MEXICO: FROM EMPIRE TO REVOLUTION

RESOURCES BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bethell, Leslie, editor. Mexico Since Independence. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Charnay, Désiré. Ancient Cities of the New World. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1887. Davis, Keith. Désiré Charnay: Expeditionary Photographer. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1981. Debroise, Olivier. Fuga Mexicana: Un recorrido por la fotografía en México. Mexico City: Consejo Nacional Para La Cultura y Las Artes, 1994. Desmond, Lawrence Gustave and Messenger, Phyllis Mauch. A Dream of Maya: Augustus and Alice Le Plongeon in Nineteenth-Century Yucatán. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988. Maler, Teobert. "Explorations in the Department of Peten, Guatemala," Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 5 no. 1. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 1911. Maudslay, Anne Cary and Alfred Percival Maudslay. A Glimpse at Guatemala and some notes on the ancient monuments of Central America. London: J. Murray, 1899. Maudslay, Alfred Percival. Biología Centrali-Americana, Archaeology, 5 vols. London: R.H. Porter and Dulau and Co., 1889-1902. McCauley, Elizabeth Anne. A.A.E. Disdéri and the Carte de Visite Portrait Photograph. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1985. Meyer, Michael C. and Sherman, William L. The Course of Mexican History. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. Naggar, Carole and Ritchin, Fred. Mexico Through Foreign Eyes 1850-1990. New York and London: W.W. Norton and Co., 1993. Ochoa, Arturo Aguilar. La Fotografia Durante el Imperio de Maximiliano. Mexico City: UNAM Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, 1996. Reed, Nelson. The Caste War of Yucatan. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1964. Rugeley, Terry. Yucatan's Maya peasantry and the Origins of the Caste War. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996. Schele, Linda and Miller, Mary Ann. The Blood of Kings: Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art. Fort Worth: Kimbell Art Museum, 1986. Schele, Linda and Freidel, David. A Forest of Kings: the Untold Story of the Ancient Maya. New York: Morrow, 1990. Stephens, John Lloyd. Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatan. 2 vols. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1841. Werner, Michael S., editor. Encyclopedia of Mexico: History, Society & Culture. 2 vols. Chicago and London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1997. Weaver, Muriel Porter. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. New York: Seminar Press, 1981. Wilson-Bareau, Juliet. Manet: The Execution of Maximilian, Painting, Politics and Censorship. London: National Gallery Publications, 1992.

Mexico: Empire to Revolution, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/digital/mexico/, © 2002, J. Paul Getty Trust 1 GETTY RESEARCH LIBRARY COLLECTIONS The images reproduced on this Website come from several Getty Research Library collections, which are described below. The Getty Research Library's online catalog provides further information about each archival collection in the list. For further information about these and other materials housed in the Getty Research Library's Special Collections, please contact the Research Library's Reference Desk at (310) 440- 7390 or email [email protected].

89.R.46 American photographic postcard collection, Andreas Brown 10,391 postcards, 9 x 14 cm, ca. 1900-1920

These photographic postcards document myriad aspects of American life and culture in the early 20th century and represent a historically significant segment of the picture postcard boom that began in the late 1890s and continued for two decades.

90.R.75 Photographic inventory of Spanish colonial church architecture in Mexico, Guillermo Kahlo 13 albums (1,314 photoprints), 1910

Comprehensive photo documentation of Spanish colonial ecclesiastical architecture of the 17th and 18th centuries in Mexico. Several secular buildings are included. The photographs show both interiors and exteriors with particular attention devoted to domes, naves, doorways, and altars. Some altars are decorated for festival days. Exteriors are of facades, as well as more distant views that include surrounding structures.

91.B11020 Yucatán, recuerdo de la primera visita del Sr. Presidente de la República Mexicana, General Don Porfirio Díaz, (Record of the first visit of President of the Republic of Mexico, General Don Porfirio Díaz, to the Yucatán.) 95.R.4 Collections mexicaines de Auguste Genin 1 album (36 photographic prints on 33 leaves)

Album of mounted photographic prints depicting objects in Auguste Genin's collection of archaeological, cultural, and natural objects found in Mexico. Each photograph is accompanied by one or more leaves of typescript notes, by Genin, describing the objects depicted, giving attributions and ethno-historical information, and in most cases saying where the material was collected. Approximately half the album is devoted to images of pre-Columbian archaeological items, with emphasis on objects from the Huichol and Tarahumara civilizations found in the Sierra de Nayarit region around Ixtlan and Zoatlan. (Images relating to the ethnography of these peoples appear later in the album.) Also featured are objects from the Valley of Mexico and Oaxaca, as well as from the Zapotec civilization. The latter half of the album contains images of other materials in Genin's collection, including musical instruments, toys, folk art, coins and stamps, insects, birds, shells, and paleontological specimens.

