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0 0 0 0 L L L D l 0 0 0 0 L REPORT NO. 3 AQUATIC HABITAT AND INSTREAM FLOW INVESTIGATIONS (MAY-OCTOBER 1983) Chapter 10: Evaluations of the Effectiveness of Applying Infrared Thermal Imagery L Techniques to Detect Upwelling Groundwater L L I L ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME L SUSITNA HYDRO AQUATIC STUDIES REPORT SERIES L [ [ ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME SUSITNA HYDRO AQUATIC STUDIES REPORT NO. 3 AQUATIC HABITAT AND INSTREAM FLOW INVESTIGATIONS (MAY-OCTOBER 1983) C· Chapter 10: Evaluations of the Effectiveness of Applying Infrared Thermal Imagery b Techniques to Detect Upwelling Groundwater [ Edited by: Christopher C. Estes and Douglas S. Vincent-Lang l Prepared for: ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY 334 W. FIFTH AVE. [ ANCHORAGE,ALASKA 99501 L PREFACE [ This report is one of a series of reports prepared for the Alaska Power Authority (APA) by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) to provide information to be used in evaluating the feasibility of the [ proposed Susitna Hydroelectric Project. The ADF&G Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies program was initiated in November 1980. The five year study program was divided into three study sections: Adult Anadromous Fish Studies (AA), Resident and Juvenile Anadromous Studies (RJ), and Aquatic [ Habitat and Instream Flow Studies (AH). Reports prepared by the ADF&G prior to 1983 on this subject are available from the APA. [ The information in this report summarizes the findings of the 1983 open water field season investigations. Beginning with the 1983 reports, all reports were sequentially numbered as part of the Alaska Department of [ Fish and Game Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies Report Series. TITLES IN THE 1983 SERIES [ Report Publication Number Title Date 1 Adult Anadromous Fish Investigations: April 1984 May - October 1983 [ 2 Resident and Juvenile Anadromous Fish July 1984 Investigations: May - October 1983 3 Aquatic Habitat and Instream Flow 1984 L Investigations: May - October 1983 4 Access and Transmission Corridor Aquatic 1984 [ Investigations: May - October 1983 This report, "Aquatic Habitat and Instream Flow Investigations" is r divided into two parts. Part I, the "Hydrologic and Water Quality 6 Investigations", is a compilation of the physical and chemical data collected by th ADF&G Su Hydro Aquatic Studies team during 1983. These data are arranged by individual variables and geographic location for ease of access to user agencies. The combined data set represents the available physical habitat of the study area within the Cook Inlet to Oshetna River reach of the Susitna River. Part II, the "Adult Anadro­ [ mous Fish Habitat Investigations .. , describes the subset of available habitat compiled in Part 1 that. is utilized by adult anadromous fish studied in the middle and lower Susitna River (Cook Inlet to Devil [ Canyon) study area. The studies primarily emphasize the utilization of side slough and side channel habitats of the middle reach of the Susitna River for spawning (Figure A). It represents the first stage of development for an instream flow relationships analysis report which L will be prepared by E.W. Trihey and Associates. I L ' ' ' ...... ............ ............ a ', \ \ ~~ ....... , \ I 'I I I I I a/. I / .;'--.._ ...... '\ __ _.,.,.,/ MID OLE REACH 0 25 ADf BG fiELD CAMPS Figure A. Susitna River drainage basin. · .. · ·-·. CONTENTS OF REPORT NO. 3 Part One Chapter 1 Stage and Discharge Investigations. 2 Channel Geometry Investigations. 3 Continuous Water Temperature Investigations. [ 4 Water Quality Investigations. [ Part Two Chapter 5 Eulachon Spawning in the Lower Susitna River. rI : 6 An Evaluation of Passage Conditions for Adult Salmon in ~- L.i Sloughs and Side Channels of the Middle Susitna River. r 7 An Evaluation of Chum and Sockeye Salmon Spawning Habitat in L Sloughs and Side Channels of the Middle Susitna River. 8 An Evaluation of Salmon Spawning Habitat in Selected Tributary [ Mouth Habitats of the Middle Susitna River. 9 Habitat Suitability Criteria for Chinook, Coho. and Pink L Salmon Spawning. 10 The Effectiveness of Infrared Thermal Imagery Techniques for [ Detecting Upwelling Groundwater. Questions concerning this and prior reports should be directed to: b Alaska Power Authority 334 W. 5th Avenue Anchorage, Alaska 99501 [ Telephone (907) 276-0001 [ '• [ r f L [ [ [ EVALUATIONS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF APPLYING INFRARED THERMAL IMAGERY TECHNIQUES TO DETECT UPW~LLING GROUNDWATER r~ 1984 Report No. 3, Chapter 10 [ By: Gene Sandone [ and Christopher Estes [ Alaska Department of Fish and Game Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies [ Anchorage, Alask~ 99503 [ ABSTRACT Studies by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game Susitna Hydroelectric Aquatic Studies Team suggest that upwelling groundwater