OUTLINE OF WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECTS BY COHORT 2.0

Partners

The water smart solution reports presented in this publication are developed as part of the Cohort 2.0 Fellow’s deliverables under C4Y-IWP Water Champions Youth Fellowship Programme 2020.

Copyright: Ideas, Innovations and Work presented in this publication belongs to the respective partner organisations - © CSE 2020; © CEEW 2020; © DA 2020; © Taru Leading Edge; © J S Water Life Co. and © WaterAid 2020

This publication also represents the opinions of the fellows of Cohort 2.0. This report does not represent the position or opinions of Centre for Youth (C4Y), India Water Partnership (IWP), WAPCOS and Department of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation, Ministry of Jal Shakti, Government of India, nor of the official position of any staff members in this publication.

Disclaimer All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying or recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system without the prior permission of the fellowship partners and the respective partner organisations.

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CONTENTS

1.0 WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECT OUTLINE BY ABHISHEK BHARTI ...... 1

2.0 WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECT OUTLINE BY AJAY KUMAR ...... 4

3.0 WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECT OUTLINE BY AMRITA SINGH ...... 6

4.0 WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECT OUTLINE BY ANANYA MUKHERJEE ...... 10

5.0 WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECT OUTLINE BY ANUBHAV ...... 14

6.0 WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECT OUTLINE BY EKANSHA KHANDUJA ...... 18

7.0 WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECT OUTLINE BY LIPI GANDHI ...... 21

8.0 WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECT OUTLINE BY NIHARIKA KAUSHIK ...... 24

9.0 WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECT OUTLINE BY NIHARIKA NITIN LABHSETWAR ...... 27

10.0 WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECT OUTLINE BY PREETHI VASUDEVAN ...... 30

11.0 WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECT OUTLINE BY SAIYAMI BHARDWAJ ...... 34

12.0 WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECT OUTLINE BY SHWETA CHOUBEY ...... 38

13.0 WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECT OUTLINE BY UPMA GARG ...... 41

14.0 ANNEXURE 1: ABOUT PARTNER ORGANISATION ...... 44

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OUTLINE OF WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECTS BY COHORT 2.0

1.0 WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECT OUTLINE BY ABHISHEK BHARTI

Project Title Developing Shit Flow Diagram (SFD) to understand the sanitation status of the Lakhimpur city

Background A Sanitation (or Shit) Flow Diagram presents a clear picture of how excreta flows are managed within the city. The diagram clearly depicts how excreta flows from user interface to the final disposal. Mapping excreta of a city is increasingly used to analyse the sanitation in urban areas. An excreta flow diagram (also often described as shit flow diagram), can help to achieve this by offering a new and innovative way to engage sanitation experts, political leaders and civil society in a coordinated - discussions about excreta management in their city.

Project Location: Lakhimpur, Uttar Pradesh

• As per census data year 2011 the population of Lakhimpur City is 151999 and total area is 10.10 Sq km within the Terai lowlands at the base of the Himalayas, with several rivers and lush green vegetation and situated between 27.6° and 28.6° north latitude and 80.34° and 81.30° east longitudes. • Water supply to HH is generally from the underground water through motorized pumps. • The city is famous for its Kheri plantation and hence named as Lakhimpur kheri . • The annual average rainfall in Lakhimpur Kheri is 1,085.3 millimeters (42.73 in) , mostly in the monsoon months (July to September).

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Census 2011 2019 Projected

Population 151993 167572

HH 30770 34198*

Area 10.10 sq.km 10.10 sq.km

No. of ward 30 30

Objectives • To collect relevant secondary data of the cities. • To identify stakeholders and conduct Key Informant Interviews (KII) and Focused Group Discussion (FGD) with them. • To conduct random household survey to collect ground information. • To document the field observations through capturing good quality pictures. • To develop the Shit Flow Diagram graphic and to create a draft factsheet.

Study Methodology The main task of a baseline study is collecting various data and information. The variation of data types includes details of technical systems from household systems up to centralised systems, information about household situations, as well as understanding of the institutional set-up and socio-economic dynamics. The preparation phase of the study includes identifying all stakeholders and working out a list of all required data and how the data may be obtained. Much data was collected through interviews with households, key persons from institutions, municipal, district, or state authorities. Another source of information and data was obtained by direct observation and mapping techniques. The step-wise methodology is given below: • Collect relevant secondary data of the cities before the site visit • Conduct Key Informant Interviews (KII) and Focussed Group Discussion (FGD) • Collect relevant data using methodology recommended by SFD promotion initiative and discussed with CSE team • Conduct random household survey to collect relevant information on ground • Document field observation through clicking good quality pictures (landscape mode preferred), writing daily report and feeding relevant information in the google sheet • Analyse collected data in the excel sheets (in shared format) • Develop SFD graphic and develop a draft factsheet • Write and publish SFD lite report for the designated city in close coordination with CSE personnel

Project Timeline S. No. Activities Timeline 1 Training of Trainers on the preparation of SFD by CSE July 27 - 29, 2020 2 Desk research & collection of secondary data Aug 7 – Aug 9, 2020 3 Primary data collection - Site visit including data Aug 10 – Aug 16, 2020 collection from relevant stakeholders in municipality,

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HH/commercial/institutional surveys, KII, FGDs etc. 4 Data Analysis, Site Visit Report and Submission of Bills Aug 16 – Aug 17, 2020 5 Generate SFD Graphic and SFD Lite Report Aug 17 – Aug 23, 2020 6 Presentation of draft SFD and findings of the city to CSE Aug 25 /26, 2020 team 7 Finalisation and submission of SFD graphic and Aug 27 – Aug 29, 2020 factsheet 8 Draft SFD lite report Aug 31 – Sept 4, 2020 9 Final SFD lite report to be uploaded on SusSanA By Sept 18, 2020

Suggestions • An open drainage system discharging grey- and blackwater can be a serious health hazard. As a first step of improvement the water flowing in the drains should be carefully controlled. • There is no FSTP or STP in the city. Construction of a FSTP is under process, currently its construction which has achieved 25 percent of its completion. This should be done as earliest as possible to limit the ongoing ground water contamination. • Location of FSTP is outside the city and at the low lying plain, hence its operation could be affected during monsoon period. So precautionary measures must be taken for the same • Damaged drains should be repaired as quickly as possible to hinder further damage and health risk and the above-mentioned hot spots need to be tended so that the city moves from defecation to disposal or end-use.

The prepared SFD report will deliver the sanitation context of the city or town and the data sources used for the assessment.

Deliverables • Post travel report after the competition of survey including details of stakeholders met including daily report • Random Household Survey data in excel sheet and analysis of data excel sheet • Factsheet data in excel sheet • Good quality pictures across the chain in Google Drive • SFD graphic file and other relevant images in png format • SFD Factsheet and SFD lite report

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2.0 WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECT OUTLINE BY AJAY KUMAR

Project Title Including the Excluded: Providing Access to Water to Person with Disabilities

Background Access to safe and clean water and sanitation facilities is a basic right of all people, including people with disabilities, the denial of which can have serious implications on their well-being. For example, inaccessible water and toilet facilities are major contributing factors for school dropout among children with disabilities. The access to clean water and basic sanitation is a right guaranteed under the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (PwDs). Even, Article14, ‘Right to Equality’ and Article 21 ‘Right to Life’ of Indian constitution has guaranteed these rights for every citizen of India.

There are 1028 PwDs in 20 G.P of 3 blocks Tihidi, Chandabali & Dhamnagar of Bhadrak district of Odisha state. Facilities of drinking water for them are highly neglected in the public infrastructure. Furthermore, at school level, the facilities of drinking water and washing hands are not all inclusive. Installation of water fountains at major public places and public institutions for drinking water and PwD friendly basins for hand washing can provide access to safe water to the citizens who are deprived of their basic human rights. Also, installing same facilities in school will add on to the overall development and health of the students with PwDs.

Proposed Project Location Including Google Map The project is proposed to be implemented in 3 blocks Tihidi, Chandabali & Dhamnagar of Bhadrak district. Following map shows location of district Bhadrak and its block level map.

(Source: www.veethi.com; https://www.google.com/maps/place/Bhadrak; sericulturecouncil.com)

Problem Statement In spite of the enabling policies and guidelines at national and state level, there have been challenges faced by implementers and service providers because of a lack of appropriate and cost effective technology options which are PwD friendly. There is dearth of drinking water and hand washing facilities for PwDs in public infrastructure and at schools which negatively affects the dignity of individuals and increases social discrimination against them.

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Preliminary Literature Review In the year 2018-19 Pragati Jubaka Sangha has started initiative to empower the PWD person and they did a baseline survey to collect data of demography of PwDs, category of PwDs, names and other related information. Also, UNICEF, Central Public Works Department and WaterAid has published documents describing problems faced by PwDs and how to provide them accessible and barrier free facilities for drinking water and hand washing.

Objectives and Goals • To provide barrier free access to drinking water and hand washing facilities to PwDs at public places and in public institutions. • Providing above mentioned facilities at school for PwD students. • Increasing the dignity of life of PwD and ensuring their basic rights.

Approach and Methodology With the help of PwD forum of gram Panchayat and block level, different organisations and institutions are to be involved for the funds and installation of the PwD friendly facilities. Also, Social Security & Empowerment of PwDs Department is to be involved for the implementation of the project. Forums that are already established to review the implementation process time to time. Further, operation and maintenance is to be done by persons appointed by PwD forum, to make the interventions sustainable.

Innovative Solutions or Strategies Proposed • Installation of water fountains at various public places, institutions and school. • To install barrier free and accessible hand washing facilities at same places. • Strengthening accessibility to these facilities and existing facilities. • Raising these demands from the forums that are already established can empower PwDs and ensure the rights of PwDs in the three blocks.

Detailed list of tasks and timeline for the Project List of the areas to work upon and other public places and institutions will be provided by the partner organisation after discussion with the PwD forums and thereby, the timeline and number of tasks will be decided.

