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BRIEFING February 2021

European Commission: Facts and Figures

The is the body of the . Under the Treaties, its tasks are to 'promote the general interest of ', without prejudice to individual Member States, to 'ensure the application of the Treaties' and adopted measures, and to 'execute the budget'. It also holds a virtual on of legislative , alone proposing nearly all EU legislation to the European and the Council of the EU.

The College of is currently composed of 27 individuals: the President, , three Executive Vice-Presidents, five Vice-Presidents and eighteen Commissioners. The Executive Vice-Presidents both manage a specific portfolio and coordinate one of the core parts of the Commission's political agenda. The five Vice-Presidents each coordinate a single specific policy priority. The other Commissioners manage the specific portfolios, under the coordination of the Vice-Presidents. This Briefing sets out the responsibilities, composition and work of the Commission and its leadership, both in the current Commission and in the past. It also gives details of the staff of the Commission’s departments, their main places of employment, gender distribution and national background, as well as providing a breakdown of the EU’s administrative budget and budgetary management responsibilities. College of Commissioners PRESIDENT Ursula VON DER LEYEN EXECUTIVE VICE-PRESIDENTS

Frans TIMMERMANS Executive Vice-President Executive Vice-President Executive Vice-President A Fit for the Digital Age An Economy that Works for People

VICE-PRESIDENTS

JOSEP BORRELL Maroš ŠEFČOVIČ Věra JOUROVÁ Dubravka ŠUICA FONTELLES Vice-President Vice-President Vice-President Vice-President Vice-President Interinstitutional Relations and Foresight Values and Transparency Democracy and Demography Promoting Our European Way of Life A Stronger Europe in the World

COMMISSIONERS

Johannes HAHN Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Budget and Administration , Research, Culture, Education Jobs and Social Rights Economy Agriculture and Youth

Thierry BRETON Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Internal Market Cohesion and Reforms Health and Safety Justice Equality

Ylva JOHANSSON Janez LENARČIČ Adina VĂLEAN Olivér VÁRHELYI Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Home Affairs Crisis Management Neighbourhood and Enlargement International Partnerships

Kadri SIMSON Virginijus SINKEVIČIUS Mairead McGUINNESS Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Energy Environment, Oceans and Fisheries Financial Services, Financial Stability and

EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service Author: Giulio Sabbati - Graphics: Lucille Killmayer 1 PE 646.150 EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service

Commissioners and groups of Commissioners The President of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, has chosen to repeat the 'cluster' structure initiated by her immediate predecessor, Jean-Claude Juncker. In the current Commission, there are six group of Commissioners, reflecting the Commission's six political priorities, each headed by an Executive Vice-President or a Vice-President. They cover a European Green Deal, a Europe Fit for the Digital Age, an Economy that Works for People, a Stronger Europe in the World, a New Push for European Democracy, and Promoting our European Way of Life. The table below lists the Commissioners and indicates which Commissioners lead and form part of each group.

Ursula VON DER LEYEN President

Frans TIMMERMANS Margrethe VESTAGER Valdis DOMBROVSKIS FONTELLES Executive Vice-President Executive Vice-President Executive Vice-President High Representative | Vice-President European Green Deal A Europe Fit for the Digital Age An Economy that Works for People A Stronger Europe in the World

Maroš ŠEFČOVIČ Věra JOUROVÁ Dubravka ŠUICA Margaritis Schinas Vice-President Vice-President Vice-President Vice-President Interinstitutional Relations and Foresight Values and Transparency Democracy and Demography Promoting Our European Way of Life

Johannes HAHN Mariya GABRIEL Nicolas SCHMIT Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Budget and Administration Innovation, Research, Culture, Education and Youth Jobs and Social Rights

Paolo GENTILONI Janusz WOJCIECHOWSKI Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Economy Agriculture Internal Market

Elisa FERREIRA Stella KYRIAKIDES Didier REYNDERS Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Cohesion and Reforms Health and Food Safety Justice

Helena DALLI Janez LENARČIČ Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Equality Home Affairs Crisis Management

Adina VĂLEAN Olivér VÁRHELYI Jutta URPILAINEN Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Transport Neighbourhood and Enlargement International Partnerships

