A preliminary survey of the hydrography of the British East African coastal waters.

Item Type Report

Authors Newell, B.S.

Publisher Her Majesty's Stationery Office

Download date 02/10/2021 05:00:28

Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/7218 COLONIAL o,Fpicli

FISHERY PUBLICATIONS No.9, 19S7

A Preliminary Survey of the Hydrography of the British East African Coastal ·Waters

B. S. NEWELL," B.Se. &It A!ri<_ M..FisIIniL. . R "" 0,-'''' '•• 1mo ...

LONDON Hltt M,AJliSTY'S STATIONBI.Y -a'-Fle!. 19$7 CONTENTS 1lw<., ,- ... '.', • • "'"GcncrII Salinity (~) Oxypn '.'1 (d) Dalsiry •• .. Disc\n.aioo. • ",r.m- " INTRODUCTION T"~ AUA COHill) by the IIllVC)' on IIIbich thit"repon it bued isddiDcd tr, 1hetennll or ~ of the But AfriI:u M.riDe Fif;bci.. R.eecardI Otpniutloa, and Qkuds fiunt the .....nber1l. bordc:rolTllIjillJila 10 tile IIOnbem bor&rof~JlIad 10 .m-...... ortbinytlliJeI fmm the I~ ~ tile idmdli of M&6a. J .....m, ZalWbar -" J>anba.. No '"''''qed ~oftbne COII!ow ~ t:- betD mIoie pcoiuusly, an priDr wart hI?iaa "- USIduaed by ape;liticlu pauiac throu&b or .... lbt rqiaa.. ~..Do tbir. _ """"' tbul: geI}'~. At -.~wOItr. indiQled dleltrlcificziool oftlw: wawm ocean, but ob=variom were toO widdJlpKewater movemc:DtI. • T"-t marln" CD ai' " to llClI1aIIt IlJ .n:ilabk: clw. bath ~ p nkotaoa:c:u lIl'IId frocD tlm prtlimDw"J lIlll"l'O:1. ia ordtr 110: ... III • ODIIlp6el:C • p

It iI dca f'rGalo the ruull5 SO lior nbt,jrpd m.l 0AIy ~ IIlPd OfiI'!IIinD(JlJf in. ! ••••• wilI tuftke to ddincatIO the hydrogn.pby oflb=e .aters, aDd IUI:h aD Iftvatiptioa funDs flU' of the propmmc or this otpllizatioD.

DATA D.t.u ••u chaine" iacnaiRs No. 0 to No." ill M.P.It.V. Pa eA wodtr 'bu:ll~ of L P. S~ MaKer ~.lIIl:1i1hiK lUll'"*"""",, ilI,~. 1954. what stipp:r K. Suther C'm!INndtd tbr; vtII&d for OIIC cruise, No. 66. CrWse No. 61. to Lamll, _ ~d our ill M.Y: Tc/Iild 10mder <:hattu from 1". Heald. bq. . lD edditioa 10 I" .._ of ulbriry. Wll~ and cmycco aHllaU. mU.o 0lI m-. uui ,11m rn- &II ~ IOlIl'O:a __ wi:b the 1lIIlfd>--ua-n rcPoa or "'" I.... Oq tJw 1M ..- Rl'Idfiarioo. of tb: ~ ...... emted .Lbo:a • _ bfeD follDd 4o.u:in& !be "nubs ollbe IlOflbem __ (110' ' Cl lD MllrdI) in driI ADTq. The walifatioD 11 cSQI;;ribed "= in Lbis :q>nrt. The raWI rdtbe "DuIa'" Ell" fir''', bo:,., &110 ta:n 0Kd m~-= t!lo:lK rLlXber c:JPCdi­ tical ..,Hin'''' die m...s.ria ullWO of

KENYA COLONY

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ZANZIBAR

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KILWA!< '<... ; C., UNDl :: . -;­ 10"8. MTWARA~' _ .' . ~",- -, CAPE oo...cADO ill wrhe CkmM" by S",",",Pt jobaIQa. md F!cmiDc (2.), -'- also from Manbeon' ~ ~1Ihl111)lbt"ScUd." Eq di" ia..,904"""i (]). 1.D s1didoo to m..e. aocful iDfuliU.aoo (:OJ dx. arirFu of lbt hich a1iIlitJ ..,..,. .. bmd in "fborapon" repon 011. the H1dJoI,npbJ of tbr R.ed Sal.1Uld Gulfof Ada> ill d:le ~JDbu ...4.JDDo'" E~itiou, 193H (4). So( pi- , nary dam ~+ni""'" &oro !be"WlIlebrord S"dlj.w" Ezprdirioo" 1929 (6) IUld the NAIlII.trwi" Eqlci'rioo I~ (no ..c mo &nm tbe "oa.co-r' aWe ;" 19)$ (8).lbt "Ia M'llIfSJ" Eq...lj,... (9) ad tbe ''Clarax'' E:qxdidua I~(13-)

GENERAL OUTLINE OF WATER MOVEMENTS

PlitT TM. IM1comlctn' ofrbi5 rtpon 5bouJd be lDIsidrred,ADoe lbio offccu CII11JKkrabl.r the dlaraauiKia ofthe East AfriaD Caulal QlT1"eut whidl fOI1llll the wboJe oftbe sUJfilte wale! ... thiI area. The rqioa. i, subio;t¢d II) l1f(I oJUfQriug 5QSOIl'; the IlO\Itberu and uon!lmI_. Tile: f(,lU1llr begins in April md cods aboUI Oc:ooberfNovembcr. Durin3 t:hio .=on the ~ Ir<: p"...... in.ntly 1IOUth-eulerly, and uuw..ly very saoog, thoo.&8h the illClWiolocical SlIle!om Or> ~ cuaat (quoud in the Africa paoc) live cunfiicriug oflMld and su.l:In:c=eI 0lI tbe prC\':lliliaI oriDcl. fo tbe DOnhmt _,...hich bq;iuI in Nao-anbu lILd aD in Mard:, tbc.1rin

