Warsaw city map pdf

Continue Attention! Some images are larger than 3, 5 or 10 T. Click on the image to add! The road map of the city of Warsaw. The road map of the city of Warsaw. Detailed roadmap from central Warsaw. Detailed roadmap from central Warsaw. Detailed road and tourist map of central Warsaw. Detailed road and tourist map of central Warsaw. Great detailed road and tourist map of central Warsaw with buildings. Great detailed road and tourist map of central Warsaw with buildings. Detailed map of central Warsaw city. Detailed map of central Warsaw city. Detailed guide map of the city of Warsaw. Detailed guide map of the city of Warsaw. Metro map of the city of Warsaw. Metro map of the city of Warsaw. Detailed tram map of warsaw city. Detailed tram map of warsaw city. Detailed tram traffic map of Warsaw City. Detailed tram traffic map of Warsaw City. Great detailed tram traffic map of warsaw city. Great detailed tram traffic map of warsaw city. Warsaw's large-detailed old town plan – 1924. Warsaw's large-detailed old town plan – 1924. Warsaw's extensive detailed city plan – 1948. Warsaw's extensive detailed city plan – 1948. Warsaw maps. Warsaw maps. A collection of detailed maps of Warsaw. Road maps, public transport, travel and other maps of Warsaw. Maps of Warsaw in English. The actual dimensions of the Warsaw map are 3162 X 1963 pixels, file size (for tins) - 1196879. You can open this map of Warsaw that you want to download and print by clicking on the map itself or via this link: Open the map. The actual dimensions of the Warsaw map are 2154 X 1589 pixels, file size (for tins) - 769193. You can open, download and print this detailed map of Warsaw by clicking on the map itself or via this link: Open the map. The actual dimensions of the Warsaw map are 850 X 1077 pixels, file size (for tins) - 168564. You can open this map of Warsaw that you want to download and print by clicking on the map itself or via this link: Open the map. Warsaw - guideline figures of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 There are ten air ports on Polish territory. The largest airport is located near the capital. It should be noted that since the country's accession to the European Union, the quality of service at airports and the appearance of terminals have improved. They have all been modernised in accordance with modern international requirements. The infrastructure in the terminal area will provide the passenger with everything they need during the journey. Domestic flights are also very popular. Opposite ends of the earth can be reached in just 80 minutes. In general, companies is quite inexpensive. However, the price of tickets may increase on public holidays. ... The open Polish economic situation is recognised as a real world phenomenon. In a global crisis and incredibly complex complex problems, Poland managed to build an effective and effective development programme. The dynamics of development improve year on year. As recently as the end of the 20th century, the country's GDP gradually decreased, although the economic situation of most European countries was relatively stable during this period. However, everything changed dramatically immediately after the republic was admitted to the European Union. Perhaps this is the first country that was able to adapt as quickly as possible to and benefit as much as possible from all the features of the Union. According to last year's data, poland's GDP ratio compared to other European countries is over 70%. ... The open Warszawa, Warschau and the city of Warsaw will guide you here. Other uses include Warsaw (ambiguity), Warszawa (disasertation), Warschau (ambiguity) and the city of Warsaw (ambiguity). Capital and County Masovia Voivodeship of PolandWarsawWarszawaCapital city and county From top top, left to right: Warsaw SkylineŁazienki ParkRoyal Castle and Sigismund's ColumnStaszic Palace and Copernicus MonumentMain Market SquareRoyal RouteWarsaw Old TownWilanów Palace FlagCoat of armsnameNick(t): Northern Paris, Phoenix CityMotto(t): Semper invicta (Latin Ever invincible)WarsawLocation in PolandShow map PolandWarsawLocation within EuropeShow map EuropeCoordinates: 52°14′N 21°1′E / 52.233°N 21.017°E / 52.233; 21.017Coordinates: 52°14′N 21°1′E / 52.233°N 21.017°E / 52.233; 21.017CountryPolandVoivodeshipMasoviaCountycity countyFounded13th centuryCity rights1323Districts 18 boroughs BemowoBiałołękaBielanyMokotówOchotaPraga PółnocPraga PołudnieRembertówŚródmieścieTargówekUrsusUrsynówWawerWesołaWilanówWłochyWolaŻoliborz Government • MayorRafał Trzaskowski (NS)Area • Capital city and county517.24 km2 (199.71 sq mi) • Metro6,100.43 km2 (2,355.39 sq mi)Elevation78– 116 m (328 ft)Population (31 December 2019) • Capital city and county1,790,658 (1st) [1] • Rank1st in Poland (8th in EU) • Density3,460/km2 (9,000/sq mi) • Metro3,100,844[2] • Metro density509.1/km2 (1,319/sq mi)Demonym(s)VarsovianTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code00-001 to 04–999Area code(s)+48 22Websiteum.warszawa.pl UNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial nameHistoric Centre of WarsawTypeCulturalCriteriaii, viDesignated1980 (4th session)Reference no.[1]UNESCO regionEurope Varsovian Trumpet Call Warsaw (/ˈwɔːrsɔː/ WOR-saw; Poland: Warszawa [varˈʂava] (listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis is located on the Vistula River in eastern central Poland and officially has an estimated population of 1.8 million inhabitants in a metropolitan area with a population of 3.1 million[3] makes Warsaw the seventh most populous capital in the European Union. The city limits cover 517.24 square kilometres, while the helsinki metropolitan area covers 6,100.43 square kilometres. [4] Warsaw is an alpha-global city[5] a major international tourist destination and a major cultural, political and economic centre. Its historic Old Town was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The city rose to prominence at the end of the 16th century when Sigismund III decided to move the Polish capital and his royal court from Krakow. Elegant architecture, grandeur and vast boulevards earned Warsaw the nickname Northern Paris before The Second World War. Bombed at the beginning of the German invasion in 1939, the city endured a siege[6][7][8] but was largely destroyed by the Warsaw Ghetto uprising of 1943, the General Uprising in Warsaw in 1944 and the systematic destruction of the Germans before the Vitsila and Oder invasions. Warsaw won phoenix city's new title due to its total reconstruction of the war giant, which had left more than 85% of its buildings in ruins. [9] In 2012, the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Warsaw as the 32nd largest city in the world. [11] In 2017, the city ranked 4th in the business-friendly, eighth human capital and lifestyle, surpassing the region's quality of life. [12] The City is an important research and development centre, a centre for outsourcing business processes and outsourcing information technology. The Warsaw Stock Exchange is the largest and most important in Central and Eastern Europe. [13] [14] Frontex, the European Union Agency for External Border Management and the ODIHR, one of the main institutions of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe, have their headquarters in Warsaw. Warsaw, together with Frankfurt and Paris, has one of the highest skyscrapers in the European Union. [15] The city is home to the Polish Academy of Sciences, the National Philharmonic Orchestra, the University of Warsaw, the Warsaw University of Technology, the National Museum, the Zachęta Art Gallery and the Warsaw Grand Theatre, the largest of its kind in the world. [16] In 1980 UNESCO listed the attractive Old Town as a World Heritage Site, representing examples of almost every European architectural style and historical period[17] . Other main architectural attractions include the Royal Castle and the iconic Pillar of King Sigismund, Wilanów Palace, Palace on the Route, St John's Cathedral, Main Market and numerous churches and mansions along the royal route. Warsaw position itself as the elegant capital of culture of Central and Eastern Europe, with thriving art or club scenes and restaurants,[18] and about a quarter of the city's territory is occupied by parks. [19] Toponymy and names warsaw in Polish. Warszawa. Other previous spellings of the name may have been Warszewa, Warszowa, Worszewa or Werszewa. [20] [21] The exact origin of the name is uncertain and not fully determined. [22] [23] Originally Warszawa was the name of a small fishing settlement on the shores of the whistly river. One theory states that Warszawa means belongs to Warsz, Warsz is an abbreviated form of the masculine old Polish name Warcisław, etymologically associated with Wrocław. [24] However, the End awa is unusual for a large city; the names of Polish cities derived from personal names usually end with -ów/owo/ew/ewo (e.g. ów/owo/ewo). Folk etymology attaches the name of the city to the fisherman, the War, and his wife Sawa. Legend has it that Sawa was a mermaid living in Istula that the Wars fell in love with. [25] In fact, Warsz was a 12th-13th-century nobleman who owned a village located on the modern-day site of the Marienszta neighborhood. [26] The official name of the city as a whole is Miasto stołeczne Warszawa (capital of Warsaw). [27] Other Varshe (Yiddish), Варшава / Varšava (Russian), Varšuva (Lithuania), Varsó (Hungarian), Varšava (Croatian, Serbian, Slovenian and Czech). The Warsaw native or/ װאַרשע ,(names for Warsaw include Varsovia (Latin, Spanish) and Varsóvia (Portuguese), Varsovie (French), Varsov (Italian), Warschau (German, Dutch resident is known as a varsovist – in Warszawiak, Warszawianin (male), warszawianka (female), warszawiacy and warszawiane (plural) in Poland. The name of Warsaw in different languages is in wikt:Warsaw. History The most important articles: The History of Warsaw and the Warsaw Timeline from 14th to 19th century Hogenberg's 16th-century Warsaw paper engraving showing John's nemesis on the right. The temple was