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Home , Georges Danton

Prelude to Revolution SLMS/10

Political Causes Social Causes

•The French government had been an abso- •There had always been vast gaps between lute monarchy mode for several hundred the upper and lower classes in French soci- years. By definition, the king shared his ety. What had changed by the 1700s in power with no one. France was the rise of a wealthy and edu- •The French parliament had not cated middle class — the bourgeoisie. met in over 175 years. And, •The bourgeoisie were townspeople. France had very few le- had become increasingly urban in the 17th gal or political rights. There was no freedom and 18th centuries, and as a re- of speech or press, and very little freedom sult, a healthy and wealthy mid- of religion. People who openly criticized the dle class of lawyers, bankers, government were jailed, and sometimes educators, merchants and doc- never even had a trial. tors had begun to crop up. •Additionally, there was little judicial ‘due •In many cases, the middle classes were process’ in France at this time. People who wealthier than the nobility, and though the were accused were considered guilty until nobility needed the middle classes, they did they could prove their innocence. not respect them. They refused to inter- marry, and they considered them ‘dirty Economic Causes tradesmen’ who had to work for a living. •The bourgeoisie were growing restless, and •The economic situation in France was the were unhappy at their lack of social mobil- driving force behind revolution. The gaps ity. Despite their wealth, they were unable between rich and poor had widened, and as to make their way into the upper classes. the common people struggled to feed their families, desperation increased, and the Intellectual Causes mood grew . •In France, only 3% of the popula- •The writings of the Enlightenment philoso- tion (the nobles and the Church) phers served to stir things up in 18th cen- owned nearly 50% of the land. tury France. •By 1789, the French treasury was bankrupt •Many of the philosophers were French due to foreign wars, aid that had been sent (, , Rousseau), and their to the Americans in their revolution, and ex- writings contained direct criticisms of the travagant living at Versailles. Nearly a quar- French government. ter of the taxes collected annually went to •The educated bourgeoisie the maintenance of the King’s lifestyle at latched on to the philosophies, Versailles, and the upper classes (nobles & and began to question what type Church) in France paid no taxes. of a social contract existed in •The final straw was the famine of 1788-89. France. They wondered why they Bread was scarce and terribly expensive, did not have individual rights, personal free- and the people of France were starving. doms and a say in government. Global History Name ______Prelude to Revolution 1. What type of government did the French 7. Why were the bourgeoisie unhappy? have at the outset of revolution?

2. How did the government deny people 8. Why had the economic mood in France be- rights? come revolutionary?

9. Why might a French peasant justifiably argue that the land distribution was unfair? 3. How was the French judicial system differ- ent from ours?

10. Why was the French treasury bankrupt?

4. What changed socially by the 1700s?

11. What was the last economic straw?

5. Who were the bourgeoisie? (Specifically…) 12. How did the Enlightenment contribute to the revolutionary mood in France?

13. In particular, how did the writings impact 6. How did the upper classes view the bour- the bourgeoisie? geoisie?

French Revolution, Pt. I SLMS/10

The EstatesEstates----GeneralGeneral Revolution Begins…

•By 1789, the economic situation in France •In June 1789, the Third Estate made the had become so desperate that bold and radical move in declaring them- the King was forced to call the selves The National Assembly. They made it Estates-General (the French clear they intended to direct the affairs of parliament) to approve his in- state. crease in taxes. •The King moved to block the •The Estates-General had three houses, one meeting of this assembly by for each estate, or social class. The first es- locking the doors of the parliament building. tate had 300 delegates, was made up of the •When the members of the Third Estate clergy, and represented .5% of the French found themselves locked out of the parlia- population. The second estate had 300 dele- ment building, they were enraged, and gates, was made up of the nobility, which moved their meeting down the street to an was 2.5% of the population. The third es- indoor tennis court. tate had 600 delegates, and was made up of •The members of the Third Estate promised everyone else (bourgeoisie & peasants), they could continue to meet until they had 97% of the population. provided France with a new constitution. •The Estates-General voted as estates. In This sworn promise is known as the Tennis other words, each estate got only one vote. Court Oath. The third estate wanted to change to voting by delegate, but the first two estates re- The National Assembly (1789(1789----91)91) fused. Thus the third estate was constantly •The National Assembly continued to meet outvoted 2—1. It was frustrating! and made numerous reforms. They abol- ished the last remnants of feudalism, and the special privileges of the upper classes — •As the National Assembly continued to forcing them at long last to pay taxes. meet on the Tennis Court, the military pres- •The National Assembly also revoked the ence in began to increase. Church’s right to levy the tithe (a 10% tax •People in Paris sensed the King was going on income), and seized Church lands. to order an attack on the new Assembly, •They also passed a Declaration of the and they began widespread rioting. On July Rights of Man — which was a statement of 14, 1789, they headed for the Bastille — an the principles or ideals of the old prison fortress in the heart of Paris. revolution. In it, they declared the •The mob believed they would find weapons importance of liberté, egalité and and gunpowder in the Bas- fraternité — liberty, equality & tille. The Bastille was also a brotherhood. symbol of the Old Regime •Finally, in the fall of 1791, the National As- — the oppressive govern- sembly approved the Constitution of 1791, ment of France. The revolution had begun. making France a Limited Monarchy. Global History Name ______French Revolution, Pt. I 1. Why did the King call the Estates General 6. How did the 3rd Estate respond? in 1789?