95.R.17 Mexican funerary portraits. 16 photographic prints: Gelatin silver, ca. 1909-ca. 1930

Collection includes 15 funerary portraits in the form of photographic postcards, and one card photograph in a studio mount. Images are primarily of infants and young children dressed as angelitos (little angels). Girls are dressed as the Inmaculada Concepción (immaculate conception), and boys as either San José or the Sagrado Corazon (sacred heart). There are also three portraits of adults (one woman and two men). The portraits show the deceased in a coffin or on a bier, surrounded by family members and mourners. Most of the images were taken in the home or at the cemetery; a few with painted backdrops were taken at the funerary parlor or the photographer's studio. With the exception of the infant depicted in the mounted studio card, the images in this collection are primarily of rural, indigenous peoples.

Mexico: Empire to Revolution, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/digital/mexico/, © 2002, J. Paul Getty Trust 2 95.R.35 Views of Mexican towns, ca. 1883-1885, William Henry Jackson 3 photographic prints: gelatin bromide, hand colored

The three photographs in this collection, taken during Jackson's early trips to Mexico in the mid-1880s, record typical aspects of Mexican town life in the late 19th century. Two images show town fountains (San Luis Potosí and the Salto del Agua fountain, Mexico City) with a crowd of local people, including water carriers. The third image is of the sombrero and serape stalls in the portals of the market of San Marco in Aguascalientes.

95.R.50 Views of Mexico 28 photographic prints: albumen, 1897-1909

Images depict various subjects in Mexico at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries including city views, natural features, ruins, local churches, and native people. Seventeen images are signed or copyrighted C.B. Waite and date from 1901-1908; four additional images are attributed to him as well. Views of the city of Oaxaca and environs include two of the interior of the Church of Santo Domingo and three of Zapotec ruins at Mitla. Views from the state of Puebla include one of the city of Puebla looking towards the volcanoes Popocatépetl and Ixtaccíhuatl, another of the pyramid of Cholula, and two of the El Riego mineral baths at Tehuacán. There is also an interior view of the Basilica of Guadalupe, Mexico City, taken during a service.

The collection's seven photographs marked A. Briquet (dating 1897-1909) include three prints from his "Tipos Mexicanos" series and four city views: three of the city of Orizaba (Veracruz) and one of the Alameda in Veracruz city.

95.R.70 Views of Mexico during the French intervention, François Aubert 19 photographic prints: albumen, 1864-1869

The focus of the collection is sites and personages associated with the French intervention in Mexico in the 1860s, including members of Maximilian's court, French military officers and officials, events in and around Mexico City, as well as local peoples and activities. Views include: Chapultepec Palace, the old Spanish viceroy's palace which Maximilian restored as his residence; the Metropolitan Cathedral where the ceremonies celebrating the French entrance into the city in 1863 took place; a French triumphal arch; a view of the Zocálo showing the statue erected in honor of Juárez after the triumphal entry of the Mexican Republican Army into Mexico City (July 15, 1867); and the Juárez pavilion erected on the road at the entrance to the city. Also included are views of the Palacio Nacional, the Mercado de Iturbide, and the stagecoach, which ran between Mexico City and Vera Cruz. Images of people include: the court of Maximilian playing cricket; three portraits of French officers and dignitaries; two portraits of Mexican street vendors; and two group portraits of Mexican indigenous peoples.

95.R.104 Early twentieth century historical events in Mexico, Auguste Genin 1 album (298 photographic prints), 1910-1914

Compiled by Auguste Genin, the album is organized by event, mainly: the 100th anniversary of Mexican independence in 1910 (98 images); the arrival of Francisco Madero to Mexico City (36 images); the Mexican Revolution (160 images); and the catastrophe at Tacubaya (4 images). Newspaper clippings have been adhered to a few pages or laid in. Photographers include: Miret, Auguste Genin, J. Gutierrez, Foto Kahlo, et al. Images are mostly in the form of postcards.

