Preistoria Alpina v. 34 (1998) Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali Trento 2001 ISSN 0393-0157

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The Neolithic Age in Trentino Alto Adige

ANNALUISA PEDROTTI

ABSTRACT - The Author presents an overview about the Neolithic Age in Trentino Alto Adige

Keywords: Trentino Alto Adige, Early Neolithic, Gruppo Gaban, Middle Neolithic, Square mouthed pottery culture, Linear geometric style, Spiral Meander style, Young Neolithic, impressed and Incised style, Late Neolithic, Funerary rites. Parole chiave: Trentino Alto Adige, Neolitico antico, Gruppo Gaban, Neolitico medio, Cultura dei vasi a bocca quadrata, Stile geometrico-lineare, Stile meandrospiralico, Neolitico recente, Stile ad incisione ed impressione, Neolitico tardo, Riti funerari.

Annaluisa Pedrotti - Dipartimento di Scienze Filologiche e Storiche - Universita di Trento, via S. Croce 65, 1- 38100 Trento, E. mail: annaluisa. pedrotti@ lett. unitn.it

1. INTRODUCTION from a level of the Isera marsh that was radiocarbon dated to between 5.520 and 5.320 cal. BC (CALDERONI et al., 1996:31 -32)3• The research carried out over the last ten years Up-to-date elements have been provided by the in Trentino Alto Adige to clarify the formative proces­ rock shelters at Gaban (PEDROTTI, 2001) and Mezzo­ ses of the first communities of farmers and herders has corona-Borgonuovo (BAZZANELLA et al., 2000), and from essentially confirmed the report edited by Bemardino the open air sites at La Vela (excavations in 1987-88) Bagolini during the XXVI Scientific Meeting of the and VillandroNillanders (D AL Rl & Rrzzr, 2001; Rrzzr IIPP (BAGOLINI, 1987) and provides new up-to-date ele­ LARCHER, 2001). ments. Stratigraphical elements documented at the Ga­ ban Shelter seems to reveal a chronological division within the homonymous group. It evidences an older moment that is characterised by the presence of im­ 2. EARLY NEOLITHIC pressed Adriatic tradition pottery, incised pottery, VhO and Fiorano type pottery and rare scratched samples (D9-D6) and to D 1 a more recent moment from levels Currently the Gaban Group is considered respon­ D5 it is characterised by an increase in scratched deco­ sible for the spread of Neolithic in Trentino Alto-Adi­ rations4. ge. This group was defined for the first time by BAGO­ At Riparo Gaban, the study of the fauna of the LINI & BrAGI in 1977. The neolithisation process seems Neolithic complex (D9-D2) documented in sector IV to occur in our region slightly behind that of the Po attests to a Mesolithic economic tradition in the lower Valley. Currently available radiocarbon dating fixes this levels (D9-D6), while in the most recent early Neoli­ time as being between the end of the 6th and the begin­ thic levels (D5-D2), the first evidence of the presence ning of the 5th millennium BC2• A certain amount of of domestic animals appears: sheep, goats and oxen5. caution in drawing this conclusion is suggested by the This has also been confirmed by the recent micro-mor­ finding of a barley seed in a pollen core sample taken phological analysis carried out by Diego Angelucci, 20