7. What is the ? 2. Fill in the chart below…

Who was in % Popu- # of Dele- # of Estate it? lation gates Votes

8. What led to the onset of rioting in Paris in July 1789? 1st

2nd 9. Why did the mobs storm the Bastille?

3rd 10. What reforms did the National Assembly make? 3. Why was the 3rd Estate frustrated with the Estates-General?

4. What did the 3rd Estate do in June 1789?

11. What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man? (What did it proclaim?)

5. How did the King react?

12. What did the Constitution of 1791 do?

French Revolution, Pt. II SLMS/10

The Limited Monarchy (1791(1791----92)92) End of the Monarchy…

•The new government was a Limited Monar- •In 1791, Louis XVI had attempted to flee the chy with three branches of government. The country in disguise, but was stopped and King had reluctantly agreed to the limits on arrested at the border. He and his family his power, but he was in no way happy were placed under house arrest in Paris. about sharing it with the Legislative As- Louis began a letter writing campaign re- sembly. questing the aid of foreign monarchs. •Factions had developed and threatened to •In 1792, the King of Prussia and the Holy destroy the new government. On the far Roman Emperor made ominous statements right side of the Legislative hall, about restoring the King to his rightful sat the super-conservatives. These place. Foreign troops amassed on the bor- were members of the nobility or der. France declared war. The limited monar- clergy who wanted to see a return chy was finished. to a more powerful monarchy. •In the center sat the moderates (1792(1792----95)95) who generally supported the constitutional •The National Convention was a popularly monarchy, but who were not necessarily al- elected body which was tasked with lied with either side. creating a new constitution for France. It •To the left of center sat the liberal Giron- was decided that the constitution should dists who believed the revolution had not wait until the nation was no longer at war. gone far enough. They were working for a •The Convention was a congress-like body republic — an abolition of monarchy. To the that functioned as both the legislative and far left sat the . They were radical executive branch. This flew in the face of who embraced violence to Montesquieu’s ideas of separation and achieve their goals of a republic. balance of powers that had guided revolutionary thinking to this point. Execution •The Convention made any number of

•The King was charged with treason in the important reforms. They implemented the Fall of 1792 because he was thought to , planned a national system of have conspired with foreign monarchs. public education, and abolished •Louis had written letters to the Holy debt imprisonment as well as Roman Emperor (the brother of Marie slavery (in France & French Antoinette -- his wife, the queen) requesting colonies). aid in regaining his status as monarch. •A growing force within the Convention was •In January 1793, the King was put the radical Jacobins. They dominated the on trial, and found guilty of “Committee of Public Safety” — a committee treason and was executed. Marie formed to protect France from her enemies. Antoinette was executed 9 months The fact that France was at war gave this later. committee a lot of power. Global History Name ______French Revolution, Pt. II 1. In what ways was the new government a 7. How did the King & Queen meet their Limited Monarchy? end?

8. What was the National Convention and what was its job? 2. Describe the seating arrangement in the Legislative Assembly, and what each group wanted. Group Wanted? 9. How did the Convention function, politi- cally? Far Left

Left 10. Why was this ironic?