I ~ ,-- "" .,...- Pobt=, - -- . · ~.. -" -.... · --~ .... ~ -...• ~... .. · .... ~.. e · ••• -_. - S". • • ...... -0.- • ••• - ,... - • - tka'l"J' ralllS oa:ur I1.l akms the: COlI( bcr.vtell Mucb aocl M". md Iigb.r rains Ln d U.l tbc bl'ld:ish 0IICfIcnr from thest riTcn • kept dole iIlaIlme by Ibl: prcnilirlc uaauaJ fon:n, and only rudj ..., ilObud pIldles of.-ofl-salinity fooud _ 10-. Tbe &t MricID ~ aJrJQl _ aonh-ro. dJrov&bouI tI£,.... in tbe IlVVt1 -. butdifIin ....a.....,. in iI:I die KkIiItiuin doc: two _.Durislc doc ...Iw:m!ll" IE :a till: ~ t.. parer ftb:i;:" up 10 4 m-. bciuR" MX:dcrmd by the tnde 'tri:Jdi __ tilt I:adim0c:twl1llld bytbe MX'·....-tywillds aIca& the __ ItdIeD. !• &t. CI:pc ~ _ thor .....-. Sea. 1.D r.ec. ~ Dl ~ ()) c:buu. whic::Il shtlw doc h .r, teries Dl wiDd ~ _lbtlDf[XDl.,.., dlawI tlwinthe _ April 10 Sqwnnbet lbettII .omo.c I ,.t ..b:bise.mel.,..,m Oft'" doc: DOrtbmI 1IIdiIa 000In. _," d ..m. .. iIIUDaIII: II' , 17 ...... 5!f1all«-&ceUiiJUib. It. lima 10 beG9"""'" m.r tbe....m:al OD tloc o side Dftbll GCZIII riI be W'dn-ed Cd. SUN I (to») IUd j!'ItsKd fa. -.it dlJl; -. Dw:iolc lbc: IllIl!ha:O .... MOO the a1rmlI, is ~ by Ibl: D SN.. fin' .. tb: tqlilt«

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.,. I( '", ..... •',11.'" Africa >( " ,.., ..- ••• .... _ bct,,_ die"", '11':11" ...... "."... OG tIx: LmIuo1e el «,os.. aid. the _ oltllio cmttDIo wbicb. ,..a..-1Il. CIpc Ddpdo • itimpirl&a va !be _•...l feeds me IOIIdl. ~-~. bicp: twmIl and tho: -m &.rMa P.- Mrir:&l:I eoual almIDf, lIifEu. illlu ~.. me lwO lDOlltUO<1S. Dunll& the SOIltbcm triotec (CQrTelJIO toacl>ao to -. WOU'nl Ai.aua1lllll c:out UId fto.wt co tho: _ Waa me- ...."bm!. AuIcnIMm -. The Scab Equauwial almIDt, ..mdl fIoon fmIn tal( to 1l'C:Mo ill ;Il.. I>urm,1be .....:d!tm N!mTOft (Nocrtxm. ~) tho: -r.1riIId.l!rift tuQs IlIIfth bcfDn I w'_.. AI'Rnlioo, ~»jciDCd by ••0lU1ly Qlneal oklq tile ..'them "'...... !jsp QlI:S\. Tbe Sautb Equamrial t'UtttllC is ~-m-m.&4 tbc dow ...dae.non.b Awnlim _ iI to tho: eM&. 1k South EquafOri&! aman. l;D this _ .pp:.s lO 6Dw _ fiOU' tbc AWo.JU Al'c:hipc;la(p~. fhi,; ..ttl" belal of,,", WiDay (d Fli. 19', ~ XV, Sftfdrup (~l). MattheoR (3), who dctcnniDe<.l the: ulinitU& of numcl'OUl Iurfaa: &aD'lpie ooIIeaed by nnbiplI md ~feud, allll'Il'I.. _ the: llldim Cla:aD, pvc. chuts for the: four qtmrttn of lht ~rwembctIFdnuary.MlldlfMay, JlIIIc/A~, Scp:anhctINO'o'WIbc:r, Uld bIJ. i....·tiNs .... ~..,..J~af'''iciri=mel (\DUlD O'I'C!" tbc rev. ~1 II CUllR' ..... iaF'IS-:laod~'fi&.4••~~or the..";".M., ofdlf, .",Wn 1II4ialI 0<:aD, t.Iotd OIl the 1IMil~~afLcw:.~Cl (n), 8clp 71' ... (14), a-eo ud I'lot¥m (jl ...d the "'OlMmr" Expcdirion (I). A pipet" by TcbttDla, L.c:F1odt ~ Lacombe (rJ) if tho: _ -='- anal}'1ii$ el tbc bJdto­ JDPiaJ at tbc ll'nte:m IAdim Ottaa, md.doIimia..-:b _ darly th&Jl r- ~ Ihc YD>lJ.I WllOl:r IIIa'fiU in tbc -. The Iilnit of irdhIcDc:c: «tho: Anwaic: l.ll1mncd.iaU: WIlta' if .bown ... CQrYe I<:fOSI the QO:an, Ihb ovater risin& ~y &om. dcptb of 1,000 m«Il:$« ~::to"S. until ill'Cac:~ the IIlI'f:aa «latitude letS. in tile II:IDtCrtl oo:a.tl. 1D the north-I'm tbilI Wl.let n..:. DlOl'C Nowly. mel ,till lIppClIn It • depI:h cl.bout JQD IJlCtftI IllatilU<1c. ,'N. ecIi_lO me AfciQm -. FIUl:ber JlOtth IIIId ia tile GclfofMea lbcl'f-a aillm inflaioa in the iri 5 AI 200/300 cactrc< wbich ...*-i...... 0&Il)' yan '10 by Manhewo (1.3) 1Dld Vm ltiI:I (!s). GibotI (16} m ··N tmt _r "from tho: tC. further. md in the ,'!'o;anlbiqw:: C!lII'Itlcl rCldles- l

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PIG.... n.c TIS D...._ tor 1bo. Si:o S1IIDoDo ·'S

