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Home , History of the Americas, Porfiriato, Soldaderas, Victoriano Huerta

IB OF THE THE STUDY QUESTIONS

The Mexican Revolution 1910-40

This section focuses on the causes, course and impact of the Mexican Revolution that occurred in a country that had experienced a lengthy period of political stability and economic growth. The socio-economic composition of revolutionary leadership was varied, as were the aims. The revolution was prolonged and costly. The Constitution of 1917 has been described as the most progressive constitution created at this time in the region. It had significant influence on the political developments of the country and the area. The revolution impacted greatly on the arts, arguably representing the earliest and most enduring attempt to overcome racial divisions and incorporate the Indian heritage into the national identity.

 Causes of the Mexican Revolution: social, economic and political; the role of the regime  The revolution and its leaders (1910-17): ideologies, aims and methods of Madero, Villa, Zapata, Carranza; achievements and failures; Constitution of 1917: and application  Construction of the post-revolutionary state (1920-38): Obregón, Calles and the ; challenges; assessment of their impact in the post-revolutionary state  Lázaro Cárdenas and the renewal of the revolution (1939-40): aims, methods and achievements  The role of foreign powers (especially the ) in the outbreak and development of the  Mexican Revolution; motivations, methods of intervention and contributions  Impact of the revolution on the arts, education and music (suitable examples could be Siqueiros,  Rivera, Orozco); the impact of Vasconcelos’ educational reforms; the development of popular music; literary works on the revolution

Key Terms and People

Porfirio Díaz Plutarco Calles Diego Rivera Francisco I. Madero Lázaro Cárdenas David Alafaro Siquieros Confederación Regional de José Clemente Orozco Obreros Mexicanos (CROM) Frida Kahlo Partido Nacional Revolucionario José Vasconselos (PNR) Cristeros Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM) Partido Revolucionario Alvaro Obregón Institucional (PRI) José Limantour Partido Acción Nacional (PAN)

1. Describe the economic situation in prior to the Revolution with a focus on: a) Politics b) Economic Development c) d) Mining & Petroleum e) Manufacturing 2. Describe the economic crisis in Mexico in 1910. 3. Describe the political crisis in Mexico in 1910. 4. Who was Francisco Madero and describe his Plan de San Luis Potosí for Mexico after the election of 1910. 5. Why did the Revolution NOT end with Madero becoming president? 6. What was the role of Victoriano Huerta in the Revolution? 7. How did Henry Lane Wilson and Woodrow Wilson insert themselves into the Mexican Revolution? 8. Briefly describe the overthrow of Madero by Huerta. Assess the role of the United States in the events of . 9. How and why did the United States become involved in the Mexican Revolution in 1914? 10. Who issued the Plan de Guadalupe and what was the significance of the plan? 11. Why did the state of play such a vital role in the Mexican Revolution? 12. Discuss the course of the Mexican Revolution from 1914 through 1916. Why were Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata unable to defeat Venustiano Carranza and gain control of the Revolution? 13. How and why did the United States become involved in the Mexican Revolution in 1916 – with what results? 14. What were the results of the Constitutional Convention of 1917? 15. Assess Carranza’s relationship with the United States and foreign own companies? Was Carranza successful in his dealing foreign owned companies? Why/why not? 16. Who were the leading candidates for in 1920? Who won and why?