Bibliography Jones, H. And Wilbur, J. 2014. Compendium of Accessible WASH Technologies. [Online]. WaterAid. [Accessed on 25 August 2020]. Available from: https://washmatters.wateraid.org/publications/compendium-of-accessible-wash- technologies?id=aff6d098-00f2-42e5-b9a0-22ec2b264a5e Central Public Works Department [CPWD]. 2014. Handbook of Barrier free and Accessibility. New Delhi: Directorate General CPWD. UNICEF. 2019. Disabilities in Programme: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. [Online]. [Accessed on: 27 August 2020]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/disabilities/index_65839.html Das, D. [No Date]. PwD Process Documentation and Report. Unpublished.

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3.0 WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECT OUTLINE BY AMRITA SINGH

Project Title Delhi Golf Club - WTP Pond Treatment

Background Good water quality is essential to human health, social and economic development, and the ecosystem. However, as populations grow and natural environments become degraded, ensuring there are sufficient and safe water supplies for everyone is becoming increasingly challenging. A major part of the solution is to produce less pollution and improve the way we manage wastewater.

A more circular and therefore more sustainable economy requires us to value wastewater for its potential, rather than discard or ignore it. More than just an alternative source of water, safe wastewater management could help protect our ecosystems and give us energy, nutrients and other recoverable materials.

Delhi Golf Club is a prominent golf club situated at Dr. Zakir Hussain road, New Delhi. It covers 180 acres of land in the heart of Delhi. Area is surrounded by thick forests. It has its own water treatment plant (WTP) and adjacent to it there’s a pond, highly polluted with contaminants.

We will be working on WTP Pond through bioremediation in order to treat the water. Bioremediation is the use of living microorganisms to degrade the environmental contaminants into less toxic forms. It uses naturally occurring bacteria and fungi or plants to degrade or detoxify substances hazardous to human health and/or the environment.

Proposed Project Location Delhi Golf Club, New Delhi Delhi Golf Club is a prominent golf club situated at Dr. Zakir Hussain road, New Delhi. It covers 180 acres of land in the heart of Delhi. Area is surrounded by thick forests. It has its own WTP and adjacent to it there’s a pond, highly polluted with contaminants.

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Problem Statement Water Issues: At the present time, water is extremely toxic and contaminated. It is full weeds and algae. Sludge in the pond has not been cleared since last 20-30 years. The green layer in the picture is mostly leaves from the trees and aquatic plants.

Challenges: Dosing of microbes like bacteria can cause conflict with native bacteria existing in the pond. Effect of bioremediation is constrained by the depth of the water body. It is limited to photic zone. If it's not done with extreme caution, bioremediation process can cause degradation of pollutants resulting in increased toxicity.

Objectives and Goals • To clean the water pond of algae, leaves and floating waste. • To make water from the WTP Pond available for use in turf irrigation • To reduce heavy metals

Approach and Methodology A) Survey and analysis: preliminary testing of pond water will be done, including testing various parameters to understand the water condition. B) Solid waste and sludge removal: removal of solid wastes, weeds and algae present in pond water. C) Dosing: dosing of Aquaritin and bacterial formulation using aerators. D) Maintenance: reduced dosing and installation of fountains to uphold the water quality

Innovative Solutions/Strategies The project will work for enhancement of DO which benefits gas exchange in turf and leads to healthy and disease resistant turf; progressive reduction in BOD and COD of the water; reduction of Faecal Coliform levels; blotting out foul gases and foul smell providing much relief to the golf course patrons and reduction in vector borne larvae and in pathogens reducing risk of illness in the surrounding areas. Aquaritin developed by JS WEL Pvt Ltd Co. will be used to treat the pond water. Aquariti enhances diatom growth by providing phyco-nutrients. For this, no infrastructure is involved as it's an in-situ treatment. It works in both lentic and lotic water bodies and works in varied environments. They also work on Lake and kind beautification using floating fountains. The nutrients in Aquaritin Lakes infused in pond will also be carried by water to the turf which may reduce expenditure on fertilisers. Healthy turf would require lesser application of pesticides and fungicides.

Detailed list of Tasks and Timeline for the Project

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July 2020 - October 2020

Week

Task 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Current scenario of water pollution in Delhi

Water Testing

On -site water testing

Data collection on STPs WTPs

Agriculture and Aquacultur e water-use

Research on CETPs and industrial pollution

Data Analysis

ReportWriti ng

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Bibliography Water quality and wastewater (online). UN Water. Available from: unwater.org. Accessed on 25th August 2020. History of Delhi Golf Club (online). Delhi. Delhi Golf Club. Available from: delhigolfclub.org. Accessed on 25th August 2020. Marella Thomas Kiran, Mallimadugula Venkata Bhaskar and Archana Tiwari (August 24th 2016). Phycoremediation of Eutrophic Lakes Using Diatom Algae, Lake Sciences and Climate Change, M.Nageeb Rashed, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/64111. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/lake-sciences-and-climate-change/phycoremediation-of- eutrophic-lakes-using-diatom-algae Raymond Ezenweani Jeffrey Ogbebor (2018) Phycoremediation: An Eco-Solution to Environmental Protection and Sustainable Remediation. Nigeria: University of Benin, Science Publishing Group.

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4.0 WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECT OUTLINE BY ANANYA MUKHERJEE

Project Title Enhancing Participatory Planning and Communication to Create a Voluntary Community Organization for Women, by Women to Address Period Poverty Amid COVID-19 by Ensuring Availability of Secure, Clean Water Sources/Supply and Sensitization of the Men Folk

Background One of the major obstacles to improving the livelihoods of poor, rural people is the lack of attention given to gender issues and women’s access to natural resources, in particular land and water. The COVID-19 crisis has indefinitely affected almost every aspect of our life. Very recent studies show that period poverty, the global shame and stigma attached to menstruation, and access to Water, Sanitation & Hygiene (WASH) facilities have worsened ever since the pandemic broke in. Period poverty is defined as the lack of access to menstrual hygiene products, menstrual hygiene education, clean lavatories, clean water and handwashing facilities, and/or, menstrual waste management. While Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) has always been a concern for international organizations such as World Health Organization (WHO) and The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the pandemic followed by a worldwide lockdown has been suggested to adversely affect menstrual health and hygiene, access to WASH facilities, encompassing broader systemic factors associated with menstruation such as advocacy and policy. Existing literature suggest that access to essential water, sanitation, hygiene facilities, and safe absorbents are necessary to prioritize the health, safety, dignity, and welfare of all people who menstruate. Although a biological occurrence, menstruation has been colored by the patriarchal society, often stigmatized and menstruating women, discriminated against. WASH facilities are suggested to be the first line of defense against COVID-19.

However, according to the United Nations, globally, over 1.2 billion women do not have regular access to clean water, hygienic lavatories, and period essentials during menstruation. UNICEF (April, 2020) acknowledges that worldwide menstruators who test positive or may be suspected with the COVID-19 infection contained, quarantined or isolated at home may also lack access to piped water supply, on- site sanitation, handwashing facilities, soap and Menstrual Health and Hygiene (MHH) supplies. Inspired by global research, I have designed my project in a way that attempts to enhance participatory planning and communication, among menstruators to help them form a voluntary community organization to address issues related to period poverty and take decisions by ensuring availability of secure, clean water sources/supply amid COVID-19. This study also looks upon the gendered implications of COVID- 19 in exacerbating key challenges in WASH facilities for all people who menstruate.

Problem Statement Evidently leading to a socio-economic crisis (UNDP, 2019), the pandemic has affected the livelihoods of several low-income households, and of those working in the informal sector. Most of these individuals are migrants, and, or daily wage workers and for them, regular access to clean water, sanitation and menstrual hygiene facilities may not always be affordable or even worse, a priority. In home isolation and quarantine facilities, COVID-19 testing and protection kits, antibiotics, and pyrigesics are being made available but WASH facilities are not being treated as essentials. Thus, the key challenges identified are absence of safe and sufficient water supply and sanitation facilities, worsened access to hygiene during menstruation, amid COVID-19. The lack of recognition of the role women play as

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decision makers in water security management may also be stated as one of the major reasons for women’s poor access to productive resources.

Preliminary Literature Review WHO & UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (JMP) is known to produce internationally comparable estimates of national, regional and global progress on water, sanitation and hygiene and is responsible for global monitoring of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets related to WASH. The COVID-19 outbreak consequently posed certain primary and secondary threats to human health, challenging the SDGs. While the primary threats are being catered to at a global level, COVID-19 is estimated to soon have secondary impacts on the health of girls, women, and gender non-binary people who menstruate-estimated to be 1.8 billion worldwide, due to the lack of adequate and regular access to clean water, sanitation and hygiene facilities. MHM is also largely affected by contingent facets, such as access to clean places, rooms, and toilets where women can safely undertake menstruation-related washing, cleaning, and bathing in privacy and comfort. These factors are further influenced by having access to water, hygiene, and sanitation facilities at the household.

According to the report of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) titled “Month after Month: Period Poverty” each month nearly 500 million menstruators experience period poverty. Adequate and equitable sanitation, access to safe and affordable, clean water facilities and access to sanitary napkins every month becomes a major constraint for many women across both high and low resource settings. An estimated one in ten young women, all over the world cannot afford essential period products; nearly 12 percent have been forced to manage with ineffective, unhygienic and unsafe devices (FIGO, 22.02.2019). In another cross-sectional study conducted in a resettlement colony of Delhi, researchers found that for over 60% of the women they studied, home-made adsorbents were being made out of waste cloth pieces and they used these during their periods, three- fourth of these women lacked basic awareness that dirty clothing may lead to severe infections and other health hazards. (Baridalyne & Reddaiah, 2004). This is a major problem with regard to period poverty amid COVID-19 because most of these women are deprived of MHH due to the lack of regular, clean water supply in remote settlements.

Objectives ● To increase access to safe, affordable and adequate clean water, sanitation ,and hygiene facilities for menstruators experiencing period poverty amid COVID-19. ● To enhance participation of rural women in decision making processes for water security management. ● To help women set up voluntary community-based organizations for water security management, thereby improving the social capital of women by giving them leadership and networking opportunities and building solidarity among them. ● Gender sensitization of men folk by encouraging them to participate in women-led discussions about period poverty, water security and availability amid COVID-19.

