The Roman Building in Durley Hill Cemetery Keynsham

Archaeological Evaluation and Assessment of the Results

Authors R. Holley & G.Pratt

April 2016

1 The Roman Building in Durley Hill Cemetery Keynsham

A Joint Project Between

Disclaimer

This report has been compiled with all reasonable skill, care and attention to detail within the terms of the project design as specified in the written scheme of investigation and within the general terms and conditions of The Bath and Camerton Archaeological Society.

No responsibility is accepted whatsoever to third parties to whom these reports or any part thereof is made known. Any such party relies upon these at their own risk.

2 The Roman Building in Durley Hill Cemetery Keynsham

Archaeological Evaluation and Assessment of Results

Contents

Contents Description of Contents Page Numbers Numbers 1 List of Tables 4 1.1 List of Plates and Figures 5-6 2 Summary 7 3 Acknowledgements 8 4 List of Abbreviations 8 5 Site Location, Topography and Geology. 9-12 6 Archaeological Background and Previous Investigation at or 12-13 in the Vicinity of Durley Hill Cemetery including Entries from Historic Environment Record (HER formerly SMR) 7 Research Aims and Objectives 14 8 The Geophysical Survey 14-17 9 Excavation Methods and Techniques 18 10 Recorded Archaeology from the Evaluation Trench (1). 19-21 11 Small finds Assessment 39 11.1 Bone Report 41 11.2 CBM Report 42 11.3 Plaster or Mortar 43 11.4 Flint Report 43 11.5 Glass Report 45 11.6 Iron work 45 11.7 Lead Work 46 11.8 Shell Marine 46 11.9 Stone Report 46-53 12 Pottery 54 12.1 Introduction 54 12.2 Romano-British 54 12.3 Medieval 54 12.4 Post Medieval 54 13 Environmental Samples 55 13.1 Introduction 55 13.2 Methodology 55 13.3 Charred Plant Remains 56 13.4 Charcoal 56 14 Discussions 56-57 15 Project Archive 58 16 Bibliography 58 17 Appendices 59-97

3 1, List of Tables

Table Description Page Numbers Numbers 1 Master context sheets (2 pages). 37-38

2 Table of small finds. 40

3 Table of animal and bird bones. 42

4 Table of ceramic building materials in numbers/weight in 42 kilograms.

5 Table of iron objects. 45

6 Table of lead objects. 46

7 Table of oyster shell. 46

8 Table showing chronological breakdown of pottery 54 assemblage (numbers/weight).

9 Table of environmental samples. 55

10 Context sheets from 100 to 136. 59-95

11 Table of levels (register). 96-97

4 1.1 List of Plates and Figures

Plate Description Page Numbers Numbers 1 Artist’s impression of Durley Hill ‘Villa’. by John Hodgson Front cover 2001 2 General location map showing the location of B&NES - Bath 9 and North East Somerset. 3 General location of Durley Hill Cemetery. @ 2015 Microsoft 10 corporation. 4 Location of Durley hill 1:25000. @ Ordnance Survey 2013 10 5 Detailed plan showing the location of the cemetery at Durley 11 Hill Keynsham, the site of the excavation is indicated by the red star. 6 Aerial photograph of Durley Hill Cemetery @ Google 2013 11 7 Plan of Durley Hill Villa from 1998 evaluation showing 13 Bulleid (1924) plan and position of trenches. 8 Shows the position of the surveyed 10 x 10 metre grid squares. 15 9 Coloured printout of the resistance survey results without 15 grids. 10 Printout of the resistance survey results in greyscale. 16 11 Printout of resistivity profiling (1) 17 12 Printout of resistivity profiling (2) 17 13 Printout of resistivity profiling (3) 17 14 The location of the excavation trench. 22 15 The location of the proposed excavation trench, indicated by 22 the red box, overlaid on the results of the geophysical resistance survey at the south end of the cemetery extension. 16 Photograph of the trench at the start of the excavation, west 23 facing. 17 West facing photograph of trench when the linear wall was 23 first exposed. 18 Plan of the trench when the linear wall was first exposed. 24 19 Plan of the trench with the linear wall and spread of stone from 25 robbing or demolition. 20 Photograph of the trench when the linear wall was first 26 exposed, east facing. 21 Plan of the ovoid features [121] and [122] found to the east and 26 west of the linear wall (108). 22 Photograph of the linear wall when first exposed, showing the 26 blocking stones, south facing. 23 Photograph of the trench when the linear wall was first 27 exposed, showing the blocking stones, west facing. 24 Photograph of the trench showing the spread of stone and 27 linear wall, east facing. 25 Photograph of the linear wall and the spread of stones, east 28 facing. 26 Plan of the western upper half of the south facing section of 28 trench.

5 1.1 List of Plates and Figures

Plate Description Page Numbers Numbers 27 Plan of the eastern downhill half of the south facing section of 29 trench. 28 Plan of the eastern downhill half of the north facing section of 29 trench. 29 Plan of the western upper half of the north facing section of 30 trench. 30 Plan of the Linear wall,east facing. 30 31 Photograph of the linear wall, east facing. 31 32 Photograph of the linear wall, east facing. (close up). 31 33 Photograph of the linear wall and the baulk side of the trench, 32 north facing. 34 Photograph of the linear wall and the baulk side of the trench, 32 south facing. 35 Photograph of the linear wall, the drainage stones or soakaway 33 and the spread of stone, north facing. 36 Photograph of the drainage stones or soakaway and the spread of 33 stone, south facing. 37 Photograph of the drainage stones or soakaway west facing. 34 38 Photograph of the drainage stones or soakaway abutting up to 35 the linear wall, east facing. 39 Plan of the completed trench at the completion of the 35 excavation. 40 Photograph showing the linear wall and the small extension to 36 the main trench on the north side. 41 Photograph of a worked bone S/f 12 41 42 Photograph of flint blade S/f 11. 43 43 Photograph of flint blade S/f 22. 44 44 Photograph of flint blade S/f 23. 44 45 Photograph of a collection of glass S/f 18 45 46 Photograph of a piece of pennant sandstone with graffiti S/f 2. 47 47 Photograph of a piece of Pennant Sandstone with graffiti 48 S/f 3. 48 Photograph of a piece of pennant sandstone with graffiti S/f 4. 48 49 Photograph of a piece of pennant sandstone with graffiti S/f 5. 49 50 Photograph of a piece of pennant sandstone with graffiti S/f 7. 49 51 Photograph of a piece of pennant sandstone with graffiti S/f 8. 50 52 Photograph of a shape tool perhaps used as a hone stone S/f 15. 50 53 Photograph of a pierced tesserae perhaps use a bead S/f 16. 51 54 Plate 54. Photograph of a bead or pierced stone S/f 17. 51 55 Photograph of a shape tool perhaps used as a hone stone S/f 19. 52 56 Photograph of a sling shot S/f 20. 52 57 Photograph of a shaped tool perhaps used as a hone stone S/f 21. 53 58 Geophysics Durley Hill processed date with villa. 57 59 Geophysics Durley Hill abstraction. 57

6 2 Summary

From the 20th July to August 3rd 2015 an archaeological evaluation was undertaken Jointly by ‘The Bath and Camerton Archaeological Society (BACAS)’ and ‘The Association for Roman Archaeology (ARA)’ at the site of Romano-British ‘villa’ complex at Keynsham in Somerset. The buildings are largely buried beneath the Victorian Durley Hill cemetery, the A4175 main road and its embankment. The south west corner of the building was located in the adjacent field to the south of this Road.

ARA and BACAS applied for permission to B&NES Bereavement Service and Keynsham Town Council to carry out a geophysical survey and to excavate a single exploratory trench on their property, consultations and advice was also obtained from Richard Sermon the Archaeological Officer for Bath and North East Somerset Council.

The results of the geophysical survey suggested that the villa complex and adjacent Ancillary building may have intruded or extended into the eastern side of the cemetery burial ground and the Victorian curtilage wall have been built over these structures. The limited evaluation produced evidence that the site had been subjected to numerous phases of robbing which probably occurred in the very late Roman, Medieval and into the post medieval period, however, it became clear that further work is required to clarify and to hopefully identify the walls and the other features uncovered in this small evaluation trench.

7 3 Acknowledgements

The Association for Roman Archaeology, which is contributing to the costs of the Keynsham project, is utilising a gift from one of its late members John Serl of Taunton, who bequeathed his residuary estate to the Association in 2013. Being a Somerset man it was thought Keynsham would be an appropriate project 'in memorium' as an expression of thanks. Jon's bequest also contributed towards financing the geophysical surveys in 2013 and 2014.

The Authors would like to thank the (land owner) B&NES Bereavement Service and Keynsham Town Council for their support and permission to undertake archaeological investigation on their land, and we are extremely grateful for their overall support throughout this project.

We acknowledge and appreciate the help, comments and advice that have also been given by Bryn Walters Director or ARA and his colleague Luigi Thompson. Richard Sermon, B&NES Archaeological Officer, and Rod Millard, HER Officer, to David Sabin and Kerry Donaldson from Archaeological Surveys for allowing us access to their geophysical survey report.

Special and grateful thanks are due to members listed below of BACAS and ARA who undertook the geophysical survey, excavation, Post-excavation analysis and logistics concerning this project.

Julie Bassett, Terri Bell, Laurence Chadd, Jenni Craft, Steve Drew, Richard Dyson, Annie Somers – Hall, Helen Harman, Les Hayes, Vix Hughes, John Knapper, Marek Lewcun, John Oswin, Janet Pryke, David Rider, Wendy Russ, Lawrie Scott, Roger Vaughan, Gillian Vickery, Debbie Watkins, Bob Whitaker, Roger Wilkes.