founded in 1390 and is one of the city's ancient and most important landmarks. The first in the conurbation are located in Bródno (800/10) and Jazdów (12th/13th century). [28] After the nearby clans and dukes raided Jazdów, a new confirmed settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called Warszowa. Prince Bolesław II of Masovia, Płock, founded the modern city around 1300, and the first historical document to testify to castellany's existence dates back to 1313. After the 1390 St. John's Cathedral, Warsaw became one of the places of the Duke of Masovia and gained the official capital status of the Duchy of Masovia in 1413. [28] At the time, the economy was mainly at the door of handicrafts or commerce, with around 4 500 people in the city at the time. In the 15th century, the population moved and spread beyond the wall of the northern city into a newly established self-government called Uusikaupunki. The current older settlement eventually became known as the Old Town. And own city charter and independent councils. The aim of setting up a separate district was to accommodate new income earners or undesirables who were not allowed to settle in the Old Town, especially Jews. [30] Social and economic differences between the two districts led to a small rebellion in 1525. [29] Following the sudden death of Janusz III and the extinction of the local trophy line, Masovia was annexed to the Kingdom of Poland in 1526. [28] Bona Sforza, wife of Poland's Sigismund I, was widely accused of poisoning the Duke to maintain Poland's regime in Warsaw. [31] [32] New Town warsaw in 1778. Warsaw, painted by Bernardo Bellotto, became the seat of General Sejm for the first time in 1529 and had this privilege permanently since 1569. [28] The growing importance of the city encouraged the construction of new defences, including the landmark Barbican. Renowned Italian architects were brought to Warsaw to renovate the royal castle, streets and market, leading to the early Italian appearance of the Old Town. In 1573, the city gave its name to the Warsaw Confederation, which officially confirmed religious freedom in the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania. As Warsaw was centrally located between the Two Major Commonwealth towns of Krakow and Vilnily, it became the crown capital of the Commonwealth and Poland when Sigismund III Vasa moved its royal court in 1596. [28] In the following years, the city expanded significantly to the south and west. Several private independent circles (jurydyka) were the property of aristocrats and gentlemen, which they controlled by their own laws. Between 1655 and 1658, swedish, Brandenburgian and Transilvanian forces surrounded and looted the city. [28] [33] The behavior of the Great North War (1700–1721) also forced Warsaw to respect the heavily invading armies. [34] The reign of Augustus II and Augustus III was a time of great development for Warsaw, transformed into an early capitalist city. The Sax monarchs employed many German architects, sculpors and engineers who rebuilt the city dresden-style. 1727 marked the opening of the Saxony Garden in Warsaw, one of the world's first publicly accessible parks. [35] [36] The Załusk Library, the first public library in Poland and the largest library at the time, was established in 1747. [37] Stanisław II Augustus, which renovated the interior of the Royal Palace, also turned Warsaw into a centre of culture and art. [38] [39] He expanded the Royal Spa Park and ordered the construction or refurbishment of several palaces, mansions and richly decorated rental periods. This earned Warsaw the nickname Northern Paris. [40] Warsaw remained the Commonwealth capital of Poland and Lithuania until 1795 when the Kingdom of Pruss annexed it to the third and final share of Poland. [41] that's it became the capital of the province of South Pruss. Designed between 1800 and 1939 by William Lindley and built in 1886, the Warsaw water filters were made the capital of a newly established French client state, the Duchy of Warsaw, after Napoleon liberated part of Polish territory from Pruss, Russia and Austria in 1806. [28] After Napoleon's defeat and exile, the 1815 Congress in Vienna ordered warsaw to congress in Poland, a constitutional monarchy in the easternmost sector (or division) under a personal alliance with imperial Russia. [28] The Royal University of Warsaw was founded in 1816. Due to a violation of the Polish Constitution, the November 1830 uprising erupted against foreign influence. The Polish-Russian War of 1831 ended with the defeat of the uprising and the restriction of the Polish autonomy of congress. On 27 September 2005, Russian troops fired on the 1990s. [42] Five people were killed. Poland's underground government, or Warsaw, during the January uprising of 1863–1864. [43] Marszałkowska Street as it appeared in 1912 the Warsaw National Philharmonic in 1918 Warsaw flourished throughout the 19th century under Mayor Socrates Starynkiewicz (1875-1992), appointed by Alexander III. Starynkiewicz Warsaw saw the first water and sewerage systems designed and built by English engineer William Lindley and his son William Heerlein Lindley, as well as the expansion and modernisation of trams, street lighting and gas infrastructure. [28] Between 1850 and 1882, the population grew by 134 % to 383 000 as a result of rapid urbanisation and industrialisation. Many moved from the surrounding masovia countryside towns and villages to the city due to employment opportunities. The western district of Wola was transformed from an agricultural periphery, home mostly to small farms and windmills (the factories are the namesay of Młynów in central Wola) into an industrial and manufacturing centre. [44] Metallurgical, textile and glassware factories were common, with chimneys dominating the westernest skyline. [45] As in London, the population of Warsaw became subject to income segmentation. Gentrification in the suburbs forced poorer residents to move across the river to praga or Powiśle and Solec 9s such as London's East End and London's Docklands. [46] Poorer religious and ethnic minorities, such as Jews, settled in the stuffed parts of northern Warsaw in Muranów. [47] The 1897 Imperial Census recorded 626,000 people in Warsaw, making it the empire's third largest city after St. Petersburg and Moscow, as well as the largest city in the region. [48] Large architectural freaks and structures were also erected in the city centre, such as the Warsaw Philharmonic, the Holy Savior Church and Marszałkowska Street. During the First World War, Germany occupied Warsaw from 4 August 1915 to 11 November 1918. The truce of 11 November 1918 stated that the overthrow of Germany is a withdrawal from all foreign regions, including Warsaw. [49] Germany did so, and underground leader Józef Piłsudski returned to Warsaw on the same day that poland's second republic, the first truly sovereign Polish state, began after 1795. During the Polish-Soviet War (1919–1921), the Battle of Warsaw in 1920 took place on the eastern outskirts of the city. Poland successfully defended the capital, halted the worst attacks by the Bolshevik Red Army and temporarily halted exports of the Communist revolution to the rest of Europe. [50] The inter-war era (1918–1939) was a time of significant development of the city's infrastructure. New modernist neighbourhoods were built in Mokotów to clear the mess of densely populated suburbs. In 1921, Warsaw's total area was estimated at only 124.7 square kilometres, with a million inhabitants – more than 8,000 people per square kilometre made Warsaw more densely populated than today's London. [51] The Średnicowy Bridge was built against the railway (1921-1931) and connects both parts of the city across the Vistula. Warszawa Główna Railway Station (1932–1939) was not completed due to the outbreak of the Second World War. The ruins of The Second World War[52] – more than 85% of buildings in Warsaw were destroyed by the end of The Second World War, including the Old Town and the Royal Castle. Following the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, the Second World War began, warsaw is defended on 27 September 1939. Central Poland, including Warsaw, fell under the control of the German Nazi colonial regime, the general government. All colleges were immediately closed, and the entire Jewish population in Warsaw – several hundred thousand, about 30% of the city – was taken to the Warsaw Ghetto. In July 1942, the Jews of the Warsaw Ghetto began to be deported en masse to the camps destroying Aktion Reinhard, especially Trebly. [53] The city would become the centre of urban resistance to the Nazi regime in occupied Europe. [54] When the order came to destroy the ghetto as part of Hitler's final solution on 19 May 2004, the Ghetto was destroyed. [55] Despite being severely outnumbed and outnumbed, the ghetto held for almost a month. [55] When the fighting ended, almost all survivors were slaughtered, and few managed to escape or hide. [55] [56] The Warsaw Uprising took place in 1944. The Polish home army tried to liberate Warsaw from the Germans before the Red Army arrived. By July 1944, the Red Army was deep in Polish territory and chased the Nazis. Warsaw. [58] Knowing that Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland, the Polish government in exile in London gave orders to the Underground Home Army (AK) to try to se capture Control of Warsaw before the Red Army arrived. Thus, the Warsaw Uprising began on 1 August 1944 as the Red Army approached the city. [58] The armed struggle, scheduled to last 48 hours, was partially successful, but continued for 63 days. Eventually, the fighters of the Ministry of the Interior and the civilians who assisted them were forced to surrender. [58] They were transported to prisoner-of-war camps in Germany, while the entire civilian population was expelled. [58] Civilian casualties in Poland are estimated at between 150 000 and 200 000. Hitler, ignoring the agreed terms of surrender, ordered the entire city destroyed and the