Kadri SIMSON Virginijus SINKEVIČIUS Mairead McGUINNESS Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Financial Services, Financial Stability Energy Environment, Oceans and Fisheries and Capital Markets Union

Groups of Commissioners

European Green Deal An Economy that Works for People Promoting Our European Way of Life A New Push For European Democracy

2 A Europe Fit for the Digital Age A Stronger Europe in the World European Commission: Facts and Figures

The College of Commissioners in historical perspective The chart below lists the Presidents of the European Commission since the institution’s creation in 1958. First established as the Commission of the European Economic Community (EEC), it absorbed two other executive bodies – the High Authority of the European and Steel Community (ECSC) and the Commission of the European Atomic (Euratom) – to become a single administration, under the , in July 1967. The horizontal blue bars show the evolution in the number of Member States and of Commissioners. In the early years, the largest Member States (, , and , then the and ) were granted two Commissioners each, until this system was abandoned in 2005 in favour of a single Commissioner per Member State.

Year Commission President/ Size of the College of Commissioners/ President’s political a liation Number of Member States nationality EPP S&D Green/EFA Number of Commissioners ID ECR NI GUE/NGL Number of Member States UK withdrawal 2020 Ursula von der Leyen 27 2019 27 Political Christian Democrat/Centre-right Political Christian Democrat/Centre-right a liation Liberal a liation Liberal Jean-Claude Juncker of Presidents Socialist/Social Democrat of Presidents Socialist/Social Democrat 2014 28 Enlargement: 28

Second takes o ce 2010 José Manuel Barroso 27 Enlargement: & 27 25 One Commissioner per Member State 25 2004 3000 Enlargement: Czechia, , , , , 25 , , , and

1999 20 Enlargement: , & 1995 15 Third takes o ce 1993

Second Delors Commission takes o ce 1989

DE, ES, FR, IT & UK eld two Commissioners each 17 12 Enlargement: Spain and 1985 14 Enlargement: 1981 10 13 1977 9 François Xavier Ortoli 13 DE, FR, IT & UK eld two Commissioners each 9 1973 9 Enlargement: , Ireland 6 1972 6 and the United Kingdom 9 1970 6 14 EEC Commission absorbs High Authority 6 of the ECSC and Euratom Commission 1967 (Merger Treaty)

Walter Hallstein Second Hallstein Commission takes o ce 1962

Commission of the European Economic Community 9 DE, FR, IT eld two Commissioners each 1958 6 3 Data source: European Commission; Political affiliations:PEU database, WZB Social Science Centre. EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service

Political make-up of the College of Commissioners Although the European Commission acts as a collegiate body and Commissioners are required to be independent of all outside bodies, most have previously held political mandates in their home Member State and/or in the . In this context, researchers have sought to put party political labels on individual Commissioners and thereafter compare the political make-up of Colleges. The four smaller graphs below show the make-up of the current College and its three predecessors (at the beginning of their terms) with the total number of Commissioners in each. The large graph shows the make-up of each College since 1958 and how the political balance has evolved over time.

9 8 13 9 6 6 25 1 27 Barroso I Barroso II

5 6 15 10 8 10 28 27 1 Juncker von der Leyen I I I y n n in s odi toli Re 1958 1999 1993 1985 1981 1977 1973 1962 1967 2019 2014 2010 2004 1995 1989 1970 Pr Or Thor Santer Jenk Delors Malfatti Juncke r Delors II Delors III Barroso Barroso II Hallstein Hallstein II

Christian Democrat/Centre-right Socialist/Social Democrat von der Leye Liberal Independent Communist Green

Data Source: Parliamentary hearings of the Commissioners-designate, EPRS. PEU database, WZB Berlin Social Science Centre. The political categorisations above are adapted from those used in the source for this material – the PEU database of the WZB Berlin Social Science Centre – but they broadly correspond to the political groups in the European Parliament today, as follows: Christian Democrat/Centre-right – EPP plus ECR (or EDG in the past); Social Democrat – S&D/PES; Liberal – Renew Europe/ALDE; Green – /EFA; and Communist (no longer a group in its own right). Certain Commissioners in earlier Colleges were regarded as independents, outside any of the European political groups or families.