is one of the [ principal variables influencing the suitability of habitat for chum salmon spawning in the middle reach of the Susitna River (ADF&G 1983). Three infrared heat sensing devices (Hughes Probeye, Xedar Pyroscan, and [ AGA Thermovision) were tested to evaluate the feasibility of using infrared thermal imagery as a remote sensing technique for detecting and quantifying the amount of upwelling groundwater in slough habitats of [ the Susitna River. Results of these investigations indicate that the application of infrared heat sensing devices for locating upwelling is contingent on a host of environmental conditions and the level of detail desired. Areas of upwelling groundwater and their relative magnitude b were identified using these techniques; however, some areas known to have upwelling based on ground truthing surveys were not detected. This inconsistency is due to the wide variety of environmental conditions [ that occur within the Susitna River combined with the physical limitations of the technology. For these reasons, it is doubtful whether this technique can be applied on a large scale for the detection [ and quantification of upwelling areas. L rL r ; L TABLE OF CONTENTS [ ABSTRACT .•••••••••• .............................................. i [ TABLE OF CONTENTS • .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ; i LIST OF FIGURES ••.•••••..••••.•.......•••.••....•....•••••.. ; i; LIST OF TABLES .••.•••••.•• ....................................... iv [ LIST OF PLATES .••••••••••• ....................................... v 1.0 INTRODUCTION. ............................................... 10-1 2.0 METHODS • ••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••• 10-6 2.1 Site Selection •.••....•.••.••••••..••••...••.. 10-6 2.2 Analytical Approach and Field Data Collection. 10-6 3.0 RESULTS • •••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••• 10-12 4.0 DISCUSSION •••••••••••• . .. .. .. .. .. .. 10-20 5.0 GLOSSARY ..... ............................................... 10-22 [ 6.0 CONTRIBUTORS ••••.....• ...................................... 10-23 7.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS •• .......................................... 10-24 L 8.0 LITERATURE CITED • ••••.••.•.•••••••••••••...•..•.•••••••••••• 10-25 L- [ [ L r ii L [ ~ LIST OF FIGURES [ Figure Page [ 10-1 Infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum...... 10-5 10-2 Infrared thermal imagery study sites.................. 10-7 [ 10-3 Isothermal map of a portion of Slough 9A corresponding to the thermal scan in Plate 10-2 developed from ground­ [ truthing data collected Nov. 17, 1983................ 10-17 10-4 Isothermal map of a portion of Slough 9A corresponding to the thermal scan in Plate 10-3 developed from [ ground-truthing data collected Nov. 17, 1983......... 10-18 [ r L L_; r~ l [ b c E L [ L rL f - iii L [ t. LIST OF TABLES [ Table 10-1 Technical specifications of the thermal images [ tested. 10-8 10-2 Field testing conditions and locations .••••.•••••••••• 10-10 L [ [ [ r \ L [ l c b [ L L Lr r iv L LIST OF PLATES Plate Page 10-1 Aerial photo of Slough 9A: November 15, 1983. Thermal scans of outlined areas are presented in Plates 10-2 through 10-3 •••...•••.•...............•................. 10-14 10-2 Thermal scan of a portion of Slough 9A (see Plate 10-1): November 15, 1983 ..................•............. 10-15 10-3 Thermal scan of a portion of Slough 9A (see Plate 1 10-1): November 15, 1983 ••............•••..••••.•.•....• 10-16 c ,___I ~ Leo [ L b c [i [ [ L r' L J v L [ [ 1.0 INTRODUCTION [ This chapter presents an evaluation of whether thermal infrared imagery techniques can be employed to successfully detect and quantify upwelling groundwater in slough habitats of the Susitna River. L [ Upwelling groundwater is a principal variable influencing the suitability of slough habitats for spawning by chum salmon in the Talkeetna to Devil Canyon reach of the Susitna River system (ADF&G 1983; Chapter 7 of this report). Other investigators have also associated chum salmon spawning habitat with upwelling groundwater elsewhere in Alaska (Kogl 1965; Francisco 1977; Wilson et al. 1981). r L Preliminary evaluations of upwelling groundwater areas in the sloughs and side channels of the Susitna River to date have been conducted by L visual inspections of slough substrate (ADF&G 1983: Appendix C). [ Upwe 11 i ng groundwater was detected by observing the movement of sma 11 streambed particles as the groundwater was vented from the streambed. L Often times, the vented groundwater was expelled under pressure so that, in relatively shallow water, a disturbance was visible at the surface of b the substrate. Success of visual detection of upwelling groundwater in [ Susitna River sloughs, however, was found to vary with the particle size of the streambed substrate. Groundwater upwelling vents were easily [ discernible in silt and sand streambed substrates
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