Gilberto Artioli, Giovanni Boschian and Silvia Frisia, group at: Moletta Patone (BAGOLINI et al., 1984, which evidenced the presence of goat and bovine co­ fig.27:51-52), Romagnano (PERINI, 1971: 106), Doss prolites starting at level D5. Further data was provided Trento (BAGOLINI et al., 1985: 216, tav. 1:1-2), Riparo by botanic and faunistic analysis carried out on sam­ Gaban (BERGAMO DECARLI et al., 1972, fig. 24). This ples from the open-air sites which would seem to sug­ continuity is also found in the open-air sites at La Vela gest a new colonisation6• At La Vela, for example, the and Villandro. . preliminary study of faunistic remains from the Early New data comes from the study of the open air Neolithic levels carried out by Marta Bazzanella, indi­ site at La Vela (excavations in 1987-88). With the affir­ cates that the amount of domestic remains, mainly com­ mation of the Linear Geometric Style, the most com­ posed of goats/sheep, followed by bovines and pigs, mon decorative technique becomes that of scratching are slightly greater than that of wild animals. These followed by incising8• Rare, however, is the impression latter are mostly represented by deer and wild goat is technique used exclusively to impress notches on the completely absent (BAZZANELLA, 2001). The recent bo­ rim. The most common forms are represented by deep tanic analysis carried out by Lanfredo Castelletti and square mouthed, and necked vases and beakers. The Mauro Rottoli on samples taken from the same levels, bottoms are mostly flat, versions with feet are rare. In also revealed the presence of cereals (CASTELLETII & the lithic industry burins are present including one exam­ Rorrou, 2001). The existence of a productive economy ple of the Ripabianca type. Scrapers are particularly based on the cultivation ofleguminous plants and cere­ numerous with a prevalence of elongated end-scrapers. als has been confirmed at the open air Altoatesino sites Foliated arrowheads begin to appear with a flat face at Villandro and Aica di Fie, by the research carried and are divided into one type with a straight base with out respectively by Evans (DAL Rl & Rrzzr, 1989: 207) marginal retouching found mainly, as Bernardino Ba­ and Renato Nisbet (BAGOLINI et al., 1982: 18-19). golini has highlighted several times, in the North Alpi­ It is therefore possible to hypothesise that the ne area since the linear band pottery period and a tan­ spread of the Neolithic in the Adige Valley can be attri­ ged type found in the South Alpine region. buted to the penetration of small communities with pro­ Study of the fauna indicates a progressive chan­ ductive economies that, when they came into contact ge in the economy. In general hunting assumes a secon­ with the resident local communities, especially those at dary role. However deer is always the object of the rock shelters 7, they developed the "facies Gaban". This hunt. The domesticates represent the main source of data also seems to be confirmed by the spread in open meat. The species most representative is oxen followed air sites of new settlement models represented at La by goats/sheep and at a certain distance by pigs (BAZ­ Vela by the presence of a ditch (DEGASPERI & PEDROTTI, ZANELLA, 2001). The spread of the Spiral meander sty­ 2001; PEDROTII, 2001; 135) at Villandro by an apsidal le in Trentino signals a distinct change in habitation house (Rrzzr LARCHER, 2001), and at Aica di FieNol­ choices. Almost all the rock shelters have been aban­ seraicha by an area terraced for agricultural purposes doned. One exception is the rock shelter at Romagnano (BAGOLINI et al., 1982). (PERINI, 1971, fig.16,33,44,52). However the abandon­ ment of the rock shelters must have preceded the se­ cond style. Very probably this choice was dictated by economic necessity: the