collections of the library and museums to be taken to Germany or burned. [58] Special German troops known as Verbrennungs- und Vernichtungskommando (Burning and destroying wards) blew up monuments and government buildings. [58] About 85% of the city was destroyed, including the historic Old Town and the Royal Castle. [60] 17. On 11 January 1945 – following the Vistula-Oder attack by the Red Army – Soviet troops and Polish troops from the first Polish army entered the ruins of Warsaw and liberated the warsaw suburbs from german occupation. [61] The Soviet army, which was rapidly advancing towards Łódź, quickly seeded the city for retaking as German forces regrouped towards the west. 1945–1989 Tourist standing next to the iconic Palace of Culture and Science, 1965 After the bombings, insurgency, fighting and demolition ended, most of Warsaw was in ruins. The area of the former Warsaw Ghetto was destroyed to the ground, with only a sea of ruins remaining. However, the city officially returned to its role as capital of Poland and the centre of the country's political and economic life. After the Second World War, the Bricks for Warsaw campaign was launched and large prefabricated housing projects were erected in Warsaw to address a major housing shortage. Plattenbau apartment blocks were the solution to avoid warsaw's former density problem and create green spaces. However, some of the 19th-century buildings, which have survived in a reasonably reconstructive form, were demolished in the 1950s and 1960s, like kronenberg palace. [62] [63] The (central) urban system of Śródmieście was completely reshape. former cobbled streets were asphalted and significantly widened for traffic use. Many notable streets, such as Gęsia, Nalewki and Wielka, disappeared as a result of these changes, some of which were split in half due to the construction of Plac Defilad (Parade Square), one of the largest of its kind in Europe. [64] Much of the central areas were also intended for future skyscrapers. 237-metre palace And a science reminiscent of the Empire State Building in New York was built as a gift from the Soviet Union. [65] Warsaw's urban landscape is modern and contemporary architecture. [66] Despite wartime destruction and post-war regeneration, many historical streets, buildings and churches were restored to their original form. In 1980, Warsaw's historic old town was engraved on the UNESCO World Heritage List. [67] John Paul II's visits to his homeland in 1979 and 1983 brought support to the budry Solidarity movement and encouraged growing anti-Communist fervour there. In 1979, less than a year after becoming Pope, John Paul celebrated Mass in Warsaw's Victory Square and ended his sermon with a call to renew Poland's face. [68] These words were relevant to the Fosovians and Poles, who understood them as an incentive for Liberal Democrat reforms. [68] From 1989 to 1995, the Warsaw Metro was opened on a single line. The second line was opened in March 2015. [69] When Poland entered the European Union in 2004, Warsaw is experiencing the biggest economic boom in its history. [70] The opening ceremony of UEFA Euro 2012 was held in Warsaw[71], and the city also hosted the 2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference and the 2016 NATO Summit. The location and topography of geography Warsaw, as seen from the International Space Station in Warsaw, is located in eastern central Poland about 300 kilometers from the Carpathian Mountains and about 260 kilometers east of the Baltic Sea, 523 km east of Berlin, Germany. The city is located along the Vistula River. It is located in the heartland of the Masovia Plain and has an average height of 100 meters above sea level. The highest point on the left side of the city is located at an altitude of 115.7 meters (Redutowa bus station, Wola area), to the right – 122.1 meters (400.6 feet) (Groszówka Manor, Wesoła district, at eastern border). The lowest point is located at an altitude of 75.6 meters (on the right-hand shore of Vistula at the height of warsaw's eastern border). Within the city limits there are some hills (mostly artificial) – for example, the Warsaw Uprising (121 meters (397.0 feet)) and Szczęśliwice Hill (138 meters (452.8 feet) – the highest point in Warsaw in general). View of Grzybowski Square in central Warsaw. The city is mostly located on the flat Masovia Plain, but the city center is higher than the suburbs. Warsaw is located in two main geomorphologic formations: the ordinary moraine plain and the Vistula Valley, which has an asymmetric pattern of different terraces. The Vistula River is a special axis of Warsaw that divides the city into two parts, left and right. The left is located both on the morine rod (10–25 m above the Vistula level) and in Istula. (max. 6.5 m (21.3 ft) above the Vistulan level). A significant part of the relief, in this part of Warsaw, is the edge of the Moraine Plain, called the Warsaw Cliff. It is 20-25 m high in the old town and center and about 10 m (32.8 feet) in the north and south of Warsaw. It runs through the city and plays an important role as a landmark. The usual moraine rod has only a few natural and artificial ponds, as well as groups of clay pits. The pattern of the terraces of The Vistula is symmetrical. The left side consists mainly of two levels: the highest includes former flooded terraces and the lowest flood plain terrace. The modern flooded terrace still has visible valleys and ground deflection, where water systems come from the old Istula – the river bed. They still consist of a rather natural stream and lakes, as well as a pattern of drainage ditches. To the right of Warsaw is a different model of geomorphological forms. There are several levels on the Vistula plain (flooded and previously flooded), and only a small part is the not so visible moraine escarpment. Aeolian sand with several dunes of peat swamp or small sheep covers the highest terrace. These are mainly forest areas (pine forest). The climate autumn at the royal spas in Warsaw officially experience the ocean climate, which the CFB describes as Köppen's original classification. [73] [74] But there are clear continental influences (Dfb) in the middle of the Siberian air mass and far from the coast, as defined in the old data. [75] [76] [77] [78] Köppen-Geiger's climate classification defines Warsaw as a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with long cold winters and short warm summers, although the heat-ssaari effect of cities makes the Warsaw winters slightly milder than in the surrounding rural areas. [79] [80] However, based on the classification of Wincenty Okołowicz, the centre of continental Europe has a warm temperate climate with different features. [81] The city has cold, sometimes snowy, cloudy winters and warm, sunny, stormy summers. Spring and autumn can be unpredictable, highly susceptible to sudden weather changes; however, temperatures tend to be mild and with low humidity, especially around May and September. [75] The average temperature varies between −1.8°C in January and 19.2°C in July. The average temperature for the year is 8.5 °C. Temperatures can often reach 30°C in summer, although the effects of hot weather are usually offset by relatively low dew points and large temperature differences. Warsaw is europe's sixth driest major city (the third in Eastern Europe), with annual rainfall averaging 529 millimetres, with the wetest month being July. [82] Warsaw (WAW) climate data, normals[a], extremes 1951–nykyinen Kuukausi Tammi Helmi Mar HuHti 7.9.2019 22.9(73.2) 30.4(86.7) 32.8 91.0) 35.1(95.2) 35.9(96.6) 37.0(98.6) 31.1(88.0) 25.9(78.6) 18.9(66.0) 15.4(59.) 7) 37,0 (98,6) Keskimääräinen korkea °C (°F) 0,6 (33,1) 1,9 (35,4) 6,6 (43,9) 13,6 (56,5) 19,5 (67,1) 21,9 (71.4) 24.4(75.9) 23.9(75.0) 18.4(65.1) 12.7(54.9) 5.9(42.6) 1.6(34.9) 12.6(54.7) Päivittäin mean °C (°F) −1.8(28.8) −0.6(30.9) 2.8(37.0) 8.7(47.7) 14.2(57.6) 17.0(62.6) 19.2(66.6) 18.3(64.9) 13.5(56.3) 8.5(47.3) 3.3(37.9) −0.7(30.7) 8.5(47.3) Average low °C (°F) −4.2(24.4) −3.6(25.5) −0.6(30.9) 3.9(39.0) 8.9(48.0) 11.8(53.2) 13.9(57.0) 13.1(55.6) 9.1(48.4) 4.8(40.6) 0.6(33.1) −3.0(26.6) 4.6(40.3) Record low °C (°F) −31.0(−23.8) −27.6(−17.7) −22.6(−8.7) −7.2(19.0) −3.1(26.4) 1.6(34.9) 4.6(40.3) 3.0(37.4) −2.0( 28.4) −9.6(14.7) −17.0(1.4) −24.8(−12.6) −31.0(−23.8) Keskimääräinen sademäärä mm (tuumaa) 27(1.1) 26(1.0) 31(1.2) 34(1.3) 56(2.2) 69(2.7) 73(2.9) 64 (2.5) 46(1.8) 32(1.3) 37(1.5) 34(1.1.1) 3) 529(20.8) Average rainy days 12 11 12 1 3 14 15 14 13 15 15 15 14 163 Average snowy days 14 14 9 2 0.1 0 0 0 0 1 7 14 61 Average relative humidity (%) 87 85 78 71 70 72 73 74 81 84 89 89 79 Average monthly hours of sunshine 42 67 108 155 218 230 235 219 143 102 41 29 1 589 Average ultraviolet index 1 1 2 4 5 6 6 5 4 2 0 3 Source: Pogodaiklimat.ru[83], NOAA[84][85] and Weather Atlas[86] ^ Sunshine data are calculated at the Warsaw-Bielany weather station from 1961 to 1990. The rest of the climate data is recorded in Warsaw-Okecie. Climate information Warsaw Month January-Feb Mar Apr 7.7.2019 17.