1 ~v;rafitirms ..hK:!:t. have so fu po'ided d.ra fill ltevane- IUtuq:U 10 poma, lbc hydro­ .c:raf'b' ol thl: aardl-'ll'l:$lCnl 1DdlI.a 0c:e0Ia ("'Va:o:."oi."'. ''Planrt'. "GaU';a", "OIil1ClOdL", ...._ ...., .. "T>-_-'" ~~ _ ,"-_.. --'--~.....:...... IIS, ..-...... uJ, '--'1..-...... "---...... ,.."...... !u1Jltl off this ~ ptcmm .lDo.thtr IUU darify thil maner, diagTamI tihllwW8 the dl'tribution of di.",,~ ~Yicn and ~'l' 'lVith okptb for the IUUont "SndlilU" 10, "AIba­ rroa" 1.1.... "Charcut" 41, "Di"""YcrJ" 15B9. "AlbUms.;' 240.11d 13~, "Di..:ovc,," .su oa.d l,86, "A1b1.~" .13~ "D_-uy" Is8. Mel "0II::II" 3~ illihal unlet. W'Ctt dnwn. huddl~ IiOll TjS diagrmoI ftrt~Jo:"'W~"""_inF'.. S. T1x:5e~ Ut' muc:b !GO lNlty fo: iDc:lusioo hi sucb • ~. this. but F".og. 6 ~ Ihc TIS d...._ o!. [no ~~w.!iaftl; C'SodlillS" 1::;1, "Olarmt'· 41. "Discu.uf" IsI9. .. AlbMI'06" ~ "'Di~ I ~ aid "o-m.... 3~"lrictI [aU-.~fto:Il the GclhfAdl!:ll ~ lbcHorll ofMrialUJd «-aw ns= A&ic::ul-.1:IIlI. tht; ficartI ~ ID dtmre\ua:a die ~[0 be dl.­ from ltw:: """'" mum"""" cacrllDL II am be.m. !lull C\'cD ia dIc Gulf of A6ta, tl:.c: highI, Wiele "R.ed Sc:o Wacer'" (wboK PIldnoIlin...,.haw: SOOnwoes)is ~td l:un lIE bighlyWiOll:ArfIl:e kyu bya -U...... ,g.. dttiDed bdt. of.....1nof~wlinilJ Ioaltd 111 :lOf)-4OQ ~ cI~ (me.eft f1'Ol!l the CW'Ye& u.r dtiI tI>"I" salit>.ily !aye cieri*" Iiom rile III>I>Ih U>d in dqIlh utcl Il&1irIiry ~pmois to W AlI1llmlc Inttrmedif,cc Wawr. Itt 'pproximately tQO mctus, a peak in ",llfl;cy tc:Ld5 U> ll p;) be dj,tincr frntl Iht dfcp" M1llllty nwi:num QIMd by !he pn::$CIllX ofRcd Sea Wattt.1:ld io Qa ~ [0 owe la or'.p.. p&!1I7 10 GulfofAdat ntti"ao:c -.:r. In dditilla. ;t ""'.1 aloo 1ft JI'" be da:"cd frmn lM Iq:ltly aIiMAmtim Sa.(0: io wdr. , boo:Jy of_er M tile AmbAD Sa, '.nd1ocVd 1m thrr:e tides anJ. ."~ to wmnc -m.tc wiadl, lhcn: _ be • (WlPckrahk doorD·'I'd!ia& (l.m.c.t nw ., ~ j, • (NIIrdiqI: of bi£b salinity ...ll:t info I.IIc Gv1f of Aclco ud omo 0.-_ SomaIilmd CWR, aDd low saliailJ "':11= lIJlPCilrs.uonc Ih Wi:$lmt rltilim ~~ Thai the immecliale $Ut>-surf.cc uliIlilJ muIm= off tM! .-..t i5 dented from lPOCC ~r1y Wit\l!la 5=tn1 lIldicw::d by iu lo...... ygen g"'''=I, .shiell preclllwrfllO:..tJniry lDUimum layer 11 aboul 1IQO Cletreo) -wa-11 GIl the IUnaa: .1Id uawepl _til (11). thr: _ "'"Itt. layer afJ IhiJ «JI.n bcJitts 11> diminltb UI UlCll'lRKhmg • millimuat dtpdI ruI$O P ~ry roonr6 tDt cod 01 ~vidm<~ of any mi.J:ing of dw: viw:r .....10 dIE to "upwelling" or "downwellin&". He=: • knowL:dlc of the origins and boundaric:o of the various oceo.nk water IllaSSts iii of considerable impor:tJ.Dce to our work m::-e.