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Approach and Methodology

Figure 1: Proposed Approach is Participatory Rural Appraisal

Participatory Rural Appraisal: PRA is an approach, supported by communication driven tools and methods to facilitate demand-led development in rural areas. It may be defined as, “an approach and method for learning about rural life and conditions from, with and by rural people”.

Figure 2: Proposed Methodology

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Detailed list of Tasks and Timeline for the Project

Bibliography ● Baridalyne N, Reddaiah V. 2004. Menstruation Knowledge, Beliefs and Practices of Women in the Reproductive age Group Residing in an Urban Resettlement Colony of Delhi. Health and Population; Perspectives and Issues 27(1): 9–16. ● Das P, Baker KK, Dutta A, Swain T, Sahoo S, Das BS, et al. Menstrual hygiene practices, WASH access and the risk of urogenital infection in women from Odisha, India. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0130777. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130777. ● International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (2019) “Month after month: Period Poverty” ● Pacha.A.(2018) Is India suffering from ‘period poverty’? The Hindu (https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/is-india-suffering-from-period- poverty/article24011206.ece ● https://www.unicef.org/sites/default/files/2020-05/UNICEF-Brief-Mitigating-the-impacts-of- COVID-19-on-menstrual-health-and-hygiene.pdf ● https://www.unicef.org/wash/files/UNICEF-Guide-menstrual-hygiene-materials-2019.pdf ● https://www.forbes.com/sites/alicebroster/2020/05/28/period-poverty-is-getting-worse- during-coronavirus-warns-charity/#4833e3123f73 ● https://plan-international.org/news/2020-05-28-coronavirus-making-periods-worse-girls-and- women ● https://www.unicef.org/wash/3942_4456.html

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5.0 WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECT OUTLINE BY ANUBHAV

Project Title Water Security in Slums amid Covid-19

Background Safe drinking water and sanitation are important determinants of human health and well-being. UNITED NATIONS SDG goal no-6 targets to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. This COVID-19 pandemic has shown that universal access to water is critical to public health, sustainable development and economic growth.

Safe water, hygienic condition and sanitation is essential to protecting human health during COVID-19 pandemic. Lack of access to clean and safe water is providing to be a major challenge in India’s efforts to combat the coronavirus. According to WaterAid-India, about 163 million people in India lack access to clean and safe water and 140,000 children succumb to diarrhoea every year.

The urban poor has no or poor access to adequate water and basic handwashing remains their out of reach further increasing the risk of COVID-19. Nearly 67 % of households do not have access to water within their homes, and 8 % of households need to fetch water from more than 100 metres away from their households. Urban poor often cede their access to clean water to the wealthy residents who can pay the premiums for water. In Dharavi, slum dwellers pay 25 rupees for a gallon of water and frequent handwashing is luxury that they could ill afford.

Proposed Project Location Including Google Map The proposed project location is considered to be Asia’s largest slum. Dharavi is a large area situated near Mahim and Bandra. To the north of it lies the Mithi river. It is spread over 2.1 square km and is home to over 7 lakh people.

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(Source: maphill.com ,maps.google.com)

Problem Statement At least 80% of Dharavi’s population depends on 450 community toilets and the administration has to sanitise and disinfect these toilets several times a day. The key problem that Dharavi faces more than 95 % people use public sanitation facility. More than 6-8 person stay in a place like 8*10 square feet, majority of migrants depends on tiffin services which further hampers their access to safe water and sanitation.

Preliminary Literature Review

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The first positive case of COVID-19 in locality was recorded on 1 st of April 2020.By the end of April there was 491 positive cases with a doubling period of 18 days. In May the area saw 1216 cases with over 56 deaths. The number of COVID-19 cases in the slum-clusters of Dharavi has climbed to 2725 on 25 th August, 2020.

Objective and Goals To provide water security, access to clean water and sanitation to Dharavi slum amid COVID-19. So, that slum can be corona virus free.

Approach and Methodologies With the help of Brihanmumbai municipal corporation (BMC), Dharavi development council (DDC), various NGO’s and public or private institution funds and public participation to be increased. Sanitisers to be installed outside of every community toilet. Water taps to be installed. Wastewater treatment plants to be installed. Lowering water access cost.

Innovative Solutions or Strategies Proposed Nature-based solutions (NBS) watershed restoration and conservation through improved land management. Green infrastructure such as rain gardens and wetlands can improve water quality. Aquifer recharge can reduce the risk of short-term water shortages for use during dry seasons. Knowledge and capacity building for institutions is needed. Ensure barriers faced by women, girls, poor households and other marginalised groups are minimised. NBS can also help with trade-offs between different water users. New sanitation infrastructure and approaches should also be considered including water-less toilets and container-based sanitation services. Digital literacy about water availability and sanitation will also help in providing water security.

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Detailed list of task and timeline for the Project WEEK Task 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Introductory Meetings+ Documents Sharing Literature Review of Intervening region Data Collection Interviews Rough Draft Draft for Reviewing Incorporation of Changes & Final document making Submission of Document

Bibliography • Coates, S. & de Albuquerque, C. (2020). COVID-19 a collective failure, an unprecedented opportunity. Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council, blog, March 2020. https://www.wsscc.org/media/resources/opinion-covid-19-collective-failure-unprecedented- opportunity-sue-coates-and • CRIDF II. (2018). Evaluation Report Kufandada & Bindangombe Irrigation Schemes. Climate Resilient Infrastructure Development Facility http://cridf.net/CRIDF-Livelihoods-Learnings- Brochure-August-18.pdf • FAO & World Water Council (WWC). (2018). Water accounting for water governance and sustainable development. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/3/I8868EN/i8868en.pdf • GSMA. (2020). Digital Solutions for the Urban Poor. GSMA. https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Mobile-for- Development-Utilities-Digital-Solutions-for-the-Urban-Poor.pdf • UN-Water. (2019b). National systems to support drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene: global status report 2019. UN-Water global analysis and assessment of sanitation and drinking water (GLAAS) 2019 report. Geneva: World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/326444/9789241516297-eng.pdf?ua=1 • Wateraid. (2016). Low-income Customer Support Units: How utilities are successfully serving poor people. Wateraid. https://washmatters.wateraid.org/sites/g/files/jkxoof256/files/LICSU%20case%20study%20syn thesis%20report_1.pdf • https://www.thethirdpole.net/2020/04/14/will-covid-19-force-india-to-face-up-to-its-water- crisis/ • https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/smart-water-magazine/covid-19-and-water-crisis- india-a-wakeup-call-clean-water

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6.0 WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECT OUTLINE BY EKANSHA KHANDUJA

Project Title Groundwater Recharge Potential through Rainwater Harvesting for H Block Resident Welfare Association

Background This project proposes to offer a scientific solution to groundwater recharge for area of H block RWA of Malviya Nagar locality of New Delhi. This will be done by studying the hydro-geology of the area in terms of rainfall patterns, aquifer type and extraction sites of groundwater. This will be studied for land- mass above the entire underlying aquifer to understand movement and hence recharge zones of groundwater. Potential of rainwater harvesting structure in replenishing ground water will be studied for H block RWA of Malviya Nagar which is an association of 256 houses. Secondary literature will be used to understand hydrogeology and demand of water in H block will be understood by primary data and requesting government for data.

Proposed Location This study is to be done in two parts: hydrogeology of Chhattarpur Alluvial Plains is to be understood and the findings are to be contextualized for recharge potential of H block RWA of Malviya Nagar, Delhi. Figure 1 shows classification of Delhi by Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) and Figure 2 shows H block and Malviya Nagar.

Fig. 1: Hydrogeological Classification of Delhi

(Source: http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/inde x_files/geology.htm )

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Fig.2: Map showing location of Delhi, Malviya Nagar and H block Source: Google Earth

Problem Statement Delhi is losing groundwater at an alarming rate because of overdraft over the existing replenishing capacity. (Sarkar et al., 2016) While this statement poses a problem, it also has an implicit solution – increasing groundwater recharge potential. Malviya Nagar is located on Chhattarpur basin which has been classified as a low potential zone for ground-water recharge. This means the decline in water table level, which is estimated to be around 36–120 cm/year will have more serious impacts on water security of Delhi. (Chatterjee et al., 2009)

Preliminary Literature Review The National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT) covers an area of 1,484 km^2 with and is the most populous city of the world after Tokyo with a population of 21 million. (Aijaz, 2020; Vinayak and Sewak, 2016). Delhi requires a total of 274 lpcd of water every day which amounted to 1,260 million gallons per day (mgd) (Aijaz, 2020). Delhi uses about 390 million cubic meters of groundwater a year which is about 25% higher than the natural recharge rate of 310 million cubic meters. This imbalance has amounted to a drop in groundwater (GW) table to the extent that 90% of city’s GW levels are deemed as critical or semi-critical by Ground Water Year Book in 2016-17 (Ritter, 2019). However, recent analysis of rainfall trends in Delhi have shown rainfall to be better distributed now (N. Manikandan, D.K. Das et al., 2019).

CGWB has classified Delhi’s hydrogeology into four types (as shown in Fig.1): Yamuna flood plains, Alluvial plains, Chhattarpur alluvial plains and Quartzite Ridge. The proposed region of study is in Chhattarpur alluvial plains which is believed to have low recharge potential of groundwater.

Objectives - Locate recharge hotspots in Chhattarpur alluvial plains - Explore potential of Rain water Harvesting Structure for H block Malviya Nagar

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Approach and Methodology Rainfall data and hydrogeological data will be collected from secondary literature. Spatio-temporal variation in demand of water in H block will be understood by requesting government departments such as Delhi Jal Board (DJB) for access to the supply and billing records.

Innovative Solution There are different types of rainwater harvesting structures possible. The best suited structure will be suggested.

