Jean-Paul Marat, a key figure in the Cécile Renault was a Parisian royalist revolutionary government from accused of trying to assassinate the September 1792, published the radical newspaper L’Ami du Peuple. He revolutionary statesman Maximilien aggressively denounced many members of Robespierre. Renault had approached the more moderate faction, the Girodins. the home of Robespierre on the As an act of retribution he was stabbed to evening of 22 May 1794, carrying a death in his bathtub by Charlotte Corday parcel, a basket, and extra clothing on 13 July 1793. Marat’s death was under her arm that hid two small knives. immortalised by the most celebrated artist She was arrested and guillotined on 2 of the day, Jacques-Louis David. June 1794.

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The English image of the ‘Republican Jérôme Pétion was a politician and the Beau’ satirized popular French fashion second mayor of Paris during the prints. It portrayed the French Revolution French Revolution. His views became as a society turned upside-down. less radical as the Terror progressed. In In France, radical revolutionaries were 1793, he was expelled from the referred to as sans-culottes and viewed as government with other leaders from the zealous protectors of the Rights of Man. moderate Girondin faction in a coup In England, they were portrayed as violent d’état by the more radical Montagnards. sub-human caricatures whose behaviour He escaped arrest but committed was overturning both the French suicide on 18 June 1794. monarchy and their own civilisation.

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Jacques-Pierre Brissot was a leader of Camille Desmoulins was an influential the Girondins, a moderate faction that journalist and pamphleteer. A gifted orator, opposed the radical-democratic Jacobins. he was a friend of Georges Danton, In 1793, he was expelled from the himself credited with overthrowing the government in a coup d’état by the most monarchy. Both were active in the political radical revolutionaries responsible for societies known as the Jacobin and the Terror, known as the Montagnards. Cordelier clubs. He was arrested on the Sentenced by the Revolutionary Tribunal orders of Maximilien Robespierre, along on the 30 October 1793, he was with Danton and his supporters, and guillotined the next day. guillotined on 5 April 1794.

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Madame Sans Culotte was an allegorical Georges Couthon served with Maximilien figure, depicted in prints during the Robespierre and Louis de Saint-Just on French Revolution. Her dress is based the Committee of Public Safety from on the colours of the new French flag 1793-94. The Committee’s role was to and she embodies the archetypal traits protect the Republic. On 27 July 1794 of an idealised patriotic, revolutionary Couthon, Robespierre, and Saint-Just working class woman. Urban were arrested by their opponents in the revolutionaries were named the sans- overthrow known as 9 Thermidor, after culottes because they typically wore its date in the Republican Calendar. They trousers unlike the nobility who wore were guillotined, along with 19 other knee-breeches, or culottes. Robespierrists, the next day.

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Georges Danton was a revolutionary Jacques-Louis David was the leading French leader and orator, often credited as the painter of the neoclassical movement who chief force in the overthrow of made many of the Revolution’s most the monarchy and in setting up the memorable images. He was instrumental in First French Republic in 1792. He later the abolition of the Royal Academy of became the first president of Painting and Sculpture, and he voted for the the Committee of Public Safety, tasked king’s death. Despite his involvement in with protecting the Republic. His eventual radical politics, David survived the Terror, moderation and opposition to the and became a propagandist for Napoleon. Terror led to his own death at the guillotine on 5 April 1794.

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Jacques-René Hébert was a political Louis XVI was the last Bourbon King of journalist. He became the chief France. He reigned from 1765. With the spokesman for the Parisian sans-culottes, onset of the Revolution in 1789 he ruled the revolutionary supporters from the France as a constitutional monarch. His working class. He advocated extreme position became increasingly untenable views through his newspaper Le Père after he attempted to flee the country in Duchesne. The protectors of the Republic, June 1791. The monarchy was abolished the Committee of Public Safety, came to on 21 September 1792, shortly before the regard Hébert and his followers as Terror, and Louis was guillotined on the dangerous, and he was guillotined on 24 Place de la Révolution on 21 January 1793. March 1794.

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Marie Antoinette was the Austrian Le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau was a queen consort of King Louis revolutionary politician and member of XVI of France from 1774 to 1793. Her the revolutionary government. He voted name is associated with the decline in for the king’s execution and was the moral authority of the French assisinated in an act of vengence. A monarchy. Popular hatred of the queen member of the king’s Garde du Corps provided an impetus for the storming stabbed him with a fencing sword on of the Tuileries Palace and the the eve of the king’s death, 20 January overthrow of the monarchy on 10 1793, in a restaurant in the Palais Royal. August 1792.

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Louis Antoine de Saint-Just was one of Philippe Égalité was the name assumed the most zealous advocates of the Terror. during the Revolution by Louis XVI’s He was arrested, then guillotined 28 July cousin, the Duke D’Orléans. A 1794 aged 26, following the coup of 9 supporter of popular democracy, he Thermidor that ousted Maximilien later voted for the king’s death in 1793. Robespierre in 1794. A writer and radical That same year, when his son, an army ideologue, he was renowned for his youth, general, defected to the Austrians, he the severity of his political position, and himself was arrested and sent to for his close connection to Robespierre. the guillotine on 6 November 1793.

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The Marquis de Lafayette was a French Charlotte Corday was a supporter of the general and aristocrat who fought against moderate Girondin faction. On 17 July the British in the American Revolution. 1793, she assassinated the radical An advocate of a constitutional journalist Jean-Paul Marat in his bathtub. monarchy and an abolitionist, he became She was guillotined three days later. In the one of the most powerful men in the months following Charlotte Corday’s early years of the Revolution. Both his execution for the murder of Marat, military and political careers were flattering images of her beauty and notably long given the turbulent periods character began to appear in the moderate during and post Revolution. and counter-revolutionary press.

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Maximilien Robespierre was a radical Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a philosopher, leader and member of the Jacobin writer, political theorist and musician. He political club. A principal figure in died of a stroke shortly before the onset the French Revolution, he dominated of the French Revolution. But many the Committee of Public Safety tasked radical revolutionaries championed his with protecting the Republic during the ideals of educational, political and socio- Terror. He was overthrown in the coup economic reform. Such was the extent of known as the Thermidorian Reaction that the ‘cult of Rousseau’ that at the end of took its name from the eleventh month in the Terror his body was deposited in the the Republican Calendar. He was Panthéon mausoleum in Paris. guillotined the next day on 28 July 1794.

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