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 15.0 13.0 1 1.0 9.0 8.0 12.4 Source: Weather Atlas (sunshine data) [87] Cityscape Urbanism and architecture Main article: Warsaw Warsaw Panorama Architecture at Night (2012) Warsaw's long and eclectic history left a remarkable mark on its architecture and urban form. Unlike most Polish cities, warsaw's urban landscape is mostly contemporary – modern glass buildings tower above older historic buildings, a common feature of North American metropoles. In recent decades, a one-on-one zone model emerged; most warsaw residents live outside the commercial center and travel by metro, bus or tram. [88] Central areas often have rented dwellings and dwellings for commercial or temporary activities (tourism and student accommodation). The nearest residential areas are located mainly on the outskirts of the inner city, in Ochota, Mokotów and Żoliborz or along vistila in Powiśle. [88] Old and new Warsaw Polytechnic Courtyard (above) and Złote Tarasy Shopping Centre (below). A place of Polish ruler since the end of the 16th century, Warsaw remained a small town with only palaces, mansions, villas and several street townhouses. They showed the richness of colours and architectural details. The finest German, Italian and Dutch architects were Tylman van Gameren, Andreas Schlüter, Jakub Fontana and Enrico Marconi. [89] The buildings in the vicinity of Warsaw's Old Town represent almost every European architectural style and historical period. Warsaw has excellent examples of the architecture of the Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and neoclassical periods, all within walking distance of the center. Gothic architecture is represented in majestic churches, but also in burgher houses and 40-year 45-year friendships. The most significant buildings are St. John's Cathedral (1390), a typical example of the so-called Masovian brick Gothic style; St. Mary's Church (1411); Burbach Townhouse (14th century); [90] Powder Tower (after 1379); and The Royal Castle Curia Maior (1407–1410). The most notable examples of Renaissance architecture in the city are the Baryczko Merchant Family House (1562), a building called Negro (early 17th century) and the Salwator rental house (1632), all located in Old Square. The most interesting examples of continental architecture are the Royal Palace (1596–1619) and the Jesuit Church (1609–1626). Among the first structures of the early Baroque are st. Hyacinth Church (1603–1639) and Sigismund's Column (1644), the first sequentary monument in the form of a column in modern history. [91] Hotel Bristol is a unique example of Warsaw's architectural heritage, combining Art Nouveau and neo- Reconsent designs. The best examples of palatical Baroque architecture are Krasiński Palace (1677–1683), Wilanów Palace (1677–1696) and St. Kazimierz Church (1688–1692). The most impressive examples of Rococo architecture are the Palace of Czapsk (1712–1721), the Four Winds Palace (1730s) and the Visitationist Church (façade 1728–1761). Warsaw's neoclassical architecture can be described as the simplicity of geometric shapes, which is in conjunction with the great inspiration of the Roman period. The best examples in neoclassical style are the Palace along Oceania (1775–1795), Królikarnia (1782–1786), the Carmelite Church (façade 1761–1783) and the Church of the Holy Trinity (1777–1782). The neoclassical revival affected all aspects of architecture; The most notable examples are the Great Theatre (1825–1833) and the buildings located in The Bank Square (1825–1828). After the war, the Communist authorities did not return exceptional examples of the bourgeois architecture of later periods or were refurbished in a socialist realistic style (such as the Warsaw Philharmonic Building, originally inspired by the Palais Garnier in Paris). despite the Warsaw University of Technology (Polytechnic) building (1899–1902)[92] is the most interesting of the architecture of the late 19th century. Some 19th-century industrial and brickwork house buildings were renovated in the Praga area, although many have been poorly managed or demolished. Some of the important landmarks lost are the Saksi Palace and the Brühl Palace, one of the most seable buildings in pre-war Warsaw. [93] Examples of postwar architecture include the Palace of Culture and Science (1952–1955), an SOC realist and art deco skyscraper based on the Empire State Building in New York. Constitution Square with monumental socialist realism architecture (MDM estate) was modelled on the grand squares of Paris, London, Moscow and Rome. [94] Italian Tuscan-style settlements were also erected in Savior Square, based in Piazza della Repubblica, Rome. [95] Warsaw's contemporary architecture is represented by the Metropolitan Office Building in Pilsudski Square, Norman Foster,[96] University of Warsaw Library (BUW) Marek Budzyński and Zbigniew Badowski, with a garden on the roof and a view of the Vistula River, rondo 1 office building Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, Złota 44 residential skyscraper Daniel Libeskind, Polish Jewish History Museum Rainer Mahlamäki and Golden Terraces , consisting of seven overlapping domes retail and business centers. Together with Frankfurt, London, Paris and Rotterdam, Warsaw is one of the largest skyscrapers in Europe. [15] [97] Landmarks Main article: Tourist sites in Warsaw's main market in the Old Town, UNESCO World Heritage Site Warsaw Old Town Stone Staircase Map Renewal warsaw barbicbicandefensive wallsSalwator rental house Leather handiworkingmuseum. Anne's rental timeFukier tenantThe litera literature remading of artistic and precision handiwork. Maria ChurchGothic BridgePelican houseSt. John's CathedralJesuit ChurchCanonicityRoyal CastleCopper-Roof PalaceEast – West Route tunnelDung HillWarsaw Mermaid statueSigismund's Column Although modern Warsaw is quite a young city compared to other European capitals, it has numerous attractions and architectural monuments dating back centuries. With the exception of the Warsaw Old Town block reconstructed after the Second World War, every district has something to offer. Some of the most notable landmarks in the Old Town include the Royal Castle, the Sigismund Column, the Market Square and the Barbican. Further south is the so-called royal route, with many historical churches, Baroque and classic palaces, not least the Presidential Palace and the Campus of the University of Warsaw. King John III Sobieski's former royal residence in Wilanów is notable for its baroque architecture and eloquent palace garden. (98) Powązk Cemetery is one of the oldest cemeteries in Europe[99], with sculptures, some of the most famous of the 19th and 20th 20th sculptures by artists. Because it. Warsaw's religious communities, such as Catholics, Jews, Orthodox Christians, Muslims or Protestants, it is often called the necropolis. Nearby is the Okopowa Street Jewish Cemetery, one of europe's largest Jewish cemeteries. New World Street, one of Warsaw's most important shopping streets In many places in the city, Jewish culture and history resonates over time. [100] The most notable are the Jewish Theatre, nożyk synagogue, Janusz Korczak Orphanage and the charming Próżna Street. [100] The tragic pages of Warsaw's history are commemorated in places such as the Ghetto Heroes Memorial, Umschlagplatz, the Ghena Street Ghetto Wall and the Memorial Mound of the Jewish Battle Organization. [100] Many places commemorate warsaw's heroic history, such as Pawiak, the German Gestapo prison that now has a mausoleum and museum commemorating martyrdom. The Warsaw Fortress, a 19th-century fortress built after the defeat of the November uprising, was the site of martyrdom for Poles. Another important monument, a small rebel statue on the walls of the Old Town, pays homage to children who served as messengers and frontline troops in the Warsaw Uprising, while Wincenty Kućman's Warsaw Rebellion Monument was erected to commemorate the largest rebellion of World War II. [101] [102] There are many places in Warsaw related to the life and work of Frédéric Chopin, who was born near the town of Żelazowa Wola. The heart of the Polish composer is closed to the Church of the Holy Cross in Warsaw. [103] In summer, the Chopin statue in Łazienki Park is where pianists give concerts to park audiences. [104] There are also many references to Marie Curie, her work and family in Warsaw. Curie's birthplace in the new town of Warsaw, in the workplaces where he made his first scientific works[105] and the Radium Institute on Wawelska Street for research and treatment, which he founded in 1925. [106] The Carmelite Church of St Anne's Holy Cross Church has the original 18th-century façade Wilanów Palace, once royal residence Belweder Palace, the official home of the Presidential Palace Square at the Royal Palace and the Krasiński Palace of the Sigismund Column, a branch of the National Library's Canon Square (Canonia) with the narrowest terraced house in Europe, St. Kazimierz Church in the New Town Market Square, three crosses square marks access to the Barbican in the Old Town , the remaining relic of historic 400 friendships. Flora and fauna The green area covers almost a quarter of the total area of Warsaw. [107] These range from small neighborhood parks and green spaces on the streets or courtyards, tree-lined lanes, large historical parks, nature reserves and urban forests on the edges of the city. There are up to 82 in the city [108] oldest elders once part of the representative palaces and include the Saksi and Krasińsk Gardens, Łazienki Park (Royal Baths Park) and Wilanów Palace Parkland. The Łazienki Palace, also called the Saxon Saxony Garden Palace and covering an area of 15.5 hectares, officially served as a royal garden for the now non-existent Saxon Palace. In 1727, it was turned into one of the world's first public parks, and later redesigned in a woody English style. The tomb of an unknown soldier is located at the eastern end of the park near the central source in Piłsudski Square. Krasiński Palace Garden, with its benches, flower mats and mid-hearted, was once a notable walking destination for most Varsovians. Łazienki Park covers an area of 76 hectares and its unique character and history are reflected in landscape architecture (pavilions, sculptures, bridges, watercades) and vegetation (domestic and foreign species of trees and shreds). The presence of peasants, pheasants and squirrels in Łazienk attracts tourists and locals. Located on the outskirts of Warsaw, Wilanów Palace Parkland traces its history back to the second half of the 17th century and covers an area of 43 hectares. Its French-style alleys correspond to the ancient, Baroque forms of the palace. With the central fountain of Saxon Garden, the Botanical Garden and the University Library's roof garden host an extensive collection of rare domestic and foreign plants, while the New Orangery Palm House has subtropical plants from around the world. [109] Mokotów Field (once a racetrack), Ujazdów Park and Skaryszewski Park