Detailed List of Task and Timeline

WEEK Task 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Literature of Hydrogeology Literature of rainfall Literature of rainwater harvesting Requesting DJB for water bills Analysis

Report Writing

Bibliography • Aijaz, R. (2020) Water supply in Delhi: Five key issues. Available at: https://www.orfonline.org/research/water-supply-in-delhi-five-key-issues-67477/ (Accessed: 7 September 2020). • Chatterjee, R. et al. (2009) ‘Dynamic groundwater resources of national capital territory, Delhi: Assessment, development and management options’, Environmental Earth Sciences, 59(3), pp. 669–686. doi: 10.1007/s12665-009-0064-y. • https://www.devalt.org/Aboutus.aspx# • https://www.devalt.org/Pdf/L2_SixThemePdfs/1%20PANI%20Water%20Project_Launch.pdf • http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/index_files/geology.htm • Ritter, K. (2019) Groundwater Plummets in Delhi, City of 29 Million, Circle of Blue. Available at: https://www.circleofblue.org/2019/india/groundwater-plummets-in-delhi-city-of-29-million/ (Accessed: 7 September 2020). • Sarkar, A. et al. (2016) ‘Groundwater Environment in Delhi, India’, in Groundwater Environment in Asian Cities: Concepts, Methods and Case Studies. Elsevier Inc., pp. 77–108. doi: 10.1016/B978-0- 12-803166-7.00005-2. • Vinayak, S. and Sewak, P. (2016) DRINKING WATER SUPPLY FOR URBAN POOR: CITY OF NEW DELHI. Available at: www.safewaternetwork.org (Accessed: 7 September 2020).

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7.0 WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECT OUTLINE BY LIPI GANDHI

Project Title Climate Proofing of Water Infrastructure in India

Background Large changes have been observed in climate across the world as we move towards development. This would reduce the destruction of different infrastructures, loss of lives and also significantly impact economy. In a developing country like India, global warming and climate change has been affecting the progress over several domains. The impact of climate change on water structure has been severe and has a cascading effect on domestic, agricultural and industrial water availability. It has also been altering with allocations due to issues around quality and quantity of water and absence of assessments makes it difficult to comprehend the impacts of climate change on them. Therefore it is essential to understand how these events have been impacting the infrastructure and livelihoods of locals and what could be possible roadmaps to adapt to these conditions and make the cities robust. Climate proofing of water infrastructure needs to be addressed urgently to avoid the long term impacts of water scarcity and unavailability on economic and industrial development of country.

This project aims to identify how different regions are taking measures to make their water infrastructure resilient. Some successful case studies across the world will be studied and their frameworks will be analysed. Mapping of existing infrastructures will be performed to understand their current status and exposure levels. Finally it will look at the strategic frameworks that can be adapted to Indian Scenario and implemented on existing infrastructures to deal with multiple hazard risks.

Problem Statement India faces the impressions of climate change every year in terms of untimely droughts, cyclones, torrential rains, heatwaves etc. and actual loss are far more than the estimated losses. Most of our infrastructures have been planned on historical climatic data and continuous changes have been causing their frequent disruptions as they fail to withstand such climatic shocks. It also puts pressure on our resources, especially water to fulfil the demands of increasing population. Therefore, it becomes important to provide water security to every individual by strengthening water infrastructures as it is a vital resource for our society. It is essential to identify the risks posed and integration of resilient measures in existing infrastructures and map the existing infrastructures of country to accordingly make them robust. This can best understood by looking at frameworks and strategies adapted by countries and plan of actions.

Preliminary Literature Review Climate proofing of infrastructure refers to strengthening the infrastructure against the risks associated with climate change. Despite having adequate amount of water resources, India is unable to manage the resource efficiently and struggles to keep the infrastructure durable against climate shocks. It is therefore necessary to delve into solutions that will mitigate the impacts of climate change on these infrastructures. (Goyal and Surampalli, 2018).

The first approach generally adopted in climate proofing is conducting a vulnerability assessment for existing infrastructure and understanding its adaptive capability at different risk levels (Watkiss, Wilby and Rodgers, 2020). Then an overview of existing practices is done and with involvement of

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stakeholders from different backgrounds, a strategic approach is built around making the current and future infrastructures resilient. (Hay, 2009)A number of frameworks have been prepared by countries independently or with the help of partner organisations like creation of CLIMPuda framework by GIZ, designing Vulnerability Assessment approach by Asian Development Bank (Watkiss, Wilby and Rodgers, 2020), and in other countries like Australia (Siebentritt, Halsey and Stafford-Smith, 2014) and UK (Veerbeek et al., 2012). A lot of programs have also come up for climate proofing at policy level in Vietnam, Durban (Morgan, 2013), Germany, Netherlands etc.

Objectives and Goals The objectives of this study are as follows: • To identify current climate resilient water infrastructures around world and analyse their framework. • To map the existing water infrastructures of India. • To present adaptation strategies for making Indian water infrastructure resilient.

Approach and Methodology • Case studies on making water infrastructure resilient in different countries will be studied through secondary literature. • For mapping, existing water infrastructures will be identified based on available literature and they will be geotagged using GIS software. • For adaptation strategies, the frameworks of reviewed case studies will be understood and brainstorming will be done to suggest the most feasible option for Indian context.

Innovative Solutions or Strategies Proposed Based on different frameworks, this study will try identifying adaptive strategy measures that can be implemented in existing water infrastructures across India and map the major existing water infrastructures across India.

Detailed list of tasks and timeline for the Project TASK WEEK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Literature Review Research for Case Studies Compilation of Case Studies Identification and Analysis of Key Variables Obtaining Data for Water Infrastructures Mapping Of Water Infrastructures Finalising key variables for Indian Context Compilation and Report

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Writing

Bibliography Asian Development Bank. 2014. Central Mekong Delta Region Connectivity Project: Rapid Climate Change Threat and Vulnerability Assessment. © Asian Development Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/11540/765. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO. Brown, A. and Kernaghan, S., 2011. Beyond climate-proofing: taking an integrated approach to building climate resilience in Asian Cities. UGEC Viewpoints, 6, pp.4-7.Chu, E., 2016. The political economy of urban climate adaptation and development planning in Surat, India. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 34(2), pp.281-298. Lu, P. and Stead, D., 2013. Understanding the notion of resilience in spatial planning: A case study of Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Cities, 35, pp.200-212. Mohanty, S.K., Chatterjee, R. and Shaw, R., 2020. Building Resilience of Critical Infrastructure: A Case of Impacts of Cyclones on the Power Sector in Odisha. Climate, 8(6), p.73. Sharma, D., Singh, R. and Singh, R., 2013. Urban Climate Resilience: A review of the methodologies adopted under the ACCCRN initiative in Indian cities. London, UK: International Institute for Environment and Development. Siebentritt, M., Halsey, N. and Stafford-Smith, M., 2014. Regional climate change adaptation plan for the Eyre Peninsula. Prepared for the Eyre Peninsula Integrated Climate Change Agreement Committee. URS (URS Corporation Ltd), 2010. Adapting Energy, Transport and Water Infrastructure to the Long- term Impacts of Climate Change.

http://www.durban.gov.za/City_Services/energyoffice/Pages/DurbanClimateChangeStrategy.aspx https://www.arcc-network.org.uk/wp-content/D4FC/D4FC24-Bicester-new-town-full-report.pdf https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/information/publications/studies/2018/climate-change- adaptation-of-major-infrastructure-projects https://www.giz.de/climate-proof-cities/#12 https://www.iisd.org/publications/building-climate-resilient-city-transportation-infrastructure https://english.leipzig.de/environment-and-transport/environmental-protection-and-nature- conservation/flood-control/ https://english.leipzig.de/environment-and-transport/leipzigs-climate-protection-programme/ https://www.interreg-central.eu/Content.Node/FIRECE-D.T.1.1.1-State-of-the-Art-Analysis.pdf https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop15026/app_b.htm http://www.asiapacificadapt.net/sites/default/files/resource/attach/Surat_City%20Resilience%20Strate gy_TARU-SMC.pdf https://umzimvubu.files.wordpress.com/2015/08/20150824_ueip_ucpp-presentation-sean-od.pdf

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8.0 WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECT OUTLINE BY NIHARIKA KAUSHIK

Project Title Preparation of Shit Flow Diagram (SFDs) for District Faridabad, Haryana

Background ABOUT SHIT FLOW DIAGRAM (SFD): An excreta flow diagram also described as Shit Flow Diagram (SFD) is a tool to readily understand and communicate how excreta physically flow through a city or town. To provide an adequate sanitation services in urban/rural areas primary step is to monitor the sanitation service chain, to classify its strengths and flaws, from containment, including emptying, transport, treatment and safe disposal or resource recovery. To achieve this SFD is one of the innovative & diagnostic tools to engage sanitation experts, political leaders and civil society in synchronised discussions about excreta management in their city. SFD enables one to analyse a clear picture of how Wastewater and Faecal Sludge Management services are transported in a city and the subsequent challenges that has to be tackled. An SFD basically delivers technical and non-technical stakeholders with an advocacy tool to support decision-making on sanitation planning.

Water Issues and Challenges Faridabad is identified as one of the most populated city of Haryana. With total 40 wards in the city it is situated in the National Capital Region bordering the Indian capital New Delhi. It is situated between Delhi, Noida, Greater Noida and Gurgaon. Towards South alongside National Highway 2, it has Palwal, Mathura and then Agra. River Yamuna forms the eastern boundary of the district with Uttar Pradesh with an area of 741.2 Sq. kms. Ground water level in Faridabad is 30 meters to 50 meters below ground level. Ground water level is comparatively higher in the eastern boundary of the district and in areas around the Badkhal and the Surajkund Lakes. In last 27 years, it has consistently declined at an annual average rate of 0.50 meters. The only source of water Apart from which it is one of the over exploited cities in terms of ground water level whose present depth ranges from 140 feet to 450 feet (As per survey conducted while SFD preparation) & also produces an amount of 220 MLD of wastewater per day. In a city like Faridabad, SFD graphic will help in identifying the aspects of service distribution where enhancements are needed. Water availability is one of the primary challenge faced everyday by the people of Faridabad. With the only source of water at some places are tube wells and bore wells. Despite the basic water supply in most Faridabad is the municipal supply that is the Raney well water from the river Yamuna. But there is Alternative water supply from private tankers at various places during summers & some days in winters too due to technical failures.