Mexico: Empire to Revolution, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/digital/mexico/, © 2002, J. Paul Getty Trust 3 96.R.35 Vues mexicaines (Mexican Views), Abel Briquet 1 album (59 photographic prints): albumen, gelatin silver, ca. 1890s

The album contains views of Mexico as well as group and single portraits of Mexican "tipos" or types. Most of the views depict scenes of streets and architectural monuments in Mexico City and environs, although images of Querétaro (the Hill of the Bells where Emperor Maximilian was executed), Orizaba, and Veracruz are also included. Four photographs of pre-Columbian sculpture housed in the Museo de Antropología in Mexico City complete the album. It is likely that this album was initially compiled, perhaps by Briquet himself, as a sales aid for his photographs, directed at a French audience. The gelatin silver prints (Waite photographs) added at a later date were chosen for their comparative similarity to the Briquet photographs that they face.

96.R.142 Vistas Mexicanas, Abel Briquet 62 photographic prints, albumen, ca. 1876-1910

Subjects include principle historic and architectural sites such as civic and state buildings, monuments and statues, as well as views of the life in the countryside and in important centers for commerce and tourism, notably Guanajuato, Orizaba, Veracruz, and Querétaro. 32 of the images form part of his series "Vistas Mexicanas" and are captioned in Spanish and English. 2 are part of his series "Tipos Mexicanos".

96.R.143 Views Of Mexico, Charles Burlingame Waite 87 photographic prints, 1896-1913

Subjects include: views of principle sites in Mexico City as well as other cities such as Puebla, Cuernavaca, and Guanajuato; images of natural landmarks, monuments, and parks; and views of people at daily life. Most images are captioned in English in the negative.

96.R.144 Battle of Zacatecas, American Press Association 30 photographic prints, 1914

A collection of matted photographic prints depicting various scenes of the Mexican Revolution taken by the American Press Association in 1914. Includes battle scenes with, and a portrait of, General Pancho Villa. Many photographs have descriptive captions on verso.

98.R.5 Views of the Mexican Revolution, Hugo Brehme 108 photographic prints: gelatin silver, 1913 - 1920

The collection primarily documents two episodes of the Mexican Revolution: La Decena Trágica of 1913, the ten days of counter-revolutionary revolt against Francisco Madero that culminated in Madero's arrest and betrayal by Victoriana Huerta; and the American invasion of Veracruz in 1914, Woodrow Wilson's effort to oust Huerta and thereby correct the Taft administration's collusion in Madero's defeat and assassination. The twenty-eight images taken in Mexico City in February 1913 show cannon bombed buildings, mass arrests, and groups of Maderistas. Undated but implicitly related to these images are the four photographs of Emilio Zapata in Cuernavaca. The sixty-two images of U.S. forces in Veracruz depict battleships and the field camp where American soldiers lived during the occupation. The general views of Mexico offer a sample of the pictorialism for which Brehme is known; these include landscapes and local color images, with some photographs related to developments in the Revolution after 1914.

Mexico: Empire to Revolution, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/digital/mexico/, © 2002, J. Paul Getty Trust 4 98.R.30 Views of Mexico City during the Mexican Revolution, J.E. Long 1 photographic album, ca. 1911-1913

An album made by J. E. Long containing photographs taken in Mexico City during the Mexican Revolution between 1911 and 1913. The album consists of 120 black-and-white photographs documenting damage to buildings, portraits of presidents Porfirio Díaz and Victoriano Huerta, United States Ambassador to Mexico Henry Lane Wilson, and General Bernardo Reyes who led a military uprising against the democratically elected President Francisco Madero. Two photographs show Madero on his way to the National Palace on February 9th, 1913, and one shows him looking from a window. Several others show the federal troops and casualties near the National Palace. There is a photograph of mourners at the spot where Madero was executed, and one of his casket being carried from the penitentiary. A series of photographs depict locals fleeing from the firing zone under the protection of a white flag. Included in this album is an official letter of passage for Long written by the U.S. embassy and signed by Wilson, dated February 16, 1913, and a map of Mexico City, annotated by Long, showing the locations depicted in the album.

99.R.9 Photographs of the Mexican Revolution 14 photographic prints: 13 gelatin silver and 1 albumen, ca. 1910-1913

A collection of 14 photographs depicting scenes from the Mexican Revolution taken between 1910 and 1913. Ten silver gelatin prints depict corpses, destruction, and soldiers in Madero, Mexico City as a result of Huerta's insurrection in 1913. Of these, nine were taken by the Mexico View Company, S.A. and one was taken by Manuel Rámos. One gelatin silver print in the collection was taken by W. Melcbert and depicts campesinos in a rock cave. Another gelatin silver print shows a view of Calles de Tacuba, Mexico and is attributed to Hugo Brehme. An albumen print taken by Agustín Víctor Casasola, a noted press photographer, depicts Federales with machine guns, and a gelatin silver print postcard shows men and women posing with rifles.

