe nanowiresdependsystematicallyongrowth Sr 1 0.5 University ofCalifornia,HearstMemorialMin- FeO 1 : ; JunNogami X. Sauvage α 3-x -Fe nanowiresembeddedinanantiferro- filmsbypulsedlaserdepositionunder : Ramamoorthy Ramesh ° 1 1 C withcoveragesrangingfrom ; ; P. Pareige Martin A. Crimp Martin A. 1 ; 1 Université de 1 ; α -Fe pillars 1 1 ; Ladan Michigan 213

TUESDAY PM ; Paul 1 ; David 1 Charles E. : Technical Program Technical ; Darryl Draper 1 ; Robert Barrowcliff 1 Sharp Labs of America, Inc., IC America, Inc., Sharp Labs of 1 ; 1 Wei Pan Wei Cabot Corporation, Thin Films, 1275 Cabot Corporation, 1 : ; 1 ; Peter McDonald 1 1/18/2005, 10:22 AM TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: ; Sheng-Teng Hsu ; Sheng-Teng 1 Chi-Fung Lo ; Zhiguo Zhang Praxair Electronics, Deposition Matls., 542 Rte. 303, Praxair Electronics, Deposition Matls., 542 1 1 : ; 1 Russell Evans Orangeburg, NY 10962 USA barrier, via and gate ma- Tungsten is commonly used for diffusion vapor deposition (PVD), terials in semiconductor devices. Using physical In order to achieve tungsten is deposited on to the silicon substrate. generation, control the desired film properties and minimize particle grain purity, properties, which include density, of the sputter target focused on the effect of size and orientation, are essential. This study and defect genera- sputtering target density on the thin film properties three sputtering tion. By controlling the powder sintering process, were prepared. Using targets from 80% to 100% of theoretical density on to the silicon wafers. a sputtering tool, thin films were deposited probe, XRD and The deposited films were then evaluated by four-point behavior of the SEM. In addition to film properties, the re-deposition by SEM. The re- test targets during sputtering was also investigated particle source from deposited structures are known to be a potential structure on the target. By monitoring the formatio n of re-deposition the sputtered surface as function of target life, a correlation between target density and re-deposition behavior was established. 3:40 PM Metal Barrier Nitride Films as Thin Tungsten MOCVD Ultra Applications Interconnect for 98607 USA WA Rim Blvd., Camas, Pacific 5700 NW Tech., Process This paper discusses the MOCVD processes, thin film properties, and barrier metal application for interconnects of the ultra thin W2N films deposited from a solid source W(CO)6 along with the gaseous NH3 through thermal decomposition. W(CO)6 vapor was carried into the deposition chamber by hydrogen to mix with NH3. The wafer was heated to the temperature between 350¢XC and 450¢XC, where the precursor vapor decomposed and reacted with NH3 to form W2N films. The as-deposited ultra thin W2N films, with thickness around 8nm, had resistivity as low as 275?Ýohm-cm and density as high as 17g/cm3. X-ray diffraction and X-ray reflectivity were used to charac- and thickness. Growth kinetics was also studied. terize phase, density, Standard bias-temperature-stress method was used to evaluate the bar- rier properties. Furthermore, the contact resistance of CVD Cu/CVD W2N/CVD Cu was measured on a Kelvin structure. Results indicate that CVD W2N has a great potential for barrier applications. establish itself as the technology leader in the supply of plate for this of plate in the supply leader the technology itself as establish on of target texture the effects has studied so doing and in application, pro- manufacturing developed and also the thin film, of the thickness at a competi- product top-quality produce which consistently cesses Modelling, (Finite Element Innovative R&D techniques tive price. as well as will be described, Back-Scattering Diffraction) and Electron since which have been launched features of the products the important texture control. crystallographic 2002, including 2:50 PM Sputter Emission Distributions Angular Tantalum Wickersham OH 43212 USA Kinnear Rd., Columbus, orientation affects the film depo- Sputtering target crystallographic the emission trajectories of the sput- sition uniformity by controlling by is well known having been first reported tered atoms. This effect observed to this effect has been et al. in 1956. More recently, Wehner for magnetron sputtered aluminum alloy films. affect film uniformity between the crystallographic orienta- Understanding the relationship target and the emission trajectory for the sput- tion of the sputtering for being able to accurately model film thick- tered atoms is important coverage. In this paper we report measure- ness uniformity and step of between the crystallographic orientation ment of the relationship sputtering targets and the tantalum atom sput- tantalum single crystal monitor to detect sputter atom use a quartz crystal We ter trajectory. as The intensity of the sputtered atom flux flux as a function of angle. single crystals strongly a function of angle show that the bcc tantalum packed direction as well emits sputtered atoms along the <111> close direction is signifi- as the <100> direction. Emission from the <110> This fundamental cantly less than that from the <111> direction. to accurately model thin property of tantalum sputtering is then used from polycrystal- film uniformity produced by magnetron sputtering (110), (111) and (100) line tantalum sputtering targets with strong orientations. 3:15 PM Thin Film Density on PVD Target Sputtering of Tungsten Effect Properties Gilman ; 1 . We 2-y ; Chih- 1 O x ; Christo- 1 Zr ; Richard D. ; Richard Williams Ad- Williams 1-x 2 2 Peter R. Jepson : Columbia University, Columbia 1 : Feng Zhang : Feng ; 1 ; Eva V. McGowan V. ; Eva 1 Sector, ASM/MSCTS-Texture Sector, ; Caliebe Wolfgang ; Caliebe 2 Nanocrystals Siu-Wai Chan Siu-Wai 2-y 214 ; O 1 x ; Jeff Yanke ; Jeff 1 Zr Room: 3010 Location: Moscone West Convention Center 1-x Gary A. Rozak, Fabricated Products, Gary is the oxygen storage constituent in three-way storage constituent is the oxygen Washington State University, Mechl. & Matls. University, State Washington 1 2-y O ; x 2 Christopher Michaluk, Williams Advanced Materi- Williams Christopher Michaluk, Electronic, Magnetic & Photonic Materials Zr 1-x David P. Field David P. ; Jonathan C. Hanson ; Jonathan 1 : ; Irving P. Herman P. ; Irving 1 H.C. Starck Inc, Fabricated Products, 45 Industrial Pl., Newton, MA Brookhaven National Laborataory, Upton, NY USA NY Upton, National Laborataory, Brookhaven 214 1 02461 USA For some applications, achievement of excellent uniformity of thickness of a sputtered film is important: for example, tantalum when used as a barrier layer under copper interconnects in integrated circuits. The crystallographic texture of the target plate affects sput- ter yield and must therefore be carefully controlled, if excellent uni- formity is to be achieved. H.C. Starck Inc. has worked since 2000 to pher A. Michaluk 99164-2920 USA; WA Box 642920, Pullman, Engrg., 19525 USA Gilbertsville, PA vanced Materials, 2306 Cassard Cir., are employed as barrier layers in mod- TaN Sputtered tantalum and ern integrated circuits to enable reliable use of Cu as an interconnect can result in non- Ta material. The directional properties of sputtering uniform film thicknesses (from heavily textured plate) and unpredict- able sputtering rates (from plates with through thickness texture gra- dients). This results in film thicknesses larger than necessary because of the sputtering being unpredictable. This presentation reports on an by deform- Ta to increase textural and grain size uniformity in effort ing the plate under conditions that simulate asymmetric rolling. This is accomplished by using a channel die configuration with uneven friction on the top and bottom platens so a strong shear component is added to the plane strain condition enforced by the channel dies. Results indicate a trend towards less severe texture banding and more uniform structure in the plate processed by asymmetric friction condi- tions. 2:25 PM in Plates for Sputtering of Texture Control 2:00 PM Asymmetric Processing of Tanta- in Development of Texture lum Plate Sponsored by: USA; Srinivas Chada, Jabil Circuit, Inc., FAR Cleveland, OH 44117 33716 FL Petersburg, St. Lab/Advanced Manufacturing Technology, WA Pullman, University, State Washington Field, USA; David P. Advanced Materials, Williams A. Michaluk, 99164-2920 USA; Chris New Jersey 19525 USA; N. (Ravi) M. Ravindra, Gilbertsville, PA Department of Physics, Newark, NJ 07102 Technology, Institute of USA Tuesday PM Robinson (XRD), time-resolved high temperature employed x-ray diffraction and X- Raman spectroscopy, microscopy, XRD, transmission electron spectroscopy (XANES) for the investigation. ray absorption near edge size, the c’-tetragonal phase boundary shifts With decreasing particle clear relationship between the A concentration. to a higher zirconium with Ce3+ concentration has been found phase stability of c’ phase phase stability will report different We from Ce LIII edge in XANES. the in different redox environments as well as ranges for nanoparticles predicted by traditional bulk phase diagrams. differences from those in Electronic Applications: Joint Refractory Metals Thin in and Microstructure Texture Session with Thin Films and Texture Films and Coatings: ASM International: Materials Division, Division, Structural Technology Materials Science Critical Films & Interfaces Anisotropy Committee, EMPMD-Thin & EMPMD- Committee, SMD-Refractory Metals Committee, Committee Electronic Packaging and Interconnection Materials Organizers: Program February 15, 2005 Session Chair: 19525 USA als, Gilbertsville, PA catalyst and will loose its functionalities when it transforms to either when it transforms will loose its functionalities catalyst and important to phase. It is therefore or the monoclinic the tetragonal phase (c’) of Ce range of the cubic know the stability 5:00 PM 5:00 in Ce Stability Phase Applied Math., 1136 Physics & Applied of Dept. & Engrg. Matls. Sci. USA; 10027 NY York, New 120th St., W. MC 4701, 500 Mudd Bldg., 2 Ce Cubic Hao Chen

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 Materials Factors Affecting theSputteringPerformanceofMagnetic 4:30 PM wafer. better thanthatofPVD(100)texturedTiNthinfilmsonSiO2/Si diffusion barrierforCumetallizationofPVD(111)texturedTiNis cal vapordeposited(MOCVD) TiN thinfilms. Also thepropertyof of RFsputtered(PVD)TiNisbetterthanthatmetalorganicchemi- and MOCVD).ThepropertyofdiffusionbarrierforCumetallization conductor wereinvestigatedunderdifferentprocessingmethods(PVD of TiNdiffusionbarrierforCumetallizationonSiO2/Siwafersemi- In thisstudy, therelationshipsbetweentexturesandproperties also isrelatedtothetextureandmicrostructureofTiNcoatedlayers. the propertyofdiffusionbarrierTiNfilmsinsemiconductor bad tohaveanopencolumnarstructureinTiNthinfilms.Therefore, texture offilms.Itwasgoodtohaveuniformanddensestructure The uniformanddensestructureofthinfilmsisinfluencedbythe fication methodinpartsandasadiffusionbarriersemiconductors. tance. Therefore,TiNcoatedfilmshavebeenusedasasurfacemodi- ties, highthermalproperties,andstrongerosioncorrosionresis- TiNcoatedfilmshaveagoodmechanicalandconductivityproper- Kyoungki-do 467-701Korea tor Inc.,MemoryR&DDiv., San136-1, Ami-ri, Bubal-eub,Ichon-si, Beelyong Yang tures Magnetic InteractioninElectrodeposited MagneticNanostruc- Growth Processes, Structure PeculiaritiesandIntergranular 5:20 PM didate forusinginhighfrequencyinductor. It isexpectedthatthederivedmagneticthinfilmapromisingcan- magnetization (M (VSM) andMagneto-OpticsKerrEffect(MOKE).Thesaturation coercivity, weredetermined withavibratingsamplemagnetometer discussed. Magneticproperties,suchassaturationmagnetizationand of N arranged orderlyandthedomainthicknesswasabout1 nitrogen doping,thedomaindistributionofmagneticthinfilm croscope (AFM)andmagneticforcemicroscope(MFM).Without microanalyzer (EPMA),X-raydiffraction(XRD),atomicforcemi- surface morphologywereanalyzedbyusingelectronprobe N ited ontheSisubstratebyRFmagnetronsputteringwithdifferent Ar/ components ofFe-Co-Ni-basedsoftmagneticthinfilmsweredepos- magnetization arerequiredforthehighfrequencyapplication.Multi- Softmagneticwithsuitableuniaxialanisotropyandhighsaturation Hsinchu 300 Taiwan Hua University, Dept.ofMatl.Sci.&Engrg., 101Sec.2Kuang-FuRd., Sci., 101Sec.2Kuang-FuRd.,Hsinchu300 Taiwan; Gong Duh Multi-Component ThinFilm Structure andSoftMagneticProperties ofFe-Co-Ni-Based 4:55 PM 4.5Ta (CZT)alloyisalsopresented. Diffraction (EBSD),andthePass-ThroughFlux(PTF)ofaCo-4.5Zr- tion betweenglobaltexture,characterizedbyElectronBackscatter of magneticmaterials.Recentlydevelopeddatarevealingthecorrela- tive targetdesignisemployedtoenhancethesputteringperformance This paperreviewshowacombinationoftexturecontrolandinnova- ders themagneticfluxfrompermanentmagnettoplasma. challenges; thetarget’s lowmagneticpermeabilitysignificantlyhin- the magnetronsputteringofmagneticmetalsandalloyspresentunique of theplasmaandsputteringefficiencysystem.However, of collisionswithgaseousatoms,subsequentlyincreasingthedensity trajectory ofthecontainedelectronsactstoincreasesfrequency sputtering target,totrapfreeelectronswithintheplasma.Thespiral parted byafixedorrotatingpermanentmagnetlocatedbehindthe D.C.magnetronsputteringreliesonamagneticfieldusuallyim- Pullman, WA 99164-2920USA versity, Dept.Mechl./Matls.Engrg., 239CDanaHall,POBox642920, Box 1950,Brewster, NY 10509-8950USA; PA 19525USA; Field Pyung Dong,Kumi,KyungBuk730-701Korea; tute of Technology, Sch.of Advd. Matls.&Sys.Engrg., 188Shin zation The EffectofTexture of TiN Barrier for Diffusion CuMetalli- 4:05 PM TMS 2005Annual Meeting: 2 ratiosatroomtemperature.Thecomposition,crystalstructureand 2 3 contentinthethinfilmonmagneticpropertieswasfurther ; : : InsooKim 1 Vladimir Grigor’evich ShadrowVladimir Grigor’evich Williams Advanced Materials,2306CassardCir., Gilbertsville, : 2 ; Christopher A. Michaluk Christopher A. 1 National Tsing HuaUniversity, Dept.of Engrg. &Sys. 1 ; JunMo Yang 2 s Williams Advanced Materials,42Mt.EboRd.S.,PO ) oftheun-dopedmagneticthinfilmisaround1.3T. 1 ; Dong Young Sung 215 2 ; JungKyuKo : Hung-Kai Chen TechnicalProgram 1 ; HenryL.Grohman 1 ; MinGuLee 1 2 ; Anatolii Vasil’evich; Anatolii ; 3 Washington State Uni- 1 1 Kumoh NationalInsti- ; Shih-HaiLi 2 Hynix Semiconduc- 1 2 ; µ National Tsing No JinPark m. Theeffect 2 ; DavidP. 1 ; Jenq- 1 ; ties of Aluminium Castings Effect ofOxideFilmsandOtherDefectsontheFatigueProper- 2:00 PM Pontiac, MI48340USA Session Chair: February 15,2005 Tuesday PM Corporation, MC/486-710-251,Pontiac,MI48340-2920USA Moon Township, PA 15108USA;PaulN.Crepeau,GeneralMotors Program Organizers: MPMD-Solidification Committee Sponsored by: Structure andProperties Shape Casting— The JohnCampbellSymposium: distribution andcomplexthreedimensional shapeoftheporesformed ers (Sr),grainrefiners(TiB2)and solidificationrateuponthesize, tomographic techniques.Theconfounding effectsofeutecticmodifi- castings wasinvestigatedusingtraditional metallographicandmicro- alloying additionsupontheformation ofmicroporosityinaluminium Theinfluenceofalteringboth theprocessingconditionsandminor College London,Matls.,PrinceConsortRd.,LondonSW72BPUK Alloys viaHybridMechanical Testing Estimating Ideal Tensile 2:25 PM on fatiguelife. parison withporesofsamesize,oxidefilmshavealessadverseeffect microstructural featuresbecomesnegligibleoncrackinitiation.Incom- of thesealloysisdominatedbydefectsizesandtheeffectother of porosityinthesecastings.Inthepresencedefects,fatiguelife cast aluminumalloysarereviewedandalsocomparedwiththeeffect monly usedsand-cast,lost-foam-cast,squeeze-cast,andsemi-solid- the effectofoxidefilmsonfatiguepropertiesmostcom- casting defectsincludingoxidefilmsandotherdefects.Inthispaper, Thefatiguepropertiesofaluminumcastingsstronglydependon 883, Kenmore,QLD4069 Australia 48340 USA; Engrg., Powertrain,M/C483-710-251,895Joslyn Ave., Pontiac,MI John R.Griffiths inhomogenities onthebasisofabovetechniques. cussed aswellevaluationofstructuralandmagneticfilms tion onmagneticcharacteristicsoftheabovemodelstructuresisdis- rameters measurements.Theinfluenceoftheintergranularinterac- as rotationalhysteresislossandangularvariationsofpa- and deltaMcurvesanalysis,magneticviscositymeasurementsaswell tization reversalprocessesareinvestigatedthroughtheremanence structure peculiarities.Intergranularmagneticinteractionandmagne- minium anodicoxideareproposed,whichaccountsfortheobserved FeCu andCoCunanophaseparticlesformationintheporesofalu- and finegrainedstructureformation,regularitiesofcontentmodulated means ofEM,XRD,AFM,VSMand AGFM. Mechanismsofcolumnar of electrodepositedmagneticnanostructureshavebeeninvestigatedby Growthprocesses,structurepeculiaritiesandmagneticproperties Inst. SolidState Physics,P. Brovki,17,Minsk,Belrus220072Belarus Boltushkin Fatigue Properties tion ofPorosity in onFinal Aluminum CastingsanditsEffect The InfluenceofStrontium and TiB2 Addition ontheForma- 2:50 PM obtained bythenewmethodwillbediscussed. duced. TheeffectofSiparticleshapeandsizeontheidealproperties the entiretensilecurveandRockwellBhardnessnumberwillbeintro- method builtontheKocks-Meckingworkhardeningmodel,thatuses is nodamagetoSiparticles,asincompression. A newhybridtesting literature thatidealpropertiesofthesealloysareobtainedwhenthere reach acriticalvalue,fractureoccurs.Ithasbeensuggestedn the alloys crackduringtensiledeformation.WhendamagetoSiparticles absence ofmajorstructuraldefects,however,Siparticlesinthese ated atmajorstructuraldefects,suchasporosityandbifilms.Inthe variety ofapplications.Duringtensiledeformation,cracksareiniti- Cast Al-Si-Mg alloysarein-situmetalmatrixcompositesusedina USA ert MorrisUniversity, Engrg., 6001Univ. Blvd.,Moon Twp., PA 15108 1 ; Ludmila Vas’vna Nemtsevich 2 CSIRO ManufacturingScienceand Technology, POBox 1/18/2005, 10:22 AM Qigui G. Wang, GeneralMotors, Advd. Matls.Engrg., Light MetalsDivision,LMD-AluminumCommittee, 2 ; CameronJ.Davidson : Peter D.Lee Murat Tiryakioglu, Robert Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 2008 Properties Properties : Qigui G. Wang 1 ; TrevorC.Lindley : of Cast 2 Murat Tiryakioglu ; 1 ; 1 General Motors,Matls. 1 Academy ofScience, 1 ; PaulN.Crepeau Al-7%Si-0.6%Mg Morris University, 1 ; 1 1 Imperial ; 1 Rob- 215 1 ; TUESDAY PM Sujoy : ; Ballembettu 1 Technical Program Technical ), which is detrimental to the me- ), which is detrimental β MPI - WPI, Matls. Sci. and Engrg., 100, WPI, Matls. Sci. and Engrg., MPI - 1 ; Raman Marimuthu Pillai 1 ; 1 Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Metals Regional Research Laboratory 1 ; 1 1/18/2005, 10:22 AM TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: Sreeja Kumari Sreeja ; Diran Apelian ; Diran 1 : Chaudhury 01609 USA MA Worcester, Inst. Rd., Al alloys are often achieved Improved mechanical properties in cast heat treatment, quench- through heat treatment comprising of solution it the impetus to be cost effective, With ing, and ageing successively. times needed (i.e., up to is imperative to reduce the long heat-treating Fluidized beds 15-20 hours) without any reduction in performance. for cast components provide an attractive heat treating technology reducing the net heat with more efficient energy transfer and thereby typical fluidized However, treatment time and enhance productivity. reductions in cycle time bed units are batch systems; therefore, further fluidized beds. In this may be possible by using in-line continuous beds, highlight their paper, we will review the fundamentals of fluidized beds to heat treat advantages and examine applications of fluidized Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys. Mechanical properties data Al-Si-Mg, and cast along with the resultant microstructure as a result of extensive trials with fluidized bed technology will be reviewed and discussed. istics related to the process and the alloys control the formation of the formation control and the alloys the process related to istics on the mechani- impact has a significant This again and defects. grains of pre-solidified amounts Significant the castings. of cal properties of alu- HPDC cold chamber during the die cavity flow into metal consists solid fraction commonly magnesium alloys. The minium and (ESCs). externally solidified crystals which are termed of single crystals the micro- cavity and, eventually, metal fills the die The semi-solid in-situ. The and fine grains solidified of coarse ESCs structure consists and takes a variety of distributions of ESCs in the castings prevalence form in the defects commonly banded Additionally, morphologies. on different of the bands depends of die filling. The nature final stages Al die castings and consist of segregation in parameters but tend to the in Mg die castings. In the present work porosity (and segregation) in HPDC of aluminium (A356) is compared microstructure formation are The major similarities and differences with magnesium (AM60B). focus on the physical properties and solidifi- discussed with particular two alloys. cation behaviour of the 4:50 PM of and Properties and Mn on the Structure Influence of Ca, Be 356 Alloy Chadrasekhar Pai Kerala 695 Trivandrum, Industl. Est. PO, Pappanamcode, Procg. Div., 019 India impurity in cast aluminium alloys, forms Iron, the most harmful phase ( platelet iron intermetallic Among the various meth- chanical properties and fracture toughness. elements addition is ods available to neutralize its ill-effects, trace Mn additions on the mi- commonly practiced. Effects of Ca, Be and 0.6% Fe have been crostructure and properties of 356 alloy containing additions exhibits poor investigated. The alloy without Ca, Be and Mn long intercepting plate- mechanical properties due to the presence of Addition of Ca (300 ppm) has modified the let iron intermetallics. platelike Fe-intermetallic eutectic Si structure and reduced the size of changed the platelet phases, while Be (0.2%) and Mn (0.3%) have properties have been morphology to Chinese script form. Mechanical The mechanisms for the improved with Ca, Be and Mn additions. microstructural changes have also been discussed. 