Objectives and Goals Excreta flow diagram or commonly called as Shit Flow Diagram (SFD) enables one to graphically and statistically deal with the fate of waste water and faecal sludge from each household. Prime objective is to underline and analyse the present situation of sanitation in the city. Also through the Shit Flow Diagram we can examine how wastewater & faecal sludge current fate can be improved. While studying we can identify the water bodies suspected to serious water pollution. Discovering the type of containment system in each household, we examine the groundwater depth, which enables us to evaluate the significant risk of groundwater pollution caused by the overflowing wastewater/faecal sludge from septic tanks/sewers. We can closely study how we can manage faecal security along with groundwater conservation without any significant risks.

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Approach and Methodology SFD preparation involves Key informant Interviews with various stakeholders of the city, interviews with masons, septic tank de-sludgers, sewer men, NGOs are conducted with household surveys & visit to Sewage Treatment Plant (STP/FSTP) of the city are also involved. Data collection from Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) helps in analysing the ground reality with the official government data. Which is then triangulated with the secondary data available and final graphic is prepared.

Conducting Household/Slum survey

Solutions and Strategy Proposed Faridabad in its present situation requires many reforms in the area of water availability and sanitation. Improved sewer infrastructure and design is the need of the hour. Apart from this lakes in Faridabad needs to be rejuvenated. These lakes have the immense capacity to store the rainwater and restore back the depleting groundwater levels. Due to depleting groundwater levels rain water harvesting systems has to be constructed. Reasons to this can be found as most of the rain water is mostly carried along with the storm water drains. Rainfalls are not prominent to Faridabad regions. It has less rainy days and rainfall each of those days is quite heavy of about 542 mm or (21.3 in). Faridabad water has a heavy metal contamination. According to CPCB Faridabad has been ranked at the 18th place with high (Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index) score of 77.07 and confirmed as one of the most Critically Polluted Industrial Clusters in India. It is the industrial hub of Haryana state with 12468 listed industries, of which 1216 are red classified industries.

The different water/soil polluting industries comprises of Automobile parts, Breweries, Chemicals, Electroplating, finished leather, Hospital, Oil Recycler, Steel Tubes, Textile Dyeing, Tyre Manufacturing and Power Station which generate approximately 15732.74 KLD effluents. As a regular exercise, these effluents are being treated and discharged to the River Yamuna alongside additional part of the effluent which is not being secondarily treated, is also cleared off into the unlined open drains namely; Gaunchi Drain and Buria Nalaha that end up reaching River Yamuna. In case of domestic sewage generation, presently 220 MLD of sewage generated per day, of which only 57% is being treated, the rest 85 MLD is being discharged to River Yamuna deprived of any treatment through the same drains. This discharge of untreated domestic and industrial waste produced from both the residential areas and industrial areas correspondingly through the open drain namely Buria Nala and Gounchi drain is the primary source of contamination of soil/ ground water in the area[x].

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Detailed list of the tasks and timeline for the Project Under the guidance of Dr Suresh Rohilla as director of the Urban waste water programme and closely mentored by Ms. Praveen Chature & co- mentored by Mr Bhitush Luthra the detailed list of task is as follows:

S. No. Tasks to be accomplished Timeline 1. Training of Trainers on the preparation of SFD by CSE July 27th - 29th, 2020 2. Desk research & collection of secondary data Aug 7th – Aug 9th, 2020

3 Primary data collection - Site visit including data collection from Aug 10th – Aug 16th, 2020 relevant stakeholders in municipality, HH/commercial/institutional surveys, KII, FGDs etc. 4 Data Analysis, Site Visit Report and Submission of Bills Aug 16th – Aug 17th 2020 5 Generate SFD Graphic and SFD Lite Report Aug 17th – Aug 23rd 2020 6 Presentation of draft SFD and findings of the city to CSE team Aug 25th /26th 2020 7 Finalisation and submission of SFD graphic and factsheet Aug 27th – Aug 29th 2020 8 Draft SFD lite report Aug 31st – Sept 4th 2020 9 Final SFD lite report to be uploaded on SusSanA By Sept 18th 2020

Bibliography [1] Cseindia.org. (2019). [online] Available at: https://www.cseindia.org/page/aboutus [Accessed 28 Aug. 2020]. [2] www.cseindia.org. (n.d.). Online training on “Preparation of Shit Flow Diagram (SFD).” [online] Available at: https://www.cseindia.org/online-training-on-preparation-of-shit-flow-diagram-sfd--10272 [Accessed 28 Aug. 2020]. [3] sfd.susana.org. (n.d.). The SFD Approach. [online] Available at: https://sfd.susana.org/about/the-sfd [Accessed 28 Aug. 2020]. [4] Anon, (n.d.). Disaster Management | District Faridabad, Government of Haryana | India. [5] Rosin, K.G., Kaur, R., Singh, S.D., Singh, P. and Dubey, D.S. (2013). Groundwater Vulnerability to Contaminated Irrigation Waters - A Case of Peri-Urban Agricultural Lands around an Industrial District of Haryana, India. Elsevier B.V. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. Procedia Environmental Sciences, [online] 18, pp.200–201.

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9.0 WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECT OUTLINE BY NIHARIKA NITIN LABHSETWAR

Project Title Water Security Planning for Rural Water Access Project Outline

Background The accelerated changes in the developing world had led to immediate need for understanding the complex and diverse factors affecting the rural water access and impacting water security. Studies show for establishing a successful water security plan it is very important to maintain coordination between different actors influencing the process at different levels of implementation. The objective of this study is to understand the existing schemes released by the government, try to comprehend data on a grass root level by interacting with NGOs and develop a better sense about the challenges they faced while designing and implementing water security plan and lastly by the help of this study and data available on the public domain design a water security plan. This sequence of work majorly focuses on developing a sense of ownership amongst the people, increasing public participation and awareness, encouraging women engagement, sustainability of the source and coping mechanism for climate change. The study lays a ground for identifying various factor influences such as understanding the demographic, hydrogeological and multi-stakeholder pattern for water security planning for ensuring rural water accessibility and source sustainability.

Water is one of the most important forms of resource and basic necessity of life. Ensuring supply of water in rural areas and improving the accessibility of the resource has been one of the most prime goals of the government. Since independence there have been a number of schemes introduced by the Government to improve the accessibility for Rural Water Supply. To improve the conditions of rural water supply GOI introduced Accelerated Rural Drinking Water Supply Programme (ARDWSP) in 1972 to support states and union territories for financial and technical aid.

Later in 1986 National Rural Drinking Water Mission (NDWM) was launched and subsequently it was retitled as Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM) in 1991. The scheme focused on uncovered habitations, water quality affected sources and water quantity sensitive areas. It mainly followed a “catchment area approach” for reviving the conditions and worked in pattern by classifying the progress of work in to three categories Not Covered (NC), Partially Covered (PC) and Fully Covered (FC) which can improve the coverage for the habitations. In the year 2009 the ARWSP guidelines were revised and renamed as Nation Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) which aimed at few critical issues such as gap between the designed and available facilities, sustainability and portability of the source, stakeholder participation, futuristic approach, climate change, equitable distribution and decentralised approach.

Followed to the 2009 scheme Jal Jeevan Mission was launched in the year 2019 with a futuristic goal for providing a Functional Household Tap Connection (FHTC) by 2024. The main objectives are inadequate investments, source sustainability, poor maintenance of schemes, and willingness of the public to pay for water and service delivery. It mainly focuses on developing village water sustainability.

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Sustainable Development Goal 6, Clean Water and Sanitation (6, aims at ensuring the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. Water Security Planning for ensuring rural water access is a comprehensive subject influenced by multiple factors. To ensure an effective mechanism it is very important to understand the challenges faced on a grass root level and an integrated approach is followed to make sure there is balance maintained between the technical, social, governance and economical aspects.

Problem Statement ● How a water security plan for a village can be developed by considering spatial hydrological aspects, impact of climate change and other socio-economic factors, by taking inputs from various stakeholders? ● How government schemes like Jal Jeevan Mission, Atal Bhujal Yojana, etc. can adopt this water security planning process?

Objectives ● To understand how policies or schemes gap be bridged to strengthen the design of water security planning. ● To comprehend the hydro geological variations caused due to climate change hence impacting the water security in rural areas. ● To understand the importance of women's engagement in ensuring sustainable water management and water security planning.

Methodology The project is divided into three phases as detailed below. Firstly, a thorough review of existing government schemes related to rural water supply, groundwater management, and irrigation efficiency will be conducted. Thereafter, NGOs from 8 states will be interviewed to understand the issues faced by them in implementation of water security plans. By taking in consideration all the inferences drawn from interviews, water security plan for village Kakupur Sitaram in U.P. will be created using GIS tools, hydrological & meteorological data and ground observations. Project Location Village: Kakupur Sitaram District : Kanpur State : Uttar Pradesh

Fig 1: Village Kakupur Sitaram (Boundary - Red Outline); Source: Google E

Expected Outcomes • Through this study we would be able to understand the social, economic, environmental, technical and political division of the selected site. • In case of social, this will include encouraging more participatory management that is involvement of people in the planning as well as implementation and women engagement in

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order to establish a sense of ownership and better water resource management. • Environmental and technical, with using QGIS and other spatial analysis tools will help to build a sense about the hydrogeological conditions, water availability, distribution of the consumption levels, major users, vicinity to any water body and hence examining the spatiotemporal variations for the influencing factors. This would also result in analysing the major economic dependency of the village and political structure of governance. • From this comprehensive study of several shaping factors a watershed model will be generated which will be helpful in designing a well suitable ‘Water Security Plan’ for Kakupur Sitaram village.