EQUIPMENT AND METHODS

IN IT IA L u', no 'ppar.tus we aVallable and the survey tepn in a humble way by the t:altiIlg of surface '~1UIIp1cs with a buckel from the ship (in ,motion) as she steamed from one fuhina: ground to the nat. The temperature ofeacil sample wll8 IIIU5Ured and r«orded, and cIwu of the .urvey .,.eo. were drf;wn, oue f()f each mon.dt. on which the tent~ could be regim:red In the lppropn..le I"'.m.m. La= ." old Nan~c.o-Petlerssen bottle became available in "'hicil III otd1nary llIbontol}' thl::mlOtnetrr lI/"" ,J¥:ted, -.nd \=lptQtU"'" mw:ured WiLh. this imlml'nlm IlQ • w:tion beJinninl in ihe Pemba awm..l and drifting 1IOrt:h-can (du~ 11. fil,hing apcrimo:n.1 with a Roatillg 1oDg­ ~) and also around La.lham hWld. fim indicated the .l>tr.1tilic:ation to be found throU&hout the upper layer•. Sampling was hindered by lad of ~Ie bottles during 19B, only twenty-eighI beiDi .vai.lable owUtg 10 ttJe non-arrival ofan expected shipment from M.auritill5. Plutic ("Pulytbcne") bottl~ bave.llOlI/ been Ilbtainw ILDd !leCJll far better than thc old-type spcing-«>p gia8s bottlea, the plastic mll!:riai being inert chftn.ially and'mott rob=-an importanl point WhCll one it: working in .ncb a ohip as Rruarch. They bl.Vc the dl.advantagc of beto; siiChdy permeable, but the loss of water by 'sweating' amou.nD onl)' to a few milli~ in gvcral days (private C\)Ql. munio:ation from the M.B.A.l..alJorllOry, P1ymo.uth) and iJ tbuo negligible for OIU P'JfPO'Cl'. When ~ Standard Sca-wa",,~ I>eQrne available, water ~ample:; '~e c<1llected in the Nanscn boule md c:hk>tiniti.. d~termincd by timttiy ODe Mlrb of silver nitrite. The two pbill1s giving aberrant varues were <&<:arded. • In November, I9S3, a bathythermograph IITived and thil bas prov.:d invaluable. It is oftbe samp1ing type, bavinjl: TZ metI1 p1tial. arro.nged t=tnaIIy around the barrd.. These d the llIborlIOrJ'. Sampleo fill" well gt~d with VIIScline before each trip. 'The: stoppers were replaced very Ulhdy •• each wnple .... wllcaed. and we full bonleo b:pt in. bme" s:amples will in future be collected in amber &WI bottles lIIitb , small quantity ofsame inert p",""ervative 5ucl1 u chlorof<1on or "Mertbi millimiN= OX)'!Cl1 dwtges due t<1 bioti<: II:lia:n. , . 1k p;rcIUR bendio;:ap ill. 11k IUlU7Ilf"OYtld. ID be: tIM d6ulry til. InrlCCW'lldy. dtpIb M which SUllpa.bad been ooIJcxtrd. W"nb RnIllI...m.J.Illld.1VI&ce un..... til...... ~ ship drifQ Rpi4Iy, wM ~ ra..m tbII: if~ ....ina boclk if bellcath me dk:t M Ii fa 1IIUtt' ftdI II ~ '"rimlq. !be: wiDda";'." c&:o indir.... to ll:I. u.&k til 60170'. Quito: .put &om thr .,dlIt. lO'iJ.Il wdI "Uf' ~ Ihc: ItO£SW:lIU ofim 6aih ID dtsc:Lod, CftD ifthe bouk iI ~do!IaI, aD ....mare ofils depth by n...... ny &om the zrlcGfwwft ... die SIlifal;e is l;mmd to 1:w= ~atc ..u..c:c !be cunoarure ofthe .ue baatb the lIUrl':ac:e gmd be bcwn. Thua, an, roDdu:sioal as tI,I the elope ~ isQbus lit ls~rdariVc to the .urf_ are of doubtful nUdity. F~ld1. however, tDeUu=Dtnt ofdepth wUh rbc bch)'lhcnnocraPb. io .bIolute aad ~tof..u.: angle, bmee the 1ll>JX 01 the ~ cuuId be u:sod 10 • lilnltaI entnI. to dlcdI: "'-1 ~ ,lo~ iD ~r ~. The nI&i.ac of M.V. RnNrrl< llilI IIClt tmD sbrly flWlUllb 10 petmil of KaOIIniaa the cum:m" its minim"m IJl""'l beiDa:.baur 4. taca. Tbe~~"" Elr.al,cou.....bonlc: portir1!ytolftd the proWcta Iillca 1riIll tbio ~ iI .. pow1K til cakulvc dopIb by uw: of a ~ fIaor. but 1ritb • ~ Ibip the 8'" 11I11II" be • • 'd II _.~ bouk radMs me ~ depth, bl:f"$0 thlII .....u,. ~ .. _ dadIl as 10 \O'bctbu the tM.iDUiih."UR IlaYl:. time to cqllilibna. Then: oa:mt DO ooIurioa to tbio problem eucpc fur the ,,";...,1 of tbe propoocd DeW meard> vaad. which 1i!'U ~ , $kIw= minimum tpeed mel 1iDer c:aait>c l:tJtItrot. . The ~ plloc ful.Jowed over the period. October, 1953 to ScpItmbcr, 1954 _ that or tlternan: In'i_ PJ DOrm aod $OtlIIb .Il _1hI, im<:rnls. In dx: DIIf1.h, Llmu _ IIHd 10 • buc: ud...,y.". wtte IWl su.iptou, ftum tbe-.....-rl, as p<$iibk. In the toUlh•.....,.y...wcre nat 001 !'nlIll the ...... Mtwal'I" Ul>di -.:I Kihn. Tk ob;«t of!his ... It> Clbtuvc • aou· tee:liItcI ofthe cx-.lWUtta e.c:h a>cI r:L~ SiEi'PI1' __mdlhm 11) _l&iu"ItlabI1 there ~ IDJ' dilf<::n:!lrIrI ill tbc di,o'b'n- of_II,.,... bd;wt:CD IIllrtl::: mel -m. Wartiq '" . D". riPlqIc:t 10 tbc coattill.tJoodo""oppxtIlIli:y of~lItly area ....t 1tOI"kcd in NOVWIbc:r J953 aDd IanU&IJ, April aDd ]\IJlC 1954.

OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSroNS

TtMPIRATUU TIbI~:I Ibow'$ tho: tcmpt'ratwe I'aIIp for tbt turfa0 b.lbmm tbat the dondc, GoIo)f' l ..."..,...... us Ill. ialhorc -.»-mc ~ iJ:t &$t A&iaD 'QtttI be...... ~..... JIIDC, p'iDript"y iD MlJr,-'mm the ~ofF. TalbcK. aIIooC dri$ Ot-pnimio>n, 111'!10 6twb: tba in tbo: mh of Er.t Amcaa ....!en • UIlliII& u oft= ~I in !be IOIIlaI ofmany tp«i= I .. ulhtinw ..../.mI, I d=k iJ:t tcaIe pvwIh bat bc=.fl>\llld. iD ~,mba', ~ mmab of lI1lDimurIl Tcwperatl!m. The8c resuln arc t""!.IUV" and may be modlJk,d ill tbe liJ;ht of ~fIlOlt. BeDettb !be iur&at.. fouM • .....,. ....!hd ~bot!I. in COM aDd 50Uth ~. md ,..... '"' -, .4Jwj1 M. SOl" ~. No. ~. -I,...... , . Z9"7 - al-S .6-, .,., >"1 a,-, ~., a"3 ~. , ~, ~, ~, ~, --Loweo' tempcro,-6 '7"4 - "" ,- '0. M_ ...... -...... ~., ~., -.1·. ~~- ~, - .B·o ~., .01._ wnperII..... - "'2 ~.• I '7"' I

TempntureDqrecoFohrenhdt 60 " '0 " • 0 .. 60 " '0 '5 .0 ...... • • 50

--- '00

...... _. 'SO 200 ! I ! ~ • i !, 0 l i ... _"4 ~ ~-

.. ,to """""

