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Measure Fore the Water Quality Improvement in Dam Basin

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Measure Fore the Water Quality Improvement in Dam Basin Measure for the water quality improvement in dam basin Hiroyuki NAKAJIMA Chief in management section, Kizugawa dam Integrated Operation & Management Office, Japan Water Agency 1. Introduction Japan Water agency which was founded in 1963 for the purpose of promoting the development of water resources has been established and started its activities as one of Incorporated Administrative Agencies since October 2003. Tasks of JWA are to construct, reconstruct, manage and operate water resource facilities such as dams, canals, estuary barrages and other facilities for flood control and water uses. JWA is now managing and operating 51 facilities completed in 54 projects, and implementing another 13 construction projects in the major seven river systems designated for water resources development (Tone, Ara, Toyo, Kiso, Yodo, Yoshino and Chikugo River Systems). Dams have been often constructed in location with human habitation in upstream areas due to limited area, and it is not rarely the case that small towns are spread over underneath those dams. In this context, there are so many dams whose nutrient concentration of inflow water is considerably high, and water utilization damages are increasing due to eutrophication phenomenon of reservoirs, causing to direct public concern toward the problem of water quality in dam reservoirs. Eutrophication is causing serious problems in dam reservoirs managed by JWA and a part of our reservoirs are troubled by blue-green algae and others caused by eutrophication in every summer season. The troubles include deterioration of landscape, deterioration of drinking water quality due to foul smell and taste as well as interference of water purification plants. In this paper, we describe the outline of managing improvement facilities and their effects in our reservoirs. 2. The situation of eutrophication in JWA dam reservoirs The degree of eutrophication in reservoirs is classified into three trophic levels: oligotrophy, mesotrophy and eutrophy. Mesotrophic and eutrophic -1- reservoirs with abundant nutrient salts are likely to experience excessive algae growth. A percentage of the changes in trophic conditions in JWA dam reservoirs, as reflected by the changes in the number of facilities in three different trophic levels(oligotrophy, mesotrophy, and eutrophy) in termd of total phosphorous and chlorophyll-a is slight decreasing during a decade(from 1996 to 2005). According to the data which were gathered from 27 reservoirs in JWA for the appearance condition of blue-green algae during this term, The figure of the number of facilities by month shows that blue-green algae increase from June to November and maximize in August and September. Freshwater red tide increase through almost a year, and in particular, increase from April to June before blue-green algae is superior. The figure of change of the number of facilities by year shows that the number of facilities where blue-green algae outbreak has increased until 2003, however it is decreasing after then. The number of facilities where had freshwater red tide outbreak had a trend of increase until 2004. 3. Water quality improvement facilities installed reservoir and their effects In here, we would mention the outline of water quality improvement facilities and their effects in reservoirs which we manage in Kizu River Integrated Office. 1) Selective intakes Selective Intakes were the facilities to enable withdrawal from desired level of water in the reservoirs. In normal time, selective intakes are utilized to withdraw warm water in surface layer, but in case of flood making water in reservoir muddy through inflow of turbid waters, or in case of algae bloom in surface layer, it is possible to withdraw clear water layer selectively through these facilities. 2) Aerating circulation facilities Aerating circulation facility has a technique to generate circulating flow using the buoyant force of air bubbles to transform the stratified status brought about by density differential (water temperature differential) and to help formation of circulating mixed layers on the surface of the reservoir. These mechanism can prevent proliferation of algae (blue-green algae in particular) by creating adverse environment for them (ex.:to lower the water temperature, reduction of sun-light and nutrient salts, etc). In here, we introduce a case of study in Takayama dam. According to the survey of the relation between surface water -2- temperature and the cell number of Microcystis prepared by the data of periodical water quality examination in Takayama dam reservoir. It was confirmed that the cell number of Microcystis increased corresponding to surface water temperature became high. In particular, the cell number of Microcystis increased more than 100,000cells/ml in 50%, and more than 10,000cells/ml in another 50% in the case that water temperature was higher than 30 Celsius. The function of the aerating circulation facilities was proved to be effective by confirming that stratified status went to deeper than before the operation of the facilities. In addition, water temperature of upper layer averagely became higher than before, while that of surface part of the reservoirs became lower. In the case of Takayama dam reservoir, the number of Phormidium has greatly decreased and Microcystis also has decreased since 2003 when operation of aerating circulation facilities has started. 