Detailed list of task and timeline TASK NAME START PERCENT DATE END DATE COMPLETE Phase 1 (Litreature Review) Orientation Workshop 7/13 7/15 100% Litreature Review (LR) 7/27 9/1 80% Project Outline 8/25 8/28 100% Blog Post 1 8/21 8/28 100% Report Draft 1 8/29 9/2 10% Phase 2 (Interaction with NGOs) Semi-Structured Interviews with NGOS 8/29 9/10 Qualitative Analysis (LR + Interviews) 9/10 9/14 Case Studies 9/14 9/18 Photo Slides & Narratives 9/15 9/18 Report Draft 2 9/21 9/24 Phase 3 (Water Security Plan for Kakupur Sitaram) Data Collection & Cleaning 9/19 9/20 0% Watershed Modelling 9/21 9/24 0 o Water Security Plan 9/25 9/28 0°o Infographic Poster 9/28 10/1 0% Final Report 9/24 10/1 10%

References 1. Atal Bhujal Yojana, Government of India, Ministry of Jal Shakti 2. Accelerated Rural Drinking Water Supply Programme (ARDWSP),1972, GOI 3. National Rural Drinking Water Mission ,1986, GOI 4. Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM), 1991, GOI 5. National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP), GOI 6. Sustainable Development Goal 6 , Clean Water and Sanitation, GOI 7. The WASH Basin toolkit , ARUP & Frank Water 8. Water security: Debating an emerging paradigm ; Christina Cook, Karen Bakker

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10.0 WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECT OUTLINE BY PREETHI VASUDEVAN

Project Title Decentralized Wastewater Management and Local Reuse

Background Sustainable Development Goal number 6 “Clean water and sanitation” is ensuring the availability and sustainable management of clean water and sanitation for everyone. Sanitation is an important aspect of water management that is still emerging. Water security in the traditional sense in an urban landscape cannot be achieved without proper sanitation.

In India, sanitation is still a developing sector. Over the past decades, sanitation was largely about centralized systems for treatment of the waste water. Large scale capital infrastructure including pipes, pumping stations and STPs were built for the treatment of wastewater. These systems only partially cover the cities. Centralized systems have been poor in reaching peri-urban areas outside the municipal boundaries. (Chirisa et al., 2017)

An NIUA study of 300 Class I and II cities in 2005 says that only one third of Class I cities had sewerage system and one fifth of Class II had sewerage systems. (Water and Sanitation Program (WSP), 2012) Informal settlements like slums are not connected to sewerage systems. This poses a further health risk as slums are heavily inhabited.

Proposed Project Location Chennai is a coastal city located in Tamil Nadu with an average rainfall of 1400 mm. (Nithila Devi, Sridharan and Kuiry, 2019) The water source is mainly from reservoirs located at the periphery of the city limits – Chembarambakkam, Redhills, Poondi, Cholovaram lakes. Chennai has in total 12 STP’s with a treatment capacity of 727 MLD. The entire city is not connected to the centralized system. Some of the newly incorporated areas in the Chennai city limit still depend on septic tanks. (CMWSSB: Sewerage System, 2020)

Figure 1 Map of Tamil Nadu Figure 2 Map of Chennai Source –

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Problem Statement Centralized sanitation systems do not reach the entire city/ town. The stretch that does not have a connection ultimately end up polluting river systems, lakes or ground water. Decentralized systems are a more approachable way of ensuring sanitation in areas where there is no connection to the sewerage system. Decentralized wastewater treatment systems treat the wastewater close to the source and emphasis is on water reuse. There is an apprehension among common people that having a wastewater treatment plant in their vicinity is going to cause them health issues or nuisance issues. This apprehension is challenged by the fact that there are multiple decentralized waste water treatment systems successfully operational in many parts of the country without any issues. Bringing together the best of these practices will be beneficial in capacity and awareness building among individuals and communities. Analysing the perception of the general public on these technologies will assist in developing solutions to overcome any limiting factors.

Preliminary Literature Review • Sanitation in India is largely under-developed with only major cities having established sewerage systems. Rest of the areas are largely dependent on on-site sanitation systems. (Kazmi and Furumai, 2005). • Rural – Mostly dependent on on-site sanitation systems. Like pit latrines, septic tanks. Lack of capacity building in masons. They do not follow the standards required for proper onsite treatment and are at a risk of contaminating the soil and water. Faecal sludge let into water bodies or land without treatment. Lack of awareness on cleaning of systems. Rules on prohibition of manual scavenging. (Govt of Maharashtra, no date). • Urban – Largely not connected to sewerage systems. STPs remain underutilised. Cites with a sewerage system are also not covered fully; the uncovered areas are dependent on on-site systems. Large part of the collected sewerage is untreated and let into rivers/ water bodies. Most of the STPs in the cities are running under-utilised. (Parkinson and Tayler, 2003; Kazmi and Furumai, 2005) • The focus has mostly been on to improve centralized systems for treatment. But decentralized systems for treatment of wastewater has more benefits than a centralized system. In decentralized sanitation the treatment of sewage takes place at the same location where it is generated. Decentralized approach also offers the opportunity of wastewater re-use. Centralized systems have been poor at reaching peri-urban areas. (World Bank, 2013; Capodaglio, 2017) • Ministry of urban affairs recommended that the ULBs set up their own bye laws for the management of septage. (MoUD, 2017) • The codes that constructions need to comply - National Building Code, 2005, revised CPHEEO Manual on Sewage and Sewerage Treatment 2012, Advisory Note on Septage Management in Urban India, 2013 and National Urban Sanitation Policy 2008. • Sanitation is a State subject and on-ground implementation and sustenance of public health and environmental outcomes requires strong city level institutions and stakeholders. • Each state and city need to formulate its own FSSM strategy. The systems for management of septage are available in big cities. However, in case of rural areas or census towns, the septage is disposed of on open spaces or in water bodies. (MoUD, 2017)

Objectives • To study the different decentralized wastewater treatment technologies • To find successfully implemented case studies on decentralized wastewater management • To study the financial and societal acceptance of the implemented systems OUTLINE OF WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECTS BY COHORT 2.0 31

Approach and Methodology The study will be a combination of qualitative and quantitative research. The data required for the study will be collected through secondary literature and primary data like phone interviews and site visits. The interviewees will be the implementer of the system and other stakeholders like the beneficiaries. Site visits will be carried out depending on the government and the institution’s guidelines regarding the corona pandemic.

Strategies Proposed The study aims to find the list of successfully implemented decentralized waste water treatment systems which can serve as a repository of information for further implementation. The repository will also be useful for any capacity building of individuals. The analysis on the financial and societal impact of the treatment plants will give a picture of the acceptance of pubic to decentralized systems.

Detailed list of task and timeline Project timeline – July 20 2020 to October 20 2020

Bibliography Capodaglio, A. G. (2017) ‘Integrated, decentralized wastewater management for resource recovery in rural and peri-urban areas’, Resources, 6(2). doi: 10.3390/resources6020022. Chirisa, I. et al. (2017) ‘Decentralized domestic wastewater systems in developing countries: the case study of Harare (Zimbabwe)’, Applied Water Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 7(3), pp. 1069–1078. doi: 10.1007/s13201-016-0377-4. CMWSSB: Sewerage System (2020). Available at: https://chennaimetrowater.tn.gov.in/seweragesystem.html (Accessed: 24 August 2020). Govt of Maharashtra (no date) ‘Faecal Sludge Management in Rural Areas Training Manual’. Kazmi, A. and Furumai, H. (2005) ‘Sustainable Urban Wastewater Management and Reuse in Asia.’, International Review for Environmental Strategies, 5(2), pp. 425–448. Available at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=18926590&site=ehost-live. MoUD (2017) ‘National Policy on Faecal Sludge and Septage Management (FSSM)’, (February), p. 36. Nithila Devi, N., Sridharan, B. and Kuiry, S. N. (2019) ‘Impact of urban sprawl on future flooding in Chennai city, India’, Journal of Hydrology. Elsevier, 574(March 2018), pp. 486–496. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.04.041. Parkinson, J. and Tayler, K. (2003) ‘Decentralized wastewater management in peri-urban areas in low- OUTLINE OF WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECTS BY COHORT 2.0 32

income countries’, Environment and Urbanization, 15(1), pp. 75–90. doi: 10.1630/095624703101286556. Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) (2012) ‘Septage Management in Urban India (Draft)’, (January), p. 40. World Bank (2013) ‘Review of Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems in Indonesia’, (June), pp. 1–32.

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11.0 WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECT OUTLINE BY SAIYAMI BHARDWAJ

Project Title Developing Shit Flow Diagram (SFD) To Understand the Sanitation Status of the Dharamshala City

Background A Sanitation (or Shit) Flow Diagram presents a clear picture of how excreta flows are managed within the city. The diagram clearly depicts how excreta flows from the user interface to the final disposal site. Mapping excreta of a city is increasingly used to analyse the sanitation in urban areas. It shows how excreta is or is not contained as it moves from defecation to disposal or end-use, and the fate of all excreta generated. An accompanying report describes the service delivery context of the city or town.

Project Location Dharamsala is a town situated in the foothills of the Himalayas in the District of Kangra in the state of Himachal Pradesh, India. Two distinct parts of Dharamsala are usually differentiated. Kotwali Bazaar and areas further down into the plains of the Kangra valley (at the average height of 1,250 metres) are called Lower Dharamsala, while McLeod Ganj (at the height of nearly 1,800 metres) and its surrounding areas on the hillsides are known as Upper Dharamsala. With the rapid increase in population, the pressure on the environment is continuously growing. Dharamsala’s environment is threatened by its rapid growth. The main threats are considered to be: • Deforestation and erosion • Forest fires • Slate mining • Uncontrolled construction and development • Untreated sewage disposal and open sewage flows • Insufficient sanitation facilities • Poor supply of drinking water and its contamination • Inadequate management of solid waste

This document represents the project outline of the study, for which the field work will be conducted in Dharamsala during the months August 2020 to October 2020.

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Preliminary Literature Review Although sanitation legislation and regulations are available, enforcement is lacking. Wastewater is most often discharged into the environment directly, or through the open drainage system with practically no treatment processes in place. Until now no proper and satisfactory solution for wastewater management has been developed. Although most individual or shared toilets are connected to septic tanks, these are hardly or badly maintained. This is mostly due to the lack of know- how.

The Department for Irrigation and Public Health (IPH) responsible for planning and construction of the sewerage system is not providing for, or planning any alternative solutions for such households. Open defecation is practiced mostly in the densely populated residential areas of McLeod Ganj as many households do not have their own toilet. Public toilets are perceived to be too far away and too expensive.