are also located within the city limits. The oldest park in the town of Praga was founded between 1865 and 1871. [110] Warsaw flora can be considered very rich in species according to city standards. This is mainly due to warsaw's location in the border area of several large flower regions, which consists of a significant proportion of wilderness areas (natural forests, Vistula wetlands) as well as arable land, meadows and forests. The nearby Kampinos Nature Reserve is the last remaining part of masovia primeval forest and is protected by law. Kabaty Woods is bordered by the southern city border and is visited by residents of southern neighbourhoods such as Ursynów. There are 13 nature conservations nearby and just 15 kilometers (15 miles) from Warsaw, the environment has a perfectly preserved ecosystem with animal habitat such as otters, beavers and hundreds of bird species. Warsaw also has several lakes – mainly Czerniaków and Kamionek bull spring lakes. A red squirrel in one of Warsaw's parks, warsaw zoo covers an area of 40 hectares. [113] There are approximately 5 000 animals representing almost 500 species. [113] Although officially created in 1928,[113] it dates back to 17th century private often open to the public. [114] [115] Demographically Warsaw was the most diverse city in Poland with a significant number of foreign-born inhabitants. [116] In addition to the Polish majority, there was a large and thriving Jewish minority. According to the 1897 Imperial Census, of the total jewish population of 638,000, there were 219,000 Jews (equivalent to 34 percent). [ 117] Warsaw hosted the world's second largest Jewish population since New York before the Second World War – about 30% of the city's total population in the late 1930s. [53] In 1933, 833 500 of the 1 178 914 people reported Polish as their Polish language. [118] There was also a substantial German community. [119] The ethnic composition of modern Warsaw is compared to almost 300 years of trumped diversity. [53] Most of today's population growth is based on internal migration and urbanisation. Historical populationYearPop.±%1700 30,000— 1792 120,000+300.0%1800 63,400−47.2%1830 139,700+120.3%1850 163,600+17.1%1882 383,000+134.1%1901 711,988+85.9%1909 764,054+7.3%1925 1,003,000+31.3%1933 1,178,914+17.5%1939 1,300,900+10.3%1945 422,000−67.6%1950 803,800+90.5%1960 1,136,000+41.3%1970 1,315,600+15.8%1980 1,596,100+21.3%1990 1,655,700+3.7%2000 1,672,400+1.0%2005 1,697,500+1.5%2010 1,710,398+0.8%2015 1,744,351+2.0%2019 1,783,321+2.2%Note : 2010[120] 2014[121] 2018[1] Rest of the world (2019)[122] Nationality Population Ukraine 14.76 5 Belarus 3,448 Vietnam 2,957 Russia 1,882 India 1,837 France 1,080 China 1,000 Italy 891 Turkey 845 Others Countries United Kingdom 818 Germany 760 Spain 551 USA 425 Sweden 377 Romania 352 Lithuania 312 Hungary 306 Bulgaria 282 Korea 279 Czech Republic 254 Portugal 2 47 Georgia 244 Armenia 244 Azerbaijan 242 Netherlands 233 Kazakhstan 212 Japan 204 Uzbekistan 204 Austria 203 Slovakia 171 Nepal 162 In 1939, Warsaw is home to about 1,300,000 people; [123] by 1945, the population had dropped to 420,000. In the first years of the war, population growth was high and the city soon began to suffer from a lack of housing and housing for new income earners. The first corrective measure was the expansion of warsaw's total area (1951), but the city authorities still had to introduce restrictions. Only the spouses and children of permanent residents, as well as some experts known to the public, artists, engineers) were allowed to stay. This had a negative impact on the image of the average Warsaw citizen, who was considered more privileged than those moving from rural, urban or other cities. Although all restrictions on residence registration were rejected in 1990, the negative opinion of the Varsovians in some form continues. [124] [125] Immigrant population Just like most European capitals, boasts a foreign-born population that is significantly larger than in other cities, although it is not close to figures such as Madrid or Rome. In 2019, it was estimated that 40,000 people living in Warsaw were born abroad, although the actual number is suspected to be between 60,000 and 150,000,000 126 or 1.2 to 3.4 percent – 8.5 percent of all Varsovians. Of these, Ukrainians, Vietnamese, Belarusians, Russians and Indians were the most prominent groups. [127] Main article of religion: Religion in Warsaw Warsaw had been a multicultural and multi-faith city throughout its existence. [128] According to the 1901 census, 56.2% of the 711 988 inhabitants were Catholics, 35.7% Jews, 5% Greek Orthodox Christians and 2.8% Protestants. [129] Eight years later, in 1909, there were 281,754 Jews (36.9%), 18,189 Protestants (2.4%) and 2,818 Mariavites (0.4%). 130] This led to the construction of hundreds of religious places of worship in different parts of the city. Most of them were destroyed in the aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising in 1944. After the war, poland's new Communist authorities discouraged the construction of the church and only a small part was rebuilt. The Lutheran Church of the Holy Trinity is an important landmark the Archdiocese of Warsaw and the Diocese of Warsaw-Praga are two ecclesiastical districts operating in the city and serving a large Roman Catholic population of 1.4 million people. [132] The Lutheran Diocese of Warsaw is one of six in Poland. Its main temple is the Church of the Holy Trinity since 1782, one of Warsaw's most important and historic landmarks. The Evangelical Reformed Church (Calcvinist) heads the Polish Reformed Church. The main Czech of Orthodox Christians is St. Mary Magdalene Cathedral in Praga since 1869. The Jewish Municipality of Warsaw (Gmina Wyznaniowa Żydowska) is one of eight in the country; Poland's chief abbot, Michael Schudrich, lives in the city. There are also three active synagogues, one of which is nożyk synagogue before the war for Orthodox Jethodox. The Islamic Cultural Center in Ochota and a small mosque in Wilanów serve Muslims. As the capital of Poland, Warsaw is the country's political centre. All government offices are located there, including the Polish Parliament, the President's Office and the Supreme Court. In the Polish Parliament, the city and region are represented by 31 MPs (out of 460). In addition, Warsaw elects two MEPs (MEPs). Sejm, the lower house of the Polish Parliament, is located on Wiejska Street in Warsaw. Sejm consists of 460 members (in the Polish department or poseł). It is elected by universal svoted and chaired by a speaker named Marshal of The Sejm (Marszałek Sejmu). The municipal government in Warsaw was the municipal government until the World War and was restored in 1990 ( Communist Times, Warsaw City Council – Miejska Rada Narodowa). Since 1990, the city's administrative system has been changed several times – including as a result of the reform that was cancelled in 1975. Finally, under Warsaw law, the city is divided into 18 districts and forms a single city with a unified municipal government. [133] Neoclassical Commission Palace, City Government House The basic unit of the Polish regional division is the municipality (gmina). [134] The city is also a municipality – but it has a city charter. [134] Both cities and towns are dominated by the mayor – but in the municipality the mayor is vogt (wójt in Polish), but in cities – burmistrz. Some large cities receive the rights, i.e. tasks and privileges enjoyed by the second-tier units of the Regional Division — provinces (powiaty in Polish). An example of such a right is car registration: gmina cannot register cars, this is the function of the powiat (i.e. the registration number depends on which powiat the car was registered for, not the gmina). In this case, we say city county or powiat grodzki. Such cities include Lublin, Krakow, Gdańsk and Poznań. In Warsaw, its neighbourhoods also have some powian rights – such as the car registration already mentioned. For example, the Wola area has its own evidence and in the Ursynów area – its own (and Wola's cars have a different registration number than Ursynów cars). But the districts of Krakow, for example, do not have powiat rights, so krakow's registration numbers are the same for all districts. The Dutch legislative power in Warsaw is the unicamere of the Warsaw City Council (Rada Miasta), which has 60 members. [133] The members of the Council are directly elected every five years (since the 2018 elections). Like most legislatures, the City Council is divided with the committees that oversee the various functions of the city council. [133] Bills passed by a simple majority are sent to the mayor (President of Warsaw) who can sign them. If the mayor vetoes the bill, the council has 30 days to override the veto by a two-thirds majority of the vote. Each of the 18 separate districts has its own council (Rada dzielnicy). [133] Their tasks focus on assisting the President and the City Council, as well as overseeing various municipal corporations, city property and schools. The head of each district council has been appointed mayor (Burmistrz) and is elected by the municipal council from the candidates proposed by the President of Warsaw. The mayor of Warsaw is called president. In Poland, metropolitan drillers are usually called presidents – that is, cities with more than 100,000 people or had before 1990. The first President of Warsaw was Jan Andrzej Menich (1695–1696). From 1975 to 1990, the Presidents of Warsaw simultaneously led the Warsaw Voivoda. Since 1990, the City Council had elected the President of Warsaw. Between 1994 and 1999, the mayor of centrum district was automatically appointed president of Warsaw: Centrum District Council elected centrum mayor and council was elected only by centrum residents. Since 2002, the President of Warsaw has been elected by all citizens of Warsaw. The President of Warsaw is Rafał Trzaskowski. The first president elected under these rules was Lech Kaczyński. When he was elected President of the Republic of Poland (December 2005), he