new farmers/herders needed 3. FULL NEOLITHIC more open space to practice their activities. In Alto Adige habitation continuity is evidenced at Villandro, while it would seem that at the same moment the colo­ The appearance of the Square Mouthed Pottery nisation of the imposing promontory with strategie di­ Culture in the Adige Valley slowly led to the complete fensive position site at Sabbiona/Saben (LuNz, 1986: cancellation of those aspects that in the Gaban group 100)9 took place. The site at La Vela documents that are explained as elements acquired from the technolo­ during this period the habitat underwent its moment of gical knowledge of their Mesolithic ancestors. For maximum expansion and its occupation is more stable example, in the lithic industry, microlithic weaponry and enduring than the previous phase. The high degree disappear and are replaced by arrowheads obtained by of sedentariness attained by this group is also sugge­ flatretouching and the rich production of horn axes is sted by the existence of a necropolis, one of the most supplanted by the efficienttechnical performance offe­ important found in northern Italyi0. red by polished stone. Pottery with handles was succe­ Traces attributable to this phase have been found eded by square mouthed forms. These changes seem to at the La Vela site in practically all sectors of the exca­ have been accepted by local populations in a gradual vations 11• Particularly important documentation is pro­ manner. At the old settlements, that is the rock shel­ vided by the 1987-88 excavations (Vela VII). The eco­ ters, evidence of the SMP culture is found in strati­ nomy is practically the same, the practise of agricultu­ graphic continuity with that referable to the Gaban re continues. They cultivated cereals, barley and whe- 21 at, they gathered wild fruit: nuts and raspberries12• With leistenkeil Type. The presence of miniaturised forms regards herding, the data confirms what was observed also leads one to believe that there existed a production for the first aspect of SMP. Only deer hunting seems to of objects to be used exclusively in burials. The low undergo a certain increase (BAZZANELLA, 2001). The number (about 15) of the burials found at La Vela would study of material culture shows the appearance of new seem to indicate that only some individuals could enjoy forms such as lids, bowls/dish with pronounced rim, the privilege of a true burial and particular objects could vases with bead rim. Amongst the square mouthed for­ indicate their social position. The presence of the inhu­ ms bowls prevail, that are often of large dimensions. mation of males and females of different ages, of an The bottoms are always flat.Pra ctically absent are those infant and especially children with particularly rich with feet. The decorative syntax mainly found are tho­ grave goods, suggests that this position was not reser­ se of the dynamic type (meanders, spirals). However ved to any particular class of individual selected for geometric-linear motifs continue (stepped bands, grids example on the basis of age, but to particular groups and triangles). The decorations are normally situated of persons. Perhaps the organisers of long distance tra­ on the edge, on the brim, below the brim, often below de belonged to two different lineages15, in view of the the spout and on the wall. Amongst the techniques used, existence of two different burial types - cist and stone scratching dominates, incising persists and that of im­ ring. Therefore the type of society that is emerging is pression slightly increases always in the form of notches similar to that already described by other authors 16 for on the edge and fingernail dragging. Also for the first the late phases of the Linear Band Pottery culture and time the excision technique