Objectives and Goals The goal is to develop SFD Graphic and SFD Lite Report. The overall objective of the baseline study project is to provide information which facilitates participatory decision-making in planning for investments, in further project development, and in correction of the day-to-day operational challenges for service delivery to the public in the field of water supply and sanitation. The objectives included: • To collect relevant secondary data of the cities • To identify relevant stakeholders and conduct Key Informant Interviews ( KII ) and Focused Group Discussion ( FGD ) with them • To conduct random household survey to collect relevant information on ground • To document field observation through clicking good quality pictures • To develop SFD graphic and develop a draft factsheet

Study Methodology The main task of the study is collecting various data and information. The variation of data types includes details of technical systems from household systems up to centralised systems, information about household situations, as well as understanding of the institutional set-up and socio-economic dynamics. The preparation phase of the study includes setting up a draft checklist of required data, identifying all stakeholders and working out how the data may be obtained. Much data will be collected through interviews with households, key persons from institutions, municipal, district, or state authorities. Another source of information and data was obtained by direct observation and mapping techniques. The following tasks will be undertaken during the course of this project: • To collect relevant secondary data and identify relevant stakeholders of the cities before the site visit. • To extensively travel within the designated city to collect relevant data using methodology recommended by SFD promotion initiative and discussed with CSE team. • To conduct random household survey to collect relevant, on-ground information. • To document field observations. • To analyse the collected data in the excel sheets. • To develop SFD graphic and develop a draft factsheet. • Write and publish SFD lite report for the designated city in close coordination with CSE personnel.

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Detailed list of Task and Timeline for the Project S. No. Activities Timeline 1 Training of Trainees on the preparation of SFD by CSE July 27 - 29, 2020 2 Desk research & collection of secondary data Aug 7 – 9, 2020 3 Primary data collection - Site visit including data collection Aug 10– 16,2020 from relevant stakeholders in municipality, HH/commercial/institutional surveys, KII, FGDs etc. 4 Data Analysis, Site Visit Report and Submission of Bills Aug 16 – 17,2020 5 Generation of SFD Graphic and SFD Lite Report Aug 17– 23,2020 6 Presentation of draft SFD and findings of the city to CSE Aug 25,2020 team 7 Finalisation and submission of SFD graphic and factsheet Aug 27– Aug 29,2020 8 Draft SFD lite report Aug 31 – Sept 4,2020 9 Final SFD lite report to be uploaded on SusSanA By Sept 18, 2020

Deliverables • Post travel report after the competition of survey including details of stakeholders met • Random Household Survey data in excel sheet and analysis of data excel sheet • Factsheet data in excel sheet • Good quality pictures across the chain in Google Drive • SFD graphic json file • SFD Factsheet and SFD lite report

Bibliography • Katrina, B. (2016) (PDF) Shit Flow Diagram Report for Hanoi, Vietnam. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304495147_Shit_Flow_Diagram_Report_for_Hanoi _Vietnam (Accessed: 22 September 2020). • Lawrence, A. R. et al. (2001) Guidelines for Assessing the Risk to Groundwater from On-Site Sanitation. • Mara and Evans (2018) ‘This is a repository copy of The sanitation and hygiene targets of the sustainable development goals: scope and challenges’. doi: 10.2166/washdev.2017.048. • Peal, A. et al. (2014) ‘Fecal sludge management (FSM): Analytical tools for assessing FSM in cities’, Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. IWA Publishing, pp. 371–383. doi: 10.2166/washdev.2014.139. • Centre for Science Environment (2018). Centre for Science and Environment. Available online at: https://www.cseindia.org (accessed November 20, 2018). • SFD-PI (2018a). SFD Manual, Volumes 1 and 2, Version 2.0. Available online at: https://sfd.susana.org/knowledge/the-sfd-manual (accessed November 20, 2018). • SFD-PI (2018c). SFDs Worldwide. Available online at: https://sfd.susana.org/about/worldwide- projects (accessed November 20, 2018). • District Census Handbook 2011 for Dharamshala (Houses and household amenities and assets table HH-08: percentage of households by the availability of the type of Latrine Facility https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Hlo-series/HH08.html • Dharamshala Planning Area Development Plan 2035. Town and Country Planning Department, Government of Himachal Pradesh

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• Smart City Proposal, Dharamshala Municipal Corporation, 2017 • City Development Plan, Dharamshala Municipal Corporation, 2017 • Zurbrügg, C., (2001a). Baseline Study on Water Supply, Sanitation, and Solid Waste in Upper Dharamsala, India: SANDEC/ EAWAG, Dübendorf, Switzerland. • Report on Liquid and Solid Waste Management Survey of Dharamsala Town- Dhaulaudhar Public Education Society (2001). • https://www.cseindia.org/page/directors-cse • https://sfd.susana.org/component/sfd/cities?Itemid=231

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12.0 WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECT OUTLINE BY SHWETA CHOUBEY

Project Title Access to Safe Drinking Water: Dug Well Based Mini Pipe Water Supply in Nuapada, Odisha

Background Safe and acceptable water for human consumption that is available in sufficient quantity, physically accessible and affordable is a crucial prerequisite for human wellbeing. Nuapada is the most fluoride endemic district of Odisha. As per government information, 905 habitations of a total of 2,784 habitations, in the district have already been identified as affected by fluoride contaminated water sources. Nuapada district throws greater challenge as this district receives lowest rainfall among all Odisha districts and last five-year average rainfall in the district has been less than 1,000 mm (State average in nearly 1,500 mm).

As most of the tube wells have fluoride level beyond the limit of rejection, finding relatively safe sources is a tough task. Through constant water quality testing, it’s found that shallow aquifer (sub-surface aquifer) is safer in many areas of the district. Thus, promotion of drinking water sources popularly known as “sanitary dug-well” fed by shallow aquifer is recommended. In this year, there is a focus on sub-surface water source based drinking water in an improved version and further adding an integrated water extraction, filtering and tap discharge systems besides development of sanitary wells.

Though Pipe Water Supply are recommended, a balanced and integrated approach to fluoride mitigation is necessary. Therefore, the feasibility of the intervention in terms of technology, its value addition and scope of replication has to be approached.

Proposed Project Location Nuapada is one of the western districts of Odisha, bordering to Chhattisgarh and a part of the KBK (Kalahandi Balangir Koraput) region – infamous for gross underdevelopment and deprivation in India. Nuapada block has 159 habitations. The suggested place for intervention at Nuapada is Dohelpada of

Figure1: Google Map showing Intervening location at Nuapada, Odisha Kreswar GP of Komna block & Belgaon village of Rajana GP og Komna Block.

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Problem Statement The lack of access to sufficient amounts of safe water leading to human suffering and to loss of human potential is ethically indefensible as well as economically wasteful.

The State Government has shown resolve to tackle water quality problems, particularly fluoride. A significant focus of the government has been to provide piped water supply in the fluoride affected areas. However, the piped water supply schemes have their own issues of sustainability. In case of failure of schemes, the situation will only worsen. Technological failures, want of operation and maintenance, lack of community management of the schemes and ground water depletion contamination are major reasons for failure of the schemes.

Preliminary Literature Review The project, which is being implemented in Nuapada since April 2013, has already pilot tested models of sanitary well and roof-top water harvesting. From the past experiences of the project it has been found out that sanitary wells have been hugely successful in immediately addressing the water quality woes of the people and are being extensively used. This has led to community demanding sanitary wells as alternative and/or supplementary sources. As a result government has started giving importance to construction of sanitary well in Nuapada district, where sub-surface water have been found as relatively safer.

Objectives & Goals The above review of literature has revealed the work carried across the region to enable the community with safe drinking water facility. With the review conducted above, the present study has been undertaken to evaluate the access to safe drinking water to the community people at Naupada, Odisha.  Focus on sub-surface water source based drinking water in an improved version  The feasibility of the intervention in terms of technology  Scope of replication

Approach and Methodology a. Selection of the location/source b. Identification of development model/technology/system in participatory manner. c. Participatory planning (hardware design, software mechanism etc.) d. Participatory construction/development (with contribution and supplementary support from other sources/individuals) e. Handover (with full-proof O&M mechanism) f. Follow-up (replication and advocacy)

Innovative Solutions or Strategies Proposed  A hybrid technology including sanitary well for a clean water drinking source connected with Pipe Water Supply for easy access by community members at their door steps with sustainability aspect that would render people to have contaminated free water is proposed to be implemented.  Capacity building of the community people by conducting workshop on Operation & Management can make them self- reliant and could also generate income source.

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 If feasibility is approved, it can be looked over for replication to further clusters of blocks by increasing the distance of the PWS and digging of sanitary well in critically affected location.

Detailed list of Tasks and Timeline for the Project WEEK Task 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Introductory Meetings+ Documents Sharing Literature Review of Intervening region Data Collection Interviews Rough Draft

Bibliography • Das, D. [No Date], Concept Note for Demonstrating dug-well based mini pipe water supply. Unpublished • WaterAid India (No Year), “Themes of our Work”. Available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-28632223 • Prasad, J. (2014) National Programme for Prevention and Control of Fluorosis (NPPCF) Revised Guidelines (2014). Available at http://cghealth.nic.in/ehealth/2017/Instructions/NPPCFnewguidelinebyGOI.pdf (Accessed: 27 August 2020)

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13.0 WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECT OUTLINE BY UPMA GARG

Project Title Web-Based Compendium- Green Infrastructure and Water Sensitive Urban Design and Planning

Background The fellowship thematic area is Water security and climate change. The sub-thematic area for the project is urban lake and storm water management. The work is basically related to the compilation and analysis of data related to water bodies in the form of case studies. Water bodies store water from streams, rain water and storm water run offs in them which then, is very useful in the recharge of ground water and rain water harvesting. Secondly, as the climates are changing and there are drought- like conditions at some places and there are floods in others. So, in any case, water bodies prove to be the lifeline and save many lives and biodiversity from the water stresses. The main aim of the project is to develop the web-based compendium of case studies in support of green infrastructure and water sensitive design and planning. This initiative is developed by Centre for Science and Education (CSE) under the MOU with University of the West of England (UWE), Bristol. In this ongoing project, information on various lakes, their rejuvenation methods, causes, innovative methods, funding and costs, agencies involved was put on the collective stage i.e. the compendium. The case studies shall be from all over world where the work has been done to revive and rejuvenate the water bodies and other related projects. The compendium will shall be available on internet on a global scale for everyone to access the information at one platform.