4 European Commission: Facts and Figures

College of Commissioners by age and gender The following graphs show the breakdown of the four Colleges of Commissioners since 2004, by age and gender, based on the situation at the beginning of each Commission’s term. While the proportion of women in the College has fluctuated during this period, it has increased from 20.0 % in 2004 to 44.4 % at the start of the in 2019. Following the appointment of Mairead McGuinness to the Commission in October 2020, replacing , the College now has 13 women (48.1 %) and 14 men.

Overall 20.0% 80.0% 33.3% 66.7% 32.1% 67.9% 44.4% 55.6%

>64 >65 2 >65 >65 2 >65 >65 1 >65 >65 1 5 >65

60-64 60-65 2 2 60-6560-65 3 60-65 60-65 1 6 60-65 60-65 3 3 60-65

55-59 55-60 1 5 55-6055-60 4 5 55-60 55-60 1 4 55-60 55-60 3 3 55-60

50-54 50-55 2 3 50-5550-55 1 4 50-55 50-55 3 3 50-55 50-55 2 1 50-55

45-49 45-50 7 45-5045-50 1 3 45-50 45-50 3 2 45-50 45-50 1 2 45-50

<45 <45 1 <45 <45 1 3 <45 <45 1 3 <45 <45 2 1 <45 7 5 3 1 1012345601234567 3 5 7 7 7 5 3 1 012345601234567 1 3 5 77 7 5 3 1 012345601234567 1 3 5 77 7 5 3 012345601234567 1 1 3 57 7 Barroso I (2004) Barroso II (2010) Juncker (2014) Ursula von der Leyen (2019)

Total Commission staff The European Commission had a total of 32 791 staff in October 2020, of whom 42.8 % were administrators, 26.4 % assistants, 22.7 % contractual agents, and 8.2 % 'other' (special advisers, local staff and staff under national ). The bar chart shows the breakdown by gender. It can be seen that 23.5 % of the total staff are male administrators, 25 380 26 161 while 18.2 % are female assistants. 25 00023 141 24 944 24 781 23 141 2013 enlargement: 22 532 1 new Member State 20 000 2007 enlargement: 32 791 14 019 8 659 2 new Member7 428 States 2 685 OVERALL ADMINISTRATORS 15 000 ASSISTANTS CONTRACTUAL AGENTS OTHERS 2004 enlargement: 10 new Member States 10 000

55.8 % 44.2 % 19.3 % Barroso I 23.5 % 18.2 %Barroso II 8.3 % 13.8Juncker % 8.9Juncker % 4.6 % 3.6 % (2004) (2010) 2014 2014

Historical evolution of number of Commission staff

The Commission’s staff numbers 26 161 25 380 24 944 24 781 increased steadily between 1999 23 141 25 000 22 678 and 2007. Since 2010, however, 2013 enlargement: there has been a gradual decline 2007 enlargement: 1 new Member State 20 000 2 new Member States in the number of staff. The current Commission has the lowest number 15 000 of staff since the first Barroso 2004 enlargement: 10 new Member States Commission (2004-2009). 10 000 Barroso I Barroso II Juncker von der Leyen (2004) (2010) (2014) (2019)

NB: The figures in this graphic refer to administrator and assistant posts provided for the institution in the annual EU budget, and are always slightly higher than the actual number of staff employed.

26 161 25 380 24 944 24 781 23 141 22 514 5

2004 enlargement: 10 new Member States 2004 2010 2014 2019 EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service

Location of Commission staff The European Commission has its headquarters in , with some staff based in , and the staff of the (JRC) spread over five sites around Europe. It also has staff assigned to Representations in each of the 27 Member States and to 145 EU Delegations and offices around the world (in which Commission staff work alongside colleagues from the External Service (EEAS)). The map below shows the location of the Commission’s staff, with the majority (21 705 employees) located in Brussels, representing 66 % of the total staff. The figures are as of 1 October 2020.

lux other EU outside EU Brussels 21 705

4 153 Outside EU

3 715 Luxembourg

Other EU 3 218

Number of staff by Directorate-General The bar chart below shows the number of European Commission employees by Directorate-General (DG) and other departments in 2020. The International Cooperation and Development DG (DEVCO) employs 3 278 staff, representing 10 per cent of the total. Half of the employees are distributed among ten of the total 46 DGs and other departments.