resigned as mayor the day before he took office. Headquarters of Polish government agencies in Warsaw in poland's bicamemarry parliament, sejm and prime minister's Senate office Presidential Palace, Seat of the Supreme Court of the President of Poland The seat of the Polish Supreme Administrative Court Masovian Voivodeship Mostowski Palace, seat of warsaw police headquarters Main gate of the Ministry of Agriculture Main article : Warsaw District Mokotów 220 682 35.4 km2 Praga Południe 178 665 22.4 km2 Ursynów 145 938 145 938 22.4 km2 Ursynów 145 938 2 4 8.6 km2 (18.8 m²) Wola 137 519 19.26 km2 (7.44 m²) Bielany 132 683 32.3 km2 (12.5 m²) Targówek 12 3 278 24.37 km2 (9.41 m²) Śródmieście 122 646 15.57 km2 (6.01 m²) Bemowo 115 873 24.95 km2 (9.6 3 m)²) Białołęka 96 588 73.04 km2 (28.20 m²) Ochota 84 990 29.7 km2 (11.5 m²) Wawer 69 896 79.71 km2 (3 0.78 m²) Praga Północ 69 510 11.4 km2 Ursus 53 755 29.35 km2 (11.33 m²) Żoliborz 48.3 42 28.5 km2 (11 Włochy 38 075 28,63 km2 (11,05 m²) Wilanów 23 960 36,73 km2 (14,18 m²) Re 23 280 19,30 km2 Wesoła 22,811 22.6 km2 (8.7 m²) Total 1,708,491[137] 521.81 km2 (201.47 m²) Białołęka Bielany Bemowo Żoliborz Praga Pół until 1994, there were seven districts: Śródmieście Wola Ochota Włochy Ursus Mokotów Wawer Praga Południe Rembertów Wesoła Ursynów Wilanów in Warsaw, Praga Południe, Żoliborz, Wola, Ochota and Mokotów. Between 1994 and 2002, there were 11 districts: Centrum, Białołęka, Targówek, Rembertów, Wawer, Wilanów, Ursynów, Włochy, Ursus, Bemowo and Bielany. In 2002, the city of Wesoła was established and the Warsaw Regional Division was established as follows: Warsaw is a district (powiat) and is still divided into 18 districts (dzielnica),[138] each with its own governing body. [139] Each circuit is usually divided into neighborhoods without legal or administrative status. Warsaw has two historical districts in the Śródmieście district, called Old Town (Stare Miasto) and New Town (Nowe Miasto). [140] Economy The most important article: Polish economy In 2011, Warsaw was ranked as the 46th most expensive city in the world to live in. [141] It was classified as an alpha(2020) world city (also known as a large global city connecting economic areas with the global economy) from globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network Loughborough University, placing it in the same place as cities like Sydney. , Istanbul, Amsterdam or Seoul. Business and commerce's Hala Koszyki, a former market hall from early 20th century Warsaw, especially its center (Śródmieście), is home not only to many national institutions and government agencies, but also to many domestic and international companies. In 2006, a total of 304,016 companies were registered in the city. [142] Warsaw's ever-growing business community has been noticed globally, regionally and nationally. The MasterCard Emerging Market Index has noted warsaw's financial strength and commercial center. Warsaw ranked as the seventh largest emerging market. In 2002, foreign investors' contribution to the development of the City was estimated at more than EUR 650 million. Warsaw generates 12 % of Poland's national income[143], which in 2008 was 305,1 % of the Polish average per capita (i.e. 160 % of the European Union average). Warsaw's nominal GDP per capita was 140,000 Polish Zlotys in 2017 (approx. EUR 32,500, or approximately EUR 80,000 in PPP[144]). [145] Warsaw leads Eastern Central Europe in foreign investment and in 2006 GDP growth met expectations at 6,1 %. [146] It also has one of the fastest growing economies, with GDP growth of 6,5 % in 2007 and 6,1 % in the first quarter of 2008. [147] At the same time, the unemployment rate is one of the lowest in Poland, around 4 % in February 2015. [148] The city itself receives approximately 8 740 882 000 złoty taxes and direct state subsidies. Main article on the Warsaw Stock Exchange: The Warsaw Stock Exchange the Warsaw Stock Exchange is the largest in Central Europe. The First Warsaw Stock Exchange was founded in 1817 and continued to trade during The Second World War. It was re-established in April 1991 after post-war communist control of the country ended and the free market economy was recovering. [149] According to many indicators[147], the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) is the largest market in the region, with 374 companies listed and a total capital of EUR 162 584 million as of 31 August 2009. [150] From 1991 to 2000, the stock exchange was ironically located in a building previously used for the (PZPR) headquarters. [151] Industry during the reconstruction of Warsaw after The Second World War decided that the city would become a major industrial hub. As a result, numerous large factories were built in and around the city. The largest were the Huta Warszawa steelworks, the FSO car plant and the Ursus tractor factory. Praga Koneser Center in a former Warsaw vodka factory As the Communist economy weakened, these factories lost their relevance and most went bankrupt after 1989. [152] Arcelor Warszawa steelworks (formerly Huta Warszawa) is the only major plant left. The FSO car factory was founded in 1951. Over the decades, several vehicles have been assembled there, including Warszawa, Syrena, Fiat 125p (under Fiat's license, later renamed FSO 125p when the license expired) and Polonez. The last two models on the list were also shipped abroad and assembled in several other countries, including Egypt and Colombia. In 1995, the plant was acquired by The South Korean car manufacturer Daewoo, which brought Dico, Espero, Nubia, Tacuma, Leganza, Lanos and Matiz to the European market. In 2005, the plant was sold with Ukrainian car manufacturer AvtoZAZ, which put a Chevrolet Aveo into it. Aveo's production licence expired in February 2011 and has not been renewed since. The company is dead. The Ursus factory was opened in 1893 and is still operational. During its history, various machines were assembled there, including motorcycles, military vehicles, trucks and buses; But since The Second World War, it has only manufactured tractors. The number of state-owned enterprises continues to decline while the number of companies operating with foreign capital is increasing, reflecting the continuing shift towards a modern market economy. [152] The largest foreign investors are Coca-Cola Amatil and Metro AG. [152] Warsaw has poland's largest concentration of electronics and high-tech industries, while the growing consumer market is a fully contributing to the development of the food industry. [152] Education Main article: Warsaw Higher Education in Warsaw Name and Year warsaw University (1816) Warsaw University of Technology (1826) Warsaw School of Economics (1906) Warsaw University of Life Sciences (1818) Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University (1999) Warsaw University of Medicine (1809/1950) ) (1844) Academy of National Defence (1947/1990) Military University of Technology (1951) University of Physical Education in Warsaw (1929) Fryderyk Chopin University of Music (1810) Kozminski University (1993) University of Social Sciences and Humanities (1996) Warsaw has some of the finest universities in Poland. There are four major universities and more than 62 smaller universities. [154] Warsaw has a total of nearly 500,000 pupils from all education classes (29.2% population; 2002). There are over 280,000 university students. [155] The majority of reputable universities are public, but in recent years the number of private universities has also increased. The main gate of the University of Warsaw, the University of Warsaw, was founded in 1816 when the partition walls of Poland separated Warsaw from the oldest and most influential Polish academic centre in Krakow. The Warsaw University of Technology is the country's second academic technical college and one of the largest in Eastern Central Europe, employing 2,000 professors. [157] Other universities include the Medical University of Warsaw, poland's largest medical school and one of the most prestigious. National Defence University, Poland's highest military academic institution; Fryderyk Chopin University of Music, poland's oldest and largest music school and one of the largest in Europe; [158] Warsaw School of Economics, the oldest and best-known economic university in the country; [159] Founded in 1818 by the University of Life Sciences in Warsaw, the largest agricultural university; [160] and the University of Social Sciences and Humanism, the country's first private secular university. The Warsaw University Library in Warsaw has numerous libraries, many of which contain extensive collections of historical documents. The most important library for historical document collections is the National Library of Poland. The library's collection has 8.2 million volumes. [161] Founded in 1928,[162] it sees itself as a successor to the Załuski Library, poland's largest and one of the largest and largest libraries in the world. [162] [163] Another important library – the University Library, founded in 1816[164], has more than two million objects. [165] The building was designed by architects Marek Budzyński and Zbigniew Badowski and opened on 15 November 1996. It's surrounded by green. The university library garden, designed by Irena Bajerska, was opened on 12 June 2002. It is one of europe's largest roof gardens with an area of more than 10,000 m2 (110,000 square meters) and plants covering 5,111 m2 (55,010 square meters). [167] As a university garden, it is open to the public every day. [167] Main articles on transport: Warsaw Transport and warsaw's S8 infrastructure in Warsaw is a major transport hub in western, central and eastern Europe. The city has a good network of buses and an ever-expanding perpendicular metro running from north to south and east to west. The tram system is one of the largest in Europe, with a total length of 132 km. [168] As a result of increased foreign investment, economic growth and increased EU funding, the city has embarked on the construction of new roads, overflights and