5:10 PM Alloys Al of Cast Treatment Fluidized Bed Heat ; ; 2 1 University of 1 Nemak, Cana- 1 Hans I. Laukli ; ; John Campbell 1 1 : ; 1 University of Birming- 2 Xinjin Cao : ; John A. Taylor A. ; John 1 Hydro Aluminium, R&D Matls. Tech., Hydro 1 Glenn E. Byczynski 216 : ; 2 Carlos H. Caceres : ; Lars Arnberg ; Lars 2 Institute for Aerospace Research, Aeros. Mfg. Tech., 5145 Decelles Tech., Aeros. Mfg. Aerospace Research, Institute for 216 Otto Lohne Sunndalsøra 6600 Norway Cold chamber high pressure die casting, (HPDC), is an important commercial process for the production of complex near net shape aluminium and magnesium alloy castings. The solidification character- 1 2B2 Canada; H3T Montreal, Quebec Ave., ham, Sch. of Metall. & Matls., Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT England Hard spot inclusions are one of the main machining defects en- countered in cast aluminium alloys. The term “hard spot” designates an inclusion, generally of high hardness and may cause great trouble in machining operations. Basically there are mainly four types of “hard oxides, intermetallics, refrac- Al-Si-Mg cast alloys: spot” inclusions in Al-Si-0.4Mg cast alloys tory particles and cold drops. The oxides in Al2O3 and MgO. SiO2 inclusions are entrained sand Al2MgO4, include or refractory material. Iron-rich inclusions are perhaps the most com- Al-Si alloys containing Fe and Mn. mon of intermetallic hard spots in Other intermetallic hard spot inclusions are composed of TiAl3 and Al4Si2Sr Al2Si2Sr or and Ti, Al-Si-0.4Mg alloy containing in Ti(AlSi)2 Some intermetallic compounds Sr. Al-Si-0.4Mg alloy containing in may originate from the use or presence of grain refiners in the charges (added titanium boride/titanium carbide particles), or other nitrides, carbides, borides, etc. Cold drops are the small droplets of cast alloy themselves formed during excessively violent pouring. 4:30 PM Al- Aluminium and Magnesium Die Casting of High Pressure loys - Comparison of Microstructure Formation Queensland, Co-op. Rsch. Ctr. for Cast Metals Mfg., Sch. of Engrg., Queensland, Co-op. Rsch. Ctr. Australia Brisbane, QLD 4072 Al- behaviour of a number of experimental The strength-ductility to assess the effect of Si-Cu-Mg-(Fe,Mn) alloys has been compared Si content improves the different levels of Si, Cu and Fe/Mn. Increased significant when the Fe ductility of most alloys. This is particularly when either Cu alone content is high, but the effect is also important study of the intermetal- A or both Cu and Fe are present at high levels. the length of b-Al5FeSi lics formed at different Si levels shows that Cu-rich intermetal- platelets is reduced at high levels of Si. Similarly, clusters at lower Si lics, which form extensive, interconnected particle at higher Si levels. It content, appear as smaller, more isolated clusters leads to the observed is thought that this refining of intermetallics mechanisms for the increase in ductility at high Si content. Possible solidification of high Si refinement of the intermetallics during the alloys are discussed. 4:10 PM Alloys Al-Si Cast Hard Spot Defects in was characterised. For each condition tensile and S-N fatigue proper- S-N fatigue and condition tensile For each was characterised. elec- scanning Using treated condition. in the heat measured ties were revealing was performed, examination fractographic tron microscopy, final all cases. The in almost at pores initiated fatigue cracks that the and to changes in microporosity was correlated fatigue performance that the of the study illustrate conditions. The results hence to casting as-cast pore is complex, with the of strontium and TiB2 interaction treatment. changing during heat morphology 3:15 PM of 319 High Cycle Fatigue Initiation Sites in of Crack Study A Aluminum Alloy Castings ON N9C 4G5 Canada Windsor, Dr., dian Ops., 4655 G N Booth performance of aluminum castings is of high High cycle fatigue in Several recent fatigue studies designer. importance for the casting oxide films found that in addition to porosity, Al-Si-Mg alloys have initiators. The current study analyzed the high are viable fatigue crack of 319 (Al-Si-Cu-Mg) alloy test bars pro- cycle fatigue performance gravity poured sand moulds. The fatigue duced in filtered and unfiltered to the size of defect acting as the crack life was found to be related electron microscopy and energy dispersive initiation site. Scanning to identify the nature of crack initiation sites. spectroscopy were used be mechanics crack growth model was found to A linear elastic fracture at predicting the life of fatigue samples that particularly successful minute and a Having crack-like geometry, initiated at oxide films. films effectively acted as preformed cracks. crack tip radius, oxide nucleation time, explain- Consequently there was an absence of crack life to fatigue life. ing the correlation of predicted propagation 3:40 PM Break 3:50 PM Al-Si-Cu-Mg-(Fe,Mn) of Si Content on the Ductility of The Effect Casting Alloys

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 rier coatings(TBC)-stressesdue to theformationofthermallygrown Threeprinciplemechanismsgovern thespallationofthermalbar- Santa Barbara,CA93106-5050USA Mercer tems SubjecttoCMAS-Infiltration Cold-Shock SpallationMechanism inThermalBarrierSys- 2:55 PM ings. scribed, withspecialemphasisonthehigh-pressureturbineairfoilcoat- ings depositedusingtheIonPlasmaDepositionprocesswillbe de- Deposition forturbinecoatingapplications.Severalexamplesofcoat- modifications haveprovenkeytothedemonstrationofIonPlasma the uniformityofcoverageoncomplex-geometrycomponents,these cal coatings.Usingcoatinghardwarespecificallydesignedtooptimize thus enablingpracticaldepositionofthick,complex-alloymetallurgi- widely usedforthin-filmtoolanddecorativecoatingapplications, Ion PlasmaDepositionprocess,GEadaptedthecathodicarcprocess ing thickness,adhesion,andmicrostructuralquality. Indevelopingthe to transfermulti-componentalloyswithreproduciblechemistry, coat- airfoil coatings.Theprocessisshowntoexhibitexcellentcapability ing theapplicationofIonPlasmaDepositiontoadvancedturbine high-temperature applications. We describeGE’s experiences,includ- versatile approachtodepositingabroadrangeofcoatingsforusein TheIonPlasmaDepositionprocesshasproventobearobust, gines, 1Neumann Way, MDM85,Cincinnati,OH45215US Cir., Niskayuna,NY 12309USA; Research, Ceram.&Metall. Tech., Bldg.K1,Rm.MB207,OneRsch. Coating Applications Development ofIonPlasmaDepositionProcess for Turbine 2:30 PM damentals determiningthelong-termstabilityofcoatings. issues areexamined,highlightingthethermodynamicandkineticfun- cal compatibilitywiththeunderlyingthermallygrownalumina.These ings, theirresponsetocorrosiveenvironmentsandthermo-chemi- rated, however,concernsariseaboutthephasestabilityofcoat- the microstructureathighertemperatures. As newoxidesareincorpo- enhance thermalresistivityaswellthemorphologicalstabilityof zirconates. Preliminaryevidencesuggeststhatbothapproachescan volve co-doping7YSZwithREoxidesoritsreplacementby and/or sulfate/vanadatedeposits.Emergingalternatecompositionsin- aggressive environments,e.g.thoseassociatedwithmoltensilicate designs. Thecurrent7YSZcanalsobeseverelydegradedbychemically are deemedinadequatetosatisfythedemandsofupcomingengine exhibits remarkablestabilityundercurrentoperatingconditions,but metastable t’structurewithcompositionZrO Insulatinglayersforpresentthermalbarriersystemscomprisea Matls. Dept.,1355Engrg.II,SantaBarbara,CA93106-5050USA Leckie Stephan Kraemer Stability IssuesinCurrent andEmerging TBC Materials 2:00 PMInvited V6T 1Z4Canada British Columbia,Dept.ofMetals&Matls.Engrg., Vancouver, BC Sci. &Metall.,CambridgeCB23QUK;RogerC.Reed,Universityof Session Chairs: February 15,2005 Tuesday PM Laboratory, OakRidge, TN 37831USA Bedfordshire MK43OAL UK;Bruce A. Pint,OakRidgeNational Cleveland, OH44135USA;JohnNicholls,CranfieldUniversity, Arbor, MI48109USA;TimGabb,NASAGlennResearchCenter, Michigan, DepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineering, Ann CA 92186-5376USA;Qiang(Charles)Feng,Universityof Solar Turbines,Inc.,MaterialsandProcessEngineering,SanDiego, Vancouver, BritishColumbia V6T 1Z4Canada;RichardS.Bellows, Columbia, DepartmentofMetalsandMaterialsEngineering, Program Organizers: Committee ofIoM3 TemperatureMaterials High Committee-(Jt. ASM-MSCTS), ture Alloys Committee,SMD-CorrosionandEnvironmentalEffects Sponsored by: Applications: CeramicMaterialsfor TBCs Superalloys andCoatingsfor High Temperature TMS 2005Annual Meeting: 1 1 ; FeliciaM.Pitek ; Anthony G.; Anthony Evans Structural MaterialsDivision, 1 ; Ashutosh S.Gandhi Sammy Tin,UniversityofCambridge,Dept.Matls. : Roger C.Reed,UniversityofBritish Don M.Lipkin Location: SanFranciscoMarriott Room: NobHillA/B 1 ; Carlos G. Levi 1 ; 217 1 University ofCalifornia,Matls.Dept., TechnicalProgram 2 GE Transportation,En- Aircraft 1 1 ; NoemiR.Rebollo ; JosephRigney : 1 Sabine Faulhaber ; 2 -7.6%YO 1 University ofCalifornia, SMD-High Tempera- 1.5 (7YSZ)which 2 ; 1 1 ; RafaelM. GE Global 1 ; Chris : Columnar Microstructure Simulation oftheHigh Temperature Indentationof TBC with 4:05 PM 3:45 PMBreak the durabilityandreliability. that caninfluencethefailuremechanismsofTBCs,andinturnaffect TEM/STEM revealedmanyfeaturesofmicrostructuraldevelopment sion andscanningtransmissionelectronmicroscopy(TEMSTEM). scopic techniquesincludingfocusedionbeamin-situlift-out,transmis- tural developmentofTBCsexaminedbyusingavarietymicro- cycling. ResultsfromPSLSandEISwerecorrelatedtothemicrostruc- oxide wereexaminedbyNDEtechniquesasafunctionofthermal pedance ofTBCconstituentswithanemphasisonthethermallygrown The evolutiontheresidualstress,polymorphicconstituentsandim- techniques forqualitycontrolandlife-remainassessmentofTBCs. rently developedascomplimentarynon-destructiveevaluation(NDE) and electrochemicalimpedancespectroscopy(EIS)arebeingconcur- utility applications.Photostimulatedluminescencespectroscopy(PSLS) hot-section componentsinadvancedturbineenginesforaeroand play animportantroleintheservicereliabilityandmaintainabilityof Thedurabilityandreliabilityofthermalbarriercoatings(TBCs) 4000 CentralFloridaBlvd.,Orlando,FL32816-2455USA mal Barrier Coatings Non-Destructive andMicrostructuralCharacterizationofTher- 3:20 PM metallographic cross-sections. from service,gainedscanningelectronmicroscopy(SEM)on consistent withtheexperimentalobservationsofanairfoilremoved cold-shock inthepresenceofaverticalseparation.Themodelis tion thicknessthat,ifexceeded,makestheTBClayersusceptibleto during shut-downoftheengine.Calculationspredictacriticalpenetra- CMAS infiltratedlayershasbeenidentified:itinvolvescold-shock cate) athightemperatures. A newmechanismforthespallationof (FOD) andinfiltrationwithCMAS(calcium-magnesium-alumino-sili- oxide (TGO),erosionduetoparticleimpactandforeignobjectdamage induction heating. will becomparedwithresultsfrom TMFtestsperformedusingstandard The degradationandadhesionof the TBC, assessedusingmicroscopy, sition (PVD)withanMCrAlYbondcoatandazirconiabasedTBC. with singlecrystalCMSX4specimenscoatedusingplasmavapourdepo- to computethesubstratestrainfield.TheTMFtestswereconducted ses ofatypicalgasturbinebladeusingananisotropicdeformationcode tions. Thetestcycleprofileswerederivedfromfiniteelementanaly- which achievestemperaturedistributionsclosetoin-servicecondi- experienced inservice. An alternativeheatingsystemisdescribed, inside andhencethetemperatureprofileseenisreverseofthat tion heatingduringTMFtests,isthatthespecimenheatedfrom the dation oftheTBC.Theinherentproblem,whenusingstandardinduc- assesses theeffectsofthermo-mechanicalfatigue(TMF)ondegra- technology foruseingasturbineengines.Theworktobepresented ThermalBarrierCoatings(TBC)arefastbecomingmainstream UK A7, Cody Tech. Park,IvelyRd.,Farnborough,HampshireGU140LX Jeffery W. Brooks Thermal BarrierCoatingsUnderIn-ServiceTMFConditions 4:30 PMInvited tems. understanding oftheplasticresponseseveralthermalbarriersys- inter-columnar porosity. Comparisonswithmeasurementsprovidesome constituent properties,suchasthecolumnwidth,contactfriction,and observed experimentally, suchasshearbands,byembodyingsalient sion. Itisalsocapableofexploringthedeformationheterogeneities densification aswellthecolumndistortionscausedbyimpres- ture. Themethodelucidatestheextentofplasticdeformationand tribute isdescribed,andappliedtoTBCswithacolumnarmicrostruc- displacement measurements. A numericalprocedurehavingthisat- for deconvolutingaspectsofthestress/strainresponsefromload- impression test.Theutilityofthetestiscontingentuponamethod impact. Somehightemperaturepropertiescanbeexploredusingan ties: especiallythemechanismsofmaterialremovaluponparticle ings (TBCs)areaffectedbytheirhightemperaturemechanicalproper- Thephenomenagoverningthedurabilityofthermalbarriercoat- Matls. Dept.,SantaBarbara,CA93106USA Desai Laxman 1 ; 1 1 ; BarbFranke University ofCentralFlorida, AMPAC &MMAE,Box162455, 1/18/2005, 10:22 AM 1 ; Bernd Vermeulen 1 ; DavidMiranda : Yongho Sohn : Tao Xu 1 ; 1 1 ; QinetiQ Ltd.,Rm.2008,Bldg. 1 1 ; JaewonByeon 1 ; BalajiJayaraj University ofCalifornia, 1 ; Vimal H. 1 ; Sankar 217 : TUESDAY PM ; 1 Yip-Wah Chung Yip-Wah : Technical Program Technical MVSystems, Inc., 17301 W. Colfax Ave., Ste. Ave., Colfax W. MVSystems, Inc., 17301 Room: 2022 Convention Center Location: Moscone West 1 Arvind Agarwal, Florida International Agarwal, Arvind ; 1 1/18/2005, 10:22 AM Sudipta Seal, University of Central Florida, Advd. of Central Florida, Sudipta Seal, University Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division, and Manufacturing Materials Processing TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: Arun Madan Arun : National Science Foundation, Civil & Mechl. Sys. Div., 4201 Wilson National Science Foundation, Civil & Mechl. Sys. Div., 1 22230 USA VA Arlington, Blvd., Rm. 545.25, Coatings used in certain mechanical components operate under extremely demanding conditions. For example, coatings used in pro- tecting cutting tools have to endure high contact stresses and tempera- Surface Engineering in Materials Science - III: Thin - III: Science in Materials Engineering Surface Films by: Sponsored Engineering Committee MPMD-Surface Organizers: Program and Materials Engineering, Department of Mechanical University, National Laboratory, Craig Blue, Oak Ridge 33174 USA; Miami, FL Oak and Ceramic Division, Group, Metals Materials Processing of B. Dahotre, University 37831 USA; Narendra Ridge, TN Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Tennessee, USA; John J. Moore, Colorado School of Knoxville, TN 37932 Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Mines, Department of Sudipta Seal, University of Central Florida, Golden, CO 80401 USA; Analysis Center and Mechanical, and Advanced Materials Processing 32765-7962 USA Oviedo, FL Aerospace Engineering, Materials and Tuesday PM February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: 32765-7962 & Mechl., Oviedo, FL Ctr. Analy. Matls. Procg. & National Science Foundation, Civil & Mechl. Chung, Yip-Wah USA; 22230 USA VA Arlington, Sys. Div., 2:00 PM Invited Tech- Thin Film Silicon Cells Using Solar Terminal Four Stable nology 305, Golden, CO USA with other forms of For photovoltaics (PV) to be competitive film technologies could energy generation, a consensus is that thin most likely contender is provide the route to lower costs. One of the of (with efficiency,h, thin film Silicon which has been commercialized light induced deg- 6-8%) by several companies. However, the intrinsic an impediment. The radation in amorphous Silicon (a-Si:H), remains of the device used degradation is strongly dependant on the thickness (MJ) at the expense of and can be reduced by the use of multi-junction several cells stacked on complexity in fabrication. MJ type devices use thickness) to absorb a top of each other with differing band gaps (and As wider portion of the solar spectrum (e.g. a-SiH/a-SiGeH/a-SiGeH). requires the same current this two terminal (2-T) MJ device structure use of relatively thick a- from each constituent cell, it necessitates the degrades by ~20%. SiH junctions (~2000A) and the device generally GeH4 gas which is pro- Further, the fabrication of a-SiGe:H requires during production is hibitively expensive and since the gas utilization panels may be difficult normally <10%, the cost reduction of such PV with stable micro-(or to realize. Hence the use of 2-T MJ solar cell cell and a-Si:H as rather nano-) crystalline Si (nc-SiH) as the bottom “micro-morph”). Such the top cell is attracting attention (termed as h of ~14.5% in a small MJ (or tandem) solar cells can produce an initial However, this structure area (3cm2) and ~12% in large area modules. (due to the current also contains a thick (~ 4000A) a-Si:H junction matching) and as a result majority of the power (~ 70%) emanates from the unstable thick a-Si:H portion with an inevitable degradation have developed a simpler 4 terminal (4-T) thin film Si We under light. based MJ solar cell configuration in which the current matching con- straint is released from each constituent cell, e.g. two cells (a-SiH and stable low band gap material, such as nc-SiH)) are separated via an This allows the use of ultra-thin (<1000A) a-Si:H solar cell insulator. where instability is no longer an issue. This stable solar 4-T MJ design, discuss the steps that are We has the potential to attain h >16%. discuss We of ~10% to >16%. needed to go from the current efficiency the use of a modified pulsed PECVD (plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition) technique, which provides a powerful way to improve the nc-SiH materials by altering the growth via a layer-by-layer technique. With an improvement in grain size to > 1000-2000A, as in fine (especially grained polycrystalline-Si, that higher carrier mobility’s for holes) could be attained leading to longer minority carrier diffusion length and to a substantial increase in the open circuit voltage (from 480 mV to >650mV) thus opening the route to high efficiency (>16%) low cost stable thin film Si solar cells. 2:25 PM Invited Applications Extreme-Condition Coatings for ; - 1 4 SO 2 ; Shengkai 1 ; Carlos G. Levi ; Carlos G. 1 University of Cali- 1 C using a Na ° ; Huibin Xu Huibin 1 : ; Fengling Yu ; Fengling 1 ; Stephan Kraemer 1 218 with Y leads to the depletion of stabilizer 5 O 2 phase diagram provides an opportunity to enhance Ted D. Bennett Ted corrodent. The resulting changes in microstructure 2.5 3 : Felicia Marie Pitek -TaO Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sch. of Astronautics, and Aeronautics of University Beijing : 1.5 1 ; 1 -YO 2 University of California, Matls. Dept., Santa Barbara, CA 93106- University of California, Matls. Dept., Santa 218 and composition were characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM to com- and composition were characterized by XRD, pare the relative stabilities and differences in corrosion mechanisms. the corrosion resistance of the coating. In principle, the addition of Ta the corrosion resistance of the coating. In principle, and presumably its reduces the activity of Y in the solid solution compositions can be susceptibility to reaction. Moreover, coating de-stabilization. Selected selected to be tolerant to depletion without doped compositions were made by precursor methods, Y+Ta and Y consolidated into pellets and tested at 900 30mole%NaVO Gong 1 5050 USA zirconia (7YSZ) thermal The hot corrosion of yttria stabilized is discussed. The barrier coatings by molten sulfate/vanadate deposits ensuing reaction of V from the initially “non-transformable” t’ phase and rendering it sus- from the initially “non-transformable” t’ phase upon cooling. ceptible to the deleterious monoclinic transformation tetragonal region in the The presence of a stable non-transformable ZrO fornia, Mechl. & Environml. Engrg., Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA fornia, Mechl. & Environml. technique for determining thermal properties of nondestructive A is developed. The measurement reveals both thermal barrier coatings contrast between the thru-plane thermal diffusivity and the effusivity both the thermal the film and substrate. From these measurements the film may be deter- conductivity and volumetric specific heat of this technique mined. Because the measurement is nondestructive, over the lifetime of a may be applied to evaluate film properties to resolve the effects serviceable part. The measurement can be used sintering of of structural variability in the film, high temperature from the substrate. pores, and localized delamination of the film 5:40 PM Thermal Barrier of Stability Enhancing the Environmental Coatings 4:55 PM Invited 4:55 PM of YSZ Behavior Cyclic Thermal Effect and Barrier Thermal Addition EarthOxide with Rare Coating China 37, Beijing 100083 & Engrg., Xueyuan Rd. Matls. Sci. (YSZ) top Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2 TBC system with The present however, its performance, an excellent high temperature coat exhibits the thermal greatly limited due to effect has been thermal barrier conductivity by EB-PVD. Low of YSZ top coat prepared conductivity to obtain increasingly demanded coatings have been thermal barrier tem- still could achieve sufficient configurations which thin coating higher engine operating temperatures. In this perature reductions at initio method on the lattice distortion has been calculated by ab study, various rare earth oxides to study the change system of YSZ added by and thermal conductivity as well. Fur- of atomic oscillation frequency with rare earth oxides have been deposited thermore, some of YSZ by EB-PVD method. The thermal barrier onto MCrAlY bond coat behaviors have been investigated as a func- effect and thermal cyclic the different kinds of rare earth oxides. tion of the amount of 5:20 PM of Thermal Barrier Coatings Ther- Nondestructive Evaluation mal Properties

