Chapter 1 French Revolution Multiple Choice Questions 1
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The Colours of the Fleet
THE COLOURS OF THE FLEET TCOF BRITISH & BRITISH DERIVED ENSIGNS ~ THE MOST COMPREHENSIVE WORLDWIDE LIST OF ALL FLAGS AND ENSIGNS, PAST AND PRESENT, WHICH BEAR THE UNION FLAG IN THE CANTON “Build up the highway clear it of stones lift up an ensign over the peoples” Isaiah 62 vv 10 Created and compiled by Malcolm Farrow OBE President of the Flag Institute Edited and updated by David Prothero 15 January 2015 © 1 CONTENTS Chapter 1 Page 3 Introduction Page 5 Definition of an Ensign Page 6 The Development of Modern Ensigns Page 10 Union Flags, Flagstaffs and Crowns Page 13 A Brief Summary Page 13 Reference Sources Page 14 Chronology Page 17 Numerical Summary of Ensigns Chapter 2 British Ensigns and Related Flags in Current Use Page 18 White Ensigns Page 25 Blue Ensigns Page 37 Red Ensigns Page 42 Sky Blue Ensigns Page 43 Ensigns of Other Colours Page 45 Old Flags in Current Use Chapter 3 Special Ensigns of Yacht Clubs and Sailing Associations Page 48 Introduction Page 50 Current Page 62 Obsolete Chapter 4 Obsolete Ensigns and Related Flags Page 68 British Isles Page 81 Commonwealth and Empire Page 112 Unidentified Flags Page 112 Hypothetical Flags Chapter 5 Exclusions. Page 114 Flags similar to Ensigns and Unofficial Ensigns Chapter 6 Proclamations Page 121 A Proclamation Amending Proclamation dated 1st January 1801 declaring what Ensign or Colours shall be borne at sea by Merchant Ships. Page 122 Proclamation dated January 1, 1801 declaring what ensign or colours shall be borne at sea by merchant ships. 2 CHAPTER 1 Introduction The Colours of The Fleet 2013 attempts to fill a gap in the constitutional and historic records of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth by seeking to list all British and British derived ensigns which have ever existed. -
Colour Psychology Colour and Culture
74 COLOUR PSYCHOLOGY COLOUR AND CONTRAST 75 Colour Psychology Colour and Culture How people respond to colour is of great interest to those who work Research shows that ninety-eight languages have words for the same in marketing. Colour psychology research is often focused on how eleven basic colours;4 however, the meaning a colour may have can be the colour of a logo or a product will yield higher sales, and what very different. There are conflicting theories on whether the cultural colour preferences can be found in certain age groups and cultures. meanings of colours can be categorised. Meanings can change over The study of the psychological effects of colour have coincided time and depend on the context. Black may be the colour of mourning with colour theory in general. Goethe focused on the experience of in many countries, though a black book cover or a black poster is not colour in his Zur farbenlehre from 1810,1 in opposition to Sir Isaac always associated with death. Another example is that brides in China Newton’s rational approach. Goethe and Schiller coupled colours to traditionally wear red, but many brides have started to wear white in character traits: red for beautiful, yellow for good, green for useful, recent decades.4 The cultural meaning of colours is not set but always and blue for common. Gestalt psychology in the early 1900s also changing. The next few pages list some of the meanings of colours in attributed universal emotions to colours, a theory that was taught to different cultures. students at the Bauhaus by Wassily Kandinsky. -
FLAG of MONACO - a BRIEF HISTORY Where in the World
Part of the “History of National Flags” Series from Flagmakers FLAG OF MONACO - A BRIEF HISTORY Where In The World Trivia Apart from aspect ratio, the flag of Monaco is identical to the flag of Indonesia. Technical Specification Adopted: 1881 Proportion: 4:5 Design: A bi-colour in red and white, from top to bottom Colours: PMS: Red: 032 C CMYK: Red: 0% Cyan, 90% Magenta, 86% Yellow, 0% Black Brief History Monaco used to be a colony of the Italian city-state Genoa. A small isolated country between the mountains and the sea with one castle on the Rock of Monaco, overlooking the entire country. Francesco Grimaldi disguised himself and his men as Franciscan monks and infiltrated the castle to take control. It was not long before Genoan forces succeeded in ousting him. Later his descendents simply bought the castle and the realm from Genoa and turned it into a principality. At this point the flag of Genoa was the St. George’s flag. They allowed England, for a fee, to fly their flag so they could use their sea and ports to trade. The Monaco Coat of Arms has represented the country for as long as the Grimaldi dynasty has been in power, since the early 15th Century. Although the design has changed gradually over the years, the key elements have remained the same. The motto, 'Deo Juvante' is Latin for 'With God's Help'. This coat of arms today serves as the state flag. St George’s Flag of Genoa The Coat of Arms of Monaco The colours on the shield, red and white in a pattern known as 'lozengy argent and gules' in heraldic terms, are the national colours. -
Scanned Using Book Scancenter 5033