bridges. [169] The supervisory body is the City Road Authority (ZDM – Dr. Miejskich). Warsaw lacks a complete ring road system, and most traffic passes directly through the city centre, leading to the 11th highest congestion in Europe. [170] The Warsaw Ring Road is designed to consist of three expressways: S2 (South), S8 (Northwest) and S17 (East). The S8 and part of S2 will be open, and the S2 will be completed by 2020. [171] The A2 motorway, opened in June 2012, extends west of Warsaw and has a direct motorway connection to Łódź, Poznań and, ultimately, Berlin. Warsaw Chopin Airport The city has two international airports: Warsaw Chopin Airport, located just 10 kilometers from the city center, and Warsaw-Modlin Airport, located 35 kilometers to the north, opened in July 2012. Warsaw Frédéric Chopin Airport has about 100 international and domestic flights a day and 15,500,000 passengers in 2017, by far the largest airport in Poland and Central Eastern Europe. [172] and has also been called the most important and largest airport in Central Europe. [173] Public transport also extends to the Warszawska Kolej Dojazdowa light rail line, the urban train service to Szybka Kolej Miejska, the Koleje Mazowieckie rail service (Mazovian Rautatiet) and bicycle sharing systems (Veturilo). Buses, trams, city rail and metro are managed by Warszawski transport Publiczny (WTP, Warsaw Public Transpoertti). The regional railway and light rail are operated by the Polish State Railway Company (PKP). There are also some suburban bus lines run by private operators. [175] Bus services cover the whole city, approximately 170 routes with a total area of approximately 2 603 km and approximately 1 600 vehicles. The first part of the Warsaw Metro was initially opened in 1995 at a total of 11 stations. [176] In 2020, it will have 34 stations that are about 32 kilometers away. [177] The main train station is Warszawa Centralna, which serves both domestic traffic to almost all major cities in Poland and international connections. There are also five other major train stations and several smaller suburban stations. Public transport on Warsaw Metro line 2, Nowy Świat-Uniwersytet station Buses Tram Pendolino high-speed trains Warszawa Centralna on the Warsaw suburban train Culture Music and Theatre Warsaw Grand Theatre Building. It is one of the largest theatres in Europe, with one of the biggest stages in the world. Thanks to numerous musical venues, including Teatr Wielk, the Polish National Opera, chamber opera, the National Philharmonic Hall and the National Theatre, as well as roma and Buffo musical theatres, as well as the Palace of Culture and Science's Congress Hall, Warsaw hosts many events and festivals. Particularly noteworthy events include: Frédéric Chopin Piano Competition, International Contemporary Music Festival Contemporary Music Festival Autumn, Jazz Jamboree, Warsaw Summer Jazz Days, International Stanisław Moniuszko Singing Competition, Mozart Festival and Old Music Festival. Warsaw is also considered one of the European centres of underground electronic music with a very attractive house and techno music scene. [179] Warsaw has more than 30 major theatres spread throughout the city, including the National Theatre (founded in 1765) and the Grand Theatre (founded in 1778). [180] 2015 International Chopin Piano Competition Final in Warsaw also attracts many young and off-stream directors and performers who add to the city's theatrical culture. Their productions can mostly be viewed in smaller theatres and cultural houses (Domy Kultury), mostly outside Śródmieście (Central Warsaw). Warsaw hosts international theatre meetings. Since 1833, Plac Teatralny (Theatre Square) was the country's cultural centre and home to various theatres after the outbreak of the Second World War. Plac Teatralny and its surroundings were the venue for numerous parades, state celebrations, carnival balls and concerts. The main building housed the Great Theatre from 1833 to 1834, the Rozmaitości Theatre from 1836 to 1924, and then the National Theatre, the Reduta Theatre from 1919 to 1924 and the 1928–1939 – Nowy Theatre, which featured productions of contemporary romantic dramas, directed by Leon Schiller, among others. [181] Near Ogród Sask (Saksie Garden), the summer theatre was in operation since 1870 1939,[182] and during the inter-war period the theatre complex also included Momus, Warsaw's first literary cabaret and Leon Schiller's musical theatre Melodram. The Wojciech Bogusławski Theatre (1922–26) was the best example of Polish monumental theatre. Since the mid-1930s, the Upati Institute of Dramatic Arts operated in the Great Theatre Building – the first state-run Academy of Dramatic Art with an acting department and a stage control department. [181] Events Warsaw Multimedia Fountain Park Several commemorations are held annually. Gatherings of thousands of people on the beaches of Vistula on Midsummer Night to a festival called Wianki have become a tradition and an annual event in the Warsaw Cultural Events Programme. [183] [184] The roots of the festival date back to peaceful pagan rituals in which maidens would float their herbal sheaths in the water to predict when they would be married and with whom. [183] By the 19th century, this tradition had become a festive event and continues today. [183] The City Council organises concerts and other events. Every Midsummer's Eve, there are musical performances by the river, with the exception of speeches by dignitaries, fairs and fireworks, jumping over bonfires and looking for fern strikes. [184] Warsaw Multimedia Source located in an enchanting place, close to the old town and Vistula. The Water – Light – Sound multimedia programmes are held every Friday and Saturday from May to September at 21:30 (May and 21 October). On other weekdays, there are no lasers and sound on the shows. The Warsaw Film Festival, which takes place every year in October. [185] Films are usually screened in their original language with Polish subtitles, and participating cinemas include Kinoteka (Palace of Science and Culture), Multikino at Golden Terraces and Kultura. More than 100 films will be shown during the festival, and awards will be given to the best and most popular films. [185] Museums and Art Galleries Museums at the National Museum of Warsaw Zachęta National Gallery of Art Royal Castle Warsaw Uprising Museum Copernicus Science Centre Polish Army Museum of Modern Art Museum Fryderyk Chopin Museum museum in Warsaw, Poland History Museum The Museum of History of the Polish Jewish Sports and Tourism Museum Legia Warsaw Museum of Communism Caricature Museum Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum Warsaw Leveling The war has left gaping gaps in the city's historical collections. [186] Although a significant number of treasures were taken to safety in 1939, a large number of collections of rural palaces and museums were brought to Warsaw at the time, as the capital was considered a safer place than some remote castle on the border. [186] The losses were therefore heavy. [186] The Polish Jewish History Museum opened in 2013 As interesting examples of exhibitions, the most significant are: the world's first poster museum, which boasts one of the world's largest collections of art posters,[187] Hunting and Riding Museum and Railway Museum. The most prestigious of warsaw's 60 museums are the National Museum, which has a collection of works ranging in origin from time to now, as well as one of the best painting collections in the country, including some paintings from Adolf Hitler's private collection,[188] and the Polish Army Museum, whose set depicts the history of weapons. The collections of the Łazienk and Wilanów palaces focus on paintings by old champions, as well as paintings from the Royal Palace, which display the Lanckoroński collection, including two paintings by Rembrandt. [189] Natolin Palace, Duke Czartorysk's former rural residence, is another place with interiors and a park that tourists can access. The 17th-century Ostrolski Castle is home to the Chopin Museum. The Carroll Porczyński Collection Museum[190] is Poland's largest private art collection and presents works by Paris Bordone, Cornelis van Haarlem, José de Ribera, William-Adolphe Bouguereau, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and van Gogh[191] and some copies of masterpieces of European painting. A fine tribute to the fall of Warsaw and polish history can be found at the Warsaw Uprising Museum and the Katyń Museum, which preserves the memory of this crime. The Warsaw Uprising Museum also has a rare preserved and operating historical stereoscopic theatre, Warsaw Fotoplastikon. The Independence Museum preserves patriotic and political artifacts related to poland's struggles for independence. Dating back to 1936, the Warsaw Historical Museum includes 60 rooms, which host a permanent exhibition of Warsaw's history of its origins to this day. The 17th-century Royal Ujazdów Castle houses a centre for contemporary art with permanent and temporary exhibitions, concerts, exhibitions and creative workshops. The Centre carries out approximately 500 projects per year. Zachęta National Gallery of Art, Warsaw's oldest exhibition site, whose tradition stretches back to the mid-19th century, organizes exhibitions of modern art by Polish and international artists and promotes art in many other ways. Since 2011, the Warsaw Gallery Weekend takes place on the last weekend of September. There are also some quirks in the city, such as the Neon Museum, the Caricature Museum, [193] the John Paul II and Primate Wyszyński Museum, the Legia Warsaw Museum and the Motoring Museum in Otrębusy. [194] Media and films See also: The list of films where tvp in Warsaw is headquartered on Woronicza Street in Warsaw is the Polish media centre, and TVP and other numerous local and national TV and radio stations, such as Polskie Radio (Polish Radio), TVN, Polsat, TV4, TV Puls, Canal+ Poland, Cyfra+ and MTV Poland. [195] Since May 1661, the first Polish newspaper in Warsaw, the Polish