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 Tataryan Aghasi R.Torosyan Synthesis ofCeramicCoatings byMixinginSiO Mechanically InducedModification ofan Al Surfaceandthe 3:35 PM modification. this approachisthesimultaneousoccurrenceofmachiningandsurface electrode materialintotheprocessedsurface. A majorattraction of respectively. This increaseselectrodeerosionandhigherdiffusion of tive insuchmasstransferalongwithpositiveandnegativepolarity and wireelectrodewithcoatingofselectedmaterialsaremoreeffec- cantly. Shapedelectrodesfabricatedbypowdermetallurgy technique sequently themicrohardnessofresultantsurfacealsoincreasessignifi- trode materialrevealedfromEnergy Dispersive X-ray Analysis. Con- presence ofhardresolidifiedstratumwithsignificantdiffusionelec- properties. Microscopicanalysisofsuchprocessedsurfaceexhibits the trode materialintothemachinedsurfaceforimprovedtribological parameters, whichcanpromotesignificantdiffusionofselectedelec- exploited forsurfacemodificationbysuitableselectionofprocess currence ofinterelectrodematerialtransfer. This phenomenoncanbe A significantobservationinelectrodischarge machiningistheoc- India Mechl. Engrg., Coll.ofEngrg., Hyderabad, Andra Pradesh500007 A.J. Reddy A PhenomenonIntrinsictoElectro DischargeMachining ElectrodeMass Transfer Inter Modification Through Surface - 3:20 PM materials. REE thevalueofdetectivityissameorderasforsemiconductor surement technique.Itwasfoundthatforthinfilmsinthestatewith voltage responsivityanddetectivityweredeterminedbylock-inmea- stitutes CrandCd.Thebasicphotoconductivityparametersasspectral magnetic ordering,therandomlycanted(RC)wasfoundwhenInsub- Cr orCd,wehavethespinglassstate(SG).Themorecomplextypeof state withreentranttransition(REE)isachieved.WhenInsubstitites increasing theamountofInisdetected.ForCdCr2Se4,magnetic lattice parameterandchangesofthelocalatomicenvironmentswith by Indilutionlevelandmagneticinteraction. Also theincreaseof detector. Itissoftmagneticmaterial,theenergeticstructuremodyfied have beeninvestigatedastheperspectiveelementofnear-infrared Thinfilmsofmagneticsemiconductor(Cd1-yIny)[Cr2-2xIn2x]Se4 Physics, Reymonta19,Kraków30-059Poland 668 Poland; emy ofSciences,Inst.Physics,al.Lotników32/46,Warszawa 02- of Elect.,al.Mickiewicza30,Kraków30-059Poland; Sikora Teresa Ciêciwa Properties Magnetic Semiconductor Thin Films-Magneticand Transport 3:05 PM bonds ofC-O,C=OandC-N. increased surfacecompositionsofOandNthechemical surface energyonpolyimidefilmsbyargonplasmaswereduetothe tron spectroscopyforchemicalanalysis(ESCA)observedtheincreased creased peelstrengthsofsputteredcopperstopolyimidefilms.Elec- films weremuchincreasedbyargonplasmasthatresultsinin- indicated thesurfaceroughnessandenergyofpolyimide the polyimidefilmwascalculatedbysessiledropmethodthat tigated byatomicforcemicroscopy(AFM)andthesurfaceenergyof polyimide films.Thesurfacemorphologyoffilmwasinves- were stronglyaffectedbysurfacemorphologyandenergyof strengths ofsputteredcopperstopolyimidefilmsbyargonplasmas Peel testsdemonstratethisimprovement.Theenhancedadhesive Upilex Swithsputteredcopperbyargonplasmaswereinvestigated. EnhancedadhesionofpolyimidefilmssuchasKaptonE(N)and Taiwan 407China of Chem.Engrg., No.100, Wenhwa Rd.SeatwenDist., Taichung, Lin Argon Plasmasfor Microelectronic FlexSubstrates Enhanced by Adhesion ofPolyimidewithSputtered Copper 2:50 PM protective coatings. trate somegeneralprinciplesintheselectionandsynthesisofsuch traction performance.Thistalkpresentsselectedexamplestoillus- applied coatingsmustbefatigue-resistantandprovidelowfriction/ periods; bearingsandgearsoperateunderhighcyclicstresses,the provide thenecessarywearandcorrosionprotectionforextended tures; nanometer-thickovercoatsincomputerharddiskdriveshaveto TMS 2005Annual Meeting: 1 ; Huang-MingLiu 3 ; CzeslawKapusta 1 ; 1 : 1 ; S.R.M.Voleti National Academy ofSciences,Inst.Gen.&Inorganic 3 Lidia JadwigaMaksymowicz University ofScience& Technology, Dept.SolidState 1 ; ZbigniewStanislaw Sobkow 1 ; Laszlo Takacs 1 ; Hsuan-Ta Chen 3 ; 1 219 1 University ofScience& Technology, Dept. ; N.Ramesh TechnicalProgram 2 ; NshanH.Zulumyan 1 ; 1 Feng ChiaUniversity, Dept. 1 ; MariaLubecka 1 1 ; RitaSzymczak ; 1 Osmania University, 2 Polish Acad- 2 Particles : 1 ; Ashot A. ; Ashot Yung-Sen 2 1 ; Marek ; Beata : T. : Chmst, 2-tup., Argutyan St. 10, Industrial Scienceand Technology, Matl.Rsch.Inst.for Sustainable Film onStainless Steel Texture andMicrostructure Characteristicsof Aluminium Thin 4:25 PM revolutionizing theindustry. for overallcontrolofstrenuousrequirementswithabroadcapacity New techniquesofprocessandmanufacturingevaluationareessential cades andarebecomingincreasinglyautomatedformanufacturing. lead thewayinsurfaceengineeringbreakthroughsrecentde- spray anditsrelativeprocessHigh Velocity OxygenFuel(HVOF)have gression oftheenergysystemsandturbinerepairmanufacturing.Plasma combinatorial alloymaterialsisparamountfordevelopmentandpro- als surfacethroughtheprocessesofplasmaforming,heattreating,and entire industry. Enablingthemanipulationandcontrolofmateri- the surfacesofmaterialsbecomeessentialbuildingblock corrosive environmentstoaugmentenergy generationandefficiency, ties constantlyshiftingtoresisthighertemperatureregimesandmore engineering. Withtheprincipalrequirementsofmaterials’proper- be dominatedwiththemodificationofsurfacesorsurfacescience Thematerialsrequiredfortheenergysystemsindustryhasandwill Florida Blvd.,Orlando,FL32816USA USA; tems, OrlandoServiceCtr., 2287PremierRow, Orlando,FL 32809 Energy Industry Expansive BreadthSurfaceEngineeringtoRevolutionizethe 4:00 PMInvited 3:50 PMBreak SiO that theproductsdependonstructuralmodificationofused plate andSiO ture andtheprogressofmechanochemicalreactionbetween Al powder particlesintothesubstrate,evolutionofmicrostruc- the SiO induce orcontinuethechemicalreactionbetween Al substrateand Heat treatmentattemperaturesfrom300 interaction withSiO where itwasexposedtotheimpactofballsandmechanochemical been investigated. The Al platewasplacedintoavibratoryballmill phous andcrystallineSiO2powdersduringmechanicalprocessinghas Surfacemodificationofan Al plateanditsinteractionwithamor- more, MD21250USA 2 Heat Treatmentof Tiand Ti Alloys Formation andCharacteristics ofOxidationFilmProducedby 4:40 PM no crackswereobservedinthefilm. aluminium thinfilmisattachedtothestainlesssteelsubstratewelland packed togetherafterinitialnucleationandtheobtainedhomogenous time illustratesthatnano-sizealuminiumparticles(10~50nm) are tion ofthemicrostructuresunderdifferentcurrentdensitiesandcoated (111) fibretexturesandtheirintensitymaximumis1.7.Theobserva- ture resultsshowthatthealuminiumthinfilmhasweak(210)and stainless steelsubstrateischaracterizedindetails.Themeasuredtex- less steelatroomtemperatureanditstexturemicrostructure on in isemployedforelectrodepositionofaluminiumthinfilmonstain- electrolyte basedontetrahydrofuranwith AlCl3 andLiAlH4dissolved deposited fromaqueoussolution.Inthispaper,anorganicnonaqueous aqueous electrolyteasitislessnoblethanhydrogen,socannot be aluminium ismuchmorecomplicatedthanmanyothermetalsfrom tion hasverygoodquality. However, theelectrodepositionprocessof shape ofworkpieces. Aluminium coatingobtainedbyelectrodeposi- expensive orrunathightemperaturearelimitedbythearbitrary Except forelectrodepositionprocess,anyothertechniquesarerather sputter andplasmaprocesses(4)electrodepositionofaluminium. galvano-forming; (3)rollbinding;(4)PVD/CVDprocess,forexample, on workpiecessuchas(1)thermalsprayingcoating;(2)hotdippingor system. Thereareseveralprocessesavailableforcoatingaluminium devices andforthedevelopmentofarechargeablealuminiumbattery be appliedinintegratedcircuittechnology, micromachining,optical of agoodconductinglayerandcompletelyinsulatingwhichcan dation oranodizingprocesstoprovideanadvantageouscombination conductivities. Particularly, itcanbeoxidizedeasilybyartificialoxi- Aluminium thinfilmisductilewithgoodelectricalandthermal Canada Matls. Engrg., Wong Bldg.,3610Univ., Montreal,QuebecH3A 2B2 Szpunar Jerzy A. University ofMaryland,Dept.Physics,1000HilltopCir., Balti- 2 . 2 University ofCentralFlorida, AMPAC, MMAE,4000Central 2 particlesforcedintoitssurfacelayer. The mixingoftheSiO 2 wereinvestigatedbyXRDandSEM.Itwasestablished 1/18/2005, 10:22 AM 1 : ; J. DeBarro 2 powderforintervalsof20,40,60and120min. 1 McGill University, Dept.ofMining,Metals& : Zhongliang Shi 1 ; K.E.Rea Yerevan, Yerevan375051 Armenia; : Kimihiro Ozaki 1 ; ° C to600 Hualong Li 2 ; 1 Mitsubishi PowerSys- ° C wasappliedto 1 ; RezaBateni 1 ; 1 Advanced 219 1 2 ; TUESDAY PM ; ; : 1 1 Pennsylvania 1 ; 1 David E. Laughlin Technical Program Technical : L. Q. Chen ; Markus W. Wittmann ; Markus W. ; 1 1 K. Lee, Michigan Tech, MSE, Tech, K. Lee, Michigan Ian Baker : Room: 3003 Convention Center Location: Moscone West ; S. Choudhary Yunzhi Wang, Ohio State University, Ohio State Wang, Yunzhi 1 1/18/2005, 10:22 AM Ken R. Elder, Oakland University, Physics, Oakland University, Ken R. Elder, Electronic, Magnetic & Photonic Materials Magnetic & Photonic Electronic, TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: ; Y. L. Li Y. ; 1 Dartmouth College, Thayer Sch. of Engrg., 8000 Cummings Hall, Carnegie Mellon University, Matls. Sci. & Engrg., 5000 Forbes Ave., Forbes Matls. Sci. & Engrg., 5000 Carnegie Mellon University, 1 Hanover, NH 03755 USA strain-induced paramagnetic to ferromagnetism transition has A been observed in a number of intermetallic compounds containing magnetic moment-bearing elements. This phenomenon has been quan- based titatively modeled in FeAl, using the local environment theory, APB tubes, where Fe on the idea that the ferromagnetism arises from atoms can have >=3 like nearest neighbors. It is shown that the satura- tion magnetization, Ms, depends on both the Fe:Al ratio, the ternary atoms present and on the degree of deformation. The behavior of both The Armen G. Khachaturyan Symposium on Phase Symposium Khachaturyan Armen G. The in Evolution and Microstructural Transformation IV Solids: Session Crystalline by: Sponsored EMPMD/ Manufacturing Division, Processing & Division, Materials Committee, MPMD- & Physics of Materials SMD-Chemistry ASM-MSCTS), & Engineering-(Jt. Materials Science Computational ASM-MSCTS) Committee-(Jt. Transformations MPMD-Phase Organizers: Program Science and Engineering, Columbus, OH Department of Materials University, Chen, Pennsylvania State 43210 USA; Long-Qing Engineering Department, University Park, PA Materials Science and William Morris, University of California, 16802-5005 USA; John CA Science and Engineering, Berkeley, Department of Materials 94720 USA Tuesday PM February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: 48309 USA; Jong MI Rochester, Houghton, MI 49931 USA 2:00 PM Opening Remarks 2:05 PM Invited Materials in Ferroic Transformations Phase 1 15213 USA PA Pittsburgh, on cooling, transform Ferroic materials are those materials which phase without any from a high symmetry phase into a lower symmetry The low symmetry reconstruction of the underlying crystal structure. variants, or domains. phase is composed of two or more orientation is that their do- An important additional feature of ferroic materials by the application of an mains can be transformed into each other being used extensively appropriate external field. Ferroic materials are in other “smart mate- as sensors, actuators, shape memory alloys and will be presented of the rial” applications. In this paper an overview changes that are in- various phase transformations and symmetry of ferroic general classification A volved in selected ferroic materials. changes will also be phase transformations in terms of symmetry part by the Data Storage given. This research has been supported in Systems Center at CMU. 2:30 PM Invited Domain Structures Thermodynamics and Evolution of Ferroic J. X. Zhang Park, Bldg., Univ. 102 Steidle Sci. & Engrg., Matls. University, State 16802 USA PA seminal contributions to theoretical mate- One of Khachaturyan’s developed about 35 rials science is his mesoscopic elasticity theory and simulation of years ago. It has been the basis for the prediction precipitate morphologies and microstructures during various phase transformations. In this presentation, the applications of theory and phase-field approach to ferroic elasticity Khachatuyran’s domain structures will be discussed. Emphasis will be on systems that are simultaneously ferroelectric and ferroelastic or ferromagnetic and ferroelastic. Examples to be discussed include PbZrxTi1-xO3 (PZT) piezoelectric thin films and the ferromagnetic shape memory alloy Ni2MnGa. While PZT is a primary ferroelectric and secondary ferroelastic, Ni2MnGa is both a primary ferromagnetic and a primary ferroelastic. Similar approach can be applied to domain structures of ferromagnetoelectric multiferroics that are simultaneously ferromag- netic and ferroelectric. 2:55 PM in Inter- Paramagnetic to Ferromagnetic The Strain-Induced metallic Compounds University of Elec- 1 ; 1 220 : Chen Hong Wei : Chen Hong University of Electronic Science & Technol- Room: 3010 Location: The Moscone Center 1 David P. Field, Washington State University, State Washington Field, David P. ; 1 , ASM/MSCTS-Texture Anisotropy , ASM/MSCTS-Texture & Committee Christopher Michaluk, Williams Advanced Materi- Williams Christopher Michaluk, ASM International: Materials Science Critical which may be caused by asymmetric potential barriers at which may be caused by asymmetric potential : Fu Chun Lin 220 See Refractory Metals in Electronic Applications Symposium See Refractory Metals in Electronic on page 214 for schedule. Texture and Microstructure in Thin Films and in Microstructure and Texture Metals in Coatings: Joint Session with Refractory Thin Films and Texture Applications: Electronic by: Sponsored Sector Technology February 15, 2005 Session Chair: USA 19525 als, Gilbertsville, PA Program Organizers: Organizers: Program Williams A. Michaluk, 99164-2920 USA; Chris WA Pullman, 19525 USA; John E. Sanchez, Advanced Materials, Gilbertsville, PA A. Szpunar, 94088 USA; J. Advanced Micro Devices, Sunnyvale, CA Engineering, Department of Metallurgical McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2A7 Canada Tuesday PM ogy of China, Inst. of Microelec. & Solid State Elect., Chengdu, Sichuan ogy of China, Inst. of Microelec. & Solid State 610054 China of ferroelec- Dielectric nonlinearity is an important characteristic hysteresis loops and å- tric thin films. Based on the characteristics of dielectric nonlinearity is E curves in thin films, a novel model for the ferroelec- established. Many parameters, intensively influencing film thickness and the tric properties of thin films, such as grain size, In this model, the barrier barrier height at the interface are involved. equivalent circuits. The layers were modeled in terms of p-n junction verified with the accuracy of the model predictions is quantitatively data from reference. tronic Science & Technology of China, Inst. of Microelect. & Solid of China, tronic Science & Technology Sichuan 610054 China State Elect., Chengdu, RF titanate (BST) thin films were prepared by Barium strontium The microstructures and ferroelectric proper- magnetron sputtering. of films were investigated. The composition ties of Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 perovskite structure was near to BST BST thin film with tetragonal domains were observed by piezo- ceramic target. Nanometer-sized be (PFM). The critical size is found to response force microscopy from a multi-domain to a mono-domain. The between 28nm to 33nm hysteresis loops dielectric constant-electric field curves and polarization constant, At 1kHz the dielectric films have been measured. of BST film with thick- tunability and dielectric loss of the Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 The remanent ness 280nm are 562,25.6% and 0.016, respectively. (Ec) of the BST film polarization (Pr) and the coercive electric field The respectively. are 1.2ìC/cm2 and 42.9kV/cm at room temperature, the negative side and år-V and P-V curves show a voltage shift toward asymmetry, the upper and bottom interfaces. 5:10 PM of Ferroelectric Thin A Model for Dielectrics Nonlinearity Films Dvlp., Anagahora 2266-98, Shimoshidami, Moriyama, Nagoya 463- Nagoya Moriyama, Shimoshidami, 2266-98, Anagahora Dvlp., Japan 8560 has interference alloys Ti and pure titanium layer of a oxidation An oxidation an anodic a design by to make it is famous Especially, colors. but the layer has various colors, anodic oxidation layer method. The oxide An and in heat resistance. in erosion resistance has disadvantage erosion resis- has higher treatment in the atmosphere film by heat However, the by anodic oxidation. resistance than that tance and heat of the thick- worse controllability fewer kinds of color and former has pro- of oxide films Then in this, the formation latter. ness than the of inter- alloys and characteristics Ti and Ti-Si duced by heat-treating were investigated for obtaining stability and ference color of the film variety of color. 4:55 PM of Barium Stron- and Ferroelectric Properties Microstructures Thin Films tium Titanate