Proc. XVII International Congress of Vexillology Copyright ©1999, Southern African Vexillological ^ssn. Peter Martinez (ed.) The Spanish navy flag chart of 1854 Emil Dreyer ABSTRACT: A coloured flag chart of the Spanish Navy dating from 1854 is presented and discussed. The history of each flag is explained, starting with the royal standard, followed by the war and commercial ensigns, the flags of the revenue and mail services, the flag to call a pilot and the flags of the Royal Maritime and Royal Philippine companies. Rank pennants are shown as well, as are the numeral triangular flags of the coast guard divisions. Also shown on the chart are the maritime province or register flags, introduced in 1845. The important influence of these register flags on the develop ment of Spanish civic flags and yacht club burgees is discussed. The Spanish text of the chart is entirely reproduced, followed by extracts of English translation. The illustrations for this paper appear on Plates 40~41- 1 Introduction The Hydrographic Office in Madrid published in 1854 a flag chart^ showing all the Spanish ensigns, rank flags, coast-guard pennants and maritime province flags (Fig. 1). It is the flrst and only comprehensive official Navy flag chart ever to have been published in Spain. The chart, which has a size of 50x70 cm, was printed with flags in detailed outlines and then hand coloured. The library of the Naval Museum in Madrid keeps an original of the chart, its water-colours having slightly faded with time. The chart presented here was originally uncoloured, the author having coloured it like the chart in the Naval Museum, but with opaque colour instead of water-colour, which gives it a more vivid impression. -
Flag of Columbia - a Brief History
Part of the “History of National Flags” Series from Flagmakers Flag of Columbia - A Brief History Where In The World Trivia The current flag is similar to the historical flag of Gran Colombia. Technical Specification Adopted: 26th November 1861 Proportion: 2:3 Design: A yellow-blue-red horizontal tricolour with the yellow band larger than the rest. Colours: PMS Yellow: 116 Red: 186 Blue: 287 CMYK Yellow: Cyan 0% Magenta 17.1% Yellow 91.3% Black 0% Blue: Cyan 100% Magenta 61.9% Yellow 0% Black 42.4% Red: Cyan 0% Magenta 91.7% Yellow 81.6% Black 19.2% Brief History In the 16th Century Colombia was called the New Kingdom of Granada under Spanish Control. The flag flown during this time was the Burgundy Cross, a red cross on a white field. In 1717 the flag for the Viceroy of New Granada was a white field with coat of arms at the centre left. The Flag of The New Kingdom of Granada The Flag of the Viceroy of New Granada (1506 – 1717) (1717 – 1789) In 1785 the flag of the Viceroy of New Granada was changed to the Spanish national flag. The flag at the time featured two red bands and a central yellow band that had the lesser coat of arms in the centre left. In 1810 New Granada became independent from Spain and called the United Provinces of New Granada. A flag that featured a central green rectangle with a yellow and red border inside of which was a white eight-pointed star was adopted. The Flag of the Viceroy of New Granada The Flag of the United Provinces of New Granada (1785 – 1819) (1810 – 1816) When 1819 New Granada became part of Gran Colombia the flag adopted was a larger yellow with smaller striped blue and red tricolour with the coat of arms of Gran Columbia in the top left hand corner. -
Black Cosmopolitans
BLACK COSMOPOLITANS BLACK COSMOPOLITANS Race, Religion, and Republicanism in an Age of Revolution Christine Levecq university of virginia press Charlottesville and London University of Virginia Press © 2019 by the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper First published 2019 ISBN 978-0-8139-4218-6 (cloth) ISBN 978-0-8139-4219-3 (e-book) 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data is available for this title. Cover art: Jean-Baptiste Belley. Portrait by Anne Louis Girodet de Roussy- Trioson, 1797, oil on canvas. (Château de Versailles, France) To Steve and Angie CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 1. Jacobus Capitein and the Radical Possibilities of Calvinism 19 2. Jean- Baptiste Belley and French Republicanism 75 3. John Marrant: From Methodism to Freemasonry 160 Notes 237 Works Cited 263 Index 281 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book has been ten years in the making. One reason is that I wanted to explore the African diaspora more broadly than I had before, and my knowledge of English, French, and Dutch naturally led me to expand my research to several national contexts. Another is that I wanted this project to be interdisciplinary, combining history and biography with textual criticism. It has been an amazing journey, which was made pos- sible by the many excellent scholars this book relies on. Part of the pleasure in writing this book came from the people and institutions that provided access to both the primary and the second- ary material. -
Why Danton Doesn't
Why Danton Doesn’t Die Martin Wagner Abstract Georg Büchner avoids showing on stage any acts of aggression against the title hero of his play Danton’s Tod. Neither Danton’s arrest, nor the proclamation of his death sen- tence, nor his execution explicitly occurs on stage. Büchner’s decision not to empha- size any of the acts of violence against Danton significantly contributes to the play’s departure from conventional dramatic structure. In contrast to conventional plays, which include a clearly recognizable climax and catastrophe, in Büchner’s play, no single moment – and certainly no moment of violence – dominates the sequence of events. My thesis is that the avoidance of a traditional dramatic arc serves as an impli- cit commentary on the questions of historical progress and revolutionary violence that are raised in the play. The play’s almost flat structure complicates attempts to justify the revolution as a brief violent period that brings about long-term change. Instead, Büchner’s Revolutionsdrama invites us to conceive of a permanent revolution – a concept that first came up around the time when Büchner wrote his play. In its different values in Marxist and conservative literature – which Büchner’s play to some extent all already anticipates – the term ‘permanent revolution’ can either serve to extend the justification of instrumental revolutionary violence to a longer timespan, or to critically highlight the futility of the endlessly perpetuated violence. We may never know for sure what were the last words of the revolutionary Georges Danton when, on 5 April 1794, he mounted the scaffold to be executed by guillotine. -