4 List of Abbreviations

ARA - Association for Roman Archaeology BACAS - Bath and Camerton Archaeological Society B&NES - Bath and North East Somerset CBM – Ceramic Building Materials DHX/15 – Durley Hill Extension 2015 HER - Historic Environment Record SMR - Sites and Monuments Record S/F – Small finds

8 5 Site Locations, Topography and Geology. Durley Hill Cemetery is located at Durley Hill Keynsham Bristol BS31 2AJ (OSNGR ST6457369195), approx. 1km NW of Keynsham town centre on the edge of a low lying floodplain of the Avon River known as Keynsham Hams, on the lower part of the east- facing slope of Durley Hill, the general location is shown in figures 1 to 5. The site is within a recent extension of Durley Hill Cemetery which is situated to the SE of the older part of the town cemetery. The excavation was within an area of maintained lawn, with a listed curtilage wall and a line of mature trees to the north-west, the embankment of the A4175 main road on the south-west, and an area of modern graves a short distance to the east (Fig. 3). Approximately half of the area, running in a central strip north to south has already been used for burials. The survey was originally carried out in a triangular area in the SW corner of the extension; subsequently the others areas of the new extension were subject to further geophysical survey where there was only grass with no known interment. The Durley Hill Cemetery was laid out and first used in 1877. Within the cemetery is a pair of attached Anglican mortuary chapels built in 1877-8 by Charles Davis of Bath. These are listed for special architectural and historic interest (list entry number 1384613). The first internments in the cemetery date from 1920. The geological stratum directly below the archaeological deposits consists of reddish brown alluvial clay. The British Geological Survey records this underlying bed as Keuper Marl. This stratum was formed during the Triassic Period (160-190 million years ago). Keuper Marl is really a “mudstone” and the marls are usually red or chocolate in colour, but they sometimes have green or grey blotches. The redness is produced by each component grain being covered by a thin film of iron oxide. Water drains from the north west across the site and then into ditches and finally empties in to the Bristol Avon 556 metres to the north northeast.

Figure 2. General location Map showing the locations of B&NES - Bath and North East Somerset.

9 Figure 3. General location of Durley Hill Cemetery. @ 2015 Microsoft Corporation.

Figure 4. Location of Durley hill 1:25000. @ Ordnance Survey 2013

10 Figure 5. Detailed plan showing the location of the cemetery at Durley Hill Keynsham, the site of the excavation is indicated by the red star.

Plate 6. Aerial Photograph of Durley Hill Cemetery @ Google 2013

11 6 Archaeological background and previous investigation at or in the vicinity of Durley Hill Cemetery including entries from Historic Environment Record (HER formerly SMR).

Prehistoric A few early finds have been recovered in the vicinity of Durley Hill including a mid- Acheulian picrite hand axe in 1965 (MBN1207) and a number of Mesolithic flints (MBN3296) from a ploughed field (Palmer, 1965). The picrite hand axe originated from the Shropshire/Powys border area and if traded along the Severn and Avon rivers, highlights the historical importance in the Keynsham area of the Avon River as a communications and trading route. In 1992 a number of trial trenches (MBN8000) were opened by Parry (Parry, 1992) in the Hicks Gate area close to Durley Hill and identified as prehistoric. These along with the previous Mesolithic finds were interpreted as signs of possible settlement in the Mesolithic period. Further struck flints were recovered from works on the Keynsham ring road to the North of the site.

Roman The numerous and varied finds from the Roman period in the area have for some time been proposed to be evidence that Keynsham was the site of the ‘lost’ Romano-British town of Trajectus. Referenced in the 4th Century AD Antoinine Itinerary (Rivet and Jackson, 1970) as a town situated between Bath (Aquae Sulis) and Sea Mills (Abonae) on the Severn Estuary. The name Trajectus is suggestive of a river crossing point, which fits with the location of Keynsham Hams and known Roman road locations (MBN10178) north of the Avon. In 2012, following redevelopment plans for the former Cadbury Fry’s Factory on Keynsham Hams, Bath & North East Somerset Council undertook a large scale geophysical survey of the area using resistance, magnetometry and LiDAR techniques. The resulting surveys and report (Bath & North East Somerset, 2012) indicated an extensive road network, possible surviving buildings and temple complex over a very large area (MBN9706) and lend weight to the probability that this is the site of Trajectus. These developments now offer a wider context for the Durley Hill Roman Villa (MBN1208) excavated by Arthur Bulleid in 1924. Bulleid uncovered a very large 3 sided courtyard building measuring some 64m x 61m extending around most of the existing cemetery and chapel buildings and under the road embankment, see Bullied suggested plan of the villa and also trenches opened in 1998. Dating evidence from the site, coins from Victorinus (265AD) to Valentenian (364- 375AD) suggest the building was constructed in the mid 3rd Century AD and abandoned in the late 4th Century. Although we must be mindful of the low standards, especially in stratigraphical context, of Bulleids excavation and records.

The most striking feature of the building is the two hexagonal rooms at either ends of the western corridor. Both are recorded as having mosaic floors and there is little precedent of their form in other villas of Roman Britain The survey of Keynsham Hams now indicates a possible road orientated from the Trajectus site towards Durley Hill. In 1985 limited trial excavations were undertaken in relation to the planned extension of the cemetery. The records are of poor quality but indicate that the Roman features extended east and were probably associated with the main building. A more extensive programme of test excavation was carried out by Avon

12 Archaeological Unit in 1998 (MBN11010). Twelve small trenches were opened across the cemetery extension area (the approximate locations of most of these are shown in figure 7). Romano-British finds were recovered from many of the trenches and most significantly the foundation of a substantial wall r(approx. 1.5m width) running east to west was found with a possible termination and abutting smaller wall running to the north. Pottery assemblages suggest a late Roman date but no firm dating evidence was recovered. Avon Archaeological unit suggest ‘…the remains reflect a major villa building comprising both external and party walls. Their presence alone extends the footprint of the core villa buildings by some 25m’ (Avon Archaeological Unit, 1998. Keynsham Cemetery, pp 18).

Figure 7. Plan of Durley Hill Villa from 1998 evaluation showing Bulleid (1924) plan and position of trenches.

Post Roman Keynsham (or Caegineshamme in Old English) is recorded as the burial place of a Bishop Heahmund in 817AD. It is likely that an Anglo-Saxon Minster church was sited here. In the Domesday Book of 1086, Keynsham (now Cainesham) appears as a large and prosperous manor with over 100 villagers and smallholders. An abbey was established here in 1166, which increased Keynsham regional importance. The abbey survived until 1559.

13 7 Research Aims and Objectives

The research aims and objectives as set out in the Project Design and Written Scheme of Investigations (Lewcun 2015) were:

1 The aims and objectives of the excavation are principally to ascertain the nature and quality of a small section of the building revealed by the geophysical survey at the south end of the cemetery extension.

2 The excavation will also seek to gather dating evidence for the use and abandonment of the building and, if possible, for its construction.

3 In association with the excavation, though not necessarily at the same time, it is planned to carry out a geophysical survey in the remainder of the cemetery extension, as well as in the field to the south of the main road in order to pick up the junction of the south and west wings as found by Bulleid, together with any other features which might lie there.

8 The Geophysical Survey

A geophysical survey had previously been carried out across certain parts of the cemetery by the Bath and Camerton Archaeological Society (see Pratt, G. 2013, 2014a and 2014b).

The geophysics carried out by John Oswin and his team in July 2015 attempted to survey areas previously not covered by the 2013 to 2014 survey. The 2015 year survey concentrated mainly across the new east cemetery extension, but only in areas where there was no evidence of interments, the results were achieved using a mixture of resistance and resistivity profiling. The results are attached as figure 7, 8 and 9 which shows the resistance results and the resistivity profiling can be viewed in figures 10, 11 and 12.

The results clearly indicate that the Romano-British complex of buildings finished in the western edge of the new extension cemetery and did not carry on across that area of the graveyard, the geophysical survey however showed anomalies which are suggestive of drainage channels and possible walls associated with formal gardens.

Three resistivity profiling surveys were carried out adjacent to the cemetery curtilage walls, the limited results suggests that the anomalies found were at a comparatively shallow depth, perhaps portraying a spread of masonry from periods of robbing or the demolition of the building.

Figure 8. Shows the positions of the surveyed 10 x 10 metre grid squares

Figure 9. Coloured printout of the resistance survey results without grids.

Figure 10. Printout of the resistance survey results in greyscale.

Figure 11. Printout of resistivity profiling (1)

Figure 12. Printout of resistivity profiling (2)

Figure 13. Printout of resistivity profiling (3)

17 9 Excavation Methods and Techniques

A single trench was opened, the turf was remove by hand and the topsoil was excavated using a mechanical earthmover equipped with a toothless ditching bucket.

When significant archaeological remains were identified machine excavation ceased and the features were cleaned using hand trowels, a qualified archaeologist monitored this process.

All discrete features were excavated to a degree sufficient to establish the extent, character and where possible to date the feature.

All features and deposits were recorded using Bath & Camerton Archaeology Society pro forma recording systems, with all features and deposits being assigned a unique number.

A unique code number (DHX/15) to identify the site was agreed prior to the commencement of the excavation.

Trenches were planned at a scale of 1:20. Spot heights relating to Ordnance Datum Newlyn will be taken for the top and bottom of all features and trenches. Sections were drawn at a scale of 1:10. The Ordnance Datum (OD) height of all principal features and levels was calculated, and all plans and sections were annotated with OD heights.

A full photographic record of the investigations and individual features was maintained throughout the excavations using a digital camera.

The trench and spoil from the excavations and deposits were scanned by a metal detector and signals marked in order to facilitate further investigation of items of interest.

Finds were treated in accordance with the principles and practices set out by the Institute of Field Archaeologists’ Standards and guidance for Archaeological Excavation (revised 2001).

At the completion of the work the trench was reinstated using the excavated soil and the turf relayed.