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 PA 15217USA; Mellon University, Matls.Sci.&Engrg., 3325 Wean Hall,Pittsburgh, LEM, BP 72,29 Ave. Div. Leclerc,Châtilllon92322France Bouar Quantitative PhaseFieldModeling 4:30 PMInvited prediction ofpart-to-partvariationinmanufacturing. efficiency forbothprocessoptimizationatthecomponentleveland diffusion hasdemonstratedanoptimalcombinationoffidelityand PrecipiCalc codegroundedinmulticomponentthermodynamicsand tional efficiencyprovidedbysharp-interfacemodels.Thenew velopment andqualificationofnewalloysrequireshighercomputa- alloys. Application ofprecipitationsimulationtotheacceleratedde- tions incomputationalmaterialsdesignofsteelsandshape-memory has allowedconfidentpredictiveapplicationofclassicalapproxima- behavior inbothheterogeneousandhomogeneousnucleation.This tified theboundarybetweenclassicalandCahn-Hilliardnonclassical ous Landau-Ginzburgmodelsofmartensitictransformationshasquan- Application ofanumerical“phase-field”approachbasedonrigor- 60015 USA QuesTek, Matls. Sci. &Engrg., 2225N.CampusDr., Evanston,IL fusional Transformations Applications ofNumericalSimulationsDisplaciveandDif- 4:05 PMInvited 3:40 PMBreak microstructural changesinFe-1%Si. a correlationwasobservedbetweenthemagneticfieldstrengthand centage oflowangleboundarieswithincreasingfieldstrength;hence, The grainboundarycharacterdistributionalsoexhibitedahigherper- volume fractiondecreasedrelativetothatobservedforlowerfields. texture component.Thecubecomponentpersistedupto30Tbutits significant texturingoccurredbuttherewasanincreaseinthecube increase inaveragegrainsizefrom50micronsto220microns.No Curie temperaturefor1hourat1.5T, samplesexperiencedadrastic i.e. belowandabovetheCurietemperature.Whenannealed applied paralleltothesamplerollingdirectionat600°Cand787°C, field strength.Magneticfieldsvaryingfrom1.5Tto30Thavebeen ary characterdistributionhavebeenstudiedinFe-1%Siasafunctionof Microstructuralandtextureevolutionthechangeingrainbound- see, FL32310-6046USA of Engineering,Mechl.Engrg. Dept.,2525PottsdamerSt., Tallahas- PO Box2008,OakRidge, TN 37831-6065USA; Mackiewicz-Ludtka Fe-1%Si Effect ofHighMagneticFieldonMicrostructuralEvolutionin 3:25 PM added permalloyswillbediscussed. Si content.Fromtheseresults,theorderingkineticsofNi3Fein tion ofNi3Fewaspromotedbyhighertemperatureannealingatfixed caused thedrasticreductionofpermeability. Inaddition,theforma- formation ofNi3Feorderedphasewasrevealedremarkably, which enlarged grainsize.InhighSicontentregionmorethan2%,the ability ofthepermalloysinlowSicontentregionbelow2%dueto analyzed byTEMandEBSD.IncreasingSicontentsimprovedperme- erties andSicontents,microstructuretexturewereextensively study. Inordertounderstandtherelationshipbetweenmagneticprop- which wasnewlyappliedtofabricationofthepermalloystripsinthis various Sicontentsweresuccessfullypreparedbymeltdragcasting, been investigated.ThePermalloystripsof50mmwidthobtaining ties of79Ni-Febasedpermalloys,fabricatedbymeltdragcasting,has EffectsofSiadditiononthemicrostructureandmagneticproper- Team, San31,Hyojadong,Namgu,Pohang,Kyungbuk790-785Korea search InstituteforScienceand Technology, CastingProcessRsch. San 31,Hyojadong,Namgu,Pohang,Kyungbuk790-784Korea; 1 Mook Lim erties ofPermalloysFabricatedbyMeltDragCasting Effects ofSi Addition onthe 3:10 PM grant DMR9973977andNIST60NANB2D0120. of L12-structuredCo3Tiarealsooutlined.ResearchsponsoredbyNSF be presented.Theeffectsofplasticstrainonthemagneticproperties APB tubesinlightly-strainedsinglecrystalsofFeAlandFe2AlMnwill of ternaryatomsontheFeand Al sublattices. TEM observationsof pound Fe2AlMnwillbeexplainedbyconsideringthesitepreferences ternary FeAl-basedalloysandoftheL21-structuredintermetalliccom- TMS 2005Annual Meeting: Pohang UniversityofScience&Technology, Matls.Sci.&Engrg., 1 ; QuentinBronchart : T.Bennett A. 1 ; Chan-GyungPark 2 Oak RidgeNationalLaboratory, Bethel Valley Rd., 2 ; G. M.Ludtka 1 ; R. A. Jaramillo 1 : ; GuillaumeBoussinot 221 Greg Olson Microstructure andMagneticProp- 1 ; JungNamkung TechnicalProgram 2 ; P. N.Kalu 2 ; J.B. Wilgren : 1 ; Alphonse Finel 1 Northwestern University/ 3 ; A. D.Rollett 3 1 FAMU-FSU College 2 ; ; Mun-ChulKim 1 ONERA-CNRS, 2 ; R.Kisner 1 1 ; ; YannLe : 1 Kyoung- Carnegie 2 2 ; G. Re- 2 ; Nele Moelans Grain GrowthinMaterialsContainingSecond-PhaseParticles Study onthe Abilities ofthePhaseFieldMethodinSimulating 5:20 PM phase fieldmodelunderidenticalinitialconditions. The Pottsmodelsimulationsarecomparedwiththepredictionsof before itstartstodecreaseastheboundaryapproachesparticle. ary responseis“stiff”andthisleadstoanincreaseintheinitialenergy particle. At lowerlatticetemperaturesorlow drivingforces,thebound- forces wheretheboundaryisflexibleenoughtobendlocallynear the drivingforceonlyathighlatticetemperaturesor responds appropriatelytochangesinthemagnitudeanddirectionof the latticetemperatureanddrivingforce.Theboundaryvelocity that theinteractionenergyissignificantlyaffectedbychoiceof a coarsegrainboundaryparticle.ThePottsmodelsimulationsshow ary drivenbyabulkstoredenergydifferenceacrosstheboundaryand simulations oftheinteractionbetweenaninitiallystraightgrainbound- Thepaperpresentslargescale,three-dimensional,Pottsmodel Sci. &Engrg.,2041CollegeRd.,Columbus,OH43210USA Particle tions oftheInteractionBetweenaGrainBoundaryandCoarse A ComparisonofthePhaseFieldandMonteCarloSimula- 4:55 PMInvited modeling. discuss differentpointsofviewfordevisingaquantitativePhaseField quantitative foraspecificsystem. We willaddressthislastaspect,and which aretodaythesubjectofanintensiveactivityisitsabilitytobe extended toawiderangeofphysicalphenomena.Onethedirections behavior ofcomplexmaterialsanditsrangeapplicabilityhasbeen PhaseFieldmethodsareintensivelyusedtopredictthemesoscopic development ofthePhaseFieldsimulationtechnique. grain growthinmulti-phasematerialsandcontributestoafurther current stateofdevelopment.Thisworkcanbringnewinsightsin difficulties aregeneraldrawbacksofthePhaseFieldmethodinits mining theinteractionbetweengrainboundaryandparticle.Both boundary energyandthickness,whichareimportantparametersdeter- computer memoryrequirements.(2)Itisdifficulttoreproducegrain very differentscales.Thisleadstolongcomputationaltimesandhuge grains, second-phaseparticlesandgrainboundaries,rangeinsizeover main difficultiesarose.(1)Theessentialmicrostructuralfeatures,viz. the simulatedsystemsandcomparedwithexperimentalvalues. Two frequently measuredingraingrowthexperimentswerecalculatedfor sizes andvolumefractionsofthesecond-phaseparticles.Properties ing inert,immobileparticles.Simulationswereperformedforseveral technique, hasbeenworkedoutforgraingrowthinmaterialscontain- A PhaseFieldmodel,togetherwithaconvenientimplementation Heverlee Belgium Dept. ofMetall.&Matls.Engrg., Kasteelpark Arenberg 44,B-3001 6008, OakRidge, TN 37831-6008USA; Ridge NationalLaboratory, ComputerSci.&Math.,Bldg.5600,MS : Bala Radhakrishnan 1 ; BartBlanpain 1/18/2005, 10:22 AM 1 1 ; GortiSarma ; Patrick Wollants 2 Ohio State University, Matls. 1 ; YunzhiWang 1 ; 1 K. U.Leuven, 2 ; 1 221 Oak : TUESDAY PM ; ; ; : 2 1 1 Yonsei 2 Hanyang 3 Kyung-Tae Park Kyung-Tae ; Milan Svoboda 1 : ; Minoru Furukawa 1 Technical Program Technical Hanbat National University, 1 Kyushu University, Dept. of Kyushu University, ; Petr Kral 3 1 University of Southern Califor- ; 1 ; Cheng Xu 3 1 g. & Matls. Sci., Los Angeles, CA Angeles, g. & Matls. Sci., Los ; 1 ; Yi Huang ; Yi 1 ; Jiri Dvorak 1 Fukuoka University of Education, Dept. of Tech., Fukuoka University of Education, Dept. of 2 ; Dong Hyuk Shin 1/18/2005, 10:22 AM 2 TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: ; Terence G. Langdon G. Terence ; 3 particulates, was subjected to equal-channel angular process- 3 Megumi Kawasaki Vaclav Sklenicka Vaclav O 2 : : Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Inst. of Physics of Matls., Academy of Sciences of Zenji Horita Aeros. & Mechl. Engr nia, Dept. of 90089-1453 USA; Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Faculty of Engrg., Fukuoka 812-8581 Japan Al-6061 metal matrix composite, reinforced with 10 vol. % of An fine Al Munakata, Fukuoka 811-4192 Japan; Munakata, Fukuoka 811-4192 ing (ECAP) through one pass at 298 K and an additional 11 passes at a temperature of 473 K. The mechanical properties were investigated through tensile testing of both as-received and as-pressed materials over a range of strain rates at 873 K. The results show that higher A elongations are achieved in both materials at the faster strain rates. detailed examination was conducted to analyze the extent of the inter- nal cavitation in these materials after tensile testing to failure. This paper compares the development of cavities in the composite mate- rial in both the as-received and as-pressed conditions. 3:30 PM Break 3:45 PM An Investigation of the Deformation Process During Equal- Aluminum Single Crystal of an Pressing Angular Channel In recent years, Terry Langdon has contributed to the literature of to the literature has contributed Langdon Terry recent years, In notable contribu- One than anyone. more plastic deformation severe effect of the exploration collaborators’) (and group’s been his tion has pressing angular equal channel possible via routes processing of various of and properties Bc, C, etc., on the microstructure A, Ba, (ECAP), i.e. various strain and describing these and alloys. Defining many metals The effect findings in recent years. to clarify many paths has helped originally of magnesium alloys on the properties of ECAP processing a report However, behavior. the potential for superplastic focused on stressed the temperature ductility improved room of tremendously As a ECAP. developed through of the texture possible importance 4 of 5 magnesium alloys representing result, the texture development (Mg-Al, Mg-Li, Mg-Rare Earth, and Mg-Zn major classes of alloys Each class exhibits a distinct texture evolu- based) has been explored. to distinctions in the activities of the vari- tion, which may be linked be mechanisms. These connections may ous underlying deformation of through the use of computer simulation made more quantitatively for plasticity models. The implications the texture using polycrystal and demonstrated, in select cases. properties will be discussed 2:45 PM Tech- by ECAP Aluminium Processed in Pure Processes Creep nique 1 62 Czech Republic Zizkova 22, Brno CZ-616 on pure aluminium processed by ECAP Creep tests were conducted Specimens were exam- at temperatures 423-523K and a 10-25MPa. microscopy equiped with ined by transmission and scanning electron was experi- The amount of grain boundary sliding an EBSD facility. is suggested that creep of mentally determined. Based on the results, it movement of the ECAPed aluminium occurs by diffusion-controlled coexistence of a dislo- dislocations and by grain boundary sliding. The sliding may explain the cation climbing process and grain boundary increasing number of observed decrease of the creep resistance with are necessary in order ECAP passes. Since high-angle grain boundaries in the fraction of high- to achieve grain boundary sliding, an increase ECAP passes will essen- angle boundaries with increasing number of sliding to the total creep tially lead to an increasing contribution of strain as it was observed experimentally. 3:00 PM Processed by ECAP Ultrafine Grained Steels Lee Young-Kook 305-719 S. Korea; Taejon Advd. Matls. Sci. & Engrg., of Div. Ansan, Kyunggi-Do 425- of Metall. & Matls. Sci., Dept. University, 791 S. Korea of ferrite-pearl- ECAP is very useful to modify the microstructure of their mechanical ite steels, resulting in considerable enhancement properties of ECAPed properties. The microstucture and mechanical focusing on fabrication ferrite-pearlite steels are reviewed, specifically their mechanical prop- of ultrafine grained (UFG) dual phase steels and UFG dual phase steels erties. In addition to ultrahigh strength, the hardening unlike other fabricated by ECAP exhibited extensive strain UFG metallic materials. 3:15 PM Tensile of Cavity Development in the Quantitative Study A by Aluminum Metal Matrix Composite Processed of an Testing ECAP University, Dept. of Metall. Engrg., Seoul 120-749 S. Korea; Engrg., Dept. of Metall. University, ; 1 ; P. K. ; P. 3 David J. : ; G. M. Stoica ; G. 2 Los Alamos National ; David J. Alexander ; David J. 2 1 Los Alamos National Labora- Los 1 ; 1 ; T. M. Lillo T. ; Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los 1 1 ; 2 University of Tennessee, Matls. Sci. & Tennessee, University of 3 222 Irene J. Beyerlein Irene : ; Qing Xue 1 Room: 3024 Convention Center Location: Moscone West Yuntian Ted Zhu, Los Alamos National Zhu, Los Ted Yuntian ; P. Merhotra ; P. 1 Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Labo- Sai V. Raj, NASA Glenn Research Center, Matls., Glenn Research Center, Raj, NASA V. Sai 2 Materials Processing & Manufacturing Division, & Manufacturing Materials Processing ; Irene J. Beyerlein 1 University of Virginia, Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Charlottesville, Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Virginia, University of ; Carl T. Necker T. ; Carl 1 1 Sean R. Agnew Sean R. ; : 3 222 Liaw VA 22904 USA; VA ratory, Idaho Falls, ID USA; ratory, Engrg., Knoxsville, TN USA MST-6, G770, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA; Alamos, NM 87545 G770, Los MST-6, Laboratory, T-3, B-216, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA B-216, Los T-3, Laboratory, High-purity oxygen-free electronic copper has been processed by equal channel angular extrusion for up to 4 passes at room tempera- ture, using 90° tooling, by either route Bc or C. Small tensile speci- mens, as well as compression cubes, were sectioned along the length of the billet by electrodischarge machining, and tested in the as-processed condition. The ECAE-processed material was anisotropic, with the strength in the direction perpendicular to the plane formed by the inlet and outlet channels being greater than that in the other direc- strength in compression was greater than the Also, the yield tions. yield strength in tension. The results for routes Bc and C will be compared, and viscoplastic self-consistent modeling will be used to help interpret these results. 2:30 PM Press- Angular Development During the Equal Channel Texture WE43, and AZ80, Mg-4wt%Li, AZ31, Alloys ing of Magnesium ZK60 tory, Theoretical Div., MS B216, Los ALamos, NM 87545 USA MS B216, Los Div., Theoretical tory, path changes, ECAE Through severe plastic deformation and strain the material at multiple imparts substantial microstructural changes in a multi-scale model that length scales. Our pursuit involves developing level, increasing to the couples the mechanics starting at the subgrain at the macroscopic grain and aggregate levels and eventually ending the impact of the strain length scale of the sample. Understanding routes requires apprecia- path changes associated with various ECAE length scales in each tion of the evolution of microstructure at these evolution, poly- pass. Combining multi-scale modeling (substructure and experimental tech- crystal models, and finite element simulation) mechanical testing), we niques (TEM, OIM, neutron diffraction, and and texture evolu- investigate the relationship between substructure We for routes Bc and C. tion in the early stages of the ECAE process substructure, and present our findings on how the grain morphology, a mechanical test or texture developed in the new strain path (either in the previous subsequent ECAE pass) interact with those generated pass. 2:15 PM Anisotropy in Mechanical Properties of High-Purity Copper Extrusion Angular by Equal Channel Processed 2:00 PM Evolution in and Texture Interactions Between Microstructure of ECAE the Early Stages February 15, 2005 Session Chairs: USA; Marco J. Starink, University of Cleveland, OH 44135 Sci., Southampton Southampton, Matls. Rsch. Grp. Sch. of Engrg. Scientific, Thousand SO17 1BJ UK; Patrick B. Berbon, Rockwell 91360 USA; Kenji Higashi, Osaka Prefecture University, Oaks, CA 599-8531 Japan Dept. of Metall. & Matls. Sci., Sakai, Osaka Laboratory, Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Technology Science and Materials Laboratory, B. Berbon, Rockwell Scientific P. Alamos, NM 87545 USA; H. Chokshi, Indian Atul 91360 USA; Thousand Oaks, CA Company, 560 012 Bangalore of Metallurgy, Institute of Science, Department Department of Materials University, India; Z. Horita, Kyushu Raj, NASA V. Fukuoka 812-8581 Japan; Sai Science and Engineering, Materials Division, Cleveland, OH 44135 Glenn Research Center, of Melbourne, Department of Mechanical USA; K. Xia, University Australia 3010 Victoria and Manufacturing Engineering, Tuesday PM The Langdon Symposium: Flow and Forming of and Forming Flow Symposium: Langdon The Angular Equal Channel Materials: Crystalline Pressing by: Sponsored and Forming Division, MPMD-Shaping Structural Materials ASM- of Materials-(Jt. SMD-Mechanical Behavior Committee, MSCTS) Organizers: Program Saiyi Li Alexander

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 Li SuixiangSean (ECAP) usingadiehavingchannelangleof90 minum singlecrystalissubjectedtoequal-channelangularpressing Thisinvestigationexaminesthedeformationprocesswhenanalu- & Mechl.Engrg., Los Angeles, CA 90089-1453USA testing temperature. in theas-pressedmaterialwhentesting atthesameappliedstressand ≥ superplastic elongationtofailure of>1000%athighstainrates conditions. Theresultsshowthatthe alloysubjectedtoECAPachieved were conductedusingthealloyinbothunpressedandas-pressed up totemperaturesoftheorder~670K. Tensile andcreeptests ultrafine-grained structureoftheas-pressedalloywasreasonablystable observed thatthereisabreakingofprecipitatesduringECAP. The achieved agrainsizereductionfrom~2.1 nel angularpressing(ECAP)atatemperatureof473K.Thealloy Al-11.5% Zn-2.5%Mg-0.9%Cu-0.2%Zrwasprocessedbyequalchan- A commercialspray-cast aluminiumalloyhavingacompositionof USA Aeros. &Mechl.Engrg. &Matls.Sci.,Los Angeles, CA 90089-1453 Terence G. Langdon Processed byEqual-Channel Angular Pressing Creep andSuperplasticityinaSpray-Cast Aluminium Alloy 4:30 PM recovery phenomena. an higherdislocationdensitypresentatlowtemperature,andareduced ness increasingwithtimeduetoanenhancedprecipitation,inducedby perature ofaging(110°C)onlythesolutionedalloyexhibitedanhard- pressing duetorecoveryor/andgraincoarseningeffect. At lowtem- the alloysshowedanincreasingsofteningwithtimeandnumberof tivity measurements. At higheragingtemperature(i.e170°Cand190°C) The agingeffectwasfollowedbymicrohardnessandelectricalconduc- as receivedstateandafterSPDperformedinthesolutioncondition. microscopy.effect The formed statewascharacterizedbyX-Raydiffraction,SEMandoptical The microstructureofbothalloysindifferentheattreatedandde- cations andagingeffect wasstudiedintwodifferent Al-Mg-Si alloys. TheinfluenceofSPDinducedbyECAPonmicrostructuralmodifi- Ingegneria dell’Innovazione,via Arnesano, Lecce73100Italy Alloys Influence ofSevere PlasticDeformationon Aging of Al-Mg-Si 4:15 PM considered toobtainrealisticdeformationbehavior. Factual phenomenalikestrainhardeningofmaterialandfrictionwere 90°, andwithvariousoutercorneranglesbyusing Abaqus/Explicit. simulations ofECAEwerecarriedforchannelangles60°,75°and gent. Hence,tostudytheeffectofparameters,finiteelement the deformationandpunchpressurerequirementswillbemorestrin- chanical andsuperplasticproperties.However,withacutetoolangles and highfractionofanglegrainboundaries,whichenhanceme- mum numberofpasses.Suchincreasedstrainscanyieldultrafinegrains tool-angles canincreasethestraininducedinmaterialformini- material properties,andfrictionbetweenthediesample. Acute parameters liketoolangles(channelangleandoutercornerangle), and uniformityofstraindistribution.Thesefactorsinturndependon (ECAE/ECAP) areinfluencedbyfactorslikeamountofstraininduced, Materialsprocessedbyequalchannelangularextrusion/pressing Engrg., Singapore639798 sion/Pressing Effect of Acute Tool-Angles onEqualChannel Angular Extru- 4:00 PM intersection ofthetwochannels. rotation inthelowerportionduetocurvatureatpointof pure shearoccursintheupperportionofspecimenbutthereisa clockwise directionnearthelowerdiewall.Theseobservationsshow within theexitchannelbuttherewasarotationby~60?aincounter- shear plane,theinitialorientationremainedinupperportion ined byorientationimagingmicroscopy. After passingthroughthe crystal waspressedthroughonepassatroomtemperatureandexam- tion fromthetheoreticalshearplaneanddirection,respectively. The [110] slipdirectionwereinclinedby20?ainacounter-clockwisedirec- the entrancechannelwasorientedsothat(111)slipplaneand 812-8581 Japan; 4192 Japan; Dept. of Tech., 1-1 Akama-Bunkyomachi, Munakata,Fukuoka811- Horita Furukawa Minoru TMS 2005Annual Meeting: 10 -2 s 2 : -1 ; TerenceG. Langdon whentestingat673K. Also, fastercreeprateswereobserved Emanuela Cerri 2 Kyushu University, Dept.ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg., Fukuoka : Anumalasetty Venkata Nagasekhar 1 3 ; University ofSouthernCalifornia,Depts. Aeros. 