49 % 75 % 3 278

2 701 2 117 2 1 602 1 310 1 310 1 182 962 884 851 849 828 763 722 714 704 694 646 633 618 591 563 554 548 539 531 21 0 20 9 499 493 19 1 18 0 441 442 438 433 14 7 409 12 7 397 387 67 349 344 318 16 T C C A A D O O SJ TF AT SG HR OP FPI IAS OIL GRI OIB JR EA RT ENV DGT XUD SCIC JUST IDEA PM A OMP ENER UK EPSO OLAF DIGIT OMM NEAR EMPL DEFIS ECHO MARE EST ECFIN BUDG MOVE C REGIO FISM HOME CLIM GROW SANTE TRADE CNEC C TA DEVC OLLÈGE REFORM C See next page for key to DG/departmental acronyms.

6

DEVCJROCDGTNEARHROIBRTCDOMMECHOAGRICOMPCNECSCICTSANTEGROWEMPLTRADESGESTREGIOAT PMENERO ECFINOPBUDGDIGITCOLLÈGEHOMETAXUDMOVEEACENVOILSJJUSTFISMOLAFAMAREFPICLIMREFORMADEFISIASEPSOUKTFIDEA European Commission: Facts and Figures

Commissioners, Directorates-General and staff The table below shows the current College of Commissioners, the Directorates-General of which they are in charge, and the number of staff under each Commissioner (figures for 2020). The category 'Commissioners' private offices' covers the staff working directly for individual Commissioners in theircabinets . The bar chart highlights the number of administrators who work for each of the Commissioners. Johannes Hahn is responsible for almost eight thousand staff (7 914), of whom 3 316 are administrators, 2 247 assistants and 2 351 contractual agents. The last five persons listed in the table are Vice-Presidents who do not directly oversee any Directorate-General or service. However, they have private office staff and head project teams.

Total Breakdown of staff Commissioners DG/Department staff (No of Administrators) Johannes Hahn BUDG; HR; DIGIT; SCIC; DGT; PMO; OIB; OIL; OLAF Johannes7914 Hahn (3316) Mariya Gabriel EAC; JRC; RTD Mariya4321 Gabriel (1546) CTR Jutta Urpilainen DEVCO Jutta 3278Urpilainen (708) Ursula von der Leyen COMM; SG; SJ Ursula von2005 der Leyen (928) Thierry Breton CNECT; GROW; DEFIS Thier1722ry Breton (922) Paolo Gentiloni ECFIN, ESTAT; TAXUD Paolo1629 Gentiloni (980) AST Olivér Várhelyi NEAR Olivér1602 Várhelyi (291) Janusz Wojciechowski AGRI Janusz Wojciechows851ki (491) Margrethe Vestager COMP Margrethe V849estager (522) Elisa Ferreira REGIO; REFORM (SRSS) Elisa 809Ferreira (429) Virginijus Sinkevičius ENV; MARE Virginijus Sinkevičius751 (457) AD Nicolas Schmit EMPL Nicolas704 Schmit (361) Stella Kyriakides SANTE Stella Kyriak722ides (420) Mairead McGuinness FISMA Mairead McGuinness349 (241) Kadri Simson ENER Kadri 563Simson (312) Didier Reynders JUST; IAS Didier Reynders534 (330) Ylva Johansson HOME Ylva Johansson493 (313) Adina Vălean MOVE Adina441 Vălean (255) Janez Lenarčič ECHO Janez L884enarčič (167) Valdis Dombrovskis TRADE Valdis Dombrovsk694is (401) Frans Timmermans CLIMA Frans Timmermans209 (146) Josep Borrell FPI Josep210 Borrell (50) Margaritis Schinas Margaritis Schinas Maroš Šefčovič Maroš Šefčovič Administrators Věra Jourová Věra Jourová Assistants Dubravka Šuica Dubravka Šuica Contractual agents Helena Dalli Helena Dalli Commissioners' private offices Commissioners's private499 o ces (499) Others* EPSO; IDEA; OP; UKTF O758thers* (758) other * The category 'other' refers to additional staff administratively part of the Commission, but not working directly for any Commissioner.