F:tG. 7. BathythermotnPh Tracingo from FOIU Stationa (Lamu in December, '951 ODd September, 19S4­ Mtwara in January, '95' &lid Kll_ in June, 19S4) ohowing tho Triple Thenml Strotificatio"abe ~ vaieJ hGal J.mon 10 mtioo &lid ('001 .-lID x.IiW; .biJrl ill tho: Mr:hua. __the,or..:.. our..$0 KIbIy muilkdthI1lhrcr: .hcfmodinr< may JPPeV. kt ~ of d:is .. __ in F:a. 7. wbttt ~ mri"CI m-...... Mnvata I alDmf1, 'H4) ItId Lnmr 0 (De«mbc:r. '9B) In"-' lID the __ s.1k. nm tnhk ok"'--'· it lOwid f"m.). nwoll K.iI .'\ Ollllr, 19$4) UId ~,faIhomt (1Q4 m.) a st8Iicms IAmu A IIIId B (Sc;pltll1ha:, 19$4). Tbe col_ abrm-1bi51b1::rmodille is ofWlifoml ~"Flg.1Moe-sme balhytMllrlOpIlrh tI'IciJlg« ~Itio!> "K.iIwa A. June, 1954 aDlllbe _~fdepd\C\II'TCI d 0'''.'0' Lamn A Inl1 B ~. ill Scplunber, '9)4. (A baihyth.cnuograph ~ I. Il(I\ an.1I~ble from this crulie). Smce the bathythermograph Jiva aD abIoIlJre ~ute ofdepcll t$ I fimniotl of PfeIl""'. Ill4 in !eadln~ Irc tb.... ~ o( wi.... 1lIE~, iI wu hop.:d !.hI1 any h'l!;Ji!WtiJq oll:hti Ibemloo..'iine ro~~ II) tbe ~fa~ migbJ. cive IG.~ of tM vmiarJ_ OrirrltKion of i&: water ~~ Nonria1ij thr: dmslrJ dislribuliDG is ..a for this ~ tNl: the tnQIS 10 4eplh ~(mmricmffl eaflirT) VItiate al!cnlIliolu o;S (II m.cmaia ainu.Th<::l: ..ali Ad...... «the \Ix. di ill _ toeaillAs, hut ofu:D;" I ntber wmplCl ' ..Ilio:rrr lI ...... d be GpCQaI. IhaI: the"'""tal tboll!d IIIk.e. u?allla:kIrd 1'Crli<:alotil=atio:l ill die MlOthroL_"friltD tbt- hiIh ftIociIy (4 boa)ofthe....raa: ~t e pmcIDI::e I .,,41 up«isobMil: ...c.a:. -.b Ule coat. i.e. Ul the Idl: «1.11 obiti_ n'iD tho: ditoaioll or tbo CVIft8to ald!he lUOO& wind &om a 1OWI-eoW:-astcdy mnaiQll -.ld ...... thir dl"ta: ill pmelirin; a U1apOl1 of IwDue ...... conrdo memI IfllOIIYIIlOUI wid!. Hb." built it. Iflld'eStinK ... -.e thai II Kil... in June, 19"', I"" dw:.na>dioe is to be focad.. at ft1 i'Mbt'mJ (In m.) .1 ttation A (9 mila ew oftbe 1Itareit land).1D­ dines _Id be- upened to lit: almon borinlDIl.l. "[hoo -=tDaI swte 01 aIfain varin from !MIJItb fO mIfIlda ill Lhir. 'lIOIliOOD, ll>Cl tbe .... \owe:" I....I rli...... ~ _ of~ indiJozicm. • CT1Ic thr::t_ -Ii ...... y be ideuIifit pI~ed (__ Table I) ibe.u:rfaa; _ tmckd to 11ftMJIOf'I~...hikr ill Iwt:al"J'.....t •.t,pril. sti1J .,ftIlo .....mcrly winds I'"'""-iol'ioe. dle .arfiott oralcr t«med 10 M't. .. o/fslxJrc le1IIl&Dq>. as aM mMay (tbou~ bJ lho:D IttollJ I01,Ilbc:rty ":.::.do. had lCl_iol: l-kuoe tbc: anua1 tlrKollDoll or the iIltrmot:linn;o the nolthem _ may be w lftQ!. 0( • hod.",.., of forOCl bnwa:o wind and (\I.I'R""'- ...",]<:li5 iau:m.aI 1I'lI.n:J .... producilll virialilllli in IenJ of the uu:nnodine" The ellecl of Ihe wind i. complitaled by tht J!feKflCC ofI bo!deriOli (D&l;l; bill ill ~tallbe .:.ale of affain ~efo:rl U ill ap'l:ommt ....IUi theomi<:aJ predlo:iM. Tbt: ITIODJly-1IWMd deeper. ~ a1n1Olt -.lo"ObttdlJ bar ill oricin ill • 00w04I.ry bdlrem the IUrflQe __ &rid .... ilDI!crlyin; ""nbiu> Sea Wald'. bill the high tubiIicy ..hio:b il pn>thKa wilr be mh.ftcr;l.~ lite loweddY~u:!betherlnodiDe J.y.:r-..illlohibitJi i.I;'" ill depth. of the IrilICI CWtml (rl. S~ (Jl pp••~~ThiI is seeD col.lllIJ ill !be _Ihma __ 100'" -= tbe .trod Is fU1llI« &rid <:fll>ibDl eoough t

•

• 12 ,... '6 " • .0 ,

• F...... Tell\peratur'C P«4\I•• for All StatiolM, Noltlo. &lid South. (Non!» + - + Ottober, '95:1 0 - 0 MaQ, .gs* .-. D lm x _ "M.)<. I~ ~ D_O ~Xr,'9~ (s.:..D) 0 - o~; bcr, 'm .. _ CI April,,~ .-. J-""n