1 ; Yoshiyasu; Kawasaki 1 1 Nanyang Technological University, Sch.ofMatls. ; of artificialagingwasstudiedafterSPDinthe 1 University ofSouthernCalifornia,Dept. 1 ; LeoPaola 223 3 ; TechnicalProgram 1 Fukuoka UniversityofEducation, 1 ; 1 University ofLecce,Dept. 2 µ ; Yuichi; Miyahara m to~0.3 ° . Thecrystalwithin 1 ; Yip; Tick-Hon : µ m anditwas Cheng Xu 2 ; Zenji 1 1 ; ; cessed materialinForging Industry. workability at315C(600F),indicatingapplicabilityofECAPpro- order of0.5mm.Thisgrainrefinementresultedinenhancedhot tures. ResultsindicatethattheaveragegrainsizeafterECAPisof ability wasdeterminedbyforgingindustrialpartsatvarioustempera- deformation andthecrosssectionalareaofbillets. Also hotwork- ture ofaspressedalloywereexaminedafunctiontheextent (4.0 inch)squarebillets.Themechanicalpropertiesandmicrostruc- BC), producing12.5mm(0.5inch),50(2.0and100 to severeplasticdeformationatroomtemperaturebyECAP(Route workability ofthealloy. Inthisstudy, annealed AA 6061wassubjected scaling uponthemechanicalproperties,microstructure,andhot areas wereperformedonaluminumalloy6061tostudytheeffectof EqualChannel Angular Pressing(ECAP)atvariouscrosssectional Dept., Dayton,OH45435USA ability of AA 6061 Effect onMechanicalProperties,Microstructure, andHot Work- Scaling UpofEqualChannel Angular Pressing(ECAP)andits 5:00 PM ing oftheetaphase. ing heatinginvolvingtheformation,coarsening,dissolutionandmelt- DSC analysisidentifiestheoccurrenceofseveralthermaleffectsdur- textures introducedbyECAP areanalysed.Forthe Al-7034 alloy, the quent moregradualincreaseinfurtherpasses.Thecrystallographic of high-angleboundariesduringtheinitialECAPpassesandasubse- results demonstratethereisarelativelyrapidincreaseinthefraction softening postECAPwerestudiedbyhardnesstestingandDSC.The scanning calorimetry(DSC).Theageingresponseandrecrystallisation studied usingelectronback-scatterdiffraction(EBSD)anddifferential after processingthroughequal-channelangularpressing(ECAP)were The microstructuresofaspray-cast Al-7034 (Al-Zn-Mg-Cu)alloy les, CA90089-1453USA California, Depts.of Aeros. &Mechl.Engr Grp., Sch.ofEngrg.Scis.,Highfield,SouthamptonSO171BJUK; TX 75024USA; 1 Faculty ofEngrg.,Fukuoka812-4192Japan; 811-4192 Japan; 2 Gao During ECA Pressing andinSubsequentHeat Treatment Microstructural EvolutioninaSpray-Cast Aluminium Alloy 4:45 PM recrystallized grainsizeincreased astheannealingtemperaturein- only partialrecrystallizationoccurred belowthistemperature.The crystallization occurredatannealing temperaturesof500°Corhigher; nealing wasperformedattemperatures from400to550°C.Fullre- evidence ofdeformationbytwinning, andwasfinelysubdivided. An- passes withtoolinga105°angle. Thedeformedmaterialshowed channel angularextrusionattemperaturesfrom200to450°C,for 4 Electron-beanmeltedcrystalbarzirconiumwasprocessedbyequal Alamos, NM87545USA Alexander of Electron-BeamMeltedCrystalBarZirconium Intermediate-Temperature EqualChannel Angular Extrusion February 15,2005 Tuesday, 5:15-7:00pm and ManufacturingEngineering, Victoria 3010 Australia USA; K.Xia,UniversityofMelbourne,DepartmentMechanical Glenn ResearchCenter,MaterialsDivision,Cleveland,OH44135 Science andEngineering,Fukuoka812-8581Japan;Sai V. Raj,NASA India; Z.Horita,KyushuUniversity, DepartmentofMaterials Institute ofScience,DepartmentMetallurgy, Bangalore560012 Company, Thousand Oaks,CA 91360USA; Atul H.Chokshi,Indian Alamos, NM87545USA;P. B.Berbon,RockwellScientific Laboratory, MaterialsScienceand Technology Division,Los Program Organizers: MSCTS) Committee, SMD-MechanicalBehaviorofMaterials-(Jt. ASM- Structural MaterialsDivision,MPMD-ShapingandForming Sponsored by: Materials:Crystalline Poster Session The LangdonSymposium:FlowandFormingof Xu Fukuoka UniversityofEducation,Dept.Tech., Munakata,Fukuoka Materials andProcessingResources,Inc.,4120FoxtailLn.,Plano, 4 ; TerenceG. Langdon 1 ; Marco JanStarink 1 ; 1 Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, MST-6, G770,Los 1/18/2005, 10:22 AM Materials Processing&ManufacturingDivision, 3 2 Kyushu University, Dept.ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg., Wright StateUniversity, Mechl.&Matls.Engrg. : Prabir K.Chuadhury Yuntian Ted Zhu,Los Alamos National Location: MosconeWestConventionCenter Room: 3024 4 1 ; ; MinoruFurukawa 1 University ofSouthampton,Matls.Rsch. g. &Matls.Sci.,Los Ange- 1 ; RaghavanSrinivasan 4 2 University ofSouthern ; ZenjiHorita : David J. 3 ; Cheng : Nong 223 2 ; TUESDAY PM : S. P. G. M . : ; 2 University 1 ; Teodora S. ; Teodora ; 1 3 Shenyang University 2 Technical Program Technical ; Chunyan Ma 1 University of Missouri, /s were 260 and 315%, 1 -2 ; 2 University of Groningen and 1 ; 1 Terence G. Langdon G. Terence Wright State University, Mechl. & State University, Wright Lijia Chen 1 ; 3 University of Southern California, University of Southern : Balakrishna Cherukuri 3 ; : 1 ; K. L. Kendig 1 Cheng Xu ; 1 1/18/2005, 10:22 AM C and at a strain rate of 10 TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: ° ; J. Th.M. De Hosson 1 ; R. S. Mishra 1 ; Raghavan Srinivasan 1 Peter K. Liaw ; 1 Dept. of Metallurgl. Engrg., 1870 Miner Cir., Rolla, MO 65409 USA; 1870 Miner Cir., Engrg., Dept. of Metallurgl. Stoica Dougherty Rm. 427-B, Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Dept. of Tennessee, of TN 37996-2200 USA; Engrg. Bldg., Knoxville, Dayton, OH 45435 USA Dept., 3640 Col. Glenn Hwy., Matls. Engrg. was AA-6061 in the annealed condition Commercially available by Equal Chan- subject to Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) processing (MAC/ Axial Compression/Forgings Multi Angular Pressing (ECAP), nel Accumulative Roll Bonding (ARB) at room temperature to F) and (~4). Room temperature approximately the same accumulated strain tests were carried and elevated temperature tensile and compression materials. In compari- out to evaluate the flow behavior of the as-SPD materials show high son to the as received material, the SPD processed and hence potentially enhanced formability in strain rate sensitivity, presented will include the temperature range of 300C-350C. Results of the microstructure at the as-processed microstructure, the stability flow behavior of the elevated temperatures, microhardness and the temperatures. This work various materials at different strain rates and was supported by the US Department of Energy through Grant No. DE-FC36-01ID14022. Alloys Aluminum of Coarse-Grained Superplastic Behavior Applied Physics, Netherlands Institute for Metals Research, Dept. of Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG The Netherlands report on the superplastic behavior and the microstructural We Al-4.4w/ and Al-4.4w/oMg Al alloys: evolution of two coarse-grained oMg-0.4w/oCu. The maximum tensile elongations obtained by defor- mation at 450 The value for the strain rate sensitivity index of 0.3 and respectively. a sharp peak stress at small plastic strain suggest that solute drag on dislocation motion is an important phenomenon in these materials. Orientation imaging microscopy (EBSP) observations show a decrease of the average grain size with increasing plastic strain. The deformed microstructure is characterized by an increased density of low angle grain boundaries and by a pronounced texture as compared to the initial grain structure. These microstructural changes trigger instabili- ties in the plastic flow resulting in necking followed by fracture and act as limiting factors of the superplastic performance in coarse-grained aluminum alloys. Alloy Al-6Mg-1Sc-1Zr-10SiC of Extruded Behavior Creep Deshmukh versity of California, Chem. Engrg. & Matls. Sci., 916 Engrg. Tower, Sci., 916 Engrg. & Matls. Engrg. Chem. of California, versity USA CA 92696-2575 Irvine, Al 5083 alloy, (UFG) of an ultrafine-grained behavior The creep nm, was of 300 grain size an average with by a cryomilling prepared The results 573, 623 and 673 K. at three temperatures: investigated that ex- regions: Low-stress region of three creep show the presence region than 10, intermediate-stress stress exponent of less hibit a low 47, exponent of approximately by a high stress that is characterized stress by an intermediate region that is characterized and a high-stress low- of the data of the An analysis approximately 17. exponent of which strongly of a threshold stress, suggests the presence stress region Possible creep mechanisms are discussed depends on the temperature. proposed for Al 5083 alloy and compared with those in cryomilled alloys. dispersion strengthened Al Al2O3/6061 and Alloy Al of a 6061 Mechanical Behavior by ECAP Composite Processed Tiexi S. St., Sch. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., 58 Xinghua Technology, of China; Dist. Shenyang 110023 & Matls. Sci., Olin Hall of Engrg. Aeros. & Mechl. Engrg. Depts. of 90089-1453 USA CA Angeles, 430, Los were composite Al Al2O3/6061 an and alloy Al 6061 commercial A equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) using subjected to 8 passes of stress-controlled fatigue the strain path of route BC. The tension and temperature were inves- behavior of the alloy and composite at room it was found Al alloy, tigated and compared. For the commercial 6061 strengths of the alloy that after ECAP both the tensile and fatigue a minor reduction. decreased while the elongation to failure showed Al com- Al2O3/6061 fatigue strengths of the the tensile and However, although the elongation posite subjected to ECAP were significantly In addition, ECAP. to failure of the composite was lower than before electron micros- the fracture surfaces were observed using scanning copy to determine the fracture mode. AA-6061 by of SPD Processed Comparison of the Properties A Accu- (MAC/F) and Multi-Axial Compressions/Forgings ECAP, mulative Roll Bonding (ARB) A. R. Chezan Nedkova ; ; ; 1 1 1 Uni- 1 ; 1 ; Laurent 1 Oak Ridge 1 Alamos, NM ; 1 David J. Alexander David J. A. Mohamed : Krishnaiah Arkanti : 30 or 100°C. Temperature 30 or 100°C. . Quantitative compositional Burhanettin Semsi Altan Burhanettin 3 -6, G770, Los -6, G770, Los : O 2 ; Farghalli ; Farghalli ; David T. Hoelzer T. ; David Indian Institute of Technology, Indian Institute of 1 1 1 ; 1 ; Kathy A. Yarborough A. ; Kathy 1 224 ; Indranil Roy 1 Y —> 7 Ni + Y 2 James Bentley : ; P. Venugopal ; P. CEA Saclay, Service de Reserches de Métallurgie Service de Reserches Saclay, CEA 1 2 ; Dorothy W. Coffey ; Dorothy W. 2 Manish Chauhan : Los Alamos National Laboratory, MST Laboratory, Alamos National Los Michigan Technological University, Mechl. Engrg. & Engrg. Mech., & Engrg. Mechl. Engrg. University, Michigan Technological 224 Metal Forming Lab., Metallurgl. & Matls. Engrg., Madras, Chennai, Ladu 600 036 India Tamil There is currently a lot of interest in producing bulk ultra-fine grained materials by imposing severe plastic deformation. This inter- est arises because a reduction in grain size leads to increases in the strength and toughness of the material at ambient temperatures. In the specimens of commercial purity copper were subjected current study, to large strains using the groove pressing technique. Dies were designed and fabricated with the groove angle (q) of 45° so that a single pressing yields a shear strain of 1, at deformed region. This is equivalent to an effective true strain of 0.58 and each series of four pressings yields a homogeneous effective strain of 1.16 throughout the sample. Copper specimens were subjected to several passes using these techniques at room temperature and at cryogenic temperature. The mechanical prop- erties and microstructure were studied as a function of the number of VHN to 98 increased from 44 hardness values Vickers The passes. VHN. The microstructure of the copper samples reduced to 32 mm from 87 mm as the starting grain size after 3 passes. Cell sizes approxi- mately 500 nm in size were obtained. Al 5083 in a Cryomilled Ultrafine-Grained Behavior Creep Alloy Physique, Gif sur Yvette 91191 France 91191 Yvette Physique, Gif sur under vacuum at 30 and Powders of NiO and Ni2Y were ball-milled Saclay to induce the 100°C for 144h in an instrumented mill at CEA, reaction 3 NiO + 2 Ni at ORNL on the mapping at ~1 nm resolution has been performed transmission elec- ~10-nm-scale microstructures by energy-filtered techniques. Elec- tron microscopy (EFTEM) and spectrum imaging as-milled powders by tron microscopy specimens were made from diffusion necessary to focused ion beam (FIB) milling. The atomic NiO and form the ob- accomplish the almost complete reduction of served nanostructures cannot occur at the reactions or the spikes, from either localized exothermic chemical and the role of vacan- conversion of ball kinetic energy upon impact, (the required acti- cies injected during the severe plastic deformation not migra- is then just the vacancy migration energy, vation energy tion plus formation energies) are considered as enabling mechanisms. Grain Re- for Technique Pressing Applicability of the Groove finement in Commercial Purity Copper Uday Chakkingal 1 Houghton, MI 49931-1299 USA Dr., Townsend 1400 to investigate the analysis has been carried out upper-bound An of the material during the 90-ECAE plastic deformation behavior Mises material. Von to be rigid-plastic process. Material is assumed proposed in this study allows plastic deforma- The deformation model by symmetric with respect to plane formed tion to occur in a region the two extrusion channels. Formation of the intersection of the a function of three pa- plastic deformation region is investigated as die (actually the inter- rameters: the radius of the outer corner of the deformation zone), the face between the dead metal zone and the friction on the die walls. radius of the inner corner of the die, and the the die are taken to be the inner and outer corners of For simplicity, the radius of the inner concentric circles. The relationship between developed which governs corner and the friction coefficient has been the size of the deformation region. Y-Ni- of Reaction Ball-Milled Microscopy Analytical Electron O Nanostructures Chaffron PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, & Ceram. Div., Metals National Laboratory, TN 37831 USA; creased. The effect of the deformation temperature on the resultant on the temperature of the deformation The effect creased. be discussed. texture will and microstructure Extrusion Angular Equal Channel by Tantalum of Processing Surface Layers Aid of Electroplated with the 1 87545 USA as it has by conventional extrusion to process is difficult Tantalum angular extru- tooling. Equal channel to gall on the a marked tendency by using performed at room temperature was successfully Ta sion of contact Ni, or Ni + Cu to prevent layers of Cu, thick electroplated success- The electroplated layers and the tooling. billet Ta between the the for tooling with a 105° angle between fully withstood 4 passes material was annealed in vacuum at tempera- channels. The processed in- to 1200°C. The recrystallized grain size tures ranging from 800 temperature increased. creased as the annealing Analysis in ECAE Bound An Upper

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 Faculty ofEngrg.,Fukuoka812-8581Japan; Yuanding Huang necessarily ahighimposedpressure intherangeofseveralGPa. ture seemstobetherequirement ofverylargeplasticstrainbutnot techniques. Themainkeytoproduce suchfinenanocrystallinestruc- sizes lessthan10nminpureNi have notbeenobtainedbyanySPD diffraction, scanningandtransmissionelectronmicroscopy. Meangrain at differentstagesofplasticdeformation wasinvestigatedbyX-ray repeated cold-rolling.Theevolutionofthemicrostructureandtexture size lessthan10nmhavebeensynthesizedatambienttemperature by of TiandZrwithaveragegrainsizesbelow100nmNi bient temperature.Inthepresentwork,massivenanocrystallinesamples technique toproduceextremelyfinenanocrystallinematerialsatam- cold-rolling withintermediatefoldingrepresentsanalternativeSPD- their improvedandratherunusualmechanicalproperties.Repeated tic deformation(SPD)haveattractedincreasedattentionbecause of Recently, bulknanostructuredmaterialssynthesizedbysevereplas- Leopoldshafen, Karlsruhe76021Germany 1 Rolling Synthesis ofBulkNanostructuredMaterialsbyRepeatedCold- ture deformationregions. basis ofthisnewequation,itispossibletodefinelowandhightempera- strains andtothe Voce exponentialrelationshipathighstrains.Onthe duces totheconventionalHollomonpower-lawrelationshipatlow scribed byanexponential-powerlawconstitutiveequationwhichre- strain relationshipinthepositivestrain-hardeningregionmaybede- increases onlytoacriticalstrain.Itisdemonstratedthatthestress- range ofstrainwhereasinhightemperaturetestingtheflowstress behavior exhibitsamonotonouslyincreasingtendencyovertheentire gions. Inthelowtemperatureregionmacroscopicstress-strain relationship changescharacteristicallyindifferenttemperaturere- strains. Theresultsshowthenatureofmacroscopicstress-strain processing byequal-channelangularpressing(ECAP)tohighimposed conventional testingofannealedsampleswithdataobtainedafter tigated overawiderangeofstrainbycombiningdataobtainedin Thestress-strainrelationshipsofhighpurityaluminumwereinves- les, CA90089-1453USA California, Depts.of Aeros. & Mechl.Engr Budapest Hungary; sity, Dept.ofGen.Physics,1117 Budapest,PázmányP. sétány1/A., Quang Chinh ships inPure Aluminum Over a Wide RangeofStrain The EffectofTesting Temperature onStress-Strain Relation- tensile creepspecimen. microscopy wasperformedtoinvestigatethesurfaceoffracturea dence ofminimumcreepratebyathresholdstresswasfound.Electron mechanisms ofdeformation.Theneedcorrectingthestressdepen- nents werecalculatedinordertofindindicationsforthepossible From thestressdependenceofminimumcreeprateexpo- vestigated showdifferentbehaviourdependingontypeofloading. MMC wasmanufacturedbydirectsqueezecasting.Thematerialsin- temperature rangeof175-300°Candstress40-140MPa.The forced with20vol.-%alumina(Saffil)-fibreswereinvestigatedinthe nesium alloy AE42 (4wt.-%aluminumand2rareearths)rein- magnesium alloys. Tensile andcompressivecreeppropertiesofmag- fiber reinforcementimprovesthehightemperaturecreepresistanceof proiperties ofcommonmagnesiumalloys.Itiswellknownthatshort to overcomethedisadvantagesofpoorhightemperaturecreep Developmentofmetalmatrixcomposites(MMCs)isapossibility Geesthacht 21502Germany 1 Short Fiber Reinforced Tensile andCompressive Creep Behaviour of Al2O3 (Saffil)- unreinforced alloyathighertemperatures. Results showsincreasedcreepresistanceincompositecomparedto ergy tothoseanticipatedformthecreepofsolidsolutionalloys. duces thehighvaluesofapparentstressexponentandactivationen- threshold stress.Incorporationofstressintoanalysisre- behavior ofthesecompositeischaracterizedbythepresencea apparent activationenergyforcreepatlowtemperatures.Theflow The compositeexhibitshighvalueofapparentstressexponentand billets madefromheliumatomizedalloypowderandSiCparticulate. 150 to260 trix alloywithandwithoutSiCparticulatesinthetemperaturerangeof Creeptests Patterson AFB, OH45433USA 2 TMS 2005Annual Meeting: GKSS ResearchCenter, Ctr. forMg. Tech., Max-Planck-Str. 1, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe,Inst.ofNanotech.,Eggenstein- Air ForceResearchLaboratory, Matls.&Mfg.Direct., Wright : Guru PrasadDinda ° C. Thecompositewasfabricatedbydirectextrusionof 1 ; ZenjiHorita were performedonfine 1 ; PetraMaier 2 Kyushu University, Dept.ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg., Magnesium AlloyAE42 2 225 ; TerenceG. Langdon 1 1 ; NorbertHort ; HaraldRoesner TechnicalProgram grained Al-6Mg-1Sc-1Zr-ma- g. &Matls.Sci.,Los Ange- 3 1 University ofSouthern ; Karl UlrichKainer 1 3 ; GerhardWilde ; : Hajo Dieringa 1 Eötvös Univer- : Nguyen 1 1 1 ; ; ; ing CyclingUnderCreep-FatigueCondition An InvestigationofCrackGrowthBehaviourbyReverseBend- ductility atroomtemperature. The useofECAPgaveasignificantimprovementinstrengthand was essentiallyequaltothevalueforgrainboundarydiffusionofMg. strain rate.Theactivationenergyforsuperplasticflowinthisalloy son withotherMgalloystestedintensionatthesametemperatureand sensitivity wasoftheorder0.6.Thiselongationishighbycompari- 8555 Japan; Mechl. &IntelligentSys.Engrg., Faculty ulty ofEngrg., 3190Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555Japan; 1 Li Alloy Through ProcessingbyECAP Improving the with experimentalresults. nite elementcodeDEFORM.Theresultsarevalidatedbycomparison die angleregion.Simulationsareperformedusingthecommercialfi- selected parametersoftheprocesssuchaswork-pieceshapein terize theeffectsoftheseparametersonstraindistributionandsome of analuminumalloyisperformedinordertoinvestigateandcharac- fore, finiteelementmodelingofonepassECAPatroomtemperature ity), diegeometry(channelangle,cornerangle)andfriction.There- terial properties(yieldstrength,strainhardening,ratesensitiv- strain distributiondevelopedduringpressingstronglydependsonma- i.e. tohavehomogeneousstrainsduringtheprocess.However, order tohaveconstantmaterialpropertiesinthewholework-piece is ofgreatimportancetocreateahomogeneousmicrostructurein obtaining ultra-finegrainedmaterials. To beindustriallyapplicable,it Equalchannelangularpressing(ECAP)isanefficientprocessfor ogy, Dept.ofMatls.Tech., Trondheim 7491Norway Stephane Dumoulin Effect ofMaterialProperties,FrictionandDieGeometry Finite ElementModelingofEqualChannel Angular Pressing: Hao Dong Ti-6Al-4V Microstructure andMechanicalPropertiesofHighlyDeformed less dangerousthanatension-onlydwell. sides ofaspecimenindicatesthatcompression-onlydwellismuch feature. Thedifferentcrackmorphologyandlengthonthetwo transgranular shortcracksonthecompressivesideareprominent Predominantly intergranularlongcracksonthetensilesideand nor cracksandapromotionoftheprocessminorcrackcoalescence. mens. Increasingthestrainrangecausesanincreasingnumberofmi- Stage IIarethedominantcharacteristicsforfailureofspeci- many minorcracksinStageI,andtheirsubsequentcoalescence revealed thatthebehaviourofindividualinitiationandgrowth tored bymeansofaplasticreplicationtechnique.Theseanalyses initiation andgrowthonbothtensilecompressivesidesweremoni- temperature reversebendingrig.Throughoutthetests,surfacecrack ranges of0.9-2.5%and60minutesholdtimewasundertakenonahigh stainless steelundercreep-fatigueconditionsat550withinhighstrain An investigationofshortcrackgrowthbehaviour AISI type316 UK versity ofSouthampton,Matls.Rsch.Grp.,SouthamptonSO171BJ at 473Kwithaninitialstrainrateof1×10 423 to473K. A maximumfractureelongationof>950%wasattained the alloyexhibitedsuperplasticityovertemperaturerangefrom 473 K.FollowingextrusionandsubsequentECAPthrough2passes, ing aninternalchannelangleof110°andapressingtemperature processing byequal-channelangularpressing(ECAP)usingadiehav- GrainrefinementwasachievedinacastMg-8mass%Lialloythrough Ecomatls. Engrg., Toyama 939-8630Japan Los Angeles, CA 90089-1453USA; Southern California,Depts.of Aeros. &Mechl.Engrg. &Matls.Sci., ter forExcellenceinMetalworking Technology, operatedbyConcur- compared anddiscussed.Thiswork waspreparedbytheNationalCen- study resultsfordifferenttubemanufacturing methodsarepresented, testing matrixincludedtensileand fatiguetests.Inthispaper,the tubes werestressrelievedpriorto mechanicaltesting.The While extrudedandrotarypierced tubeswereannealed,flowformed phy, textureanalysis,andscanningelectronmicroscopytechniques. structure developmentintubeswasinvestigatedutilizingmetallogra- chanical propertiesofdeformedTi-6Al-4Vtubeswerestudied.Micro- duce seamlessTi-6Al-4Vtubularstructures.Microstructuresandme- beta extrusion,rotarypiercingandflowforming,wereutilizedtopro- Various deformation processes,includingbetaextrusion,alpha+ nologies Corporation,100CTCDr., Johnstown,PA 15904USA Xu Toyama University, Dept.ofSys.Engrg. ofMatls.