Directorates-General/Departments AGRI - Agriculture and Rural Development ENV - Environment OIB - Infrastructure and Logistics - Brussels BUDG - Budget EPSC - European Political Strategy Centre OIL - Infrastructure and Logistics - Luxembourg CdP-OSP - Staff EPSO - European Personnel Selection Office OLAF - European Anti-Fraud Office CLIMA - Climate Action ESTAT - OP - Publications Office CNECT - Communications Networks, Content and FISMA - Financial Stability, Financial Services and PMO - Office for Administration And Payment of Technology Capital Markets Union Individual Entitlements COLLÈGE - Commissioner’s private office staff FPI - Service for Foreign Policy Instruments REGIO - Regional and Urban Policy COMM - Communication GROW - Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship REFORM - Structural Reform Support COMP - Competition and SMEs RTD - Research and Innovation DEFIS - Defence Industry and Space HOME - Migration and Home Affairs SANTE - Health and Food Safety DEVCO - International Cooperation and HR - Human Resources and Security SCIC - Interpretation Development IAS - Internal Audit Service SG - Secretariat-General DGT - IDEA - Inspire, Debate, Engage and Accelerate Action SJ - Legal Service DIGIT - Informatics JRC - Joint Research Centre TAXUD - Taxation and EAC - Education and Culture JUST - Justice and Consumers TRADE - Trade ECFIN - Economic and Financial Affairs MARE - Maritime Affairs and Fisheries UKTF - Task Force for Relations with the United ECHO - Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection MOVE - Mobility and Transport Kingdom EMPL - Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion NEAR - Neighbourhood and Enlargement ENER - Energy Negotiations 7 EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service

Nationality of Commission staff Although nationality is not a basis for recruitment (other than in the specific case of nationals of new Member States) or for appointment to posts within the EU institutions, and all officials are required to act impartially and in the interests of the Union, Member State governments and researchers have shown a keen interest in the numbers of nationals from the various Member States employed in the European Commission. The graphic below shows the number of administrators and assistants in the Commission, broken down by Member State of origin. The small horizontal line on each bar graph indicates the level of staff that would be equal to a given country’s share of the overall population of the EU. Green bars signify that a country’s share in a category of staff is above that level, and red ones indicate that it is below. Staff from the EU’s five largest Member States by size of population – in descending order: Germany, France, Italy, Spain and Poland – are significantly below the values that represent their country’s share in the overall EU population. Belgium and Luxembourg are substantially above that relative value, perhaps reflecting their position as countries hosting most Commission staff.

FI 304 171 EE 151 72 LV 161 65 DK SE LT 203 110 307 162 228 122

IE 279 192 UK NL 375 179 397 105 PL BE 804 417 1 305 2 195 LU DE CZ SK 34 55 1 397 438 315 141 213 134 AT HU 292 109 435 218 RO FR SI HR 661 412 1 447 810 176 86 191 84 BG 409 191

EL PT ES IT 612 368 367 185 1 180 591 1 566 976

KEY Over-representation Level according to MT country share of EU population 130 28 CY Administrators Assistants Under-representation 71 35 Administrators per Assistants per Member State Member State IT other FR other BE

UK DE IE NL HU BG EL IT BE RO HU FR EL ES PL RO PL DE ES 8 European Commission: Facts and Figures

Gender distribution and size of each Directorate-General The scatter-plot below depicts the distribution of women and men among the European Commission’s 30 106 staff in 2020 (data on this graph exclude the category 'other' on page 5). The proportion of women is plotted along the horizontal axis, with the proportion of men on the vertical. The size of the bubbles represents the size of each of the 46 Directorates-General and other departments, by number of staff. On average, there are 654 administrators, assistants and contractual agents per Directorate-General, 56 % of whom are women and 44 % men. Of the 46 departments, 18 employ more than 60 % women (lower-right box) and two employ more than 60 % men (upper-left box). These two groups include the two largest Directorates-General: Translation (DGT) with 2 117 staff, of whom 67 % are women, and the Joint Research Centre (JRC) with 2 687 staff, of whom 61 % are men. 80 % Average DG DIGIT 654654 sta 57 % wwoomenmen er 60 % men TAXUD TRADE Ov ECFIN 43 % menmen 60 % FISMA OLAF CNECT CLIMA ENER OIL NEAR JRC UKTF OIB IAS OP REGIO