'l t. IIJ-;np!lf tIpIIIlIlD OMllq mn~ ~ acp P'lI!lP'l61 i. ,!Hi. ~~ snq". ~'"I"!l p""! 3ql ~ pin qlDOC:lII(! IlIIp)q 'UW"lll pu:llO} nII.-,(;ll(1JO ~!'i!l. ~ JAIJItlI~ '!!I eu 'ti! IjiiiXI ~ U! pili!! '{UIllI1 Uld- o:l ~ ,lfUON. pull *l-d pin ~-Z 'WiMjWJ -.w~ lIIO.IJ Lijdw.. WOij..... wtdtu641 Ul?' .lpI'OS.'" ""'"1. 111 -K6I 'nqo"'::lQ:>qUJ:QCbs p1I1I U'61 "llIr'Q?"~ "l'- pGlllIp-JOIJ 'Q,! 2X}.lllI P.XlJI:>Q{ti~;ll(1WtJqI .. ~.L "'~HII']"1

-".M- AI Jl!f W{gmd' ~ ap CA!2 a·"oJ "'PJA' IX'fJ'd ~~ ~ 'lIP __ .>qt,(q ,"CIllI'. ~t;ll(1JO I ~ l.q pcaopoJCl."" pin '-'Pl ~~ '! tPdV 01.1\1., A(( lDCU:I pgIIOJ '!t r-'OO;P '" drln :IlU. -~G!~ tqI JO.LI~'lIlpJA' = q..p!IlI DlIIIP ...."5I!P JIlIpCbp CJf be.!. .uw pin ~ 'PIJ!a

,~ ,~ • -~ • __ll --_".tC "Q 'J ~. .'~ · • • \ ,--OJ ,-_h) ("S6'"".,.l--. .~ ,..,.,...... -, , I ,<> ,. ,. • -~ _. 'ft ,. • I I '" -- _.., _0 I \"S6' 'PtVl JIIIII"1 -", ,~ ''''''- - .-..,.,...... ," ,ri ,. • · 0;' -~ --_.·='11 ,. ,-,,, I ,-,,, I. • ","S) I - -- ,....,- ...... -'" ,""""-", I ""'-~...... -, , · .~ , . ," ". • ~.-.. , • '" · "'" ,- -p .• '"" ("S6.'-rl_ I -'0I_.f- ..... tM••""".. , ( _.- " , ••• A ~JO.-.a ''''' '- , , •.• ~, l· ," .. ]4"'" JJ·U )1"1' JJ·.... lJ··J -Sop , I,,-OS'lJ..... M.,o .... 1.1.'" U"'1.»"u U"'J, JJ.... JJ~ WI:. JS·"

"·)o'3S·~3)·""JS·'" )J·AlJ·"" W"'" 3P'. ,pO o Ibc. ]s"flll. lJ·'1. WlJ: W'l, ""7I, "·'1

.~ M"', ]4.1J, ]4.")S·'" i M'I],U·fio, .M.It,,..,o - J).'40" .... JJ .... 3l·". - W"",]4·".M·'J'M~ lJ·'J M·'" W"?7• .M·$O - ! ~., .... I34"" W"), W.J I~~ .- , So,· aod I.Imc Il1OI1th' ill the' north, whim the aaIlnitJ minimum 0CC\lnI apprOximltely one ft'\OIlth ~ocr tban the taJl~muimum ill !be 5Quth. A twD-tDOlIUt ~g betwe= salinity minimum Ind cQnptntufe muiJ:a\l1l> in the DOCth ill pouibly ClOlllftled by the to ofdam for the north in 'WI' 11 is to be apeaeJ tb.t 1bc fIDttw;Qoa olWinity wwl4 lie bdriod that of l~ JiDc2 tbe rum.:r ikpc:QdI O:ll ~ • hi. .... oou the wtdt -. lAd it would l&K IilK bdOtt _ olllbOftd cbuwn,niet &- dlc __ Iadian Oa:an t9d>cd the _10 wbibt do<: I.l>:I" is .tfeeltd bJ do<: ad_ -=V-l nmrlitires _ited E ·,"rinD - rloa. ~ is Jeal hi be • aIUtity lIMXiwum lot IjO-.lIIXl mtU'a ..m. the _ ~ dlis ~ dtu . $ llllllillily. Fie. SIb oepratel 1be _ ~ uod ...... shup bolmdo:ry bu.ow dleAldaDo amu.r~ die CMidoeol,iIc hichlJ' saline _.8cncwb tbe-mutynwimwo die: TIS diet_a ~. rqioll ol...mac WIld IoadiQs 10 1be krw WiJlitJ of die: /LllQtaic 11l1U "M 1iale Water. TIle ~ ofsaliDirr malm.wu 1IppCD' 10 bt 1I ill ~tmeet IIlI:Id has ia; bi;best aalilliry n1l1e1 ;" AprillD4 May, dimi";"hillC after this until it rea::heI it~ minimum iDtIlIe:Ila: • die: cud ol the yell. Yilt. '0, • IDd b. ohmn a simiJu pIoeuomeooo ill \hi: ncrtb. lhouJh b= the nlimlyf"Imnwn seeDlIl0 bepat. ohaIlower depth and is ""'- qulre 110 clecly ~edfrOl11 the I\ita<:l: ..Pier. "I"k lluet1ll.tion of the Hllnity rnnimum hal bc:e:ll dilcussed pm'iolllJy. • I.n Mau:1I. in cbe fIOfth. wry b.i&h AliDitiea (35-50/.. md 35"3~ appear just aboft cbe th£1. 'i M It IIbo1M ~ ~ IUd ill chit IDOlIlb 1be tbeiullXlioe is. ita aballowest_. lesI_rt«I dIaD in other"""""",wbilsl IIKf7teurve (if. Fi;.. .:') balllOmmbd~.1be rho _lhM. dvrilI& 11K raj of the~. Hero<>: it is ftf} Iildy tbIt --= mil 1qhly-lUliDe _ ~do<: Som,e,."'" -.I turTCQI $illb be mdIe..r- ift 11K rqioD oonil ~I.-. " ~, S6 ~7 _It :U... ",0 n-I '·2 "", • · ... • .' r •• • • .' J " • I I '00 ~~,' .. • ~ • , "0 .. ;; • " . I • • • § I" • , I " '.• -. • o " • -- • • " • • ~. • ~. Pw. ,. (..) Sdlllt:J Pro6Ieo fllt oll Soutl>om S...... (Il) "TIS DioIramo for olI Sot.lthtto $ ..._ • NOY1IIDbol', 1953 " JIIlUUJ. '1lS4 o ~ 1934 + J...... '9"