Problem Statement The main problem statement for the project is that in recent times, a high percentage of lakes and other water bodies; especially in urban set-ups; are being deteriorated in health and ecology, both temporally and spatially, even when water bodies form the basic support system of communities and life on Earth. Hence, it becomes very vital to look-into the causes and plausible solutions to address the problem to conserve the healthy water resources for the generations to come. We, humans are a major determining factor in the scenario we see around us. Urban water systems are confronted with significantly changing conditions. The impacts of climate change, rapid urbanisation, and deteriorating and outdated infrastructure aggravate current water challenges of causing flooding, water scarcity and rehabilitation costs on a scale that will overwhelm the capacities of cities. There exists a gap between the supply and demand of water.

Preliminary Literature Review There is enough literature to show the basic concern areas, and the limiting factors that have been there in the planning to execution of water body management and the need for the same. The need to conserve water sustainably is evident from the fact that Sustainable Development Goal is formulated for the same. Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6) aims to ensure availability and sustainable management of water for all by 2030. On the World water day, March 22, 2019; World Bank Water tweeted, “Nearly half the world’s population lives with water scarcity. By 2050, nearly 20% of the world’s population will be at risk of floods.” According to NITI Aayog, in view of limitations on availability of water resources and rising demand for water , sustainable management of water resources has acquired critical importance.

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Objectives and Goals • To create a single platform where case studies of water body rejuvenation are provided with many aspects (like culture, causes, innovations) of knowledge related to them. • To look-into the causes, solutions, innovative methods, costs, cultural aspects, population dynamics, political will linked with the case studies. • To look-into the innovative solutions that can be possible by combining the traditional methods, new scientific technologies, and the well-developed models of solutions from across the world. • To encourage and disseminate knowledge and good practices for sustainable water management in the community. • To gather knowledge that can be useful in adding value to the social and ecological aspects of areas by planning and designing the built environment in accordance with community needs and water issues

Approach and Methodology The basic approach used for the study is descriptive, qualitative, and analytical approach. It basically deals with the compilation of information related to rejuvenation of water bodies in a descriptive way using research articles and journals and the dissemination of the same information on a global platform. Basically, the methodology for the Web-based Compendium involves a lot of literature review (research articles, journals, news articles etc.) and compilation of the valuable information related to the work done on water bodies under one case study. It deals with putting the information in the most concise form possible so that the information is reader-friendly. Also, the information deals with precise data under the headings like background and context, timeline, funding and costs, innovative solutions, and key learnings.

Innovative Solutions or Strategies Proposed The project proposes that the solution for the availability and accessibility of reliable information at the first-hand. The information will be soon made available by the development of the web- based compendium with case studies related to water conservation and innovative solutions used to solve the issues all over the world. Such compendium can be made for other resources also, not just restricting to water.

Detailed list of Task and Timeline for the Project Tasks Weeks

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Orientation Literature Review Web -based Compendium Final Report Submission

Bibliography 1.Climate action network international. CSE. [online].Available at: http://www.climatenetwork.org/profile/member/centre-science-environment-cse.(Accessed: 27 August 2020) 2.Linkedin. CSE. no date. [online]. Available at: https://in.linkedin.com/company/centre-for-science- and-environment-new-delhi. (Accessed: 27 August 2020) OUTLINE OF WATER SMART SOLUTION PROJECTS BY COHORT 2.0 42

3.A guide to citation.(n.d.). World Water Day: India is 3rd largest groundwater exporter, but 21 cities are running out of water by 2020! [online] India Today. Available at: https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/world-water-day-2019-water-crisis-india-1483777-2019-03- 22#:~:text=Water%20crisis%20in%20India(Accessed: 27 August 2020)

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14.0 ANNEXURE 1: ABOUT PARTNERS ORGANISATION MINISTRY OF JAL SHAKTI, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA Ministry of Jal Shakti was recently instituted by the Government of India by

merging of two ministries; the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation and the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation. The formation of this ministry reflects India’s seriousness towards the mounting water challenges the country has been facing over the past few decades. A special project “Namami Gange” project has been launched to clean Ganga and its tributaries to provide safe drinking water to people of the country. The ministry has also launched its special campaigns so that citizens of the country become aware of water conservation. WAPCOS LIMITED WAPCOS Limited is a “MINI RATNA-I” and “ISO 9001:2015” accredited Public Sector Enterprise under the aegis of the Union Ministry of Jal Shakti,

Government of India. WAPCOS provides consultancy services in all facets of Water Resources, Power and Infrastructure sectors in India and Abroad. Their services include infrastructure development, water resources and power generation. As a consultancy, some of its activities include pre-feasibility studies and feasibility studies, master plans and regional development plans, detailed engineering reports, commissioning and testing, operations and maintenance and capacity building and human resource development in its areas of competence. WAPCOS also provides commissioning services for developmental projects in India and abroad. CENTRE FOR YOUTH (C4Y) Centre for Youth is a self-sustaining and not-for-profit organisation working for the welfare of the rural and urban youth. C4Y facilitates the participation

and civic engagement of youth at all levels of governance by providing them sustainable avenues and the right platforms to further their growth and encourage their participation for social and financial inclusion. We implement our vision under our nine thematic programmes: Healthy Youth, Gender Empowerment and Sensitisation, Sports and Youth, Sustainable Development, Skill Development, Encouraging Entrepreneurship, Financial Inclusion, Preserving India’s Tradition and Information and Communication Technology. INDIA WATER PARTNERSHIP (IWP) IWP is a non-profit organisation, accredited with the Global Water Partnership (GWP), Stockholm. India Water Partnership is a country water partnership of GWP. IWP works towards water security in India by following the concept of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). It engages in a dispassionate analysis of various water related issues and steers the policy discourse on social, economic, and ecological issues on a scientific basis. Thorough research, focused advocacy, and effective implementation on the ground inform the achievement of our goals. Towards this, our wide network of partners in multiple sectors supports us. CENTRE FOR SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT (CSE) The Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) is a public interest research and advocacy organisation based in New Delhi, India. Established in 1980, CSE works as a think tank on issues related to environmental development, environmental planning, climate shifts devastating India's Sundarbans and advocates for policy changes and better implementation of the already existing policies. CSE researches into, lobbies for and communicates the urgency of development that is both sustainable and equitable. CSE

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aims to raise these concerns, participate in seeking answers and – more importantly – in pushing for answers and transforming these into policy and so, practice. CSE’s efforts are built around five broad programmes - Communication for Awareness, Research and Advocacy, Education and Training, Knowledge Portal and Pollution Monitoring. COUNCIL ON ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND WATER (CEEW) The Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW) is one of South Asia’s leading

not-for-profit policy research institutions. The Council uses data, integrated analysis, and strategic outreach to explain – and change – the use, reuse, and misuse of resources. It prides itself on the independence of its high-quality research, develops partnerships with public and private institutions, and engages with wider public. In 2020, CEEW once again featured extensively across nine categories in the 2019 Global Go to Think Tank Index Report. The Council has also been consistently ranked among the world’s top climate change think tanks. DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES (DA) Development Alternatives (DA), the world's first social enterprise dedicated to

sustainable development, is a research and action organisation striving to deliver socially equitable, environmentally sound and economically scalable development outcomes. DA’s green technology innovations for habitat, water, energy and waste management, which deliver basic needs and generate sustainable livelihoods, have reduced poverty and rejuvenated natural ecosystems in the most backward regions of India. The organisation activities broadly cover three primary areas: the design and large-scale dissemination of appropriate technologies, rational environmental management systems, and equitable people-oriented institutions and policies. DA innovate eco- solutions to meet the basic needs of all and work with partners, including government bodies, local entrepreneurs and civil society to market these in a commercially viable and an environmentally friendly manner. JS WATER ENERGY LIFE COMPANY JS Water Energy Life Company is engaged in bioremediation, agriculture and

aquaculture. They manufacture advanced nano-technology products under the brand name Aquaritin. They undertake projects for remediation of large bodies for example, urban river segments, drains discharging into rivers, large lakes and temple ponds. They also undertake cleaning of weeds, bio-dredging of sludge and water quality improvement. They also work on Lake and kind beautification using floating fountains. Aquaritin: It enhances diatom growth by providing phyco-nutrients. For this, no infrastructure is involved as it's an in-situ treatment. It works in both lentic and lotic water bodies and works in varied environments. TARU LEADING EDGE The Taru Leading Edge is a leading development advisory and think tank delivering

innovative transformative solutions and insights in the development space. Incorporated as a private limited company, Taru's mission is to `bridge the Science-Institutions-Society interface with a core agenda of providing transformative solutions to the development challenges'. Established in 1996 by eminent development professionals, it caters to a diverse range of bilateral and multi-lateral agencies, government departments, corporate and development organisations through research, technology, solution innovations and implementation support. The organisation primarily works in three practices: Risk and Resilience, Policy and Public Services and Social Transformation.

WATERAID INDIA The WaterAid India is part of the global WaterAid network which seeks to improve

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access to clean water, decent toilets and good hygiene for everyone, everywhere. We started in 1986 because no non-profit like us existed. We are determined to make clean water, decent toilets and good hygiene normal for everyone, everywhere within a generation. Only by tackling these three essentials, in ways that last, can people change their lives for good. In India, WaterAid works with communities in rural and urban areas through partners. Thanks to our amazing supporters, we have reached millions of people with these three essentials – clean water, decent toilets, and good hygiene – enabling communities to unlock their potential to break free from the cycle of poverty and to change lives for good. We will not stop. Not until clean water, decent toilets and good hygiene are a normal part of everyday life for everyone, everywhere.

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Centre for Youth New Delhi, India www.c4yindia.org

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