Middle

11. What were some reforms made by the Far Right Convention?

3. How did Louis XVI deal with the changes to his power?

4. How did foreign monarchs react to these 12. What was the job of the “Committee of changes? Public Safety”?

5. What brought about the end of the Limited Monarchy? 13. Who dominated this Committee?

14. Why was it so powerful? 6. Why was Louis XVI charged with treason?

French Revolution, Pt. III SLMS/10

Rise of the Jacobins (1793(1793----94)94)

•As the war intensified in 1793, and as •The Reign of Terror lasted from the summer Austrian and Prussian troops advanced, the of 1793 to the summer of 1794. It was led, French suffered a series of largely by Robespierre. reversals. Foreign troops were close •As the Jacobins gained control of the Na- to penetrating French borders, and tional Convention in 1793, and hunted ene- the French people began to panic. mies of the revolution, the French troops •It was the job of the Committee of started to defeat their enemies on the bor- Public Safety to keep the ders. Much of the public saw this as cause ‘revolution’ safe from foreign and domestic and effect. The Jacobins hunted enemies, threats. The Jacobins preyed on public fear the army succeeded. and argued that there were traitors •During this year, the , everywhere. nicknamed ‘the National Razor’, •Three Jacobins gained public support with was working overtime. Execu- their fiery speeches or editorials. Danton, tions were a daily and public oc- Marat and Robespierre were all moving to- currence, and wealthy people bribed execu- ward the same goal — a French Republic that tioners to sharpen the blade. truly was of the people — the common peo- •The Terror burned itself out in the summer ple. And the common people, or the sanssans---- of 1794 with the Grand Terror in which culottes (without knee-breeches), nearly 10,000 people were killed. It ended threw their support behind them. with the execution of Robespierre and the •Georges Danton was a dangerous dispersal of the Jacobins. revolutionary who was a charis- matic leader and gifted speaker. The Directory (1795(1795----99)99)

He became one of the leaders of •In the wake of the Terror, the people of the Committee of Public Safety, France were interested in a more moderate but tried to mend fences between the Jaco- form of government. bins and Girondists. The Jacobins turned on •The Directory was established. It him and he was executed. had three branches of government •Jean Paul Marat was a radical journalist — executive, legislative & judicial. who penned inflammatory editorials from •The executive branch was staffed his bathtub. (He had a skin condition… ) In by five Directors who were chosen July 1793, he was assassinated by Charlotte by the legislative branch. Corday while sitting in his bathtub. His •The legislative branch was made up of two death began the Reign of Terror. houses — an upper and lower house. •Maximilien de Robespierre was a lawyer •Unfortunately, the Directory was plagued who led the Committee of Public Safety and by inflation and corruption. Although the the Jacobins. He commanded almost dictato- armies were successful under leadership of rial powers during the Reign of Terror. a dashing young general named . Global History Name ______French Revolution, Pt. III 1. Why did the French people begin to panic 6. How/why did the French people see a in 1793 as the war intensified? connection between the work of the Jacobins and the success of the army?

2. How did the Jacobins use fear to empower themselves?

7. What was ‘the National Razor’?

8. What and why did the wealthy bribe the 3. How did the three Jacobins, Danton, Marat executioners? & Robespierre gain support, and what did they want to see established?

9. What was the Grand Terror?

4. Describe the three leaders…

a. Danton -- 10. How did it end?

11. What type of government did the people b. Marat -- of France want to see?

12. Describe the government of the Direc- c. Robespierre -- tory.

5. When was the Reign of Terror? Who led it? 13. What successes & problems followed the Directory?

Napoleon Bonaparte SLMS/10

Early Life & Rise to Power The Coup d’Etat

•Napoleon was born on the island of Corsica •Napoleon led successful military campaigns — a French island in the Mediterranean. His and as a result, became very popular and family was actually of Italian descent, and politically influential back in France. Italian was Napoleon’s first language. Con- •In 1799, he was defeated by the British in sequently, he spoke French with a marked Egypt. Napoleon wanted to rule France, so accent, and was often teased as a youth. he hurried back to Paris, and hoped that the •As a teen, Napoleon enrolled in an elite news of his defeat was not yet known to French military school. He showed little the people of France. promise as a student, but he excelled in •Upon arriving in Paris, Napoleon and two of strategy and battle tactics. the Directors, plotted and succeeded in •Napoleon first gained the attention of the overthrowing the Directory. This coup French government (the Directory) when he d’etat was successful because brutally suppressed a royalist Napoleon had the backing of uprising. He packed buckshot the French army. and shrapnel into cannons •It wasn’t long before Napoleon and opened fire on the mob, seized total control of the killing more than a thousand. government and proclaimed •As a reward, Napoleon was himself Emperor. made the head of France’s army in Italy. Achievements of Napoleon Napoleonic Code •As a ruler, Napoleon was quite effective, •Perhaps Napoleon’s most important enacting numerous important reforms. contribution was his set of civil laws known •Napoleon created a National Bank. This as the Code Civil, or the Code Napoleon. allowed the government greater control of •The Code dealt with law of the economy and inflation. persons, property and acquisition •He also established a system of Public of property. This was the first Education. In Napoleon’s Lycées (schools), national set of laws in France. students were admitted based on ability, Until this point, regional feudal not based on wealth or family connections. laws and customs had dominated France. •He also created a Uniform •This code forever swept away privilige and Tax Code, which more fairly title of the wealthy , and distributed taxation, and legalized freedom of religion. The code did closed tax loop holes. It also not provide people with greater political ensured taxes would end up in the National freedoms, however. treasury, not in the pockets of collectors. •Napoleon’s code had great influence not •Napoleon also implemented a series of only in France, but in other nations where Public Works, including construction of new he implemented it after he conquered them. roads and a sewer system. Global History Name ______Napoleon Bonaparte 1. What was Napoleon’s background? 9. What was the Code Napoleon? What did it deal with?