~- ~" J.o6oC ,..., )~ :ISo! ~ "••' ••_ ...."'-,_:.,.;._•••<.'-"."~"'...,."'.-'.".."'_~ , • • : •• I. • • • ,· '-' "0 .. • • • r ! ... • " • • .. \" • t · • • • I Ii -. i • • • I • •• • "0 • " • • " • '0 • •

..... ,0.. (01) SoliD:itJPr( ~. J)$) • De •• '9S4 0 MMd>o'l'S4 C Mor, 'm + S-~ 1!1S4 " It dlis ~ or)'af ..,d -.bf I limiraI_lbedy po::netr'ltioD. A SGIIioD ""OIted off Did's Brad iD Dramtcr. 19S1 pve SIiiftify n!ues tLoaIy 35-27% II the 1l:II"".JICX, diminiohina to 3'~% II. 70 -ua 1M n'l7% II l40 metres.. bUI tbese nIues own ~ tban till*: to be I'owld 04 LIma ia tM MIne IIIDIIlh. (C{. F"'II_ 10, .. 1IIId i) Dd:'s HQd io in labtude .040·S. md the cum:ot _ KMbnIy dIere II the time. !lui _ dati are ~ to vuify Ibis roqestiDu. A sdiairy r:n1Dilaum 0CD1I' In e;h<: ID'tb I' ~ mecR$ dlIriDt! the rat oftbe )'Qt, IIIId lito iti the south tlloush II> I I'l:I'Y wud 1e:I$Cf eIllCDt. There ICam no obvll>1IS aplllJl*doP jOt t:hiI u.nIeu Ibc =cnt JIadienl between The .urface aIId tM deepcit thl:fmodinc Is .uch IbII ,he u.ppennost llren ofth<: wtftoe == 'o-.atUe'lho6e baiealb them,

OITGIN ~VII,,", werctmly dNelW...a in Mua.t

.00

"0

i • I i '''' \ I • " \ •, '\ •..~ \ •, . "0 • " Cl I" PM. II_ OEyce:ll ~ ford>ooe SutiDnsOlwbldl 0.,.., ~...... IIIIde_ (00) 500"_ SuDano.. (6) No; tbu:n 8...... ~,.,..,.ThcnrA>dlow io -W by • .-...-..-'"o.r-. '7 Luau ill Mut:h, 1954> foI>ad al about SO ~f$, appan UI be

IlI;NSlTT ~ of at -..: ma'aJ ltUioP, Md dlc ftSlI1w a:abiDcd or .-.pd for aU mtioot iD ..., DOC waiaA, • bcCan:, the lie! diMn1>utioman in do<: 0QbiJiIy of Ib= .ur&ot a.m:D1 Oftr where the bell ofhi&bly MliDc water was Cow:tcl just.bove the lhcmtOC1inc, the n.bi!ity II poIitivc throughootthc waer· g;,1umrl. Tbu& the region oflIlUimwn rate rLchaDcc ofdauil)' roiac:idn with the upper bounduy ofdw: sub--s\ll'faoe u.li.v.ity.....u-. The JfUtI:r ..riatio.tl iII mnpcrJ,ture and saliIlily of tbc letter body of....la ill dill: oon.h, • ,. ,. " • •, '" \ ..."'" I "'" \, \, •

-. IL Col) DcmaJ PJo6la ....o Sooo>Oocnt. Swiaao•._";;;.';o-ioJ''" Pft>4ioo!'Dr oI.l Nonlocn. $'.' ~'. o..iI)' It.. _ of J'>UcipoI TIw::t t! 10 o:nuUd bor ..__.ell Ouft. .S oppowd m tile IClIIIh. • ~ In me duasilt ~ tbIlM ofW _tlkla mrioIu: Ihow'.DI lDOn: It ..,. deptIl bdcN thI: lhel....·'i.... TIlt ~ fcf the ckmity C\lI:Vft to ccrirri'r bdo'Ir )DO lllCtttl (.tI bit ill u.: -..dI)" oex.....bk, md ~ X!ClD to iqdjcxc U tbttc illiak« DO pbIsio> chm&'o: ill dk wWm,.u.c Allt8rcri<: In""""'oc W.l.... bl me lIlOIllho of1_ mel Scpum""'", i.e. ill lIE W\IthnD lMIlIOOll, the deDaitJ mmillI IiIDllII IUl1fwm II far IS !be ilErn:Iodine, ..hll;h, coupled orith u.e IlmMI lm1!ol'll\ (lXygm, telnpel'lltW1' lll>d 5IliD.ily dislributiotl dll,1Il dilttilNlioll CJf &wi!)' is OX\I~ ic i' fuwld lhal tbc 0' CW"¥eI {or c:edo um~ o:mfum 1M ~vMoot 10 "" duwn fmm!he """" of!be tho:rmoclinc, i.e. wllere. 1M latter .Iope dowIl.'I'I'II'dI off.JJaror, deusc.r .....ter is fouDd at any 0Ile. dq\tlL1.l the ~ Ir:ariocl thaa Ie the wnc. dtpth at Ibc. ...ward "'Don, and We