&LifeSci.,Fac- 2 ; Tetsuo Aida 1 : ; NicholasR.Martin Mehmet N.Gungor 4 Toyama NationalCollegeof Technology, Dept.of 1/18/2005, 10:22 AM 3 Superplastic Properties ofa Two-Phase Mg-8% ; MakotoInoue 1 ; 1 Norwegian UniversityofScienceand Technol- 1 ; LawrenceS.Kramer 1 4 ; Wm. Troy Wm. ; Tack ; Hiroshi Anada 3 Toyama University, Dept.of : of Engrg., Mitsuaki Furui -4 1 s ; Terence G. Langdon : 1 -1 ; Nong Gao andthestrainrate 1 1 Concurrent Tech- ; IbrahimUcok 2 Toyama 930- University of 1 1 ; Cheng ; 1 Uni- 225 1 2 : ; ; TUESDAY PM : Insti- 2 Tomsk ; Alfred ; 1 Ulyanovsk 1 University of ; 1 KIMM, Matls. 2 1 ; 1 ; 1 Technical Program Technical Solyanaya sq. 2, Solyanaya Tomsk State University of University State Tomsk 1 ; 1 ; J.-H. Lee 1 : Nikolay Krasilnikov ; Ruslan Z. Valiev ; Ruslan Z. 3 ; Terence G. Langdon G. ; Terence 1 ; Y.-S. Lee ; Y.-S. 1 ; Eduard V. Kozlov V. ; Eduard 1 m. Tensile specimens, having gauge lengths of 4 specimens, Tensile m. µ 1/18/2005, 10:22 AM ; Cheng Xu 1 TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: ; Witold Lojkowski ; Witold . Marker lines were placed on the specimens prior to . Marker lines were placed on the specimens 2 -1 s Yong-Nam Kwon Yong-Nam -1 : Nina A. Koneva Nina A. : to 10 -2 Polish Academy of Sciences, High Pressure Rsch. Ctr., Warsaw Poland Warsaw Ctr., Academy of Sciences, High Pressure Rsch. Polish Procg. Dept., Sangnam 66, Changwon 641-010 Korea Magnesium alloys have a huge potential for the structural applica- tions due to the light weight and high specific strength. Until recently, die casting has been considered as the best way to fabricate compo- nents in practice since magnesium has such a low plastic formability. For more wide application of magnesium alloys, the plastic forming needs to be developed to ensure the high productivity with the reliabil- superplastic behavior of ity of the products. In the present study, AZ31 was studied on the respect of temperature and strain rate. Blow forming used for the investigation of the forming characteristics of AZ31 alloy with uni-axial tensile test. Formability was observed to enhance greatly with temperature increment. Strain rate sensitivity became over 0.5 over 400C below the strain rate of 10-3/s. Deforma- tion assisted grain growth occurred in the superplastic deformation condition, while grains got refined below 250C due to dynamic recrys- tallization. testing and these markers were used to take measurements of the grain boundary sliding offsets at an elongation of 30%. Similar sets of mea- surements were also taken at a total elongation of 230%. Separate sliding measurements were taken for the three types of interfaces: Zn- This paper describes the results obtained in this Al-Al. Zn, Zn-Al and investigation and estimates the contributions of grain boundary sliding to the total strain. AZ 31 Sheet at Elevated Tem- Bulge Forming Characteristics of perature Substructural and Phase Transformations During Plastic De- During Transformations Phase and Substructural Plastic Deforma- Severe by Obtained of Materials formation tion of Physics, Building, Dept. and Architecture Sharafutdinov Ufa 450000 Russia; Materials, UGATU, Advanced tute of Physics of 3 of severe methods Al-based alloy 2024 after different Ni and The equal channel angular plastic deformation (SPD) are investigated. The also to high-pres- pressing (ECAP) and cold rolling nickel, subjected strain degree, homoge- sure torsion (HPT), is characterized of large at room temperature neous structure with grain size 120 nm and shows (UTS) (1270 MPa), but the record strength with ultimate tensile stress of Ni after ECAP and limited plasticity (6%). The annealing at 200°C Al-based alloy 12%. rolling leads to UTS about 900 MPa and ductility HPT at room tempera- 2024 with grain size 70 nm was obtained using demonstrated ture. The nanostructured alloy at room temperature behavior at tempera- record UTS above 1100 MPa, and superplastic of nanostructured alloy ture higher then 300°Ñ. The microhardness more than after standard after superplastic deformation (1.5 GPa) was Opportunity of achieve- treatment of coarse-grained alloy (1.2 GPa). high strength and good ment in metals and alloys of combination particularly, in industry, ductility opens perspectives of its application obtained geometry, for mirco-systems and for details with complex due to superplastic forming. Al- Al in the Zn-22% Significance of Grain Boundary Sliding Pressing Angular by Equal-Channel Processing After loy Praveen Kumar & Matls. Sci., Aeros. & Mechl. Engrg. Southern California, Depts. of 90089-1453 USA Angeles, CA Los were processed by Al eutectoid alloy Specimens of the Zn-22% a total of 8 passes at equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) through the grain size was ECAP, 473 K using processing route BC. Following measured as ~1.0 tested at strain rates from mm, were cut from the as-pressed billets and 10 634003 Russia trans- of the studies of structural summarizes the results The paper deforma- metals and alloys during that take place in UFG formations studies of room temperature. The or compression at tion in tension Quantitative using TEM methods. its alloys are performed UFG Cu and and types (grain size, density changes in (1) grain structure analysis of (substructural transformations, (2) dislocation structure of boundaries), density), (3) phase content (decomposi- scalar and excess dislocation deformational dissolution of small particles) tion of the solid solution, stress fields from various sources is performed. and (4) the spectrum of mass transfer, migration of grain boundaries The role of dislocational junctions is emphasized. Contributions from and movement of triple at moderate temperatures are consid- thermally activated processes ered. Alloys, Sub- Metals and and Ductility of UFG High Strength Plastic Deformation jected to Severe Ulyanovsk 432700 Russia; str., Tolstoy 42, L. University, State ; ; : 2 1 Ho-Kyung : Bing Q. Han : ; Terence G. Langdon G. ; Terence 1 University of Southern Califor- University of 2 ultrafine-grained 6061 Al compos- ultrafine-grained 6061 Angular Pressing Angular Bing Q. Han : 226 decreased by 68, 34, 37, 38%, respectively. Seoul National University of Technology, Dept. Technology, Seoul National University of University of California, Dept. of Cheml. Engrg. California, Dept. of Cheml. University of 1 1 ; ; 2 2 High-Temperature Behavior in a Mg-0.55% Zr in a Mg-0.55% Behavior High-Temperature University of Southern California, Aeros. & Mechl. Aeros. University of Southern California, University of Southern California, Depts. of Aeros. University of Southern California, Depts. of 1 2 ; 1 Hong-Ik University, Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., 72-1 Sangsu- Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., Hong-Ik University, 2 ; Woo-Jin Kim ; Woo-Jin 1 University of California, Dept. of Cheml. Engrg. & Matls. Sci., Davis, University of California, Dept. of Cheml. Engrg. 226 The strength differential between the samples pulled along the trans- verse and longitudinal directions and its dependence on pass number is The mi- believed to be related to texture modification during ECAP. crostructure and texture development in the Ti during ECAP process, and their relation with the strength are discussed. dong, Mapo-gu, Seoul 121-791 Korea Microstructure, texture analysis and anisotropic tensile properties of the 1, 2 pass ECAPed and unECAPed pure Ti were investigated. The unECAPed coarse microstructure became refined to finer grains after directions properties in the transverse and longitudinal Tensile ECAP. hardening Work billets processed by route Bc were investigated. Ti of yield strength increased After ECAP, was observed in all the samples. by 141, 103, 123, 129% for 1 passed transverse and longitudinal and 2 passed transverse and longitudinal direction samples, respectively. tensile ductility However, of Auto. Engrg., 172 Kongnung-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-743 S. 172 Kongnung-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-743 Auto. Engrg., of Korea; Engrg., OHE 430, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1453 USA Angeles, CA 430, Los OHE Engrg., (GDX) origi- The concept of geometric dynamic recrystallization deformation pure nated in 1985 with work on elevated-temperature grain refinement aluminum to large strains. In this case, substantial and thinning leading to a occurs through a process of grain elongation grain boundaries become dramatic increase in grain boundary area. The formation. Pinch- serrated as a result of subgrain (low angle) boundary boundaries occurs as the ing off and annihilation of high-angle grain diameter to and a original grains thin to about twice the subgrain About 1/3-1/2 the subgrain facets remaining ?steady-state structure. recyrstallization. high angle boundaries, with this geometric dynamic Al- Al, as well as in pure This concept has since been carefully verified Large strain deformation Mg alloys deforming in the 3-power regime. the concept. Recent experi- Al single crystals are consistent with of applies to this low SFE ments on alpha zirconium are show that GDX strain deformation of a Also, data in the literature on large hcp metal. bcc iron alloy is consistent with GDX. Thus, it appears that GDX is a general phenomena that can lead to grain refinement in the absence of any discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DRX) or continuous dy- namic recrystallization (CDX). of Pure Mechanical Properties Anisotropic and Microstructure Pressing Angular Channel by Equal Produced Ti Kim 1 95616 USA; CA & Mechl. Engrg. & Matls. Sci., Los Angeles, CA 90089-1453 USA Angeles, CA & Matls. Sci., Los & Mechl. Engrg. Al composite was 6061 Severe plastic deformation of a commercial at a temperature of performed through equal-channel angular pressing ultrafine grains was present after 8 passes. microstructure with A 533 K. Superplasticity was observed in the Alloy Through Equal-Channel Equal-Channel Alloy Through of 2.5×10-4 s-1 due to ite at a temperature of 853 K and a strain rate plastic deformation on this grain refinement. The effects of severe are dis- Al composites the microstructure and superplasticity of 6061 cussed in the present study. Recrystallization New Developments in Geometric Dynamic rent Technologies Corporation (CTC), under Contract No. N00014- No. under Contract (CTC), Corporation Technologies rent Manu- of the Navy as part Research Office of Naval to the 00-C-0544 Program. Technology facturing Improvement of Langdon G. Terence Angeles, CA Matls. Sci., Los & Mechl. Engrg. Aeros. & of nia, Depts. USA 90089-1453 Mg-0.55% Zr was performed on a angular pressing Equal-channel 75 of 513 K. The grain size was refined from alloy at a temperature performed at temperatures tests were Tensile mm to 8.6 mm by ECAP. strain rates from 10-5 to 10-1 s-1. It was found of 473 to 773 K and at in in the as-pressed state was higher than that the tensile elongation at a elongation of 384 % was observed largest A the as-received state. using a strain rate of 4 x 10-5 s-1. The stress temperature of 773 K was estimated to be about 0.17. The exponent at all temperatures of the pressed Mg alloy was esti- activation energy of deformation of grain boundary diffusion while the activa- mated to be close to that Mg alloy was close to that of lattice tion energy of the as-received deformation mechanisms at elevated tem- self-diffusion. The possible peratures were discussed. Processed Al Composite 6061 Commercial Superplasticity of a by Severe Plastic Deformation M. E. Kassner & Matls. Sci., Davis, CA 95616 USA; Davis, CA 95616 USA; & Matls. Sci.,

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 VHE-602, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0241USA; 718 Sheet Cavitation andFailureinaFine-GrainedSuperplasticInconel development ofPFZduringthesuperplasticdeformation. lutions ofPFZformation.Somenewinsightsarepresentedonthe several deformationconditionswereobservedtoinvestigatetheevo- boundary slidingandaccommodatingparts.Deformedspecimenson sponding PFZdevelopment.Theflowcurveswereseparatedintograin the physicalmechanismofasuperplasticdeformationanditscorre- Al alloys.Themajorfeaturesofthepresentstudyaretoexplainon unclear howdiffusiontakesaroleduringsuperplasticdeformationof of diffusionalcreepforsuperplasticdeformation.However,itisstill Al alloys.ThereforePFZformationwassuggestedasaclearevidence PFZs werealsoreportedtodevelopduringsuperplasticdeformationof and oftenconsideredasadirectevidencefordiffusionalcreep.These temperature creepinmanyalloyscontainingsecondphaseparticles Particlefreezones(PFZs)wereobservedtooccurduringthehigh Korea 641-010 Korea; Y.-W. Chang Hyuk Shin ity ofUFG Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Microstructural Influence onLow-Temperature Superplastic- exhibit exceptionallyhighstrength andacceptabletoughness. approach todesigningandproducing bulknanocrystallinemetalsthat and resistancetograingrowth. This processdemonstratesanovel and nitridecontentisalsoresponsiblefortheunusualthermalstability tion ofultrafinegrainsizeandtheexistenceprecipitates.Theoxide The enhancedstrengthof Al-Mg alloymightarisefromthecombina- cal andhighresolutiontransmissionelectronmicroscopeinthisstudy. grown crystallineprecipitationswereinvestigatedusingbothanalyti- cipitations wereprettysmallandoftennotfullycrystallized.Thus the and oxidewerenoteasilyresolvableinmicroscopebecausethosepre- resulting inhighstrength.Theprecipitationssuchasaluminumnitride pressing followedbyextrusiontoproducebulknanocrystallinealloys, cryomilled nanocrystallinepowderswereconsolidatedbyhotisostatic was achievedbycryomillingofatomized Al-Mg powders,andthen high resolutiontransmissionelectronmicroscope.Grainrefinement nanocrystalline Al-Mg alloyswereinvestigatedusinganalyticaland Theprecipitationanddeformationmechanismincryomilledbulk 5294 USA nia, Dept.ofCheml.Engrg.&Matls.Sci.,BainerHall,Davis95616- Nutt tron Microscope Bulk Nanocrystalline Al-Mg Alloys Using Transmission Elec- Investigation ofPrecipitationandDeformationinCryomilled ductility constitutingd•10. times asmuchthesamevalueofinitialannealedalloywith ties withyieldstressvalueexceeding900MPa,whichisalmosttwo a- grainsizeof150nmandhighlyhomogeneousmechanicalproper- sized Tibilletspossessahomogeneousultrafine-grainedstructurewith the treatmentwaswithin±5%.Itisshownthatprocessedlong- scatter ofmechanicalpropertiesalongthelengtharodsubjectedto long, processedbythedescribedtechnique.Itwasestablishedthat length ofCPTi(Grade2)rods8mmindiameterandupto1meter ity ofmicrostructureandmechanicalpropertiesdistributionalongthe and upto1.5meterlong.Thepresentworkconsidersthehomogene- (TMT) forfabricationofnanostructuralTirods6-12mmindiameter channel angularpressing(ECAP)andthermomechanicaltreatment Recentlywehavedevelopedthetechnologyconsistingofequal- Str., Ufa,RepublicBashkortostan450000Russia Technical University, Inst.ofPhysics Advd. Matls.,12K.Marx Str., Ufa,RepublicBashkortostan450025Russia; Z. Valiev Vladimirovich Latysh Rods ProcessedbySeverePlasticDeformation Structure andMechanicalProperties ofLong-Sized Titanium failure. mechanism ofcavitydevelopmentandthefactorscontributingto size) weredetermined.Theresultsarediscussedincludingthepossible vations andquantitativeanalysis(areafractionaveragecavity failure usingthesuperplasticIN718sheet.Cavitymorphologyobser- Tensile testswerecarriedoutat950Coverarangeofstrainratesto 1453 USA of Engrg., Rm.430G, 3650McClintock Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90089- California, Depts.of Aeros. &Mechl.Engrg. &Matls.Sci.,OlinHall mation in7075 Al Alloy Development ofParticleFreeZoneDuringSuperplasticDefor- TMS 2005Annual Meeting: 1 ; 1 University ofSouthernCalifornia,Matls.Sci.,3651 Watt Way, 2 ; : YiHuang 2 1 2 ; Scientific DesignTechnical Office “Iskra”, 81Pushkina ; 1 2 1 KIMM, Matls.Procg.Dept.,Sangnam66,Changwon POSTECH, CAAM,Hyoja,San31,Pohang790-784 Pohang UniversityofScience and Technology : Zonghoon Lee 1 1 ; ; IrinaP. Semenova Terence G. Langdon : Yong-Nam Kwon 227 : Young GunKo TechnicalProgram 1 ; EnriqueJ.Lavernia 2 ; GulnazSadikova 1 ; 1 1 ; Y.-S.Lee ; ChongSooLee 1 University ofSouthern 2 University ofCalifor- 2 Ufa State Aviation 1 ; J.-H.Lee 2 : ; StevenR. Vladimir 2 ; Ruslan 1 ; Dong 1 ; Karaman cessing Enhancing Ductilityof AL6061+10wt% B4C Through ECAEPro- simulated texturescomparedtotheothermodels. gradient componentsanddiscussedinrelationtothedifferences tion asaresultofgraininteractionsisextractedfromthedeformation CPFE simulations,informationaboutthelocalvariationsofdeforma- constraints Taylor andviscoplasticself-consistentmodels.Fromthe ported earlier. They arealsocomparedtothosepredictedbythefull number ofmaterials(aluminum,copperandinterstitial-freesteel)re- comparison ofthesimulatedtextureswithexperimentalresultsfora The performanceofthisapproachisevaluatedthroughquantitative selected fromasetoforientationsdiscretizedtheinitialtexture. or severalFEs,andeachgrainisassignedanorientationrandomly represented bythousandsofgrainswitheachgrainone stitutive equationsareincorporatedinaFEcode.Thematerialis of metallicmaterials.Withthisapproach,polycrystalplasticitycon- texture developmentduringequalchannelangularextrusion(ECAE) et al.,J.Mech.Phys.Solids,40(1992)537]isappliedtosimulatethe A 3-Dcrystalplasticityfiniteelement(CPFE)approach[Kalidindi Theoretl. Div., Los Alamos, NM87545USA Philadelphia, PA 19014USA; Nam-gu, Pohang,Gyeongbuk790-784S.Korea; (POSTECH), Dept.ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg.,San31,Hyoja-dong, The in-situstudieshelpedtorationalize theeffectofmicrostruc- life wasobservedtodependonthe actualECAEprocessconditions. fect Masingbehaviorinincremental steptests. As expected,fatigue deviation fromMasingbehaviorin LCFtests,butshowednearlyper- response. Despitethesedifferences, allECAEedsamplesdisplayed employed hadasubstantialeffect onmacroscopiccyclicstress-strain that allowedforin-situfatigueobservations.TheactualECAEroute a scanningelectronmicroscopeequippedwithsmall-scaleloadframe (LCF) tests.Theearlystagesofthefatigueprocesswereexamined in response andfatiguelifedataweredeterminedinlow-cycle tained byequalchannelangularextrusion(ECAE).Cyclicstress-strain We reportonthefatiguebehaviorofultrafinegrainedcopperob- USA Dept. Mech.Engrg.,326Engrg.Bldg.,Coll.Sta.,TX77843-3123 Pohlweg 47-49,Paderborn33098Germany; in UltrafineGrainedCopper Cyclic Stress-Strain Responseand Low-CycleFatigueDamage fracture whichincreasedto>10%. modulus. Thebiggestimprovementwasobservedintheelongationto processing alsoeliminatedresidualporosityandimprovedtheelastic B4C particleswithevidenceofparticlesizereduction.ECAE quent microstructuralcharacterizationrevealedredistributionofthe ber ofpassesthroughthedie,route,intermediatesanneals,etc.Subse- ECAE processedusingavarietyofparameters,e.g.temperature,num- sile strengthandnosignificantamountofductility. The materialwas properties showedlittleimprovementtotheelasticmodulus,lowten- particles andsomeresidualporosity. Evaluation ofthemechanical the as-fabricatedmaterialshowedpresenceofagglomeratesB4C alloy, 6061,and10wt%boroncarbideparticles.Characterization of metallurgy wasusedtocreateametalmatrixcompositeofaluminum potential developingahighstiffness,lightweightcomposite.Powder Additions ofhighmodulusparticlestoaluminumalloysoffer the ID 83415-2218USA vironmental Laboratory, Matls.,MS2218,POBox 1625,IdahoFalls, NM 87545USA; tional Laboratory, Matls.Sci.& T Kalidindi tion inEqualChannel Angular Extrusion A PlasticityFiniteElement Crystal Analysis of Texture Evolu- and discussedinthecontextofinelasticdeformationtheory. tion mechanismsofultra-finegrainedmicrostructurewereanalyzed angle grainboundaryandloweractivationenergy. Finally, deforma- cantly increased,whichwasassociatedwithhigherpotionofhigh- lae. WhenincreasingECAPstrainfrom4to8,elongationwassignifi- alpha andbetaphasesresultedfromfragmentationofalpha/betalamel- ture andstrainrate,whichwasattributedtothefinergrainsizesof elongation thanthatofequiaxedmicrostructuresatthesametempera- 2/s. After 4ECA pressings,lamellarmicrostructuresexhibitedhigher at temperaturerangeof873K-973Kandstrainrates10-4/s10- was carriedoutonsampleswithequiaxedandlamellarmicrostructures was investigatedinthisstudy. Forthispurpose,aseriesoftensiletests ior ofultra-finegrainedTi-6Al-4ValloyfabricatedbyECApressing Microstructuralinfluenceonlow-temperaturesuperplasticbehav- Dept. ofMetall.&Matls.Sci., Ansan, Gyunggi-do425-791S.Korea : Thomas MartinLillo 2 2 ; IreneJ.Beyerlein ; 1 University ofPaderborn,Lehrstuhlf. Werkstoffkunde, 1/18/2005, 10:22 AM 2 Drexel University, Dept.ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg., 3 ; Mark A.M. Bourke 1 : ; Hans J.Maier 1 3 Idaho NationalEngineeringandEn- Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, ech. Div., MS 2 1 TexasUniversity, A&M ; PawelGabor : 2 Saiyi Li Hanyang University, 1 H805, Los ; 1 Los Alamos Na- Los Alamos 1 ; SuryaR. 1 ; Ibrahim Alamos, 227