appears (PEDROTTI et al., the Middle Neolithic (Rossen 4700-4400 cal BC), that 2001). Also present are small ollas with necks in the is a society characterised by the first signs of social Serra d' Alto style (MOTTES, 2001). Contacts with Ser­ differentiation where "power" is held by one or two ra d' Alto is also suggested by the presence of a distal families and status was hereditary. These are elements truncated bladelet with made of obsidian that comes that seem to anticipate characteristics until now belie­ from Lipari (AMMERMANN & PoLGLASE, this volume). ved to be typical of the Copper Age that followed. Substantial changes are not noted in the lithic industry. Thestudy of the horizontalstratigraphy of the site at The preceding types continue, arrowheads with flat LaVe la shows that the establishment of the burial ground faces and marginal retouching decrease. The strati­ was carried out at a time when the area was not inhabited: graphy at Romagnano documents the appearance of none of the tombs cut through the anthropic levels thatfol­ the ogival type with a slightly concave base and bifa­ low, which, on the contrary, in the best conserved cases, cial foliated retouching (PERINI, 1971, fig. 45: 10). The COVer the grave with their filling (DEGASPERI & PEDROTTI, polishing stone industry is well represented. Axes and 2001). The burials are therefore referable to the Spiral me­ chisels are present, often deposited as part of grave ander phase as demonstrated by the find in the filling of goods (PEDROTTI, 1996). Points of goat/sheep metapo­ tomb 2 of a fragment decorated with a meander and by a dial bones that conserve the epiphysis in their bases as beadrimshaped brim (PEDRoTTI, 2001, fig. 15:11,12). C14 well as triangular shaped spatulas are evidence of the dating also confirms this attribution, placing the establish­ bone industry (BAZZANELLA, 2000; BAZZANELLA & AI­ ment of theburial ground to between 4500-4400 cal BC. MAR , 2001). Traces of paving with postholes were We can therefore conclude that thegraves were dug in an found in practically all the sectors in which pottery area outside the habitat and only later were they enveloped decorated in the Spiral meander style was found. The by the living area, as clearly shown by the excavation in most important data comes again from the excavations tomb 6 of a posthole17• Itis clearthat also the habitat under­ carried out in 1987-88 (Vela VII). In this phase there went several periodsof restoration and expansion. It seems was a wide ranging restructuring of the area with the to have been abandoned aftera flood and in view of the find reuse of first Neolithic ditch for the plac_ement of a se­ of a fragmentdecorated inthe incised and impressed style ries of large poles with stone filling and the placement during excavations made in sector V in 1977, at least one of extended paving on top of a thick layer of gravel part was still inhabited when the last aspects of the Square which, due to the presence of many sharp edged sto­ MouthedPottery culture appeared inour region (PEDROTTI, nes, could represent drainage work to avoid periodic 1990, fig. 6:9). flooding, rather than alluvial filling13• It is at this mo­ ment that the area of La Vela VII became a burial ground14. Analysis of the grave goods from the ceme­ tery at La Vela gives the impression of a society that 4. THE END OF NEOLITHIC was anything but autarchical, and in all probability was part of a circuit devoted to the distribution of tools and prestigious goods. Indeed there are many objects/sub­ The partial contemporaneousness of the Spiral stances of exotic origins: cinnabar, the Serra d' Alto meander aspect with the last aspects of the square vase, Spondylus pearls, the jade axe, the chisel Schuh- mouthed pottery culture has been confirmed by three 22