DISCUSSION

Til! IEIULTI deacribed, !.bolt&It they,.,ij\ oex penni, of bydrodyDlmit calewmoru -u.S to tItr: inalXlli'acy ..d<:ptb eIlimareI, do elilblisb tbe ~ orieJUation of the masw Wlten. TItt: llQl.i:m.porw.t poi.m al'ltfPDlt ;, Wt aU the lilltinc l:Uricd 1IU1 by this Orprl:zatioll bn b=t in ....ter of tbo:: cnuull'llr&c>r:: l:III'mIt. AlIl-bc. Tnt...... hid! u:aIliD&;' CllITied clI ...... dia& to lhc tmI~ pta6ks civm b, Annouq (I'J) rm lbe __ yar. 'Tlmr. il ....,. be. diu 4cad mpoiwnI mod __ of low ~ ,...il rau _ tloorly and ~. the·~ buriet' benlfta llW' I1U&Iz CUI'Wlt and ttlc ~ "UI". ThiI t:IlI obriousl, Iffect !be 'cusjmilMim 0( DUuU::o.l IUbRlDlC<'$. DtcGaTY to tbe pOWtb qtle. Thair: wDtluslom Wlluld ~= IUppOrted by the work orJoaepb (:w) who fauztd lIlaCUCI ill tbc. ablOJpdoa mdticieDt ofthe. WItel'<:01IllDJ1 ac a'.~ There .... irItttestiDI <1isc:utIioD of th.i:I queWoa by Giltocl (16) who ....." the ilI=-e ~ becwa:a mnm lIlld IIl1trio:ool ult O;OOtall: IDd the w.bllity (up!e!ltd .. nlC of cbaIIccollkAslry per Iomeaa ofdepdl)ollbe~io m.00a IDplanktnn I"' ,. " IkpoiDD 0llII dial in ""1 pIonboo pop...... 0lIly the ,.....,* ~ mlllripl~~ teIld 10 rallIIi4 in...... Okk:r od1$, though still .....I.md 10 si.ftt AlMI 'l'Oduon ,•h 9 ol ~ dtftsify bdo\Ir the ~ or Ift:&USl phcmo~ tcliYiry. Gibon .~ lbe A1'I1UD Sa..~ th=: iI fWlld '1II:UUd diw ••'jnnity layu .. oIflbis CXIII(, UIll: iii 1" j GlIi

(d; F,.. 10, 11 mel 13) shDoo oub-sw1llX plonbon.ll:lGima rouablJ""': OJ ~r 1ritII. ..i " • ol biAbe:sl 5tl.bility. Ji.ttltre fIl.hiu:;R upu::imwlll at em. ,...cion....,. _ be cooch..led Wb the t!lo'trrkdF of'If!lict pmtia:lar III'Ittt type iI beiDA -bod, &lid obstnaI migt...... 01_qa:imofflIob will _.be _.-ii, Imdr:nIood wbm ~ill jnnaioo 1ritb thc smom! cfwl«ts in tb:ir aaviloD· meat. funhtr CI..."M. in. iC.'ion (lbl bdp (l) ducidate the food qdc of tbese wIItft'l; Ibow "bicll a1moIl no«bing" bKnm at pi 'QT. REFERENCES I. ~ Cadtbeq: Fo"Motiog'l ~EE"I'...... ·l.·• taomd 1M .odd- .~)O. ~ . )4. I~ 1m, 2. s,~,K. U.. J_. M. W. mol ,...... iL H.. "lm.~" I'\.-icc Md UIlI. ~y 1H1- ). 11.1»:.....,. D.l~ "Aepom ol'the P=y S\adra T.....I &palJtio>n tolbe 1Adim 00eIAiz> .llOf'. v~. Vlll, P,. r. CounibulloJo VII. pp. 1~5. 4. 'n!OMPSOM, B. f .• "n.. E.""'b..... ofWtlCt bctwuD tbt tlod Sa. md tlle GuJfof AlIta on. the 1i1I". ScialliIk: hpMI of r..Ioo MJIllu>. M\ltnJ" &p.dip '93J-~ (Brltilh MIIf. Nal. HiaLJ 1'01. II. N•• 4. PI'- I~IQ9. ': Q.owII, II. J. ad DaAcoM, G. E. Il., ''Tloe Du;> Watt ara.JaIioa fJi d:£ IMiu o.:a..... N_ .-ot. tA p. 9)6. ~ D '. I,n. I. The ''VliIdl.''O9, N•. I. 11)48. n. ~u, L "0.. 2'.iRoIMI0Il des Illdiocl\<:ft 0_", JlfJI'(JjJ 1"". Mit,..!. UIOi•• B"IiN, 21, pp. 1"""41, 19l9- U. M.l.rmo"" D. ]. "Ttmptntwc &ad 541.iDilJ' Obocn'lIDoDt ia Ue O.c at /odao". N-.. V.. ,"'O> P. "»' ''P7- l). TaIIiINUo p.. r...PLoaJ, J...... l"WM '1, H. ~ • r&luk do: ro..A tadica", .,p.....'.. II". d .e:-u.e-.,...., 'i }'li••IElNa.we.c-,rn..o,O boT, '+ THO"_. H. "TH Cim·"""ill.~ ..... 1DI&ol CJo:e&D".J. e-. be.~.Ill... 1'111, PP.13-?9. IllS). IS. v~ IbJl., 't. M.. .~ o....'V>I"'P"jsct>o= IlcoiMdI.IWlI im Iloao 0-". .A"". H~. Borl. 60, pp. .j.<>1"'"". Proc. U-. SM. 1...... , Y". J6s, 1'_ ~ ppo. .I&-no, Illj3- II. ATD>II5, 'II, 1L G., 't~G. JlMEDlSmd w-. Y.1.'~Saopcaded. MKIoria s--uer. mel a. S .r ~.Afi:nDI.c \k V.".j, bap ofm.. Seod:li Dioc". J_ /tW. Bd. ,(or. U.K, Vol. D, N•. :, 19S4, pp. .fIlH'<>' . 190 ~ F. A.. J. "Pboopbutw -.d SiIiI- iD s..._ .. PlJ-rtk dmiII« iloe. ,... 1')50-53".1_ M.. BioI...... V.I{,. flot. :J:J. No. z, pp. )I.-3'Jz, 11lSf- .. (..) JOlVII, 1. I..Qd WA~ lL "U,,:muc!l.I..,m iller die opc!oehc:o v.rblluaoe ia M=c:". Mi/ltil. Hyd""fT. e;-. JIlo4+ (.j JOSI'II, 1. "Dutdllirb"p-eiruneqom..... 1m Mnn im a1travioJem S~bofti<:h"_ Dftj!Sdo Hyd.... ZI#/r. Vol. 2, I~ (<) Jo:w... J. "Dill: TlUb"lll'ftI"hiIb'''" der ~NCKdIq watbeDo:l dIU 'Geua' Futn".". D.".K.. " .... IJ. ',,3- 11. WD""I*. P. lV• ...... ",. elCOEJ< < or! iI. __ (L). ill doe Wmcnldio:ll 0.:.:.... Nonn. Yol. Z7J, P. 1'030 IIl9- u. Tbt "V~" Ezpodio... 119&-9- Report.. Put 1. C. a-..d G. Sc:bDIt..

._.. a-__..._ ..__~I__ • • ... --..-..