Male ENV COMP DEVCO DEFIS GROW SCIC ECHO EAC 40 % MOVE RTD SJ HR BUDG AGRI JUST ESTAT MARE ome n omen Gender distribution Total permanent sta omen >68 SG IDEA PMO (in age groups FPIwith 67 - 6867 - 68 >100 persons each) COMM 65 - 66 SANTE HOME 65 - 66 EPSO 63 - 64 EMPL DGT er 60 % w 63 - 64 35% 65% COLLÈGE er 60 % w 61 - 62 Ov 61 - 62 38% REFORM62% Ov 20 % 59 - 60 59 - 6057 - 58 38% 62% 57 - 5855 - 56 40% 60% >68 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 67-68 55 - 5653 - 54 most men 44% 56% 65-66 53 - 5451 - 52 48% 52% most equal group 63-64 51 - 5249 - 50 Female49% 51% 61-62 49 - 5047 - 48 52% 48% 59-60 47 - 4845 - 46 52% 48% largest group 43 - 44 57-58 Gender distribution45 - 46 of staff by age 55% 45% 41 - 42 55-56 43 - 4439 - 40 55% 45% 53-54 The graph on below41 - 4237 shows- 38 the number of women and58% men among42% the Commission’s staff per two-year 51-52 39 - 4035 - 36 58% 42% 49-50 age group. Women aged37 41 - 3833 and - 34 42 constitute themost largest women age61% group overall,39% at 1 672 persons. Men aged 53 and 47-48 35 - 3631 - 32 65% 35% 45-46 54 are the most numerous among their gender, at 1 118. Persons aged 43 and 44 constitute the largest age group 29 - 30 43-44 33 - 34 66% 34% 27 - 28 41-42 overall (2 709). 31 - 32 67% 33% 25 - 26 39-40 29 - 30 23 - 24 37-38 27 - 28 Overall gender distribution Focussing on those age groups21 - 22 with a minimum of 100 persons (between 25 and 64 years of age), the gender 35-36 25 - 2619 - 20 33-34 distribution is noticeably23 skewed. - 24 0 While200 400 the600 ratio800 1000 of1200 women to52.6% men is highest47.4% aged 25 and 26, at 74 %, the share of 31-32 21 - 22 female male 29-30 women1 000 800 in each600 400 age20 group0 0 steadily0 200 decreases400 600 800 with1 000 increasing age – with men becoming more1 000 2 numerous000 as of the 27-28 25-26 age of 59 and 60. Data on these graphs are based on a total of 32 791 staff (see page 5). 23-24 21-22 > 68 Gender distribution Overall gender distribution 67 - 68 (in age groups with 65 - 66 >100 persons each) 63 - 64 36% 64% 61 - 62 39% 61% 59 - 60 45% 55% 57 - 58 50% 50% 55.8% 44.2% 55 - 56 50% 50% femalealee mmale 53 - 54 51% 49% 51 - 52 most men 53% 47% most equal group 49 - 50 56% 44% 47 - 48 56% 44% largest group 45 - 46 56% 44% 43 - 44 60% 40% 41 - 42 most women 62% 38% 39 - 40 63% 37% 37 - 38 64% 36% 35 - 36 61% 39% 33 - 34 62% 38% 1 000 2 000 31 - 32 66% 34% 29 - 30 69% 31% 27 - 28 65% 35% 25 - 26 74% 26% 23 - 24 21 - 22 19 - 20 9 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 0 200 400 600 800 1 000

>68 67 - 68 65 - 66 63 - 64 61 - 62 59 - 60 57 - 58 55 - 56 53 - 54 51 - 52 49 - 50 47 - 48 45 - 46 43 - 44 41 - 42 39 - 40 37 - 38 35 - 36 33 - 34 31 - 32 29 - 30 27 - 28 25 - 26 23 - 24 21 - 22 19 - 20 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service

Proposals and legal acts adopted by the Commission The following bar charts show the number of proposals transmitted by the European Commission to the Council and Parliament under ordinary legislative procedure ('co-decision') and other legislative procedures, as well as the number of non-legislative acts adopted by the Commission in each calendar year since 1999. The data shown are based on statistics from Eur-Lex. Acts related to day-to-day management of agricultural matters ('ephemeral acts') are excluded as they are generally only valid for a limited period of time. In the first chart, the dark blue bar for each year shows the total number of legislative proposals (basic and amending) submitted by the Commission to the Council, or to Council and Parliament. The second bar shows, within that overall total, the proportion of Commission proposals submitted under the ordinary legislative procedure ('co-decision') and other legislative procedures. One can observe a declining trend in the total number of proposals over the period, which is mainly accounted for by a reduction in proposals under 'other legislative procedures', while the trend for Commission proposals for legislative acts under the 'ordinary legislative procedure' ('co-decision') has been increasing slightly since the Lisbon Treaty came into force.