TUESDAY PM ; 1 ; C. Y. ; C. 1 ; Young 1 CENIM,CSIC, 1 ; 1 Ji Eon Park Technical Program Technical ; M. T. Baquera T. ; M. : 1 Metallurgical Processing Metallurgical 1 Jorge Antonio del Valle Jorge ; ; 1 1 University of Texas, Metallurgl. University of Texas, 1 ; 2 Susarla Venkata Surya Narayana Susarla Venkata : rent Severe Plastic Deformation ; L. E. Murr 1 ; Oscar Antonio Ruano ; Oscar 1 ; Kotobu Nagai 1 ; L. S. Magness 1 : Mohamed Eddahbi 1/18/2005, 10:22 AM ; E. V. Esquivel ; E. V. Pohang University of Science and Technology, Matl. Technology, Pohang University of Science and 1 1 TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: ; 1 ; Shiro Torizuka ; Shiro 1 C. Pizana ; I. A. Anchondo A. ; I. 1 : Pina Group, Steel Rsch. Ctr., Natl. Inst. for Matls. Sci., 1-2-1, Sengen, for Matls. Sci., 1-2-1, Natl. Inst. Rsch. Ctr., Group, Steel Ibaraki Ken 305-0047 Japan Sci. City, Tsukuba C) development in a low carbon steel (0.15% The microstructure (HWD) was studied using field emis- during heavy warm deformation microscopy (FESEM) and electron back scat- sion scanning electron Plane strain compression tests have been tering diffraction (EBSD). of range of 773-923K at strain rates conducted in the temperature specimens were deformed to 25% of the original 0.01/s and 1/s and the a were noticed when the strain attained thickness. Ultrafine grains In with the Zener-Hollomon parameter (Z). critical value and varied combined effect of strain rate and temperature order to understand the the for the formation of ultrafine ferrite grains, on the strain required was plotted against compressive strain. The variation of Z parameter on were classified into three regions based evolved microstructures elongated grains; (b) mixture of elongated EBSD data, namely (a) newly generated ultrafine grains with newly generated grains, and (c) were further studied grains. The microstructures in these three regions by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Rate Alloys in Low Strain Al of an Superplasticity Structural Regime Approach - An Internal Variable Pohang, Kyungbuk 790- Sci. & Engrg., San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, 784 Korea the existing researches On the superplastic deformation behavior and strain have failed to using the external variables such as total stress quantitatively. explain the role of grain size and test temperature quantitative analysis for structural superplasticity however, Recently, of the concepts of inter- has been progressed considerably with the use effect of grain size and nal deformation variables. Nevertheless the strain rate region has test temperature on flow characteristics in low characteristics, not been elucidated precisely and several fundamental the role of grain size, are such as the validity of threshold stresses and superplasticity commu- yet to be resolved or still in controversy in the a series of load relaxation and tensile tests has been In this study, nity. were consequently ana- conducted to obtain the flow curves, which structural superplastic- lyzed based on the internal variable theory for focusing especially on the low strain rate region. ity, of an Thermal Stability and Comparison of the Microstructure by Diffe Alloy Processed AZ31 Routes Processing Pérez-Prado María Teresa 28040 Amo, 8, Madrid, Madrid Gregorio del Avda. Physl. Metall., Spain The aim of this work is to compare the microstructure, the texture, AZ31 Mg alloy processed via two as well as the thermal stability of an different severe plastic deformation (SPD) processing techniques, namely large strain hot rolling (LSHR) and equal channel angular press- ing (ECAP). The microstructure was characterized by optical micros- copy and the texture was measured both by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The processing condi- tions were chosen to achieve similar strain levels using both routes. The microstructure obtained via LSHR is finer, with average grain sizes around 3 mm, but quite heterogeneous. During large strain hot rolling a well define basal texture develops. The sample processed by ECAE is comparatively more homogeneous and slightly coarser, with texture a shear-type an average grain size of 7 mm. Simultaneously, develops. It was found that the sample processed via LSHR was prone to heterogeneous grain growth and secondary recrystallization after annealing at 250°C for 15 h whereas the sample processed via ECAE underwent homogeneous grain growth under the same annealing condi- tions. The influence of the microstructure on the thermal stability is explored. Associated with [001] Single-Crys- Plastic Deformation Severe Tar- Alloy Ballistic Rod Penetration into Steel W-Ta and W tal gets TEM analysis of the deformation structure was performed on samples on was performed structure the deformation analysis of TEM strain. plastic upto 0.2~4.5% at 200~300MPa monotonically crept trends reported the recently reference to with are explained Results presence in the alpha-titanium in self-diffusion with lattice associated dislocation the TEM analysis of the impurities. From of fast diffusing that model has been developed a modified jogged-screw structures, rates. of the observed creep predictions provides quantitative Com- Warm During Simple Heavy Evolution Microstructural Carbon Steel of a Low pression Murty Chang Won ; ε 3 Ψ Uni- 2 much Timet 3 Metals 2 Jun Ho Hugh J. ; Robert 2 : ; Sandrine : 1 ; S. P. Fox ; S. P. , boundaries 2 σ Concordia Uni- saving. A saving. A 1 ; 2 ; Bimal Kad 1 Joel Malaplate ; R. W. Hayes W. ; R. for energy 1 : creep and hot, warm and cold σ CECM-CNRS, 15, rue Georges Urbain, CECM-CNRS, induced or altered boundaries should 1 ε ; Marcello Cabibbo 2 228 ; rate rises. Dependent on 1 ; Marc A. Meyers ; Marc ε are disturbed by lattice dislocations; at high 1 University of California, Dept. of Mechl. & ε 1 ; 1 ; G. B. Viswanathan B. ; G. dislocation walls, are able to migrate causing 1 Lab., W. Lake Mead & Atlantic Ave., Henderson, Ave., Atlantic Lake Mead & W. Lab., Ψ as well as dipoles that are more dense in cold work- as well as dipoles that are more dense in cold Ohio State University, Dept. of Matls. Sci. & Engrg., University, Ohio State Ψ Anuj Mishra 1 -defined substructure. Due to Taylor-defined multiple-slip -defined substructure. Due to Taylor-defined : ; C at applied stresses ranging 150 to 300MPa. Stress and σ 1 ° ; Enrico Evangelista University Polytechnica della Marche, Mech., Via Brecce Via University Polytechnica della Marche, Mech., 1 2 ; Jean-Pierre Chevalier ; Jean-Pierre 1 ; Franck Grignon ; S. Karthikeyan 2 1 America Techl. America Techl. 228 McQueen studied method of increasing yield stress is to reduce the grain size and studied method of increasing relation. For example, reducing the grain size rely on the Hall-Petch steel from 15 to 1 micron increases the yield of an interstitial free (IF) to 4. Furthermore, since the steel composition stress by a factor of 3 on is maintained. Here we present results is unchanged, recyclability produced by severe plastic deformation using ultrafine grain IF steels extrusion and controlled recrystallisation. Spe- equal channel angular paid to the recrystallisation conditions in order cial attention has been leading to high yield stress, together with to yield fine grain sizes, The microstructures obtained and ductility. acceptable work hardening as structures) before and after deformation, (grain size, dislocation have been examined by electron micros- well as after recrystallisation copy. Induced Boundaries Strain for Terminology Unified with strain to become indistinguishable from grain boundaries (GB). with strain to become indistinguishable from Original GB extended with Equilibrium GB, they migrate locally at SGB to become serrated. T, possibly from high recrystallization (SRX or DRX). Tita- Aluminum and Plastic Deformation of Copper, Severe nium Alloys contain dislocations that are geometrically necessary for the contain dislocations that are geometrically misorientations higher angle block walls ing; cell walls are rather incidental whereas in or DRV After SRV, slip systems. enclose cell clusters having different almost entirely of regu- hot deformation, polygonized walls consist geometrically-needed dislocations; such larly arrayed, low-energy, during steady-state subgrain boundaries (SGB) continually rearrange in a stable, bands slipping on dif- in poly-crystals, grains divide into deformation components. The ferent systems and rotating into different texture and increase in transition boundaries between bands are permanent Asaro Hall, Columbus, OH 43210 USA; Watts 2041 College Rd., 477 91324 USA; Northridge, CA Inc., 19801 Nordhoff, Technology Aeros. Engrg., 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0418 USA; La Jolla, CA 9500 Gilman Dr., Aeros. Engrg., La 9500 Gilman Dr., Engrg., versity of California, Dept. of Structural Jolla, CA 92093-0085 USA Angular Processing (ECAP) is being carried out with Equal Channel two goals: a) to understand the micro/nanostructural evolution during intense plastic deformation b) to produce Ti alloys with reduced grain size and superior mechanical properties. Mechanical test results are presented along with TEM pictures to examine structural evolution. Analy- and Microstructure Behavior Creep Temperature High Amounts of Ni Trace Alloys with Ti-6Al sis of Binary Inc., NV 89015 USA Ti-6Al equiaxed High temperature creep behavior of two binary, alloys with varying trace amounts of Ni (<3ppm and 3ppm) was stud- ied. Uniaxial compression tests were performed over temperature range 510 to 593 temperature jump tests were performed to obtain the stress exponents Results show that increased amounts and the creep activation energy. of Ni increased the minimum creep rates at all stress levels. Stress exponent values of ~5.0 were obtained for both samples. Detailed Guérin Montreal, QC H3G 1M8 W., 1455 Misonneuve Mechl. Engrg., versity, Canada; static SRV) DRV, working, being less influenced by recovery (dynamic as temperature T falls and Moon M. J. Mills Bianche, Ancona I-60131 Italy Bianche, The terminology of strain the function performed; reflect the mechanisms that create them and or separate. Dislocation both are related to the regions they surround glide is the primary mechanism in high ture on LCF life data, and it is concluded that a microstructure that microstructure that a it is concluded data, and LCF life ture on growth small crack decrease path will crack to a more tortuous leads actual of the life. The effects fatigue increases in turn rate, which and the discussed, will be performance on fatigue process routes ECAE of with respect to optimization of the results obtained ramifications will be addressed. the microstructure Steels Grain Interstitial Free Ultra Fine France Cedex 94407 Vitry is of major high specific strength of steels with The development industry both interest for the automotive

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 Terry C.Lowe locking downthegrainboundaries. Also, thenano-structuredgrains sub-imposed tothegrainstructure. Thedispersoidsareeffectively alloys andanevenfinerdistribution ofScand/orScZrdisperoidsare not homogenized).Ultrafinegrains areformedafterECAPinboth pressed inthesameECAPtool twoconditions(homogenizedand and theotherwithalowdiffusivity ternaryelement.Bothalloysare grains intwodifferent AlXSc alloys,i.e.onealloywithahighdiffusivity Severeplasticdeformation(SPD)hasbeenusedtocreateultra-fine Chmst., TrondheimN-7491Norway ogy,Matls. Tech., TrondheimNorway; N-7491 Jens C. Werenskiold cessed bySPD Nanostructure and Thermal S ECAP inparallelchannels. tages oftheprocesseshavebeenstudiedoncopperM1subjected to formation ofmorerefinedandhomogeneousstructure.Theadvan- provided bythe2ndshearprocess.Thesefactorscontributeto the formation zoneofthe1stshearprocessduetothrustdeformation, increase structurehomogeneityaswellhydrostaticpressurein de- stroke, whichallowstodecreasethenumberofprocessingcycles, subjected tosuccessiveshearlocalizeddeformationduringonepress be themostappropriateone.Inthisscheme,materialistwotimes equal-channel angularpressing(ECAP)inparallelchannelsseemsto static pressureindeformationzone.Inthisconnection,theschemeof passes, typeoftheprocessingrouteaswellwithlevelhydro- mation inmetallicmaterialsisdirectlyconnectedwiththenumberof Theefficiencyincreaseofultrafine-grained(UFG)structurefor- 450000 Russia Physics of Advd. Matls.,12K.MarxSt.,Ufa,RepublicBashkortostan Iosifovich Raab Equal-Channel Angular Pressing inParallelChannels memory TiNi-basedalloyswillbepresented. of medicalandengineeringapplicationsnanostructuredshape various medicalandotherengineeringapplications.Severalexamples deformation (upto10%)ofshapememory, whicharedesiredfor cessing rendershigherreactivestress(upto1.5GPa)andreverse forming nanostructuresinthesealloys.Morespecifically, SPDpro- that themechanicalandshapememorypropertiescanbeenhancedby the alloyaswellmorphologyofmartensite. Also, wefound that theSPDprocessingalteredphasetransformationsequenceof plex combineddeformations(SPDplusrollingordrawing).Itisfound high pressure(HPT),equal-channelangularpressing(ECAP),andcom- by severeplasticdeformation(SPD)methods,includingtorsionunder erties ofnanostructuredTiNi-basedshape-memoryalloyssynthesized Inthispaper,wepresenttheprocessing,microstructureandprop- Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM87545USA Matls., 12K.MarxSt., Ufa450000Russia; 620219 Russia; of Sciences,Inst.MetalPhysics,18S.KovalevskayaSt.,Ekaterinburg Alloy Developments inNanostructuredTiNi-BasedShapeMemory der contractNo.DATM 05-02-C-0046(TO#6). U.S. Army ResearchLaboratory(Aberdeen ProvingGround,MD)un- in thesurface-relatedflowzone.Thisresearchwassupportedby age valuesof550neartheembeddedrodheadcenter,and450 CVD W [001]rodVickers microhardnesswas417incontrasttoaver- penetrator flowsbyDRXinasurfacezone.Forexample,theinitial deformed bytheinitialshockcompressionandpenetration, Microhardness evidencesuggeststhatthepenetratorheadisheavily cleave and/orflowaslargecrystallineblocksonthinDRXzones. within thepenetrationchannel.Somezonespenetrator the penetratorheadandcanparticulatebehindpenetratingrod, erosion tubeofprimarilyDRXpenetratormaterialwhichflowsfrom [001] penetratorsasaconsequenceofthesolid-stateflowcreatesan observed bybothopticalmetallographyandTEM.Theerosionofthe adiabatic shearbandscharacterizedbydynamicrecrystallization(DRX); solid-state flow, cleavagecracking,shearinstabilities,andoverlapping rod penetration(at1.2to1.4km/s)wasfacilitatedbySPDinduced as wellopticalmetallography. Consistentwithpriorrelatedstudies, formed utilizingscanningandtransmissionelectronmicroscopy(TEM) sidual cross-sectionsofrodheadsanderosionfragmentswasper- grown single-crystalrodswerestudied.Examinationofin-targetre- into steeltargets wereobservedinthisstudy. Bothzone-meltandCVD oriented, single-crystal W and W-5%Ta alloyballisticrodpenetration Examplesofsevereplasticdeformation(SPD)associatedwith[001] ratory, Aberdeen ProvingGround,MD21005USA & Matls.Engrg.,ElPaso, TX 79968USA; TMS 2005Annual Meeting: : Vladimir G. Pushin 3 ; Yuntian; T. Zhu : 2 1 Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Inst.of Advd. ; Hans J.Roven 1 1 Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Inst.of ; 1 Norwegian UniversityofScienceand Technol- 1 ; Vladimir V. Vladimir ; Stolyarov 229 3 1 ; ; Hakon A. Nesboe TechnicalProgram tability of Twoof Pro- tability AlXSc Alloys 1 Ural Divisionof 2 US Army ResearchLabo- 3 Los Alamos National Los Alamos 2 2 ; RuslanZ. Valiev SINTEF, Matls. & 1 ; Borge Forbord Russian Academy : Georgy 2 2 ; ; rials Science,Jahnstrasse,12,Leoben8700 Austria; Severe PlasticDeformation Fracture PropertiesofNanostructuredMaterialsProcessedby discussed. taining dispersoidsinregardtopropertiesandnanostructuresarebriefly solution temperaturefordisperoids.Finally, therolesofSccon- ing. PostECAPthermalrecrystallizationisstronglydependentonthe sile testing,calorimetricinvestigationsandthermalstabilityanneal- alloys aresubjectedtoordinarymechanicaltesting,superplasticten- embed somenanodomainswithcrystallographictwincharacter. The being lessthermallystablevis-à-vis theirlessdeformedcounterparts. deformed todifferentstrains,with chipsdeformedtolargerstrains differences werefoundbetweenthe annealingbehaviorsofthechips after extendedperiodsofannealing. Smallbutstatisticallysignificant microstructure andhardnesswere foundtoberelativelystableeven tively equi-axedgrainswithmeansizeintherangeof80-150nm.The strain. Microstructureofthechipswasfoundtobecomposedrela- strains weregenerallyharderthanchipsdeformedtosmallervalues of Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP). Also, chipsdeformedtolarger somewhat greaterthanthehardnessvaluesreportedfor Al 6061-T6in pass ofmachining.Thechipmicro-hardnessvalueswerefoundto be different levelsofstrainwereimposedinthematerialchipasingle by planestrainmachining.Byvaryingthegeometryoftool, heat-treatable aluminumalloys(6061-T6)byanalyzingchipscreated A studyhasbeenmadeoflarge straindeformation characteristicsof W. Lafayette,IN47907-2023USA 2023 USA; Industrial Engrg., IE,GRIS,315N.GrantSt., W. Lafayette,IN47907- W. DaleCompton Strains byMachining Characteristics of Aluminum 6061-T6DeformedtoLarge thermomechanical treatment. as wellafterECAPprocessingandfurtherthermal grain sizeandphasemorphologyoftheinitialstructurebeforeECAP and fatiguepropertiescouldbeenhancedbymeansofthecontrola on thealloystrengtheningwasanalyzed.Itfoundthatstrength grains, dispersephaseprecipitates,supersaturatedsolidsolution,etc.) cal behavior. The influenceofvariousstructuralparameters(ultrafine great effectonthemicrostructurerefinementandalloymechani- morphology ofa-andb-phasesintheinitialstatebeforeECAPhad alloy subjectedtothedescribedtreatment.Itwasestablishedthat the detailedstudyofmicrostructuremedicalTi-6AL-4VELI 1450 MPaasaresultofgrainrefinement.Thecurrentworkpresents to aconsiderableenhancementofstrengthpropertiesupUTS³1400- further extrusionoftwo-phasetitaniumalloyTi-6Al-4Vcontributes As weshowedearlier, equal-channelangularpressing(ECAP)and Fe, NM87501USA Los Alamos, NM87545USA; 2 Matls., 12K.MarxSt.,Ufa,RepublicBashkortostan450000Russia; 1 Iosifovich Raab Petrovna Semenova 4V ELI Alloy Processed bySevere PlasticDeformation Analysis ofHighStrength studied andwillbediscussed. the stablecrackpropagation,etc.,withnumberofECAPpassesis ness, theslopeofJ-ÄacurvesdJ/d(Äa),maximumextension fracture propertiesandbehavior, namely, thefracturetough- measured byafracturesurfaceanalysissystem.Theevolutionofthe opening displacementatthemomentoffractureinitiation(CODi)is ogy ofthefracturesurfaceisobserved.Thevaluecracktip to determinetheJ-Äacurves. A greateffect ofECAP onthemorphol- sile mechanicalproperties.Diskcompacttensionspecimensaretested Standard mechanicaltensiletestsareperformedtodeterminetheten- microstructure ofthematerialinallinvestigatedconditionsisstudied. to equalchannelangularpressing(ECAP)for2and8passes.The behavior ofmaterials.TheobjectthisinvestigationisaTisubjected gated sofar. This workdealswiththeeffect ofSPDonthefracture of nanostructuredmaterialsprocessedbySPDhavenotbeeninvesti- amount ofpublicationsdevotedtothistopic,thefractureproperties of thesematerialshavebeenintensivelystudied.Butinspiteavast interest ofspecialistsinmaterialsscience.Themechanicalproperties ods ofsevereplasticdeformation(SPD)haveattractedthegrowing Inrecentyears,bulknanostructuredmaterialsprocessedbymeth- ics of Advanced Materials,K.Marx str., 12,Ufa450000Russia Ruslan Z. Valiev Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, Matls.Sci.