18 10 Recorded Archaeology from the Evaluation Trench (1)

A single rectangular 7 x 2 metres trench was positioned in the south western corner of the cemetery and oriented in an east to west axis (see figure 13, 14 and 15) and centred on OSG ST364542-169173 with a ground survey height of 42.5 metres above mean sea level. The placing of this trench was crucial so that it traversed at right angle the structure(s) revealed by the geophysical survey (Figure 8 and 9). The turf was removed by hand and stacked to one side of the trench. The topsoil (101) which consisting of a firm, mid brown silty clay with numerous stones, gravel/grit, a good proportion of this context was removed by an earthmoving machine and the rest by hand. The remaining deposits were carefully excavated by hand and the contexts and finds recovered were accurately recorded. Directly below the overburden was an area of redeposited subsoil (102) up to 0.17m in- depth made up from firm to stiff, mid reddish brown silty clay with flints, sandstone fragments, pebbles and gravel/grit. Also recovered were iron objects, pottery, tesserae and CBM. Context (103) firm, dark greyish brown, silty clay which included pennant sandstone, CBM, flints, burnt materials and occasional fragments of limestone. Other artefacts recovered included Bones, Iron objects, Lead objects, Pottery, Shell, Tesserae and a number of small finds S/f 1, S/f 2, S/f 3, S/f 6, S/f 7, S/f 13, S/f 14 and S/f 18. This context was very disturbed which suggests that it has been subject to robbing at numerous times from the early medieval to the post medieval period. The contexts located or recovered to the west of the wall (108) are explained more fully below:- (104) consisted of a greyish brown to fawn- coloured layer with a spread of medium to large stones Consisting of pennant sandstone, white lias and occasional limestone fragments some showing signs that they had come into contact with heat, this redeposited spread of stones was set in a firm matrix of silty mid brown to reddish grey clays, this deposit was only located in the western end of the trench. Other items recovered included bones, pottery, CBM, tesserae and two small finds S/f4 and S/f5. (105) was a mixture or very stiff dark brown clays which contained numerous pieces of burnt materials, the remains of plaster and mortar was also present, animal bones, iron objects, pottery sherds, tesserae and ceramic building material was also noted. (106) was made up of a spread of sandstone and limestone varying from small to large size blocks, some blocks suggested they had been faced and possible came from a wall in the immediate area, it was also noted that several of the limestone blocks had been subjected to contact with heat as the surfaces were reddened by exposure to fire. This stone spread was banked and sloped up to and against wall (108). In and around these stones, bones, pottery sherds, tesserae, ceramic building material and two S/f 8 and S/f 5 was found. A discrete area of friable to firm, mid brown silty clay mixed with a mortar, gravel and charcoal fragments (107), which contained bone, iron and lead objects, pottery shell, tesserae, ceramic building material and S/f 9. Context (110) was a spread of very firm, dark greyish brown silty clay, with inclusions of lime mortar, small fragmented sandstone and charcoal flecks, bone iron objects pottery, shell, tesserae, ceramic building material and S/f 16. In the south western end of the trench was a firm, mid reddish brown, silty clay mixture (111) which contained mortar, charcoal, sand and very small fragmented sandstone pieces, other items recovered included bone, tesserae and ceramic building material. This context appeared to have been caused by water passing into that particular area

19 which over the years has carried small sized objects with it? (115) was stiff, reddish brown silty clay with charcoal, small fragmented sandstone and limestone pieces. Other excavated items included bone, iron objects, pottery, shell, tesserae, ceramic building material and S/f 10 and S/f 20, perhaps the same or similar to context (111). Directly below (115) was a stone layer (116) consisting of sandstone and limestone some worked or roughly faced set in a silty greyish to mid brown clay, no finds were recovered from this context. (119) Three large roughly hewn stones (not removed) which were located in the south facing bulk of the trench and considered ( but not clarified) that they might have been the remains of walling, these stones varied in size between 25 to 35cm in length and up to 12cm in-depth and appeared to be set in context (115.) A small number of other items were also recovered around these large stones which included bone, tesserae and ceramic building material. [127] describes a linear foundation cut for a stone laid drainage channel or soak away, it was cut into the natural reddish clay geology, and was oriented west to east, with uneven sides and base and filled by a single context (134) consisting of medium to large roughly hewn sandstone blocks which had been used to form a drain or soak away, the top layers were missing perhaps robbed away.

Directly below the eastern end of [127] and running under (108) was an irregular shaped ovoid depression [122] when exposed measured 60cm in length x 50cm wide and had an average depth of 20cm, this feature might have been caused by water seeping or percolating out of [127].

(123) was the upper fill of [122] and was a dark brown very dense silty clay with sand, small stones also tesserae and ceramic building materials were recovered.

(124) the lower or primary fill consisted of friable yellowish brown silt sand with grit and gravel a single S/f 12 was also recovered.

The contexts relating to the linear wall and others contexts recovered to the east of this walls are explained more fully below:-

[129] was the construction cut for the linear wall and ran through the trench in a north - south alignment it was U shaped with sloping sides and a flat base

Context (131) the back top fill of the construction trench [129], made up from a firm, dark yellowish to light brown silty clay which included gravel and mortar, it was mainly recovered around the top stones of the wall (108).

(120) (125) recovered from the sides of the linear wall were the original fills of [129] and appears to be identical in composition, being a friable mixture of yellowish brown silty clay with inclusions which included sand, gravel and mortar

(133) was a small deposit of friable, pale brown silty sand with grit, mortar and gravel which was only located on the surface of the linear wall stone (108).

(108) was the top surface of stones made up from pennant sandstone and other roughly hewn stone some portraying signs that they had been faced or worked. They varied in size from 9 x 9 x 5cm to 30 x 19 x 14 cm. The exposed length of this wall measured 3m and 60cm wide and up to 40cm in-depth.

(117) consisted of large stones in the linear wall (108) used or placed to close off an entrance or opening 82cm wide, perhaps a door or window. When this occurred is conjectural but could have taken place in the late Roman or early medieval period. One of the large stones had a large ammonite fossil on the surface which is a common find around Keynsham.

(130) was the lower fill of the linear wall below (108), it was constructed from pennant sandstone blocks laid in a herring bone pattern with stones of varying sizes and up to 70cm in depth, clay was used for bonding these stones.

Below the top three contexts (101, 102 and 103) was a spread of mixed stones (109) this included pennant sandstones, white lias and occasional limestone fragments all of varying sizes and shapes, other items recovered were bone, tesserae and ceramic building material, this spread of stones suggests a demolition layer perhaps the results of robbing the linear wall?

Directly below and under (109) was a soil spread or deposit (112) of a firm, mid brown silty clay with lime mortar and small pieces of fragmented sandstone.

(113) was a friable mid brown, sandy soil with grit (25%), lime mortar and small fragmented sandstone pieces. This context abutted up to wall (108) but under (109) and partially under (114), the only artefact recovered was S/f 17.

Context (114) was a stiff to firm, reddish to mid brown silty clay with small pieces of fragmented sandstones, other items recovered included tesserae, ceramic building material and S/f 11.

[121] was the cut of an irregular ovoid shaped feature with sloping side and a mostly flat base, this appears to be the continuation of the feature [122] recovered from the western side of the linear wall.

This deposit (118) was the fill of the ovoid feature [121] and was made up from a friable to firm light brown silty sand which included copious amounts of grit and gravel other excavated items were bones, iron objects, pottery, tesserae and small finds S/f 19, S/f 21, S/f 22 and S/f 23.

Directly below (109) on the south facing baulk was an area (132), this deposit was a firm, mid brown mixture of silty clay with small inclusions. Next to and west of (132) and abutting up against wall (108) was a small deposit (128) of firm, mid brown silty clay with mortar, sands and the occasional flecks of charcoal.

Below (128) and (132) was a very dense and compact deposit of clays (126), reddish to mid brown in colour with bands of grey running through it, this redeposited clay was very clean with no inclusions.

(136) was only located on the south baulk of the trench but only in the eastern end of the trench. This firm, mid brown silty sand had copious amounts of grit, gravel and charcoal flecks and was directly above (135). (135) a dense and very firm, reddish brown clay with no inclusions, although not fully excavated was deemed to be the natural geology.

21 Figure 14. The location of the excavation trench.

Figure 15. The location of the excavation trench, indicated by the red box, overlaid on the results of the geophysical resistance survey at the south end of the cemetery extension.

22 Plate 16. Photograph of the trench at the start of the excavation, west facing.

Plate 17. Photograph of the trench when the linear wall was first exposed, west facing.

Figure 18. Plan of the trench when the linear wall was first exposed.

DURLEY HILL ROMAN COMPLEX Plan 1 Deposits (104) (105) (107) Scale 1:20 Drawn by M.Lewcun July 2015

24 Figure 19. Plan of the trench with the linear wall and spread of stone demolition.

DURLEY HILL ROMAN COMPLEX Plan 2 Wall (108) Deposits (106) (109) (110) (110) Scale 1:20 Drawn by M.Lewcun July 2015

Plate 20. Photograph of the trench when the linear wall was first exposed, east facing.

25 Figure 21. Plan of the ovoid features [121] and [122] found to the east and west of the linear wall (108).

DURLEY HILL ROMAN COMPLEX Plan 3 Features [120], [121], [123] Scale 1:20 Drawn by M.Lewcun July 2015

Plate 22. Photograph of the linear wall was first exposed, showing the blocking stones, south facing.

26 Plate 23. Photograph of the trench when the linear wall was first exposed, showing the blocking stones, west facing.

Plate 24. Photograph of the trench showing the spread of stone and linear wall east facing.

27 Plate 25. Photograph of the linear wall and the spread of stones, east facing.

Figure 26. Plan of the western upper half of the south facing section of trench

DURLEY HILL ROMAN COMPLEX Section 1/3 South facing section of trench. Scale 1:10 Drawn by M.Lewcun August 2015

28 Figure 27. Plan of the eastern downhill half of the south facing section of trench

Figure 28. Plan of the eastern downhill half of the north facing section of trench

DURLEY HILL ROMAN COMPLEX Section 2/4 North facing section of trench. Scale 1:10 Drawn by M.Lewcun August 2015

29 Figure 29. Plan of the western upper half of the north facing section of trench

Figure 30. Plan of the linear wall, east facing

DURLEY HILL ROMAN COMPLEX Section 6 Elevations, East facing side of Wall (108), footings (130), blocking (117), feature [121] and fill (118). Scale 1:10 Drawn by M.Lewcun August 2015

30 Plate 31. Photograph of the linear wall, east facing

Plate 32. Photograph of the linear wall, east facing

31 Plate 33. Photograph of the linear wall and the baulk side of the trench, north facing

Plate 34. Photograph of the linear wall and the baulk side of the trench, south facing

32 Plate 35. Photograph of the linear wall, the drainage stones or soakaway and the spread of stone, north facing

Plate 36. Photograph of the drainage stones or soakaway and the spread of stone, south facing.