Total proposals – of which legislave proposals under: Ordinary legislave procedure Other legislave acts

600 total other olp 400 Total proposals – of which legislave proposals under: Ordinary legislave procedure Other legislave acts

600 200 total other 400 olp 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Non-legislative200 acts adopted by the European Commission (by using its delegated or implementing powers) are represented in basic acts and amending acts (acts amending previously adopted acts) for each year since 1999. 2000 0 Basic act Amending act While the share1999 2000 of adopted2001 2002 2003 basic2004 non-legislative2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 acts2010 is increasing,2011 2012 2013(adopt 2014theed 2015trend by the2016 Commission in2017 adopted2018) 2019 amending2020 acts is declining slightly,1500 from 38 % in 1999 to 34 % in 2019. 1000 2000 Basic act Amending act (adopted by the Commission) 500 1500 0 10001999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

500

0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Infringement procedures If the European Commission and a Member State fail to settle a case of a infringement of EU law early by means of structured dialogue, the Commission can launch an infringement procedure with a formal notice to the Member State in question, following up with a reasoned opinion and ultimately a court case. In the last five years, a total of 9 302 cases have been taken to court; 39 % of these are now closed cases. The chart below depicts all formal infringement procedures launched by the Commission since 2002. The data come from the Commission’s database on infringement decisions.

5 000

4 000 Closing of the case

3 000 Withdrawal

Referral to court 2 000 Reasoned opinion 1 000 Additional formal notice

0 Formal notice 10 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2003 2007 2009 2011 2013

2005 2005 European Commission: Facts and Figures

Commissioners' relationships with EP Committees The European Parliament’s committees exercise oversight over the work of the European Commission in their policy field and regularly invite Commissioners to discuss different aspects of their activities in meetings. While some committees correspond exclusively to a single Commission portfolio, other committees cover multiple Commissioners' areas of responsibility. The table below shows the College of Commissioners with their portfolios and corresponding EP committees. It is derived from the autumn 2019 hearings of the then Commissioners-designate. The third column highlights those committees that work with more than one Commissioner, while the fourth column shows all committees that correspond to any given Commission portfolio. For example, the remit of the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety Committee (ENVI) covers the fields of work of three Commissioners in particular: Frans Timmermans, Stella Kyriakides and Virginijus Sinkevič.

Parliamentary committees Multiple cover- Commissioner Policy portfolio age by committee Frans Timmermans European Green Deal ENVI Valdis Dombrovskis An Economy that Works for People INTA, ECON, EMPL Margrethe Vestager Europe fit for the Digital Age ITRE, IMCO, ECON High Representative of the Union for Foreign AFET Josep Borrell Affairs and Security Policy; A Stronger Europe in the World Margaritis Schinas Promoting our European Way of Life LIBE, CULT Vice-Presidents Maroš Šefčovič Interinstitutional Relations and Foresight AFCO Věra Jourová Values and Transparency AFCO, LIBE Dubravka Šuica Democracy and Demography AFCO Johannes Hahn Budget and Administration BUDG, CONT Innovation, Research, Culture, Education and ITRE, CULT Mariya Gabriel Youth Nicolas Schmit Jobs and Social Rights EMPL Paolo Gentiloni Economy ECON Janusz Wojciechowski Agriculture AGRI Thierry Breton Internal Market IMCO, ITRE Elisa Ferreira Cohesion and Reforms REGI Stella Kyriakides Health and Food Safety ENVI Didier Reynders Justice LIBE, JURI Helena Dalli Equality FEMM, EMPL Ylva Johansson Home Affairs LIBE

