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@ Copyrighted by Ward Sloan Albro, Iii 1967 Ricardo Flores Magón and the Liberal Party: an inquiry into the origins of the Mexican revolution of 1910 Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Albro, Ward S. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 04/10/2021 11:00:40 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565157 @ COPYRIGHTED BY WARD SLOAN ALBRO, III 1967 RICARDO FLORES MAGON AND THE LIBERAL PARTY: AN INQUIRY INTO THE ORIGINS OF THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION OF 1910 by Ward Sloan Albro, III A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 6 7 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Ward Sloan Albro. Ill____________________________ entitled ftir.ardo Flores Maron and the Liberal Party: An Inquiry into the Origins of the Mexican Revolution of 1910 be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy_________________________________ After inspection of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:* f + 6 7 Q/Aa. 1/ / 9&7 /?& .V, pa z Z *This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial ful­ fillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknow­ ledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: AAA PREFACE This study of one aspect of the career of Ricardo Flores Magon stems from a curiosity which long remained idle. When I first became interested in the history of Mexico, and began to read some of the literature on that nation, I was in­ trigued by the usually brief references to the Flores Mag6ns in so many books, both general and specific in coverage. Most often, in dealing with the period just before the Madero revolt, authors would write something about the "Flores Mag6n brothers" agitating among workers in Mexico from their head­ quarters in St. Louis, Missouri. Who were the Flores Magons? What were they doing in St. Louis? How did they carry on their agitation among the workers? How much did they do to prepare for the Revolution? I asked myself these questions many times, but never attempted any answers until this study. My first discovery was that it was Ricardo Flores Magon, not the "Flores Magon brothers," who had to be the focus of this work. This fact and my other early questions I have tried to deal with in the following pages. It is a long way from an undergraduate history course to this work, and I am most grateful to Professor Jack A. iv V Haddick of the University of Houston for introducing me to the ever-fascinating field of the history of Latin America in gen­ eral and Mexico in particular. My commitment to this area of study was reinforced by contacts with the infectious enthusiasm and scholarly attainments of Professor Mario Rodriguez of the University of Arizona. I owe a special debt to Professor Russell C. Ewing of that same school who directed my graduate work and assisted me in any number of ways, both before and during the writing of this dissertation. The dissertation itself has benefited from careful reading and astute criticisms by Professors Ewing, Rodriguez, Donald N. hammers, and Robert C. Stevens, all of the University of Arizona. From initial inquiries through finished work, I have found my way strewn with encouragement and assistance. At the inception of my efforts, I received helpful advice from Pro­ fessor Lowell L. Blaisdell of Texas Technological College and Professor Stanley R. Ross of the State University of New York at Stony Brook. Professor Lyle C. Brown of Baylor Uni­ versity graciously shared the results of some of his research f and rendered, as well, most valuable bibliographical assistance. The staff of the National Archives in Washington, D.C., proved most competent and cooperative in my. work there. In the same city, the Bureau of Prisons staff located important records for me. The staff of the Library at the University of Arizona greatly facilitated my work. The Department of History at vi Arizona also obtained for the Library many items vital to this study. In Mexico, Nicolas T. Bernal was my guide, my informant, and my "letter" of introduction. I often thought that Flores Magon must have been a special kind of man to gain such devo­ tion from as fine a person as Bernal. Jose Munoz Cota gave me a number of his published works on Flores Magon and shared his views in conversation. I profited from talks with Pablo L. Martinez about Flores Magdn and Baja California, and also from a delightful visit with Ethel Duffy Turner in Cuernavaca, Morelos. I thank Eduardo Blanquel for sending me a copy of his study on magonismo, and Arturo Romero Cervantes for in­ formative conversations. Dr. Gustavo A. Perez Trejo, Director of the Biblioteca de la Secretaria de Hacienda and the Hemeroteca Nacional, put the resources of both at my disposal. He also arranged for me to work in most pleasant surroundings at the Hemeroteca. Miss Gloria Campos Aguayo of the Hemeroteca staff was most helpful in my work there. I am grateful to the members of the Arizona-Wilson Fellowship Committee for financial assistance in the comple­ tion of this work. For my entire graduate career I thank my parents and my wife's parents for timely, generous, and gra­ ciously-given gifts and loans. While I pursued the student's life, my wife, Sonja, worked, took off brief periods to bear three fine sons, and encouraged and aided me in countless ways. Whatever I might have accomplished can only pale in comparison. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. THE REGENERATION OF MEXICAN LIBERALISM . 1 II. "INFLAMING MEXICANS TO NOBLE INDIGNATION" . 33 III. A PROGRAM FOR A REVOLUTION ......... 65 IV. THE FAILURE OF A REVOLUTION ......... 86 V. THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA VERSUS RICARDO FLORES M A G O N .......... 121 VI. ANARCHISM, REBELLION, AND THE "NOTORIOUS" GUERRERO .............................. 161 VII. SUCCESS AND FAILURE: THE REVOLUTION OF 1910 . 192 EPILOGUE: "ALWAYS A REBEL, ALWAYS UNBENDING". 229 A NOTE ON SOURCES.............. 242 REFERENCES . ...... ... 248 vii RICARDO FLORES MAGON AND THE LIBERAL PARTY: AN INQUIRY INTO THE ORIGINS OF THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION OF 1910 Ward Sloan Albro, III, Ph.D. The University of Arizona, 1967 Director: Russell C. Ewing, Ph.D. Ricardo Flores Magon's importance in Mexican history comes from his role as the precursor of the Revolution of 1910, this century's first great social revolution. To what extent Flores Magon and his Liberal Party prepared the way for the Revolution has not been thoroughly evaluated, nor has it been explained why Flores Magon was unable to remain a significant leader once the Revolution developed. Ricardo Flores MagGn entered active opposition to the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz in 1900, and his talents as a political journalist soon put him in the forefront of a re­ surgent Mexican liberalism. When the dictatorship moved to suppress the developing opposition, Flores MagGn decided he could more effectively carry on his work from the United States. First from San Antonio, then from St. Louis, he and his followers tried to unite Mexican liberals into a meaning­ ful opposition. In St. Louis, they formed the Junta of the Mexican Liberal Party, announcing their intention of competing viii for power in Mexico. Flores Magon's periodical, Regeneracidn, carried this news to a large audience in Mexico. By 1906, the Liberal Party had evolved from political opposition to a revolutionary movement. Liberal propaganda was blamed for the historic mining strike and riot at Cananea, Sonora, in June, 1906. That summer also marked the publication of the Program of the Liberal Party, the first thorough in­ dictment of the Diaz regime and plan for the political, so­ cial, and economic reorganization of Mexico. Not until the Constitution of 1917 were most of these Liberal goals to be achieved, at least in writing. In the fall of 1906, Flores Magon and the Liberals tried to lead a revolution. The govern­ ment easily put down the poorly planned revolt, capturing many Liberal leaders in the process. Soon after this came another major labor dispute, the bloody suppression of the Rio Blanco textile strike, and again Liberal propaganda received a measure of the blame. Flores Mag6n himself was apprehended in Los Angeles in 1907. After some indecision, the authorities charged him and two associates with violations of United States neutrality laws, basing their charges on instructions sent to Liberals in Arizona regarding the proposed uprising in 1906. Flores Mag6n, jailed in Los Angeles, fought extradition to the Arizona Territory for a year and a half. In early 1909, after losing all appeals, the Mexican Liberals were tried in Tombstone, Arizona, convicted, and sentenced to eighteen months in territorial prison.
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