2. His schooling? 10. Why was this Code an important step forward?

3. How did he gain the attention of the Di- rectory? How was he rewarded?

11. What freedoms did it provide? What free- doms did it not provide?

4. Why did Napoleon gain popularity & influ- ence in France?

12. Why were the Code’s effects far reach- ing? 5. Why did he hurry back to Paris in 1799?

13. Other Achievements of Napoleon…

Reform Explanation 6. Define: coup d'état -- 1.

7. Why was Napoleon’s coup successful? 2.

3.

8. What was Napoleon’s most important con- tribution? 4.

Napoleon the Conqueror SLMS/11

Domination of Europe The Russian Campaign

•As a military man, Napoleon had a •After their defeat at Austerlitz, the Rus- thirst for battlefield glory. He signed sians became an ally of Napoleon. But by a treaty with England in 1801, but it 1811, this alliance was significantly strained. fell apart due to mutual distrust. •Czar Alexander I had abandoned the Conti- •In 1805, Napoleon soundly defeated nental System and openly traded with Brit- Austrian and Russian forces at the Battle of ain. Napoleon threatened grave conse- Austerlitz. This was a huge victory, giving quences if that continued, and he amassed Napoleon some Austrian territory and dis- his Grand Armée in Poland, ready for a Rus- solving the Holy Roman Empire. sian invasion. Despite advice against it, Na- •In 1807, Napoleon began the Peninsular poleon invaded in June 1812. War against Spain and Portugal. In 1808, he •The Russian army rarely engaged captured the Spanish government and put the French on the battlefield. In- his brother Joseph on the throne, but he stead, they retreated and drew was never able to subdue the nation of the French army deep into the Spain. The people engaged in guerrilla war- Russian heartland. fare (literally little war) against the French •It was well known that Napoleon’s armies troops until Napoleon’s defeat in 1814. This were highly mobile because they were sapped French strength and provided a con- lightly supplied. They foraged for food and stant distraction. supplies as they travelled. This worked well in the densely populated, richly agricultural The Continental System areas of Central Europe. The Russian heart- land, however, was sparsely populated. •Napoleon was frustrated in his •As Napoleon’s supply lines stretched far- efforts to defeat the British. ther and farther, the Russian army engaged Their navy seemed invincible. in scorched earth tactics. They burned any •In 1806, Napoleon started a new foreign supplies, food or livestock that might be policy for all his conquered territories and used by the French. The Russians continued for his allies -- The Continental System. to retreat and the French began to starve. •The Continental System was an attempt to •The French were able to capture Moscow hurt Britain’s economy by placing an em- by September, but the Russians refused to bargo on British goods. As an emerging give in. The Russian citizens burned manufacturing giant, Britain was dependent their capital to the ground, and the on trade. Napoleon hoped he might be able French were forced to retreat. to invade after an economic collapse. •This loss was devastating and was •In the end, the Continental System hurt Na- the beginning of the end. Napoleon had en- poleon’s allies more than it hurt Britain. tered Russia with 450,000 men and left British merchants engaged in smuggling, with 40,000. After his final defeat at Wa- and their products were well received in terloo, he was exiled from Europe. most nations because of severe shortages. Global History Name ______Napoleon the Conqueror 1. Why did Napoleon’s alliance with England 9. What was the result of the Continental disintegrate? System?

2. What were the results of the Battle of Austerlitz? 10. Why had Russia’s alliance with Napoleon deteriorated?

3. What was the Peninsular War? 11. Why were Napoleon’s armies so mobile? Why was this not an effective strategy for Russia? 4. In what way was it a victory for Napo- leon?

5. In what way was it a continual distraction for him? 12. What tactics did the Russian army use against Napoleon?

6. Define: guerrilla warfare --

13. What happened when the French cap- 7. What was the Continental System? tured Moscow?

8. How was the Continental System sup- 14. What was the human toll of the Russian posed to allow Napoleon the ability to invade Campaign to France? Britain?

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