99.R.17 Views of Mexico 1 photographic album: albumen, ca. 1876-1900

One album, Mexico 1895 - Raymond and Whitcomb, contains ca. 200 albumen prints documenting one of the company's annual tours of Mexico for Americans. Also three photographs by Lorenzo Becerril and one by an unidentified photographer.

2000.R.8 Turn of the century views of Mexico; Charles Burlingame Waite 6 photographic prints: albumen, gelatin silver, ca. 1896-1904

These photographs by C.B. Waite were taken during the early years of his stay in Mexico. There are five images of streets and buildings in Mexico City, including an image of a Judas figure strung across the street in preparation for Sábado de Gloria (Holy Saturday) festivities. Also included is one view of Jalapa looking across the city to Mt. Macuiltepetl.

2000.R.9 Souvenir du Mexique: Drawings of M. de Linières, battalion chief killed at Orizaba, January 12, 1867. Reproduced by G. Berthault 1 album (52 photoprints) albumen, ca. 1870

This album contains photographic reproductions of sketches made by Commandant M. de Linières while serving in the French army in Mexico. Most of the sketches are landscapes rendered in the pastoral tradition; some include distant views of towns or cities. Also included are images of mines, churches, and haciendas. Very few figures are included in the sketches, and except for the appearance in one sketch of a soldier fishing there is no indication of the French presence in Mexico. Although most of the locales

Mexico: Empire to Revolution, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/digital/mexico/, © 2002, J. Paul Getty Trust 5 depicted are from central and western Mexico, the idealized environs are unidentifiable except by the captions. Dates on the original drawings range from 1863-1866.

2000.R.14 Photographic Views of Mexico; Collection of Agustín Víctor Casasola 16 photographic prints: Gelatin silver, ca. 1909-1920

Sixteen photographs documenting social and political aspects of Mexican life during the early twentieth century as well as the Mexican Revolution. The collection includes images of the ruling class at leisure, a group portrait of a military convention, three images of the Federal troops in the early period of the Revolution, a rare image of the interim President Francisco Leon de la Barra (following the Porfirio's demise in 1911), and another of Madero in 1913 engaged in his last official ceremony.

2000.R.15 Views of the Mexican Revolution; Collection of E.S. Hackley

A collection of fifty-seven gelatin silver prints (thirty-eight of which are postcards) documenting the leaders Porfirio Díaz, Francisco Madero, and Victoriano Huerta during the initial years of the Mexican Revolution, and the Decena Trágica of 1913. Includes rare photomontages of Felix Díaz and Madero and a portrait postcard of Porfirio Díaz. Half of these photographs have the following photographers identified: D.W. Hoffman, Miret, Garduño, and Rámos. Garduño and Rámos were Mexican photographers working for local and international press agencies.

2000.R.23 Photographs relating to Mexican History 10 photographic prints: albumen and gelatin silver, ca.1867-1915

A group of 10 images concerning Mexican history. Collection consists of: 1 carte de visite portrait of the poet Ignacio Altimirano; 4 unmounted photographs of a festival in the Yucatán in 1906; 2 unmounted photographs of the funeral of Abraham González during the Mexican Revolution and 3 unmounted portraits of troops loyal to Carranza in the Revolution.

RELATED GETTY RESEARCH LIBRARY HOLDINGS

The following list describes archival collections in the Getty Research Library that contain materials pertaining to Mexico during the time period portrayed on this Web site.

French Intervention in Mexico

This collection contains three items related to the period of the French intervention in Mexico during the 1860s.

1) The album Souvenirs du Mexique is an important artifact documenting the pen and ink sketches made by the French officer Linieres, as he travelled through the region of some of the most intense fighting between the French supporting Maximilian and those of Juárez. The sketches are landscapes, absent of people, drawn in the style of French Romanticism. The views cover the regions occupied by the French forces and where fighting broke out, most notably the environs of Mexico City, Puebla and Orizaba. 2) La Guerre du Mexique de 1862 à 1866 is a book by Paul Laurent that documents his participation in various military campaigns and expeditions carried out from the time of the French arrival in 1862 through to the period immediately prior to their defeat in 1867. 3) Discours prononcé au corps Législatif les 9-10 juillet 1867 sur le Mexique is a book written by Adolphe Thiers that was also published in 1867 and is a record of the speech given in the French Assembly following the execution of Maximilian in Queretaro. It is composed of a summary and account of the French campaign of their landing in Veracruz in December 1861, of the various military commanders and their expeditions through to their eventual defeat.