& Tech. Div., MSG755, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Inst.ofPhysics Advd. 2 Purdue University, Sch.ofMatls.Engrg., 315N.GrantSt., 1 1/18/2005, 10:22 AM ; LiliaRashitovnaSaitova 2 ; ReinhardPippan 1 ; Alexander H.King 1 ; YuntianZhu Theodore : M. RaviShankar : Ilchat Sabirov State of 3 Metallicum, 1207Callejon Arias, Santa 1 ; 1 Erich SchmidInstituteofMate- 2 Ultrafine-Grained ; 1 1 ; RuslanZufarovich Valiev ; SrinivasanChandrasekar 1 Purdue University, Sch.of 2 1 ; Terry C.Lowe ; VladimirV.Stolyarov 2 Institute ofPhys- 3 TI-6AL- ; Georgy : Irina 229 1 2 1 ; ; ; TUESDAY PM ; : 1 ; Kenji 2 Norwegian 1 Akita Univer- ; 1 2 ; 2 Hisamune Tanaka Institute of Space and : Technical Program Technical 1 ; 2 ; Hiroaki Takadama 1 ; Oddvin Reiso ; Oddvin 1 R&D Matls. Tech., Sunndalsora Tech., Matls. R&D Enhanced by Titania-Doping in Titania-Doping Enhanced by ; Junnosuke Taguchi ; Junnosuke ; Itaru Jimbo 2 1 Akita University, Grad. Sch., Dept. of Akita University, 2 -TZP -TZP ; Hans J. Roven ; Hans Yorinobu Takigawa Yorinobu 1 : ; Eiichi Sato 1 1/18/2005, 10:22 AM ; Ryuichi Kato Ryuichi ; 1 Hydro Aluminium AS, Aluminium Hydro TMS 2005 Annual Meeting: 2 Osaka Prefecture University, Dept. of Metall. & Matls. Sci., Dept. of Metall. Osaka Prefecture University, 1 Tokai University, Faculty of Engrg., 1117 Kitakaname, 1117 Faculty of Engrg., University, Tokai ; 2 1 Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Matls. R&D Lab., 2-4-1 Mutsuno Atuta- R&D Lab., 2-4-1 Mutsuno Matls. Japan Fine Ceramics Center, sity, Faculty of Engrg & Resource Sci., Rsch. Inst. of Matls. & Re- of Engrg Faculty sity, Akita Akita, Tegatagakuen-cho, 1-1 sources, Dept. of Mechl. Engrg., Prefecture 010-8502 Japan; Astronautical Science/Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Space Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8510 Yoshinodai, & Matls. , 3-1-1 Struct. Japan; Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292 Japan and F.C.C. Ambient-temperature creep behavior of typical H.C.P., investigated at a stress B.C.C. metals and alloys of annealed state were struc- having H.C.P. levels below their yield stresses. Metals and alloys showed Among them, CP-Ti creep deformation. ture showed large energy and stress significant creep deformation. Therefore, activation the deformation mecha- exponent were measured in order to compare creep. The activation nism between ambient and high-temperature energy of ambient-temperature creep indicated much lower than that of high-temperature creep and the stress exponent of the former Based on those creep param- indicated much higher than that of latter. eters, ambient-temperature creep region for annealed CP-Ti was dis- Ashby-type deformation mechanism map. tinguished in the Effects of Microstructures on the Creep Rupture Properties Austenitic Heat-Resisting Steels Mechanisms in and Fracture 6600 Norway 6600 of recycled alloy on the effects a part of on-going research As the present and applications, on alloy design, properties chemistries tool is used to process An ECAP on SPD processing. work focuses comparison A “recycled alloy chemistry”. Al alloys with different to evaluate the and Bc is performed A routes between deformation distribu- break-up and particle path on particle effects of deformation intrinsically are followed under break-up sequences tion. The particle and along different flow paths in the ECAP measured strain conditions on of friction and deformation temperature Also, the effects tool. by studied. Phase characterization is performed particle structures are TEM and calorimetric investigations. Local microprobe, HR-SEM, the particles are studied in order to reveal deformation zones around both dynamic the nano-to micro scale. Finally, local strain gradients in as and post ECAP aging characteristics presipitation during ECAP structures are qualitatively described. influenced by particle Y of Superplastic Joining the Insert Material Higashi 1-1 Gakuen-cyo, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531 Japan; Grad. Sch. of Engrg., 2 Aichi 456-8587 Japan ku, Nagoya, tetragonal zirconia Superplastic joining of 3mol% Yttria stabilized as 3Y-TZP is examined using 5wt%TiO2-doped polycrystal (3Y-TZP) joining temperature and an insert material, in order to decrease the near the joining surface. stress and to realize the local deformation compression in the tem- The joining tests are conducted by uniaxial specimen is character- perature range of 1523 to 1723K. The joined showing a clean inter- ized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), tests are conducted to face with no cavitation. Four point bending average flexural strength evaluate the joining strength, resulting that an by 10MPa for 30 min, of 960MPa is obtained at 1573K compressed The temperature matrix. which is the 80% of the strength in 3Y-TZP without the insert. of 1573K is 100K lower to obtain similar strength from matrix in bending Fracture occurs not from joining surface but joining process. teat. Residual stress must be introduced during Region in Defor- Creep Ambient-Temperature Distinguishing Annealed CP-Ti mation Mechanism Map of Yamada Tomoyasu Manabu Tanaka Akita Prefecture 010- Akita, Tegatagakuen-cho, 1-1 Mechl. Engrg., 8502 Japan Effects of microstructures on the creep-rupture properties were investigated using the aged specimens of the SUS304 steel and the 21Cr-4Ni-9Mn (21-4N) steel at 973 K. Size distribution of cracks was also examined during creep. The grain size dependence of creep and was very differ- creep ductility) creep-rupture properties (especially, ent in these steels because of difference in the fracture mechanisms. Grain-boundary fracture occurred in the 21-4N steel, and a mixed mode of grain-boundary fracture and transgranular fracture was ob- served in the SUS304 steel, although grain-boundary sliding controlled the crack initiation at grain boundaries. Cumulative size distribution of creep cracks could be fitted to a power law at the larger crack sizes in the 21-4N steel, while the cumulative size distribution could be ap- Przemyslaw Szczygiel Przemyslaw N- Trondheim Tech., Matls. Technology, and of Science University Norway; 7491 : : ; Nicolas 1 ; Terence G. ; Terence 2 ; Douglas E. 1 University of South- ; Nong Gao 2 1 ; Cheng Xu 1 analysis. After artificial ageing analysis. University of Groningen, Dept. of Dept. of Groningen, University 1 ; 1 the strain and strain rate were evaluated ; Peter K. Liaw Marco Jan Starink Marco 230 1 : Grigoreta Mihaela Stoica Grigoreta : ADD, R&D Ctr., Yusung PO Box 35-5, Daejeon Yusung ADD, R&D Ctr., University of Southampton, Matls. Rsch. Grp., 1 1 ; ; 1 1 University of Tennessee, Matl. Sci. & Engrg., 323 Dougherty Matl. Sci. & Engrg., University of Tennessee, 1 ; E. van der Giessen ; E. van 1 ; Youngil Son Youngil 2 ; Robert L. McDaniels : 1 ; Ian Sinclair 1 230 ern California, Depts. of Aeros. & Mechl. Engrg. & Matls. Sci., Los Aeros. & Mechl. Engrg. ern California, Depts. of Angeles, CA 90089-1453 USA The plastic deformation during the Equal-Channel-Angular Pro- cessing (ECAP) of metals concentrates in a shear zone, which is lo- cated close to the plane separating the two channels of the die. Scribed split billets were used in order to experimentally observe the flow field in the shear zone for different transient states of the billet subjected to Spatial distributions of ECAP. using an analytical procedure developed for orthogonal cutting. The experimental results are compared with the theoretical predictions of An analysis of the the shear strain obtained from the slip-line models. shearing nonuniformity across the billet was conducted for dies having both sharp and round corners. Aluminium of SPD on Recycled Experimental On the Effect Alloys: Nanostructures, Particle Break-Up and Properties Engrg. Bldg., Knoxville, TN 37996-2200 USA; Langdon Kamp SO17 1BJ UK Sch. of Engrg. Sci., Highfield, Southampton potential cost benefits for the produc- Age forming has substantial is currently ap- tion of curved aluminium structures. This technique aircraft, but is plied to production of upper wing skins of commercial incumbent lower wing not currently applied for lower wing skins as upon ageing. On the skin alloys lose their damage tolerant properties understanding, basis of modelling of strength and general metallurgical to provide good Sc) alloys predicted Al-Cu-Mg-Li (Mn, Zr, a series of tolerant properties proof strength (PS) and a good balance of damage and rolling. Extensive are designed and manufactured through casting alloys by metallogra- experimental work has been conducted on these testing, fracture testing, hardness testing, tensile testing, fatigue phy, TEM and 3DAP DSC, SEM/EBSD, representative of age-forming several of the newly designed alloys have PS, fatigue crack growth resistance and toughness that are com- parable or better than incumbent 2024-T351. Strategies for counter- acting the reduction in UTS-PS are discussed. Analysing the Shear Zone for Metals Deformed by Equal-Chan- nel Angular Processing Fielden 305-600 S. Korea poor machinability of Ti alloys makes them The high cost and manufacturing techniques. Isothermal prime candidates for net-shape net-shape forming at comparatively lower forming of Ti alloys enables process and metallurgi- loads. This paper will show the manufacturing flange by isothermal roll cal evaluation of thin walled Ti-6Al-4V alloy roll forming employs forming process. The process of isothermal a complex symmetric rollers to shape a cylindrical workpiece into and by moving the shape by simultaneously adjusting the roll shape it is rotated about its axis rolls radially outward on the workpiece while and the rolls are maintained at Both the workpiece of symmetry. evaluations of the flange temperatures close to the beta transus. The heat treatment re- included microstructure, crystallographic texture, were found to be sponse, tensile strength. The flange microstructures Mechanical prop- uniform and without any strongly textured colonies. with those of conven- erties of the roll formed flanges were compared tionally forged flanges. of Damage Age-Forming Alloys for Sc) Al-Cu-Mg-Li (Mn, Zr, Curved Structures Tolerant A Multi-Grain Model for Subgrain Formation and GB Sliding and GB Formation Subgrain Model for A Multi-Grain A. Simone The AG 9747 4, Groningen Nyenborgh Micromech., Physics, Applied Netherlands at high tem- superplastic flow investigations have reported Recent polycrystalline coarse-grained high strain rates in various perature and mechanism Although the precise Al-alloys. some materials, including it involves are many indications that understood, there is not yet well sliding, facili- and grain boundary of dislocation creep a combination formation. refinement and subgrain grain tated by plasticity-induced be- of the main mechanisms a better understanding contribute to To we in coarse-grained polycrystalline aggregates, hind superplastic flow finite-element model that incorporates these present a multi-grain is used here to study the effect of both grain phenomena. The model in the initial stages of superplastic flow. size, shape and distribution on the analysis of cell formation with sub- Special emphasis is placed into subgrains and eventually into real grains. sequent cell evolution down of coarse grains which would allow This leads to the breaking to proceed. massive superplastic flow Forming by Isothermal Roll Alloy Flange Production Ti-6Al-4V Process

TUESDAY PM 05AMTuesday.p65 05AMTuesday.p65 Severe PlasticDeformation Nanocr ogy Program. Office ofNavalResearch aspartoftheNavyManufacturing Technol- nologies Corporation,underContractNo.N00014-00-C-0544tothe lence inMetalworking Technology, operatedbyConcurrent Tech- cussed. ThisworkwasconductedbytheNationalCenterforExcel- cal propertiesoftheweldmentsarepresented,correlatedanddis- forming methodsandheattreatmentsonmicrostructuremechani- examination, tensiletestingandfatiguetesting.Theeffectoftube relief treatmentpriortoextractionofspecimensformicrostructural plasma arcwelding.Theweldedtubeswerethensubjectedtoastress pare weldmentproperties.Thetubularmaterialswerebutt-joinedby processes suchasextrusion,rotarypiercingandflowformingtocom- on seamlessTi-6Al-4Vstructuraltubesmanufacturedbydeformation Themainobjectiveofthisstudywastoperformweldabilitystudies 100 CTCDr., Johnstown,PA 15904USA Wm. Troy Tack Lawrence S.Kramer And theencapsulationofductile phasebythesurroundinghigh tile phasedispersion,volumefraction, dimensionandaspectratio; toughening effectisdependenton microstructureparameterslikeduc- based onmicro-mechanics.Itis foundthroughmodellingthatthe meter grainedcompositemicrostructure wascarriedoutinthispaper ture constituents.Modellingofthis tougheningeffectinnano-/micro- talline materialswithdispersionsofmicro-metergrainedmicrostruc- toughening effectwasobservedintheplasticstagebulknano-crys- crack propagationstageofceramicswithductileinclusions.Similar stage ofamorphousalloyswithductiledendriticdispersions,andin the strength/hardness lessductilematrix,inthemacroscopicallyelastic with acompositemicrostructureofductilephasedispersedinhigh Markedlytougheningeffectwasobservedinadvancedmaterials Metallurgl. Engrg.,Xi’an710055China China; ogy, Sch.ofMatls.Sci. &Engrg., No.200Xiaolingwei,Nanjing210094 Dun Yan cro-Meter GrainedCompositeMicrostructure Micro-Mechanics Modellingonthe Toughening ofNano-/Mi- tests arediscussed. microtexture) andmechanicalpropertiesobtainedfrommicrotensile different microstructuralfeatures(assizeand tron microscopyinvestigationswereperformed.Therelationbetween Scattering technique,respectively. Inselectedcasestransmissionelec- electrons andmeasuringorientationmapswiththeElectronBack microscope bycapturingmicrographswiththedetectorforbackscattered of theinvestigatedmaterialswereanalyzedinascanningelectron applied strain(maximum32).Themorphologyandthemicrotexture on themicrostructuralrefinementduringSPDasafunctionof of thisworkistoanalyzetheinfluenceprocessingtemperature range oftemperaturebetweenroomand450°C.Theaim (HPT) toolprovidesisothermal(+/-5°C)materialsprocessingina sizes lessthan100nm. A speciallydesignedHighPressure Torsion the initiallycoarsegrainedmicrostructuresdowntomicrostructural severe plasticdeformation(SPD)inordertoachievearefinementof Armco iron,aferriticandanausteniticsteelweresubjectedto Leoben 8700 Austria 1 Plastic DeformationofIron BasedMaterials On theInfluenceofProcessing its implicationsinstrengtheningarediscussed. layer. The role of thesedefectsinthesurfacenanocrystallizationand formation twinning,werefoundtobepresentinthedeformedsurface tural defects,suchasstackingfaults,highdislocationdensityandde- for theobservedgrainrefinement.Manystructuralandmicrostruc- obtained andanalyzedinordertodiscernthemechanismresponsible structural gradientthatisafunctionoftheprocessingconditionswas to bulkspecimensofHastelloyC2000®,anickel-basealloy. A micro- face severe-plastic-deformation(SPD)processthathasbeenapplied Surfacenanocrystallizationandhardening(SNH)processisasur- Dougherty Engrg.Bldg.,Knoxville,TN37996-2200USA 2 Matls. Engrg.,97N.EaglevilleRd.,U-3136,Storrs,CT06269USA; Shaw Extruded andFlowformed Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Tubes Microstructures andMechanicalProperties ofWeldments from and linkageofcreepcracks. mental resultscoincidedwiththeofsimulationongrowth proximated byanexponentiallawintheSUS304steel.Theseexperi- TMS 2005Annual Meeting: Austrian Academy ofSciences,ErichSchmidInst.,Jahnstrasse12, University ofTennessee, Dept.ofMatls.Sci.&Engrg., Rm.427-B 1 ; PeterK.Liaw 2 ystallization ofaNickel Alloy SubjectedtoSurface 2 Xi’an Universityof Architecture and Technology, Sch.of ; ZhongZeDu 1 ; 1 1 ; MehmetN.Gungor Concurrent Technologies Corporation,MTEC, 2 ; 2 1 ; University ofConnecticut,Dept.Metall.& 1 Nanjing UniversityofScienceand Technol- 231 : Juan C.Villegas TechnicalProgram Temperature DuringSevere 1 ; Philip Wolfe 1 : ; KunDai Andreas Vorhauer : Jing Tao Wang : Ibrahim Ucok 1 ; HaoDong 1 ; Leon L. 1 1 1 1 ; ; ; ; Creep DeformationofOrdered Intermetallic Alloys deformation. measurements, tensiletestsandthemicrostructuralevolutionduring pressure canbestudied.Theseresultsarecomparedtomicrohardness - shearstraincurvecanbefittedandtheinfluenceofhydrostatic applying asimplemodelforstrainhardeningmaterial,shearstress tion wasmeasuredinsituunderdifferenthydrostaticpressures.By Pressure Torsion (HPT).Inthisstudytheshearstressduringdeforma- materials (Copper, Armco-Iron, pearliticsteels)bymeansofHigh SeverePlasticDeformation(SPD)hasbeenappliedtodifferent Leoben 8700 Austria Lab. forLokal Analysis ofDeformation&Fracture,Jahnstraße12, Florian Wetscher Strain HardeningDuringHighPressure Torsion Deformation proposed andbrieflydiscussed. scribing themainmechanismsforcreationofultra-finegrainsis orientations. Basedontheobservations,acrystallographicmodelde- to specificdeformationstructureelementsofcertaincrystallographic believed deformationmicro-to-nanomechanismsandcanalsobelinked of theoperatingmechanisms.Thetextureevolutionseemstofit tions revealsthatdeformationtwinsareformedandisthereforeone formation ofnano-sizedgrains.Inaddition,HREM-TEMinvestiga- nique isusedtodiscoveractualmechanismsforgrainbreak-upandthe to describetheactualstraintensorineachpositionstudied.Thistech- shear zone.Intrinsicstrainmeasurementsaredoneinparallelorder samples carefullypreparedfromdifferentpositionsintheprocess with astate-of-the-artmicrodiffractionunithasbeenperformedon room temperature. Advanced characterizationinamodernFEG-SEM tic deformation(SPD)nanostructuresinastandardaluminiumalloyat Equalchannelangularpressinghasbeenusedtocreatesevereplas- and Technology,Tech.,Matls. Norway TrondheimN-7491 C. Werenskiold AlMgSi Alloy: Observations,MechanismsandModeling Microstructure and Texture EvolutionDuringECAP ofan ing effect. strength lessductilematrixphaseisfoundtocrucialforthistoughen- fied theconstitutionofnewlyborn substructure. aries resultedfromslipsystemsinteractions. Cementiteparticlemodi- mission electronmicroscopyexamination revealedthatthesebound- and lowangleboundarieswereformedwithintheformerones.Trans- grains. Thesubmicrometerorderferritegrainsenclosedbyserrated ment ofthisprocessingrouteresultedinfurtherrefinementferrite repetitive pressing.Thesteelwassubjectedtofivepressings.Employ- pressing followingprocessingrouteBwasexploredateachpass of The furthergrainrefinementmechanismduringequalchannelangular decomposed toformmoreorlesssphericalcementiteprecipitates. dence onannealingtemperatureandholdtimethecementitecolonies annealing treatmentwasintroducedtodeformedsamples.Indepen- strengthening) andevaluatethestabilityofobtainedstructurestatic simulation (FEM).Inordertoreleaseaccumulatedstress(material strain ofå=3-5insertedtospecimenwasestimatedbynumerical pearlite coloniesretainedrod-likemorphology. The totaleffective specific thermomechanicaltreatment.Cementitewithinnest-like rite-pearlite mixturewithgrainsizeofabout2ìmresultedfromthis swages. Uniformandfinedynamicallyrecrystallizedstructureoffer- deformation, wasrepeatedlyhotpressforgedbetweenflat carbon steelcontaining0.45%carbon,priortoinsertingsevereplastic microstructure providingfavourablemechanicalproperties.Medium junction withcontrolledthermalprocessyieldsveryfinepreliminary Intensiveplasticdeformationofanumbersteelgradesincon- 2 1 ECAP Processing ofMediumCarbonSteel byHotPressing Prior to developinghighlycreepresistantintermetallicmaterials. processes. Effectsofmicrostructurewillthenbediscussedwithaview of theuniquecrystalstructures,bonds,defectstructuresanddiffusion dered alloys.Creepdeformationmechanismswillbeanalysedinview of selectedorderedintermetallicswillbecomparedtothatindisor- cance. Inthisreview, thegeneralcreepbehaviourobservedinagroup applications. Consequently, theircreepresistanceisofgreatsignifi- low densityandarebeingdevelopedforhightemperaturestructural Manyorderedintermetallicalloyspossesshighheatresistanceand Victoria 3010 Australia 1 COMTES FHTLtd.,Pilsen30100CzechRepublic University ofMelbourne,Dept.Mechl.&Mfg.Engrg.,Parkville, COMTES FHTLtd.,Borska47,Pilsen30100CzechRepublic; : Jozef Zrnik 1 ; HansJ.Roven 1/18/2005, 10:22 AM 1 ; 1 ; 1 Erich SchmidInstituteofMaterialScience,CD Jaroslav Drnek 1 ; 1 Norwegian UniversityofScience 1 ; ZbysekNovy 1 ; Libor Kraus : K. Xia : Jens 231 1 2 : ; ; TUESDAY PM