33 Plate 37. Photograph of the drainage stones or soakaway, west facing.

34 Plate 38. Photograph of the drainage stones or soakaway abutting up to the linear wall, east facing.

Figure 39. Plan of the completed trench at the completion of the excavation.

DURLEY HILL ROMAN COMPLEX Plan 4 (Final) Scale 1:20 Drawn by R.Holley August 2015

35 Plate 40. Photograph showing the linear wall and the small extension to the main trench on the north side.

36 Table 1. Master context sheets

Site Name: Site Code: Date: Durley Hill Extension DHX/15 July to August 2015

Trench Context Context Type and Brief Description Tools used Number Number 1 100 Spoil heaps and un-stratified finds JCB

1 101 Topsoil JCB and Hand tools

1 102 Subsoil redeposited mixture of clays and silt. Hand tools

1 103 Silty clay with copious amounts of pennant sandstone Hand tools fragments, floor and roof tile and other stones including limestone, white lias and burnt materials.

1 104 Deposit of pennant sandstone tiles and other Hand tools fragmented stones, white lias and limestones to the west of the linear wall

1 105 Dark brown mixture of clays, mortar and burnt Hand tools materials to the west of the linear wall.

1 106 Spread of small to large stones to the west of the Hand tools linear wall

1 107 Spread of mortar, gravel and charcoal in a mid Hand tools brown silty clay

1 108 Linear Wall constructed from medium to large Hand tools stones.

1 109 Stoney spread to the east of the linear wall. Hand tools

1 110 Spread of mortar, burnt stones and charcoal in a dark Hand tools greyish brown silty clay, western half of trench. 1 111 Mid reddish brown silty clay spread, only recovered Hand tools in the south western end of trench, perhaps caused by water running into the trench from the adjacent lands.

1 112 Soil under the stone spread (109) to the east of the Hand tools linear wall (108) 1 113 Spread of mortar, sand, small stone, and grit 25% Hand tools abutting up to wall (108) but under (109) and partially under (114) 1 114 Reddish to mid brown spread under (109) to the Hand tools eastern end of the trench.

1 115 Reddish brown deposit of silty clay, with charcoal, Hand tools burnt materials, pennant and other stones, some showing contact with heat. This deposit was only recovered in the western end of the trench, it appears to have a stone layer (116) under this spread

37 Table 1. Master context sheets

Trench Context Context Type and Brief Description Tools used Number Number

1 116 Spread or collection of medium to large stones, Hand tools some being shaped or worked in a silty brown clay 1 117 Large blocking stones in linear wall (108) not Hand tools removed. 1 118 Silty sandy deposit with grit and gravel, fill of Hand tools feature [121]. 1 119 3 Very large stones located in the south facing bulk Hand tools of trench at western end, possible the remains of walling? 1 120 Deposit of mortar, sand, gravel and silty clay Hand tools banked against the wall (108) east side only, fill of [129] same as (125) 1 [121] Cut of irregular ovoid feature to the east of linear wall (108) the other half of [122]

1 [122] Cut of irregular ovoid feature to the west of linear wall (108) the other half of [121]

1 123 Dense mixture of dark brown silty sands with Hand tools occasional small pieces of stone, the upper fill of [122] 1 124 Silty sandy deposit with grit and gravel, lower fill Hand tools of feature [122] 1 125 Deposit of mortar, sand, gravel and silty clay Hand tools banked against the wall (108) westside only, fill of [129] same as (120) 1 126 Dense redeposited reddish to mid- brown clay with Hand tools bands of grey clay below (132) very clean. 1 [127] Cut of foundation trench for stone drainage channel or wall foundation materials. 1 128 Mid brown spread under (109) to the eastern end of Hand tools the trench abutting up to wall (108) under (101), (102), (103), (109), and above (126). 1 [129] Cut of construction trench for (108). east and west sides of wall. 1 130 Lower stone fill of linear wall (108) built in a Hand tools herringbone style and used as the foundation layer. 1 131 Small deposit of dark yellowish brown, silty clay Hand tools with gravel and mortar inclusions, back fill of construction trench under (101), (102), (103), (109), (110), (114). 1 132 Mixed fill of mid brown clay with small stone to Hand tools the east of the linear wall (108), below (109) 1 133 Small deposit of mortar, grit and gravel in a pale Hand tools brown silty sand matrix on the surface of the linear wall (108) below (101), (102), (103). 1 134 Medium to large stone fill of [127] drainage Hand tools channel or wall foundation materials. 1 135 Reddish brown, dense clay to the eastern end of the Hand tools trench, not fully excavated, perhaps natural geology? 1 136 Gritty layer of gravel and sandy with charcoal in a Hand tools mid brown silty soil, below (101), (102), (103), 109 and above (135)

38 11 Small Finds Assessment

The range of artefacts recorded as ‘small finds’ suggest a variety of activities on or close to the Durley Hill area of Keynsham from the Neolithic/Bronze Age to the post- medieval period, but the majority of the small finds date from the Romano-British period. A full record of these finds can be located in this report, which also includes specialist reports. Table 1. Shows the small find numbers, a brief description, material, period, trench and their context numbers.

All finds have been cleaned (with the exception of the metalwork, Plaster/Mortar and Charcoal) and have been subject to limited remedial conservation on site where necessary, and were packed, bagged according to material; all the small finds were labelled and allocated a unique reference number (S/f).

Other bulk finds such as pottery, CBM, stone and animal bones were washed/dried and bagged together, and have been quantified by material type within each context, a specialist report has been produced for these bulk finds.

Subsequent to quantification, all small finds have been photographed in order to gain an overall idea of the range of types present, their condition and their potential date range. This photographic record can be located in the project archives.

All small finds and a copy of this report will be deposited with the Roman Baths Museum Bath, and will conform to the museum’s standards and requirements.

Access to the archive may be gained by writing to the aforementioned museum quoting the Site name Durley Hill extension and Site Code - DHX/15.

39 Table 2. Small Finds

Site Name: Site Code: Durley Hill Extension DHX/15 Date July to August 2015

Small Find Brief Description Trench Context Provisional Numbers Number Number Period or Date? 1 Fragment of vessel glass T1 (103) Romano-British 2 Piece of pennant sandstone with T1 (103) Romano-British graffiti? 3 Piece of pennant sandstone with T1 (103) Romano-British graffiti? 4 Piece of pennant sandstone with T1 (104) Romano-British graffiti? 5 Piece of pennant sandstone with T1 (104) Romano-British graffiti? 6 Fragment of window glass T1 (103) Medieval or Post Medieval 7 Piece of pennant sandstone with T1 (103) Romano-British graffiti? 8 Piece of pennant sandstone with T1 (106) Romano-British graffiti? 9 Fragment of vessel glass T1 (107) Romano-British 10 Fragment of vessel glass T1 (115) Romano-British 11 Flint flake/tool? T1 (114) Neolithic/Bronze Age 12 Worked bone perhaps a pointed T1 (124) Romano-British tool 13 Fragment of vessel or window T1 (103) Romano-British glass or Medieval 14 Fragment of vessel glass T1 (103) Romano-British 15 Honing, rubbing or polishing T1 (106) Romano-British stones 16 Pierced white lias stone tesserae, T1 (110) Romano-British perhaps for necklace 17 Pierced Stone perhaps for a T1 (113) Romano-British necklace 18 5, pieces of vessel glass. T1 (103) Post Medieval 19 Honing, rubbing or polishing T1 (118) Romano-British stones 20 Slingshot T1 (115) Romano-British 21 Honing, rubbing or polishing T1 (118) Romano-British stones 22 Flint flake/tool? T1 (118) Neolithic/Bronze Age 23 Flint flake/ tool? T1 (118) Neolithic/Bronze Age

40 11.1 Bone Report

Methodology

A total of 156 pieces of animal and bird bone weighting 1.818kg were recovered during the excavations.

All the bones were examined to identify species, type of bone present, and any butchering that had occurred. The condition of the bone was recorded along with any other information such as the estimated age of animals at death. ‘Table of Animal and Bird Bones’ gives the number of bones and weight to their specific context.

In general the preservation of the vertebrate remains was generally ‘fair’, colour was variable, although mostly light brown, and ‘angularity’ (appearance of the broken surfaces) was also variable with spiky and battered fragments in most contexts. Evidence of butchery, burning and the activities of carnivores were recorded on some of the bones, but there was variation between and within contexts.

The assemblage was collected by hand during the excavation, but it should be noted that no sieving of the deposits was undertaken and therefore the assemblage is biased against the recovery of very small bones (e.g. rodents, birds and fish).

The majority of this material is Romano- British, but a small proportion came from Medieval or later contexts.

The assemblage is that of a typical “Romano-British site”, and it would appear that the majority of the species identified are domestic mammal, (cattle, caprovid, and pig) which perhaps were their main source of meat; there were also a relatively small proportion of bird bones.

A single worked or pointed bone S/f 12 was recovered from context (124) its exact use is unknown also dating is problematic but it came from a sealed Romano-British context. Plate 41. Photograph of a worked bone S/f 12

41 Conclusions and recommendations

No further work is necessary on the present vertebrate assemblage but provision should be made for the recovery and analysis of bio-archaeological remains in future excavations. A sampling strategy should be employed to enable the recovery of fish and small animal remains by using a more extensive sieving programme of sealed deposits.

Table 3. Animal and bird bones

103 104 105 106 107 109 110 111 115 118 119 Totals Totals 24 3 5 17 8 1 65 2 11 8 12 156

Weight 155 8 50 108 211 42 728 12 273 213 18 1.818 kg

11.2 CBM Report

A total of 858 pieces of ceramic building material (CBM) weighing 14.22kg were collected from 14 contexts (see table 4) and a further 35 – 1.03kg were classed as un- stratified and discarded as these fragments were recovered from the spoil heaps (100). The assemblage was quantified (number and weight) by fabric and form by using the author’s personal reference collection. The collection recovered all came from the Romano-British period and includes pieces from box flue tiles, floor and roof tiles, also found were 17 pieces of tesserae made from red tiles weighting 68gm, condition of this collection varied, mostly showing signs of abrasion as a consequence of weathering and damage from periods of demolition of the buildings.