Mexico: Empire to Revolution, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/digital/mexico/, © 2002, J. Paul Getty Trust 6

Views of the Exposition universelle, Paris, 1889 93.R.36

This collection contains exterior and interior views of a wide cross-section of the many national and colonial pavilions and international display halls. Latin American displays and buildings and the pavilions of the French colonies are particularly well represented, as are the displays found in the Pavillion Central. Six images are of Paris landmarks such as the Colonne Vendôme, the Champs-Elysées, and the Place de la Concorde.

Views of Mexico during the French intervention [ca. 1864] 95.R.2

The photographer of this album is unknown. The album contains images of Mexican cities from the period of the French intervention in Mexico. They are arranged in roughly geographical order from north to south, from Guadalupe, Zacatecas to the gulf port of Veracruz, following what would be the return route of the French campaign trail through Mexico. Cities and towns represented are: San Luis Potosi, Aguascalientes, San Juan de los Lagos, León, Dolores Hidalgo, Celaya, Querétaro, San Juan del Rio, La Cañada, Tepeji- del-Rio, San Cristóbal (Estado de Mexico), Mexico City, Puebla, Orizaba, and Veracruz. There are five views each of Aguascalientes and Querétaro and thirteen views of Mexico City. The French presence in Mexico is evidenced in the images of the Palacio de Chapultepec and the church of Santa Cruz, Querétaro, both sites associated with the Emperor Maximilian, which show French soldiers on guard outside the respective sites, and in the inclusion of an image of the monument to the soldiers who died at Arroyo- Zarco. Although the photographer of this album is unknown, the content, organization, and the fact that a print of the Arroyo-Zarco image can also be found in the album compiled by Louis Falconnet, (Getty Research Library Special Collections, 93.R.20), suggests that the maker of the images in this album was a member of the French military force in Mexico. The initials E.L. in the negatives could be those of Ernest Louet, the paymaster for the French military.

Diorama de la Prise de Puebla, 1863 99 R 18

This folding diorama, depicting the French victory at the battle of Puebla (1863), is part of a series of paper theaters for children published by Haguenthal. As a visual document, the diorama illustrates how the official French colonial policy on world expansion was disseminated among the nation's youth. It shows how this genre evolved from the 18th-century versions created by Martin Engelbrecht. Largely unstudied for their influence on popular thought, 18th and 19th-century perspective theaters entertained broad segments of society and in this way can be considered the forerunners of cinema and television.

INSTITUTIONS WITH SIGNIFICANT PHOTOGRAPHIC COLLECTIONS RELEVANT TO MEXICO, 1860-1920 Angelo State University Porter Henderson Library: The Williwood Meador Collection: Pancho Villa and the Border Revolution Arizona State University University Libraries, Department of Manuscripts and Archives, Arizona and Southwestern Index Boston Public Library Prints and Photographs El Paso County Historical Society Jane Burges Perrenot Research Center Libraries of the Claremont Colleges The Honnold/Mudd Library: The Maytorena Papers

Mexico: Empire to Revolution, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/digital/mexico/, © 2002, J. Paul Getty Trust 7 Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Mexican Fine Arts Center Museum Permanent Collection: Historically Significant Photographs documenting the Mexican Revolution by Agustín Casasola and Hugo Brehme. University of California, Berkeley The Bancroft Library Finding Aids: Inventory of Mexican Views [graphic], 1892?; Inventory of Mexico: October 28 to November 15, 1905 [graphic] ca. 1905-1915; Inventory of views of Mexico [graphic], ca. 1890 University of California, Los Angeles Young Research Library Department of Special Collections: Fredrick Starr Collection of Material Relating to Mexico, 1860-1930 University of California, Riverside Tomás Rivera Library: Special Collections University of New Mexico Special Collections, Zimmerman Library: Center for Southwest Research University of Texas at Austin The Center for American History University of Texas at El Paso Library Special Collections: Border History Photograph Collections Utah State University Libraries Special Collections & Archives: Photograph Archives

Mexico: Empire to Revolution, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/digital/mexico/, © 2002, J. Paul Getty Trust 8