Commissioners Janez Lenarčič Crisis Management DEVE Adina Vălean Transport TRAN Olivér Várhelyi Neighbourhood and Enlargement AFET Jutta Urpilainen International Partnerships DEVE Kadri Simson Energy ITRE Virginijus Sinkevičius Oceans and Fisheries ENVI, PECH Financial Services, Financial Stability ECON Mairead McGuinness and Capital Markets Union

11 EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service

EU Budget The left-hand side of the infographic shows the EU budget for 2020, divided by administrative and programme budgets, referring to commitment appropriations. Some 2.0 % (or €3 682 million) of the annual budget (€185 billion) is allocated to the European Commission’s administrative expenditure, while 3.5 % (or €6 540 million) serves the administrative budgets of other EU institutions, as well as pensions and . The box on the right shows who manages the EU budget. The Commission bears ultimate responsibility for implementing the EU budget. In practice, however, nearly four-fifths of the budget is spent under 'shared management', with Member States' authorities effectively distributing funds and managing expenditure. The remainder of the budget is covered by 'direct management' – that is, managed by the Commission and its executive agencies, including staff in EU Delegations – and 'indirect management', under which a range of bodies including international organisations, third countries, the and other public or private- sector partners spend EU funds.

Overall EU budget: €184 653 million Who manages the EU’s funds?

Other institutions' administrative budget Direct and indirect management 3.5 % (€6 540 million) 20 % European Commission administrative budget Shared management (Member States) 2.0 % (€3 682 million) 80 % Programme budget 94.5 % (€174 431 million)

Notes Directorates-General: AGRI (Agriculture and Rural Development), BUDG (Budget), CdP-OSP (Staff committees), CLIMA (Climate Action), CNECT (Communications Networks, Content and Technology), COLLÈGE (Commissioner’s private office staff),COMM (Communication), COMP (Competition), DEVCO (International Cooperation and Development), DGT (Translation), DIGIT (Informatics), EAC (Education and Culture), ECFIN (Economic and Financial Affairs),ECHO (Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection), EMPL (Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion),ENER (En- ergy), ENV (Environment), EPSC (European Political Strategy Centre), EPSO (European Personnel Selection Office ),ESTAT (Eurostat), FISMA (Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union), FPI (Service for Foreign Policy Instruments), GROW (Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs), HOME (Migration and Home Affairs),HR (Human Resources and Security), IAS (Internal Audit Service), IDEA (Inspire, Debate, Engage and Accelerate Action), JRC (Joint Research Centre), JUST (Justice and Consumers), MARE (Maritime Affairs and Fisheries), MOVE (Mobility and Transport), NEAR (Neighbourhood and Enlargement Negotiations), OIB (Infrastructures and Logistics - Brussels), OIL (Infrastructures and Logistics - Luxembourg), OLAF (European Anti-Fraud Office), OP (Publications Office), PMO (Office For Administration And Payment Of Individual Entitlements), REGIO (Regional and urban Policy), REFORM (Structural Reform Support), RTD (Research and Innovation), SANTE (Health and Food Safety), SCIC (Interpretation), SG (Secretariat-General), SJ (Legal Service), TAXUD (Taxation and Customs Union), TRADE (Trade), UKTF (Task Force for Relations with the UnitedEuropean Kingdom). Parliament EP Committees: AFCO (Constitutional Affairs),AFET (ForeignEUROPE Affairs),AN AGRI PA (AgricultureRLIAMENT and RuralAR Development),Y BUDG (Budgets), CONT (Budgetary Control), CULT (Culture and Education), DEVE (Development), DROI (Human Rights), ECON (Economic and Monetary Affairs),EMPL (Employment and Social Affairs),ENVI (Environment, Public Health and Food Safety), FEMM (Women’s Rights and ), IMCO (Internal MarketRESE andARCH Consumer SERVIC Protection),E INTA (International Trade), ITRE (Industry, Research and Energy), JURI (Legal Affairs), LIBE (Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs), PECH (Fisheries), PETI (Petitions), REGI (Regional Development), SEDE (Security and Defence), TAXE (Tax Rulings and Other Measures Similar in Nature or Effect),TRAN (Transport and ). This is an update of a Briefing from January 2016, by Christian Dietrich and Giulio Sabbati.

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