Table 4. Ceramic Building Materials in Numbers/Weight in Kilograms

Context Ceramic Building Material Numbers Ceramic Building Material Weights Numbers 101 16 0.33 102 80 0.54 103 418 3.88 104 13 0.46 105 81 0.74 106 15 0.45 107 56 0.82 109 13 0.77 110 124 5.15 111 6 0.42 114 2 0.03 115 30 0.54 119 3 0.03 123 1 0.06 Totals 858 14.22Kg.

42 11.3 Plaster or mortar

A small amount of material (11 items) was recovered from two contexts (106) and (107) weighting 125gm, it was unclear if this was Plaster or Mortar due to the friability of the samples.

11.4 Flint report

The assemblage consists of 21 pieces of flint mostly fragmented pebbles some showing various degrees of thermal damage by fire all sourced locally, the recovery of this burnt flint is of interest, but not datable and was subsequently discarded, but three struck flints were found and recorded as small finds, S/f 11, 22 and 23 and were classed as formal tools for recording purposes but could just be flakes struck off a larger block of flint.

None of the flints was in pristine condition, all being chipped or abraded. The lithic quality was generally poor with multiple faults and impurities and probable extraneous to the site.

The collection is difficult to precisely date but possible dated to the late Neolithic or early Bronze Age.

Plate 42. Photograph of flint blade S/f 11.

43 Plate 43. Photograph of flint blade S/f 22.

Plate 44.Photograph of flint blade S/f 23.

44 11.5 Glass Report A small collection of glass was recovered which was dated from the Romano-British to the Victorian period all recorded as small finds. Vessel fragments were recorded as S/f 1, S/f 9, S/f 10, S/f 14, S/f 18 Window fragments were recorded as S/f 6, S/f 13

Plate 45. Photograph of a collection of glass S/f 18

11.6 Iron work

The assemblage is varied and the objects quite diverse in date and function, many of the iron pieces were unrecognizable and highly corroded. The collection includes large and small headed nails typically used for structural purposes also recovered were a small number of hobnails, most of the nail assemblage cannot be closely dated but are likely to have originated in the Romano-British period, also found were other items of probable structural origin.?

Table 5. Iron objects

100 102 103 105 107 110 115 118 Totals Totals 6 2 8 2 5 3 1 1 28

Weight 20 20 31 16 38 88 8 2 223gm

45 11.7 Lead work

13 pieces of lead collectively weighting 223gm were recovered mostly located by the use of a metal detector, these lead pieces were the remains of spillage when the lead was being smelted down probably during the recovery of lead from pipes or other artefacts during a demolition phase of the buildings.

Table 6. Lead objects

Context No’s Lead Lead Weight No’s 100 5 59 103 5 102 107 3 62 Totals 13 223

11.8 Shell marine

A small number of marine molluscs were recovered from five context excavated; but only contexts 107, 110, 115, 118 can be allocated to secure Romano-British contexts. Shell recovered from 103 could have come from Romano-British or a later period.

Table 7. Oyster shell

Context No’s Oyster Oyster No’s Weight 103 1 23 107 5 31 110 5 152 115 1 27 118 4 115 Totals 16 348gm

11.9 Stone report

447 individual stone tesserae were recovered weighting 4092gm, this amount was made up by 381 white lias, weighting 3639gm and 66 of pennant sandstone weighting 453gm. Tesserae manufactured from CBM has been counted under the CBM report (12.2). The tesserae were variable in sizes and shapes and measured from very small, 6 x 6mm to large tesserae, 30 x 30mm. Most of these tesserae portrayed signs of abrasion suggesting that they were stray to this specific area, a limited number also had the original bedding mixture still attached. A large proportion of large to small roughly hewn pennant sandstone blocks and fragments were also recovered many showed signs either of weathering or perhaps the rounding of the surfaces caused by animal hoofs walking across the stones. There were

46 a significant number of pennants tiles for flooring and perhaps roofing but only two tiles recovered had nail holes, the pennant stone collection was probably sourced from a local quarry in the Keynsham area.

Several pieces of ashlar blocks of Bath stone (Great Oolite group) from the Box/Corsham area of Wiltshire were recovered. These blocks had been clearly shaped and had been used in a previous building, it was also apparent that several of these limestone blocks had been subjected to contact with heat as the surface were reddened by fire. A small number of flat roofing stone fragments manufactured from Oolitic limestone were recovered all came from a single context (106).

12 Stone objects were classified as small finds: 6 pieces of pennant sandstone S/f 2,3,4,5,7 and 8 all appear to have markings on the surfaces and has been tentatively interpreted as graffiti, but might have been caused at the time of the demolition of the buildings?

S/f 16 is a pierced white lias small tesserae perhaps used as a bead and S/f 17 is also a pierced oval shaped stone bead or toggle?

S/f 15, 19 and 20 appear to be rubbing or hone stone manufactured from local sourced stone.

S/f 20 this stone is oval–shaped and probably represents a Romano-British slingshot.

Plate 46. Photograph of a piece of pennant sandstone with graffiti S/f 2.

47 Plate 47. Photograph of a piece of pennant sandstone with graffiti S/f 3.

Plate 48. Photograph of a piece of pennant sandstone with graffiti S/f 4.

48 Plate 49. Photograph of a piece of pennant sandstone with graffiti S/f 5.

Plate 50. Photograph of a piece of pennant sandstone with graffiti S/f 7.

49 Plate 51. Photograph of a piece of pennant sandstone with graffiti S/f 8.

Plate 52.Photograph of a shape tool perhaps used as a hone stone S/f 15.

50 Plates 53.Photograph of pierced tesserae perhaps use a bead S/f 16.

Plate 54. Photograph of a bead or pierced stone S/f 17.

51 Plate 55. Photograph of a shape tool perhaps used as a hone stone S/f 19.

Plate 56. Photograph of a sling shot ? S/f 20.

52 Plate 57. Photograph of a shaped tool perhaps used as a polishing stone S/f 21.

53 12 Pottery

12.1 Introduction

The excavation produced a total of 208 sherds weighing 1.9386kg. The assemblage was quantified by weight and shard count and individual sherds were checked by the use of a hand lens (X10) to identify the principal fabric types; EVEs were not measured as part of this assessment. The results are shown in Table 8. The system used to classify the sherds was based on identifying known wares first; the material was looked at in terms of its date, origin and any evidence of function. A reference collection was also employed to assist in this process. The pottery provides the primary dating evidence for the site; much of the assemblage recovered was small insignificant fragments mostly in a very poor condition, highly abraded with damaged surfaces which perhaps suggests these sherds came from, or derived from buildings, in the immediate area and subsequently were transported to this location by the movement of the soils or the demolition of the structures in the area.

Table 8. Chronological breakdown of pottery assemblage (numbers/weight)

Date Range Numbers Weight Percentages

Romano-British 165 1478 79.3%

Medieval 33 359 15.9%

Post-Medieval 10 101 4.8%

Totals 208 1.938kg 100%

12.2 Romano-British Pottery

A total of 165 sherds of Romano-British pottery weighing 1478kg were recovered during the archaeological evaluation at Durley Hill site. Much of the Roman pottery found during this intervention is residual and in poor condition, but it should be noted that some of this pottery recovered came from deposits which also produced Medieval sherds, but the majority was recovered from sealed Romano-British deposits. The Roman pottery collection consists of Black wares, New Forest fine ware, Oxford ware, Severn Valley ware, Sandy coarse and Grey wares from unsourced local kilns and dates from the late third to fourth century.

12.3 Medieval

33 sherds of medieval pottery weighing 359gm was recovered all from a single context (103) and consisted of calcareous tempered with oolithic limestone, flint tempered, patchy green glaze, Hard fabric with quartz inclusions/flint, oxidised sandy ware all dated from the 11th to 15th century.

12.4 Post Medieval

10 sherds of post-medieval pottery weighing 101gm were recovered all from the top soil (101) and consisted of transfer wares, cream wares and stone ware all datable to the 19th century.

54 13 Environmental Samples 13.1 Introduction

All samples were taken and treated in accordance with principles and practices outlined by English Heritage (2002) in Environmental Archaeology: A guide to the theory and practice of methods from sampling and recovery to post excavation. Six samples were taken from areas where there were lens of burning containing charcoal deposits and other materials effected by heat. The samples only small but were subjected to environmental analysis. Specifically the samples were scanned for the recovery and assessment of charred plant remains, charcoal, shell, and all small animal and fish bones.

13.2 Methodology

These samples were processed by standard flotation methods, the float retained on a 0.5mm mesh. All the samples were then wet sieved to the following fractions 10mm, 5mm, 2mm and 0.5mm and dried. The coarse fractions (>10 mm and >5 mm) were sorted and discarded. The flots were scanned under an x10 –x40 stereo-binocular microscopes and the presence of charred remains examined.

Table 9. of Environmental samples

Sample Trench Context Weight of Brief Description of Sample Numbers Numbers Numbers sample in grams <1> 1 (103) 18 Silty clay with copious amounts of pennant sandstone fragments, floor and roof tile and other stones limestone, white Lias and burnt materials. <2> 1 (105) 2 Dark brown mixture of clays, mortar and burnt materials to the west of the linear wall. <3> 1 (107) 16 Spread of mortar, gravel and charcoal in a mid brown silty clay <4> 1 (110) 19 Spread of mortar, burnt stones and charcoal in a dark greyish brown silty clay, western half of trench. <5> 1 (115) 16 Reddish brown deposit of silty clay, with charcoal, burnt materials, pennant and other stones, some showing contact with heat. This deposit was only recovered in the western end of the trench, it appears to have a stone layer (116) under this <6> 1 (136) 46 Gritty layer of gravel and sandy with charcoal in a mid brown silty soil, below (101), (102), (103), 109 and above (135)

13.3 Charred Plant Remains

The bulk of the plant remains were preserved by carbonisation and varied between contexts, the samples contained fragmented charcoal, cereals grains of oats, wheat, hazel nut and unidentified grass seeds were also noted. No terrestrial shell or animal bone were noted.