ordinary mercury, was printed. The city is also the printing capital of Poland, with a wide range of domestic and foreign magazines expressing different views, and domestic newspapers are highly competitive. Rzeczpospolita, Gazeta Wyborcza and Dziennik Polska-Europa-Świat, Poland's major national daily newspapers,[196] have their headquarters in Warsaw. Warsaw also has a large film and television industry. There are several film companies and studios in the city. Among the film companies are TOR, Czołówka, Zebra and Kadr, which is behind several international film productions. [197] In the next few years, nowe Miasto's new film city, located just 80 kilometres from Warsaw, will become the centre of Polish film production and international co-production. [197] It will be the largest high-tech film studio in Europe. [197] The first projects filmed in the new film city are two films about the Warsaw Uprising. [197] These projects two back seats will be built – much of the pre-World War II Warsaw and the ruins of the city. [197] After The Second World War has been Poland's main centre of film production. It has also been featured in numerous films, both Polish and foreign, such as Andrzej Wajda's Kanał and Korczak, and Krzysztof Kieślowski's Decalogue, which also includes Roman Polański's Oscar-winning Pianist. [198] It is also home to the National Film Archive, which has been collecting and preserving Polish film culture since 1955. [199] Main article on sport: Sports in Warsaw, Warsaw, Warsaw President Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz received a challenge award from The Mayor of Stuttgart, Wolfgang Schuster – a plaque awarded to Warsaw as European Sports Capital in 2008. [200] The interior of the National Stadium prior to the UEFA Euro 2012 semi-final between Germany and Italy on 28 June 2012 The National Stadium, a 58,580-seat football stadium, replaced Warsaw's recently demolished 10th anniversary stadium. [201] The National Stadium hosts the opening match, 2 group matches, the quarter-finals and the semi-final of the UEFA Euro 2012 co-hosted by Poland and Ukraine. [202] Olympic Centre There are also many sports centers in the city. Most of these facilities are swimming pools and sports halls, many of which have been built by the municipality in recent years. The main interior is Hala Torwar, which is used for all kinds of indoor sports (it was the venue for the 2009 EuroBasket[203], but it is also used as an indoor skating rink). There is also an open-air skating rink (Stegny) and a horse track (Służewiec). The best swimming resorts in the city are located in Wodny Park Warszawianka, 4 km south of the city centre on Merliniego Street, which has an Olympic-sized swimming pool, as well as water slides and children's areas. [204] The most famous of the Warsovian football teams is Legia Warsaw – an army club with a national next game at the Polish Army Stadium, just southeast of the centre of Łazienkowska Street. Founded in 1916, they have won the country's title 14 times (most recently in 2020) and won the Polish Cup 19 times. In the Champions League in the 1995/96 season, they reached the quarterfinals, where they lost to Panathinaikos Athens. Their local rivals, Polonia Warsaw, have significantly fewer supporters, but they managed to win the country's title twice (1946 and 2000) and also win the Cup twice. Polonie's domicile is located on Konwiktorska Street, a 10-minute walk north of the Old Town. Polon was ousted from the country's top flight in 2013 because of their disastrous economic situation. They now play in the second league (Polish 3rd league). Legia Warsaw's basketball team was one of the best teams in the country in the '50s and '60s. They now participate in PLK, the highest level of Polish basketball. Warsaw Mermaid Main Article: Warsaw Coat of Arms 1659 The coats of arms of old Warsaw on the cover of one of Warsaw's books The Mermaid (Ring) is a symbol of Warsaw[205] and can be found in statues around the city and in the coat of arms of the city. This image has been in use since at least the mid-14th century. [206] Warsaw's oldest existing armed seal dates back to 1390 and consists of a round seal lined with a Latin-style seal lined with the inscription Sigilium Civitatis Varsoviensis (Seal of the City of Warsaw). [207] City records as early as 1609 that it has documented a brutal shape of a sea monster with a female torso and sword in its claws. In 1653, the poet Zygmunt Laukowski asked the question: Warsaw of the strong walls; Why was the Mermaid a sharp sword given to you by the kings?— Zygmunt Laukowski[209] 1855 bronze sculpture of the Warsaw Mermaid in the Old Town Market The Mermaid Statue stands right in the center of Old Town Square surrounded by a fountain. Due to vandalism, the original statue had been moved to the warsaw museum site – the statue in the square is a replica. This isn't the only mermaid in Warsaw. One is located on the banks of the Vistula River, close to the Świętokrzysk Bridge and the other on Karowa Street. The origin of the legendary character is not fully known. Artur Oppman's most famous legend is that long ago two of Triton's daughters embarked on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas. One of them decided to stay on the Danish coast and can be seen sitting at the entrance to the port of Copenhagen. Another mermaid reached the mouth of the Vistulajo and plunged into its waters. He stopped to rest on a sandy beach over the village of Warszowa, where fishermen came to admire his beauty and listen to his beautiful voice. The greedy merchant also heard his songs; He followed the fishermen and captured the mermaid. [210] Another legend tells us that the mermaid once swam to Warsaw from the Baltic Sea for the love of the city's ancient defender Griffin, who was killed in a battle against Sweden's 17th-century invasion. The mermaid, who wanted revenge for her death, took the position of Warsaw defender, who became a symbol of the city. [210] Every member of the Royal Hussan of the British Light Cavalry Queen wears the Warsaw Maiden, the coat of arms of the city of Warsaw, on the left sleeve of her No. 2 (Service) dress. [211] Members of the UK Air Force of 651 Squadrons also wear a Warsaw maid on the left sleeve of their No. 2 (Service) dress. [212] Famous people More information: Category:Warsaw-born Warsaw Famous people, clockwise from top left: Maria Skłodowska-Curie, Benoit Mandelbrot, Samuel Goldwyn and Tamara de Lempicka One of the most famous people born in Warsaw was Maria Skłodowska-Curie, who achieved international recognition for her research on radioactivity and was the first Nobel Prize winner. [213] Famous musicians include Władysław Szpilman and Frédéric Chopin. Although Chopin was born in the village of Żelazowa Wola, about 60 kilometres from Warsaw, he moved to the city with his family when he was seven months old. Casimir Pulaski, a Polish general and hero of the American Revolutionary War, was born here in 1745. Tamara de Lempicka was a famous artist from Warsaw. Born Maria Górska in Warsaw to wealthy parents, she married Tadeusz Łempick, a Polish lawyer, in 1916. [217] Better than anyone else, he represented art deco style in painting and art. [216] Israeli poet Nathan Alterman was born in Warsaw, as was Moshe Vilenski, an Israeli composer, lyricist and pianist who studied music at the Warsaw Conservatory. [218] Russian Jewish poet and essayist Osip Mandelstam, one of the leading members of the Acmeist School of Poetry, was born in Warsaw when it was part of the Russian Empire. Others notable include Samuel Goldwyn, founder of Goldwyn Pictures, mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot, physicist Joseph Rotblat, biochemist Casimir Funk and Moshe Prywes, an Israeli doctor who was the first president of The Negev's Ben-Gurion University. Warsaw was the beloved city of Isaac Bashevis Singer, whom he described in many of his novels:[219] Warsaw has just been destroyed. No one sees the Warsaw I knew. I'll write about it. Don't let this Warsaw disappear forever, he wrote. [220] Rankings of the largest capitals of the European Union: ranked 7th (2020). Most expensive cities: ranked 113th out of 144. Livability index: ranked 32nd (2012)[11] Warsaw spies filmed partly in Warsaw. International Relations Twin Cities – Sister Cities See also: List of Twin Cities and Sister Cities of Poland as Warsaw Twinning Is:[221] Berlin, Germany (1991) Chicago, United States (1960) Düsseldorf, Germany (1989) Grozny, Russia (1997) Hanoi, Vietnam (2000) Kiev, Ukraine (1994) Moscow, Russia (1993) Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan (2002) Riga, Latvia (2002) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1997) Seoul, South Korea (1996) Taipei, Taiwan (1995) Tel Aviv , Israel (1992) Vilnius, Lithuania (1998) Partnership and Friendship Warsaw also cooperates:[221] with Budapest, Hungary (2005) Buenos Aires, Argentina (1992)[222] Coventry, United Kingdom (1957)[223] The Hague, Netherlands (1991) Hamamatsu, Japan (1990) Harbin, China (1993) Île-de-France, France (1990) Istanbul, Turkey (1990) 1991) Madrid, Spain (1981)[224] Oslo, Norway (2006) Paris, France (1999)[225] Saint-Étienne, France (1995) Saint Petersburg, Russia (1997) Toronto , Canada (1990) Vienna, Austria (1991) Yerevan , Armenia (2013)[226] Warsaw, Warsaw, Warsaw, Warsaw (city), New York Warsaw (village), New York, City of Warsaw, Warsaw, Illinois Warsaw, Warsaw, Warsaw, Kentucky Warsaw, Missouri Warsaw, North Carolina Warsaw, North Dakota Warsaw, Ohio Warsaw, Pennsylvania Warsaw, Texas Warsaw, Virginia See also Polish Portal European Union Portal Warsaw Destruction Warsaw Warsaw Highest Building List Warsaw Warsaw Highest Building List Warsaw Highest Building List Warsaw Region Tourist Honorary Citizens List warsaw tourism honorary citizens list warsaw tourism honours in Poland Warsaw Agreement (details page) Warsaw concentration camp Warsaw dialect Warsaw Fire Guard notes ^ b Local information bank Statistics Poland. 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