C14 dating examinations made on samples taken from (humid area site). During Isera 4 this brought about three huts found at Isera La Torretta which contained the complete collapse of the square mouthed pottery material referable to the incised ai!d impressed pottery culture (Castellaz di Cagno, Barbiano, Tisens St. Hip­ styles and dates their construction to between 4500 and polyt) and the resumption of the occupation of rock 4300 BC. shelters (Romagnano) and of high altitude sites (BAoo­ In this period there is a prevalence of settlemen­ LINI & PEDROTII, 1992). ts situated on morphologic rises that are often very steep The same bad workmanship and reduction in the and this is a sign that in selecting settlement locations vase shapes is also seen in pottery north of the Alps the strategic situation began to play an important role. and brought about the creation of a single vase shape In Alto Adige the main sites are represented by Punta during the Early Copper Age. These changes, as the San Giovanni/Johanneskofel (NIEDERWANGER, 1984), site at Fiave shows, were probably caused by the arri­

Sabbiona/Saben (LuNz, 1986), Castel Juvale/Schloss val of new people, the origins of who have not yet been Juval (DAL RI, TECCHIATI,1995), and in Trentino by clearly identified. Continuation of the study of the site Calodri (BAGOLINI & MATIEOTII, 1973) and Isera La at Isera could provide clarification of this question and Torretta (DE MARINIS & PEDROTII, 1997). No evidence more importantly should attempt to understand whether exists of the occupation of rock shelters. The Isera set­ this site was inhabited without interruption or whether tlement, like that of Calodri is a new colonisation. In there were periods of abandonment, as we have learnt both sites meander-spiralic pottery is absent. from the study of other sites north of the Alps. New data regarding the last aspects of the Neo­ lithic has been provided by the excavations at Isera la Torretta which brought to light the three huts mentio­ NOTES ned above18, an impressive stratigraphic sequence that is a fundamental reference sequence for the definition of cultures and sequence of evolutionary trends in Tren­ 1 - The summary we propose here with regards the data tino Alto Adige from the young Neolithic to the Cop­ from Trentino has been taken from A. PEDROTII (2001), per Age. Preliminary examination of the excavation data which should be referred to for more detailed information, graphs, photographic documentation and bibliography. The and the typological study of the materials has lead to Alto Adige data has been taken from the publications and the identification of 5 phases of occupation for this site, bibliography cited in the text. referable to the young Neolithic, Square Mouthed Pot­ tery Culture, incised and impressed style (!sera 4500- 2 -The presence amongst the pottery forms of types similar 1- to that of the Vho group and scratched pottery would seem 4300/4200 BC cal) and the Impressed and Incised sty­ to confirm the dating of the Gaban Group. le with Chassean elements (!sera 2 4200-3900/3800 3 - New palaeobotanic finds in the north Alpine area attests BC cal); late Neolithic horizon Fiave 1 (!sera 3 3800- 3600 BC cal) and Castellaz di Cagno (lsera 3600- to the presence of cereals in profiles dated to the first half 4 of the 6'h millennium cal. BC, demonstrating that in this 3400 BC cal); Copper Age 1 horizon with plain potte­ region the beginning of agriculture seems to be much older ry of the Tamins-Carasso type (Isera 3300-2900/2800 5 than believed to date. See ERNY-RooMANN et al., 1997: 29- BC cal). 31. It is therefore probable that also in Trentino future Typological study of the materials has eviden­ research could modify what has been reported above. ced that from the middle of the 5th millennium BC pot­ 4-This data comes from an ongoing review of the materials tery production sufferedthe same bad workmanship as found in the Neolithic levels of the Rock Shelter. See that noticed North of the Alps and is identifiable in a PEDROTII, 2001: 135. At the settlement at Vela, preliminary progressive reduction in vase forms represented at end study of the materials (excavations in 1987-88)' documents h of the 4t millennium BC almost exclusively by cylin­ that several fragments of square mouthed pottery are already drical vases. The links with the north Alpine area be­ present during the last aspects of the Gaban Group (PEDROTII, come closer and are documented by the importation, 2001:140). for example during Isera 2, of pottery with Furchensti­ 5 - The presence, although sporadic, of wild goats in the eh decorations of the Miinchshofen type and by small fauna of the Early Neolithic at Shelters Gaban and copper leaf. North of the Alps these contacts are evi­ Mezzocorona Borgonuovo (BAZZANELLA et al., 2000: 157) denced by the presence of south Alpine flintand square testifies to the continuation of visits to high altitudes by mouthed pottery19• These contacts become particularly the people living in rock shelters up to the beginning of the evident during Isera phases 3 and 4 attributable to the first phase SMP. Late Neolithic, that is the time when the north Alpine 6 - At the open site at La Vela in there was in reality signs influence of the Altheim and Pfyn environments beca­ of the bivouacs of Mesolithic hunter gatherers. However me ever more evident along with those west of the La­ this evidence was covered by an alluvial level, and therefore gozza, which, in Trentino Altoadige region is also it does not seem to be correct to talk of habitation continuity. marked by the appearance of new settlement models (BAZZANELLA et al., 2001). 23