13.4 Charcoal

Wood charcoal fragments were noted in all samples. The majority of the charcoal could not be identified due to the small size and fragmented nature of the samples. A small amount of hazel (Corylus avellana) was present. Fragments of bark, unidentified stems, and an unidentified monocotyledon root material were however also noted in the sample.

14 Discussions and Recommendation by Bryn Walters

The wall exposed this year was very well built, there being three courses of finely cut masonry blocks surviving above a broader foundation trench packed with two layers of pitched sandstone slabs (Fig.11). A cut had been made through the wall at an unknown period; its function is not at present fully understood. This was subsequently blocked up with rubble and clay topped with large stone blocks. No trace of a floor surface was found. The excavation ended on the natural red clay, into which had been cut a shallow trench packed with large and small stones which appeared to pass under the wall.

This is interpreted as a soak away, draining naturally rising water from the building. These are commonly found on Roman sites where this is a problem. If there had been a flagged floor in the building it would have sealed the soak away beneath. In the evaluation trench of 1998 the north side of the broad foundation, which passes under the cemetery wall, was seen to be constructed of similar well-cut masonry, but this was not excavated to the same depth as the adjacent wall revealed in July 2015.

Surprisingly, there was virtually no evidence for roofing only two pennant roofing stones had holes bored through them. This may imply a very systematic dismantling of the structure to recycle material, or that this part of the structure was not roofed. A large number of assorted loose tesserae amounting to 447 were recovered (see stone report, these are or perhaps believed to have originated from the main building, some metres to the west. The pottery assemblage was generally poor, consisting of fairly small sherds and rims, mostly of the late 3rd and 4th centuries and not in a great number. No coins were found. This reflects much the same evidence recovered by Avon Archaeology in 1998. Their report suggests that the area did not see very much human domestic activity and may have been an open area, perhaps a garden. There is a general professional opinion that a re-evaluation of the Durley Hill ‘villa’ is long overdue. There are anomalies in parts of the structure exposed by Bullied and Horne in the 1920’s which do not form part of the usual appointments in a Romano- British villa. For example, where large reception or residential rooms should be expected, central to the main west wing, there are very small chambers only about 3.5metres (10-11 feet) across with similar sized rooms in the upper north and south wings. There appears to be a large latrine at the end of the north wing, supplied by stone-lined water conduits, and a flight of substantial stone steps in the north corridor were heavily worn. Despite extensive geophysical surveys immediately east of the main building in 1997, and again in 2015, there is no evidence for agricultural or industrial buildings in a lower outer court as should be expected on a working villa. Consequently, a new investigation of the Durley Hill building is entirely justified, not only to confirm its original function, but also its relationship with the recently identified urban settlement of Trajectus only 700 meters to the east. A geophysical survey was carried out by Archaeological Surveys who were commissioned by Wessex Archaeology on behalf of Bristol Water to undertake a survey

56 along the line of a possible water pipeline in the fields to the south east of the Victorian Durley Hill cemetery, the A4175 main road and its embankment. This survey revealed several positive linear anomalies that may be ditches or features perhaps associated with the villa situated to the north (see Figures 58 and 59).

Figure 58. Durley Hill processed date with villa.

Figure 59. Durley Hill abstraction.

57 15 Project Archive

Reporting, dissemination and copyright

A full report on the excavation will be distributed to Keynsham Town Council, The Archaeological Officer for Bath & North East Somerset Council, and the curatorial staff of the Roman Baths Museum. The report will also be available on the BACAS website.

An article summarizing the results of the excavation will be published in Camertonia, the journal of BACAS, and in the annual bulletin of the Association for Roman Archaeology. Details of the excavation will also be sent to the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society for inclusion in the next available issue of the society’s proceedings, either as an article or in the summary of excavations in the county.

The copyright of all records made during the project will be vested in and remain with BACAS and the Association for Roman Archaeology

The Report, archives and all finds will be deposited and stored at the Roman Baths Museum Archaeological Store at Keynsham.

16 Bibliography

Archaeological Surveys Ltd., undated, Geophysical Survey: Somerset - Cadbury Factory, Keynsham, B&NES. Copy of survey kindly supplied by the company.

British Geological Survey, 1962 Bristol District (England and Wales Special Sheet, solid and drift edition).

Bulleid, A. and Horne, E. 1926 The Roman House at Keynsham, Somerset. Archaeologia v75, 109-135.

Cox, A. 1998 Keynsham Cemetery, Durley Hill, Keynsham: Archaeological Evaluation Project. Avon Archaeological Unit.

Pratt, G. 2013 Durley Hill Cemetery Extension, Keynsham: A report on a geophysical survey by the Bath & Camerton Archaeological Society. Bath & Camerton Archaeological Society.

Pratt, G. 2014a Durley Hill Cemetery, Keynsham: Phase 2: A report into extended geophysical survey at Durley Hill Cemetery, Keynsham. Bath & Camerton Archaeological Society.

Pratt, G. 2014b Durley Hill Cemetery, Keynsham: Phase 3: Interim findings. Bath & Camerton Archaeological Society.

Sabin, D. and Donaldson, K. 2009 Cadbury Somerdale Factory, Keynsham, Bath & North East Somerset: Magnetometer Survey. Planning document

58 17 Appendices

Table 10. Context sheet (100) to (136).

STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 100 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Friable to Firm 2. Colour Mid to Dark Brown 3. Texture/composition Mixture of Silty Clay and Sands 4. Inclusions Pennant Sandstone, White Lias,l fragments of Limestone 5. Dimensions 7x2m 6. Contamination High 7. Method/level of recovery Earth Moving Machine 8. Boundaries Mostly from the topsoil (101) and subsoil (102). CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 100

INTERPRETATION:

Context number allocated to the large spoil heap excavated by the earth moving machine, due to The number of finds recovered from this spoil heap, which contained context from (101) and (102).

Related Contexts:

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: N/A N/A No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No No Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Bone, Iron objects, Lead objects, Robin Holley 24/07/2015 Pottery, Tesserae.

59 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 101 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Firm 2. Colour Mid Brown 3. Texture/composition Silty Clay 4. Inclusions Stone, Gravel and Grit 5. Dimensions 7m long x 2m wide and 0.07m in-depth 6. Contamination High 7. Method/level of recovery JCB and Hand Tools 8. Boundaries Very Clear CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 101

INTERPRETATION:

Topsoil mostly removed by the earth moving machine.

Related Contexts:

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Pottery, CBM. Robin Holley 24/07/2015

60 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 102 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Firm to Stiff 2. Colour Mid Reddish Brown 3. Texture/composition Silty Clay 4. Inclusions Flint, Sandstone, pebbles and occasional pieces of gravel. 5. Dimensions 7m long x 2m wide and 0.17m in-depth 6. Contamination Medium 7. Method/level of recovery Trowel 8. Boundaries Clear CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

101

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 102

INTERPRETATION:

Subsoil located across the complete trench.

Related Contexts:

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Iron objects, Pottery, Tesserae, Robin Holley 24/07/2015 CBM.

61 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 103 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Firm 2. Colour Dark Greyish Brown 3. Texture/composition Silty Clay 4. Inclusions Pennant Sandstone, CBM, Occasional Limestone fragments, flints and Burnt Materials 5. Dimensions 6. Contamination Medium 7. Method/level of recovery Trowel 8. Boundaries Very clear CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 103

INTERPRETATION: Deposit of mixed redeposited materials, possible caused when robbing took place.

Related Contexts:

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Bone, Iron objects, Lead objects, Robin Holley 24/07/2015 Pottery, Shell, Tesserae, CBM, S/f 1, S/f 2, S/f 3, S/f 6, S/f 7, S/f 13, S/f 14, S/f 18.

STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 104 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Firm 2. Colour Greyish brown to fawn 3. Texture/composition Medium to large stones 4. Inclusions Silty mid brown to reddish grey clays 5. Dimensions Found only in the western end of the trench. 6. Contamination Low 7. Method/level of recovery Trowel 8. Boundaries Clear CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 104

110

INTERPRETATION: Redeposited spread of stones and clay only found in the western end of the trench. Greyish brown to fawn layer or spread of medium to large stones made up from pennant sandstone, white lias and occasional limestone pieces some showing signs that they had come into contact with heat. Related Contexts:

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Bone, Pottery, Tesserae, CBM, S/f Robin Holley 24/07/2015 4, S/f 5

)

63 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 105 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Very stiff 2. Colour Dark Brown 3. Texture/composition Mixtures of clays 4. Inclusions Mortar or Plaster and large amounts of burnt materials 5. Dimensions To the West of the Linear wall. 6. Contamination Low 7. Method/level of recovery Trowel 8. Boundaries Very Clear CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 105

INTERPRETATION: Deposit of mixed clays containing numerous pieces of burnt materials also Plaster and Mortar was noted.

Related Contexts:

64 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 106 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Very Firm 2. Colour Dark Greyish Brown 3. Texture/composition Stone 4. Inclusions Small to medium Sandstones and Limestone pieces 5. Dimensions 6. Contamination Low 7. Method/level of recovery Trowel 8. Boundaries Clear CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 106

INTERPRETATION:

This large spread of small to large stones were only recovered to the west of the linear wall (108)

Related Contexts:

STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 107 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Friable to Firm 2. Colour Mid Brown 3. Texture/composition Silty clay 4. Inclusions Mortar mix with gravel and occasional fragments of charcoal 5. Dimensions 6. Contamination Low 7. Method/level of recovery Trowel 8. Boundaries Clear CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 107

INTERPRETATION: Spread of mortar, gravel and occasional pieces of charcoal only found in a discrete area.

Related Contexts:

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Bone, Iron objects, Lead objects, Robin Holley 24/07/2015 Mortar or Plaster, Pottery, Shell, Tesserae, CBM, S/f 9,

STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 108 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Very Hard 2. Colour Fawn to light grey 3. Texture/composition Stone 4. Inclusions None 5. Dimensions See plan 6. Contamination Low 7. Method/level of recovery Not removed 8. Boundaries Very clear CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 108

INTERPRETATION: Linear wall crossing the trench in a north to south axis, made up from pennant sandstone block and other Stones mostly with a roughly hewn face, evidence that some stones had been removed or there was an Opening that had been closed by blocking stones (117) and lower fill (130) possible in the Medieval period perhaps to stop animals escaping?