3) Separative curtain Separative Curtain control for reservoir is a method of utilizing density current in reservoir to reduce the inflow of nutrients into productive layer (surface layer) in downstream side of the curtains, through separation of upper and lower currents in surface layer in reservoir by cutoff curtains combined with Selective Intakes. In productive layer in downstream side of curtains, propagation of phytoplankton is prohibited due to exhausiton In here, we introduce a case of study in Shourenji dam. Based on monitoring survey of Shourenji Dam during 1996 to 2005,decrease of nutrients in downstream side of curtains and inhibition of algae bloom were confirmed as a result of cutoff effect of Separative Curtains. 4. Conclusion Maintaining the water qualities in dam reservoir is the most important works for us, and if it will cause significant problems to water utilization, it must affect a social. Therefore, it is necessary for management of dams to comply with control and conservation of water quality and volume in reservoirs precisely. However, it is still difficult to resolve water quality problem easily only through those measures within reservoirs, as there are yet many unknown factors regarding variation of water quality in reservoir, especially vicissitude -3- of microorganism such as phytoplankton. In the future, in order to substantially improve our approach as monitoring survey. -4- Measure for the water quality improvement in dam basin Hiroyuki NAKAJIMA Japan Water Agency (JWA) Contents 1. Introduction 2.The situation of eutrophication in JWA dams reservoirs 3.Water quality improvement facilities and their effects 4.Conclusions -5- 1.Introduction Target Areas of JWA 1.Introduction Eutrophication phenomenon (Algal blooms) Blue-green algae Fresh water red tide -6- 2.The situation of eutrophication in JWA dams reservoirs Total Phosphorus (T-P) and Chlorophyll-a and Classification of the Degree of Eutrophication Item Oligotrophy Mesotrophy Eutrophy Remarks Annual average total Vollenweider phosphorus levels < 10 mg/m3 10 to 30 mg/m3 > 30 mg/m3 1967 (mg/m3) Annual average chlorophyll a levels < 2.5 mg/m3 2.5 to 8 mg/m3 > 8 mg/m3 OECD 1982 (mg/m3) 2.The situation of eutrophication in JWA dams reservoirs Number of facilities by eutrophication classification Annual average T-P in the surface layer of dam reservoirs (27 facilities) Annual average chlorophyll-a in the surface layer of dam reservoirs (27 facilities) 100% 50 100% 25 80% 40 80% 20 60% 30 60% 15 （％） 40% 20 40% 10 （mg/ m3） Average Ｔ－Ｐ Average 20% 10 Number of facilities 20% 5 0% 0 Average chlorophyll-a (mg/m3) 0% 0 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '96'97'98'99'00'01'02'03'04'05 Year Year >30mg/m3 10～30mg/m3 >8.0mg/m3 2.5～8.0mg/m3 <10mg/m3 Average <2.5mg/m3 Average -7- 2.The situation of eutrophication in JWA dams reservoirs Monthly and yearly changes in the number of facilities where had blue-green algae and fresh water red tide 20 7 Blue-green algae Freashwater red tide Blue-green algae Freashwater red tide 6 15 ilities 5 4 10 3 5 2 The numberfacilities of The number of fac 1 0 0 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 123456789101112 Year Month 3.Water quality improvement facilities and their effects Algal bloom Sunlight Algal bloom Shading Ntorgen,Ph Selective intakes osphorus Selectiv Curtain Air Intake form Aeration Bypass The measure against eutrophication in dam reservoirs -8- (1) Selective Intakes Inflow Hot water Lower a water level selectiv Cold water Hotwater Cold water Discharge from low layer Lower a water level Cold water discharge (The decline of the water temperature) Inflow Algal bloom Selectiv Hot water Inflow Cold water Selectiv Lower a water level Hot water Cold water Discharge low layer with lower a water level Deep water depth (abiods Algal boom depth) (2) Aerating circulation facilities Mechanism (1) Effect of keeping blue-green algae in the darkness (2) Effect of nullifying the ability of blue-green algae to regulate buoyancy through control of water temperature gradient and vertical mixing of the upper layer (3) Effects of spreading nutrient salts throughout the shallow layer (4) Effect of encouraging the growth of diatoms and other types of algae -9- (2) Aerating circulation facilities Outline Sunlight日射 Inflow of nutrient salts流入栄養塩 Aerating曝気循環 circulation Euphotic有光層 zone Place暗所 of Circulation循環 darkness Release of water 放流 (2) Aerating circulation facilities 1)Overview of the aeration circulation z The purpose of the aeration circulation is to restrain the explosive- occurrence of the algae ( phyto-plankton ) such as blue-green alge by vertical-circulation on the dam lake with the air foam from the about 15 - 20 meter water depth.
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