7 - These populations seem to acquire new technical fica, Il Neolitico in ltalia, vol. I, Firenze, pp. 189-196 knowledge regarding agriculture and cattle raising, as BAGOLINI B. 1990 - Cultura dei vasi a bocca quadrata il evidenced by B. Bagolini and confirmed by the sepolcreto neolitico de La Vela di Trento. In: AA.VV., micromorphological and faunistic analyses at Riparo Die ersten Bauer: Pfahlbaufunde Europas, 2, Catalogo Gaban, through a slow and gradual process of acculturation. Mostra, Schweizerisches Landesmuseum Zurich, pp In the stratigraphic series uncovered in the rock shelters, 225-231. the Early Neolithic levels are always in stratigraphical BAGOLINI B. & BrAG! P., 1977 - Le piu antiche facies cera­ continuity with the Castelnovian levels of the Late miche dell'ambiente padano. Rivista di Scienze Prei­ Mesolithic. storiche, XXXII: 219-233. & 8 - The incised motifs substantially remain the same as in BAGOLINI B., BrAG! P. NrsBET R., 1982 - Ricerche negli the absence of sure stratigraphical data it is difficult to insediamenti di Fingerhofpresso Aicha di Fie separate this class of pottery from that present in the Gaban (Volseraicha - BZ). Rapporto preliminare sugli scavi group. For data regarding the percentage of the techniques 1980-1981. Rivista di Archeologia 6:11-22 BAGOLINI B., CoRRAIN C., DALMERI G., LEONI M., NovELLO used see PEDROTII et al., 200 1. A., PASQUALI T. & RIEDEL A., 1984 - 11 riparo di Moletta 9 - Material attributable to the meander-spiralic aspect in Patone di Arco nel Trentino meridionale. Preistoria Alto Adige is also attested to at Feldthurns Tangasse Alpina XX: 103-146. & (BAGOLINI DAL Rr, 1987), and at Stufles (LUNz, 1984). BAGOLINI B. & DAL Rr L., 1987 - 11 pieno neolitico di 10 - For a detailed analysis of funerary rites see BAGOLINI, Velturno (Feldthurns), Loc. Tanzgasse in val d'Isarco 1990, for updates see note 14. (Alto Adige). In: Atti della XXVI Riuninone Scientifi­ ca dell'IIPP, 1l Neolitico in Italia, vol. Firenze, 11 -For the excavation before 1987-88 good documentation 11, pp.417-423 is provided by AAVV, 1977, pp.28-39. Also see PEDROTII, BAGOLINI B. & MATIEOTII M., 1973 - Calodri (Arco). Prei­ 1990. storia Alpina 9: 226-227. 12 - This data is deduced from the report by Lanfredo BAGOLINI B. & PEDROTTI A., 1992 - Vorgeschichtliche Castelletti regarding samples taken during excavations in Hohenfunde im Trentino - Siidtirol und im 1975 cfr. AA.VV, 1977, p. 59. Dolomitenraum vom SpatpaHiolithikum bis zu den 13 - DEGASPERI, La Ve la VII: scavo 1987-88. Il substrata Anfiingen der Metallurgie. In: F. HoPFEL, W.PLATZER & del sito e alcune considerazioni sulle dinamiche evolutive K.SPINDLER (a cura di), Der Mann im Eis, Bericht iiber dell'area. (La Vela VII: excavations 1987-88. The substrate das Internationale Symposium 1992 Innsbruck. of the site and several considerations regarding the evolutive VerOffentlichungen der Universitat Innsbruck 187, dynamics of the area). Unpublished report at the laboratory pp.359-377. of Paletnologia del Dipartimento di Scienze filologiche e BAGOLINI B. & PEDROTII A., 1998 - L' ltalie septentrionale. storiche of the University of Trento. In: Atlas du Neolithique Europeen. L'Europe occiden­ tale, Volume 2A, ERA UL 46, Liegi, pp.233-341. 14 - For an up-to-date description of the grave goods and BASSETTI M., 2001 - The geological-geomorphological funeral rites see DEGASPERI & PEDROTII, 2001; DAL Rr et al., setting and the pedostratigraphic analysis of the 2001: 145-152. sediment at Isera La Torretta (TN). In: Atti della XXXIII 15 - Of particular importance would be an anthropological Riunione Scientifica dell'IIPP, Preistoria e Protostoria study of the epigenetic characteristics to evidence any del Trentino Alto-Adige!Siidtirol, in ricordo di kinship between the two groups. Bernardino Bagolini, Trento, 21-24 ottobre 1997, Pre­ 16- See CH. JEUNESSE , 1996 and bibliography therein cited. istoria Alpina 33 (1997), pp.91-94. BASSETII M. & ZAMBONI S., 200 1 - The unpolished industry 17 - See DEGASPERI & PEDROTTI, 2001: 32, fig 5. of Isera La Torretta (TN), In: Atti della XXXIII Riu­ Unfortunately the captions for the figures on this page have nione Scientifica dell'IIPP, Preistoria e Protostoria del been inverted. Trentino Alto-Adige!Siidtirol, in ricordo di Bernardino 18 - For a more detailed analysis of these structures see Bagolini, Trento, 21-24 ottobre 1997, Preistoria Alpi­ DEGASPERI & PEDROTII, 2001; PEDROTII, 2001: 153-158. na 33 (1997), pp.97-99 19 - For more details about the relations between the two BAZZANELLA M., 2000 - L' industria in materia dura ani­ sides of the Alps see PEDROTII 2001. male: elementi per l'elaborazione di una tipologia rela­ tiva al primo neolitico. In: A. PESSINA & G. Muscro (a

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