Related Contexts:

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Robin Holley 24/07/2015

67 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 109 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Very Hard 2. Colour Greyish brown 3. Texture/composition Stone 4. Inclusions Pennant sandstone, white lias and occasional limestone fragments 5. Dimensions Various size from large to small pieces 6. Contamination Low 7. Method/level of recovery Trowel 8. Boundaries Not clear CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 109

INTERPRETATION:

Spread of stones to the east of the linear wall (108) suggesting a demolition layer.

Related Contexts:

68 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 110 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Very Firm 2. Colour Dark Greyish Brown 3. Texture/composition Silty Clay 4. Inclusions Lime Mortar, Charcoal flecks and Small Fragmented Sandstones 5. Dimensions See plan 6. Contamination Low 7. Method/level of recovery Trowel 8. Boundaries Clear CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 110

INTERPRETATION: Spread of silty clay with burnt stones and charcoal, only recovered from the western half of the trench.

Related Contexts:

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Bone, Iron objects, Pottery, Shell, Robin Holley 24/07/2015 Tesserae, CBM, S/f 16

69 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 111 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Firm 2. Colour Mid Reddish Brown 3. Texture/composition Silty Clay 4. Inclusions Mortar, charcoal, sand and very small fragmented sandstones pieces 5. Dimensions See plan, but only found in the south western end of trench. 6. Contamination Low 7. Method/level of recovery Trowel 8. Boundaries Very clear CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 111

INTERPRETATION: This context appears to have been caused by water running into the trench from a buried horizon, which carried Mortar, charcoal, sand and very small fragmented sandstones pieces into this area of the south western end of trench.

Related Contexts:

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Bone, Tesserae, CBM. Robin Holley 24/07/2015

70 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 112 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Firm 2. Colour Mid Brown 3. Texture/composition Silty Clay 4. Inclusions Lime Mortar and Small Fragmented Sandstones 5. Dimensions See plan 6. Contamination Low 7. Method/level of recovery Trowel 8. Boundaries To the East of the Linear Wall (108) CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

109

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 112

INTERPRETATION: Soil spread or deposit under the stone spread (109) to the east of the linear wall (108).

Related Contexts:

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Robin Holley 24/07/2015

71 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 113 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Friable 2. Colour Mid Brown 3. Texture/composition Gritty Sandy Soil 4. Inclusions Lime Mortar and Small Fragmented Sandstones 5. Dimensions Abutting up to Wall (108) but under (109) and partially under (114) 6. Contamination Low 7. Method/level of recovery Trowel 8. Boundaries To the East of the Linear Wall (108) CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

109 112

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 113

114

INTERPRETATION:

Spread of mortar, sand, small stones and grit 25% abutting up to wall (108) but under (109) and Partially under (114).

Related Contexts:

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Tesserae. S/f 17. Robin Holley 24/07/2015

72 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 114 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Stiff to Firm 2. Colour Reddish to Mid Brown 3. Texture/composition Silty Clay 4. Inclusions Small Fragmented Sandstones 5. Dimensions under (109) 6. Contamination Low 7. Method/level of recovery Trowel 8. Boundaries To the East of the Linear Wall (108) CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

109 112

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 114

INTERPRETATION: Reddish to mid brown redeposited spread under (109) to the east of the linear wall (108).

Related Contexts:

73 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 115 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Stiff to Firm 2. Colour Reddish Brown 3. Texture/composition Silty Clay 4. Inclusions Charcoal, Small Fragmented Sandstones and Limestones pieces 5. Dimensions See plan 6. Contamination Low 7. Method/level of recovery Trowel 8. Boundaries In the Western end of the trench only, perhaps the same as (111) CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 115

INTERPRETATION: This deposit was only recovered in the western end of the trench, it appears to have a stone layer (116) under this fill, perhaps the same as (111) but not fully excavated.

Related Contexts:

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Bone, Iron objects, Pottery, Shell, Robin Holley 24/07/2015 Tesserae, CBM, S/f 10, S/f 20.

74 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 116 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Hard 2. Colour Greyish Brown to Mid Brown 3. Texture/composition Stone 4. Inclusions Sandstones and Limestones pieces some worked in a silty clay 5. Dimensions See plan 6. Contamination Low 7. Method/level of recovery Trowel 8. Boundaries In the Western end of the trench , from the Linear wall (108) CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 116

INTERPRETATION: Collection or spread of large to medium stones, some being shaped or roughly faced in a brown silty clay.

Related Contexts:

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Robin Holley 24/07/2015

75 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 117 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Very hard 2. Colour Greyish brown 3. Texture/composition Stone 4. Inclusions None 5. Dimensions Large size, see plan. 6. Contamination Low 7. Method/level of recovery Not removed 8. Boundaries Clear CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 117

INTERPRETATION: Large blocking stone in linear wall (108) placed to close or block off an entrance perhaps door or other Opening.

Related Contexts:

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Robin Holley 24/07/2015

76 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 118 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Friable to firm 2. Colour Light brown 3. Texture/composition Silty sand. 4. Inclusions Grit and gravel 5. Dimensions See plan 6. Contamination Low 7. Method/level of recovery Trowel 8. Boundaries Not clear CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 118

INTERPRETATION: This deposit was the fill of the ovoid feature [121] to the east of the linear wall (108).

Related Contexts:

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Bone, Iron objects, Pottery, Robin Holley 24/07/2015 Tesserae, S/f 19. S/f 21, S/f 22, S/f 23.

77 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 119 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Hard 2. Colour Fawn to greyish brown 3. Texture/composition Stone (3) 4. Inclusions Small stones, CBM, silty clay 5. Dimensions Varying in size between 25 to 35cm in length and up to 12cm depth 6. Contamination Low 7. Method/level of recovery Not removed 8. Boundaries Set in (115) CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

115

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 119

INTERPRETATION: 3 large roughly hewn stones located in the south facing bulk of trench in the western end of the trench, though to be the remains of walling? The stones were set in (115) a small numbers of artifacts were recovered around these stones.

Related Contexts:

78 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 120 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Friable 2. Colour Yellowish brown 3. Texture/composition Silty clay 4. Inclusions Mortar, Sand and Gravel 5. Dimensions See plan 6. Contamination Low 7. Method/level of recovery Trowel 8. Boundaries Clear CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 120

INTERPRETATION: This deposit of mortar, sand, gravel in mixed with a yellowish brown silty clay was banked against wall (108) on the east side only, fill of feature [129] same as (125).

Related Contexts:

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Robin Holley 24/07/2015

79 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Cut [121] DEPOSIT 1. Compaction 2. Colour 3. Texture/composition 4. Inclusions 5. Dimensions 6. Contamination 7. Method/level of recovery 8. Boundaries CUT 1. Shape in plan Irregular shaped ovoid 2. Orientation East to west 3. Profile Not clear 4. Sides Sloping 5. Base Mostly flat 6. Dimensions See plan 7. Fill numbers (118) Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX [121]

INTERPRETATION: Cut of irregular shaped ovoid feature, to the east of linear wall (108) it’s purpose is not fully understood?

Related Contexts: [122]

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Robin Holley 24/07/2015

80 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Cut [122] DEPOSIT 1. Compaction 2. Colour 3. Texture/composition 4. Inclusions 5. Dimensions 6. Contamination 7. Method/level of recovery 8. Boundaries CUT 1. Shape in plan Irregular shaped ovoid 2. Orientation East to west 3. Profile Not clear 4. Sides Sloping 5. Base Mostly flat 6. Dimensions See plan 7. Fill numbers (123) and (124). Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX [122]

INTERPRETATION: Cut of irregular shaped ovoid feature, to the west of linear wall (108) it’s purpose is not fully understood?

Related Contexts: [121]

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Robin Holley 24/07/2015

81 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 123 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Dense and firm 2. Colour Dark brown 3. Texture/composition Silty clay 4. Inclusions Sands and small pieces of stones. 5. Dimensions See plan 6. Contamination Low 7. Method/level of recovery Trowel 8. Boundaries Clear CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

[122]

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 123

124

INTERPRETATION: Upper fill of feature [122]

Related Contexts:

82 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 124 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Friable 2. Colour Yellowish brown 3. Texture/composition Silty sand 4. Inclusions Grit and gravel 5. Dimensions See plan 6. Contamination Low 7. Method/level of recovery Trowel 8. Boundaries Clear CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

[122] 123

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 124

INTERPRETATION: Lower fill of feature [122]

Related Contexts:

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. S/f 12. Robin Holley 24/07/2015

83 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 125 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Friable 2. Colour Yellowish brown 3. Texture/composition Silty clay 4. Inclusions Mortar, Sand and Gravel 5. Dimensions See plan 6. Contamination Low 7. Method/level of recovery Trowel 8. Boundaries Clear CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 125

INTERPRETATION: This deposit of mortar, sand, gravel in mixed with a yellowish brown silty clay was banked against wall (108) on the east side only, fill of feature [129] same as (120).

Related Contexts:

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Robin Holley 24/07/2015

84 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 126 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Very dense and firm 2. Colour Reddish to mid brown with bands of grey clay 3. Texture/composition Clay 4. Inclusions None 5. Dimensions See plan 6. Contamination Low 7. Method/level of recovery Trowel 8. Boundaries Very clear CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

132

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 126

INTERPRETATION: Dense redeposited clays very clean no inclusions

Related Contexts:

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Robin Holley 24/07/2015

85 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Cut [127] DEPOSIT 1. Compaction 2. Colour 3. Texture/composition 4. Inclusions 5. Dimensions 6. Contamination 7. Method/level of recovery 8. Boundaries CUT 1. Shape in plan Linear foundation cut 2. Orientation East to west 3. Profile Clear 4. Sides Uneven 5. Base Uneven 6. Dimensions See plan 7. Fill numbers (134) Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX [127]

134

INTERPRETATION:

Cut of foundation trench for stone drainage channel or soak a way..

Related Contexts:

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Robin Holley 24/07/2015

86 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 128 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Firm 2. Colour Mid brown 3. Texture/composition Silty clay 4. Inclusions Mortar, sand and occasional flecks of charcoal 5. Dimensions See plan 6. Contamination Low 7. Method/level of recovery Trowel 8. Boundaries Clear CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

101 102 103 109

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 128

126

INTERPRETATION: Only found in the eastern end of the trench abutting up to wall (108).

Related Contexts:

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Robin Holley 24/07/2015

87 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Cut [129] DEPOSIT 1. Compaction 2. Colour 3. Texture/composition 4. Inclusions 5. Dimensions 6. Contamination 7. Method/level of recovery 8. Boundaries CUT 1. Shape in plan Linear 2. Orientation North south 3. Profile U shape 4. Sides Sloping 5. Base Flat 6. Dimensions See section 7. Fill numbers (108) (117) (130) Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX [129]

INTERPRETATION: Construction cut for linear wall (108).

Related Contexts:

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Robin Holley 24/07/2015

88 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 130 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Hard 2. Colour Greyish brown 3. Texture/composition Pennant sandstone blocks 4. Inclusions Clay for bonding 5. Dimensions See plan and section 6. Contamination Low 7. Method/level of recovery Not removed 8. Boundaries Very clear CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

[129] 108

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 130

INTERPRETATION: Lower fill of linear wall below (108) built in a herring bone pattern and used as the foundation layer.

Related Contexts:

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Robin Holley 24/07/2015

89 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 131 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Firm 2. Colour Dark yellowish to light brown 3. Texture/composition Silty clay 4. Inclusions Gravel and mortar 5. Dimensions See section drawing 6. Contamination Low 7. Method/level of recovery Trowel 8. Boundaries Clear CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

[129]

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 131

INTERPRETATION: Back fill of construction trench [129] mainly found around the top stones (108) of wall.

Related Contexts:

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Robin Holley 24/07/2015

90 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 132 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Firm 2. Colour Mid brown 3. Texture/composition Silty clay 4. Inclusions Small stones 5. Dimensions See plan and section drawing 6. Contamination Low 7. Method/level of recovery Trowel 8. Boundaries Clear CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

109

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 132

INTERPRETATION: Mixed fill of brown clays with small stone inclusions found to the east of the linear wall.

Related Contexts:

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Robin Holley 24/07/2015

91 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 133 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Friable 2. Colour Pale brown 3. Texture/composition Silty sand 4. Inclusions Mortar, grit and gravel 5. Dimensions See plan 6. Contamination Medium 7. Method/level of recovery Trowel 8. Boundaries Above (108) CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

101 102 103

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 133

108

INTERPRETATION:

Small deposit of mortar, grit and gravel in a silty sand matrix was only found on the surface of the linear wall.

Related Contexts:

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Robin Holley 24/07/2015

92 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 134 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Hard 2. Colour Greyish brown 3. Texture/composition Sandstone blocks 4. Inclusions None 5. Dimensions See plan and section drawing 6. Contamination Low 7. Method/level of recovery Not fully excavated 8. Boundaries Very clear CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

[127]

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 134

INTERPRETATION: Medium to large roughly hewn sandstone blocks used as foundation material for drain or soak a way, top layers were missing perhaps robbed away?

Related Contexts:

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Robin Holley 24/07/2015

93 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 135 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Dense and firm 2. Colour Reddish brown 3. Texture/composition Clay 4. Inclusions None 5. Dimensions See plan and section drawing, eastern end of trench. 6. Contamination Low 7. Method/level of recovery Not fully excavated 8. Boundaries Very clear CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

136

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 135

INTERPRETATION: Not fully excavated, perhaps the natural geology?

Related Contexts:

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Robin Holley 24/07/2015

94 STANDARD CONTEXT SHEET

Project Code: Area: Co-ordinates: E / N Context Type: Context No: DHX/15 T1 / Deposit 136 DEPOSIT 1. Compaction Firm 2. Colour Mid brown 3. Texture/composition Silty sand 4. Inclusions Grit, Gravel, Sand with charcoal flecks 5. Dimensions See plan 6. Contamination Low 7. Method/level of recovery Trowel 8. Boundaries Very clear CUT 1. Shape in plan 2. Orientation 3. Profile 4. Sides 5. Base 6. Dimensions 7. Fill numbers Further DESCRIPTIVE data including significant physical relationships:

Contd?

101 102 103 109

STRATIGRAPHIC MATRIX 136

135

INTERPRETATION:

Gritty layer recovered above (135) in the eastern end of the trench.

Related Contexts:

Plan: Section/other drawings: Environmental samples: No Colour print: Colour slide: Black & White print: Digital: No No No Yes Recorded by and Date: Excavated contents. Robin Holley 24/07/2015

95 Table 11. Level Register

Site Name Project Code Date 20th July to 2nd Durley Hill Extension DHX/15 August 2015 No. Object TBM Back sight Instrument Foresight Reduced Initials Height Height 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Set up 42.00 1.30 43.30 1 42.00 1.30 43.30 0.84 42.46 RH/ML

2 42.00 1.30 43.30 1.10 42.20 RH/ML

3 42.00 1.30 43.30 1.32 43.30 RH/ML

4 42.00 1.30 43.30 1.28 42.02 RH/ML

5 42.00 1.30 43.30 1.05 42.25 RH/ML

6 42.00 1.30 43.30 0.78 42.52 RH/ML

7 42.00 1.30 43.30 1.07 42.23 RH/ML

8 42.00 1.30 43.30 1.17 42.14 RH/ML

9 42.00 1.30 43.30 1.17 42.14 RH/ML

10 42.00 1.30 43.30 1.26 42.04 RH/ML

11 42.00 1.30 43.30 1.16 42.14 RH/ML

12 42.00 1.30 43.30 1.13 42.17 RH/ML

13 42.00 1.30 43.30 1.25 42.05 RH/ML

14 42.00 1.30 43.30 1.19 42.11 RH/ML

15 42.00 1.30 43.30 1.26 42.04 RH/ML

16 42.00 1.30 43.30 1.19 42.11 RH/ML

17 42.00 1.30 43.30 1.16 42.14 RH/ML

Set up 42.00 1.55 43.55 18 42.00 1.55 43.55 1.60 41.95 RH/ML

19 42.00 1.55 43.55 1.51 42.04 RH/ML

20 42.00 1.55 43.55 1.49 42.06 RH/ML

21 42.00 1.55 43.55 1.61 41.94 RH/ML

22 42.00 1.55 43.55 1.52 42.03 RH/ML

23 42.00 1.55 43.55 1.61 41.94 RH/ML

24 42.00 1.55 43.55 1.59 41.96 RH/ML

25 42.00 1.55 43.55 1.45 42.05 RH/ML

26 42.00 1.55 43.55 1.50 42.05 RH/ML

27 42.00 1.55 43.55 1.51 42.04 RH/ML

28 42.00 1.55 43.55 1.49 42.06 RH/ML

29 42.00 1.55 43.55 1.48 42.07 RH/ML

30 42.00 1.55 43.55 1.49 42.06 RH/ML

31 42.00 1.55 43.55 1.44 42.11 RH/ML

32 42.00 1.55 43.55 1.52 42.03 RH/ML

33 42.00 1.55 43.55 1.50 42.05 RH/ML

34 42.00 1.55 43.55 1.51 42.04 RH/ML

35 42.00 1.55 43.55 1.52 42.03 RH/ML

96 36 42.00 1.55 43.55 1.57 41.98 RH/ML

37 42.00 1.55 43.55 1.62 41.93 RH/ML

38 42.00 1.55 43.55 1.63 42.92 RH/ML

39 42.00 1.55 43.55 1.69 41.86 RH/ML

40 42.00 1.55 43.55 1.72 41.83 RH/ML

41 42.00 1.55 43.55 1.71 41.84 RH/ML

Set up 42.00 1.25 43.25 42 42.00 1.25 43.25 1.82 41.43 RH/ML

43 42.00 1.25 43.25 1.81 41.44 RH/ML

44 42.00 1.25 43.25 1.80 41.45 RH/ML

45 42.00 1.25 43.25 1.79 41.46 RH/ML

46 42.00 1.25 43.25 1.69 41.56 RH/ML

47 42.00 1.25 43.25 1.70 41.55 RH/ML

48 42.00 1.25 43.25 1.78 41.47 RH/ML

49 42.00 1.25 43.25 1.81 41.44 RH/ML

50 42.00 1.25 43.25 1.77 41.48 RH/ML

51 Height of pins 42.00 1.50 43.50 1.37 42.13 RH/ML

52 42.00 1.50 43.50 1.62 41.88 RH/ML

53 42.00 1.50 43.50 1.81 41.69 RH/ML

54 42.00 1.50 43.50 1.90 41.60 RH/ML

55 42.00 1.50 43.50 1.96 41.54 RH/ML

56 42.00 1.50 43.50 1.72 41.78 RH/ML

57 42.00 1.50 43.50 1.79 41.71 RH/ML

58 42.00 1.50 43.50 1.46 42.04 RH/ML

59 42.00 1.50 43.50 1.53 41.97 RH/ML

60 42.00 1.50 43.50 1.59 41.91 RH/ML

61 42.00 1.50 43.50 1.60 41.90 RH/ML

62 42.00 1.50 43.50 1.52 41.98 RH/ML

63 42.00 1.50 43.50 1.65 41.85 RH/ML

64 42.00 1.50 43.50 1.41 42.09 RH/ML

65 42.00 1.50 43.50 1.70 41.80 RH/ML

66 42.00 1.50 43.50 1.64 41.86 RH/ML

67 42.00 1.50 43.50 1.79 41.71 RH/ML

Set up 42.00 1.41 43.41 68 42.00 1.50 43.50 1.59 41.82 RH/ML

69 42.00 1.50 43.50 1.60 41.81 RH/ML

70 42.00 1.50 43.50 1.55 41.86 RH/ML

71 42.00 1.50 43.50 1.57 41.84 RH/ML

72 42.00 1.50 43.50 1.59 41.82 RH/ML

73 42.00 1.50 43.50 1.56 41.85 RH/ML

74 42.00 1.50 43.50 1.53 41.88 RH/ML