The French Revolution Begins
1 The French Revolution Begins MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES ECONOMICS Economic and Throughout history, economic • Old Regime • National social inequalities in the Old and social inequalities have at • estate Assembly Regime helped cause the times led peoples to revolt • Louis XVI • Tennis Court French Revolution. against their governments. • Marie Antoinette Oath • Estates-General • Great Fear SETTING THE STAGE In the 1700s, France was considered the most advanced country of Europe. It had a large population and a prosperous foreign trade. It was the center of the Enlightenment, and France’s culture was widely praised and imitated by the rest of the world. However, the appearance of success was deceiving. There was great unrest in France, caused by bad harvests, high prices, high taxes, and disturbing questions raised by the Enlightenment ideas of Locke, Rousseau, and Voltaire. The Old Order TAKING NOTES Analyzing Causes In the 1770s, the social and political system of France—the Old Regime— Use a web diagram to remained in place. Under this system, the people of France were divided into identify the causes of three large social classes, or estates. the French Revolution. The Privileged Estates Two of the estates had privileges, including access to high offices and exemptions from paying taxes, that were not granted to the members of the third. The Roman Catholic Church, whose clergy formed the Causes of First Estate, owned 10 percent of the land in France. It provided education and Revolution relief services to the poor and contributed about 2 percent of its income to the government. -
Flags and Banners
Flags and Banners A Wikipedia Compilation by Michael A. Linton Contents 1 Flag 1 1.1 History ................................................. 2 1.2 National flags ............................................. 4 1.2.1 Civil flags ........................................... 8 1.2.2 War flags ........................................... 8 1.2.3 International flags ....................................... 8 1.3 At sea ................................................. 8 1.4 Shapes and designs .......................................... 9 1.4.1 Vertical flags ......................................... 12 1.5 Religious flags ............................................. 13 1.6 Linguistic flags ............................................. 13 1.7 In sports ................................................ 16 1.8 Diplomatic flags ............................................ 18 1.9 In politics ............................................... 18 1.10 Vehicle flags .............................................. 18 1.11 Swimming flags ............................................ 19 1.12 Railway flags .............................................. 20 1.13 Flagpoles ............................................... 21 1.13.1 Record heights ........................................ 21 1.13.2 Design ............................................. 21 1.14 Hoisting the flag ............................................ 21 1.15 Flags and communication ....................................... 21 1.16 Flapping ................................................ 23 1.17 See also ............................................... -
Jacobins Maximilien Robespierre the Committee of Public Safety
The Reign of Terror Jacobins The most famous political group of the French Revolution was the Jacobins. Also known as the Society of the Friends of the Constitution, the club originally met at Versailles, organized by deputies of the Estates-General (and then National Assembly). They later met as a club in Paris. By July 1790, their membership grew to about 1,200 Parisian members, with 152 affiliate clubs; the number of members continued to grew thereafter. The club’s main concern was to protect what the revolutionaries had achieved so far—and prevent any reaction from the aristocracy. This desire resulted in the Reign of Terror. The Jacobins felt that it was their duty to catch anyone suspected of opposing the Revolution. The Jacobins also led the dechristianizing movement and organized Revolutionary festivals. Maximilien Robespierre Possibly the most well-known Jacobin was Maximilien Robespierre. He was trained as a lawyer and practiced law by representing poor people. When the Estates-General was summoned in 1789, the Third Estate elected him as one of their deputies. He was thirty years old. Robespierre was a quiet, simple man, with a weak voice. Yet he was able to make himself heard. He spoke more than five hundred times during the life of the National Assembly, and it was here that he gained supporters. He was a philosopher and sided with the ideals of the Enlightenment. He used this background to help shape the Declaration of the Rights of Man. He was a proponent of everything the Declaration stood for. He believed in equal rights, the right to hold office and join the national guard, and the right to petition. -
The French Revolution
The French Revolution People and Terms to know • Georges-Jacques Danton • Maximilien Robespierre • Jean-Paul Marat • Reign of Terror • Napoleon Bonaparte • National Convention • Universal Manhood Suffrage • Girondins • Jacobins • Committee of Public Safety • Revolutionary Tribunal • The Directory National Convention – senptember 1792 – 1st meeting Universal manhood suffrage – every man can vote Legislative Assembly – 3 main groups • Girodins o Dantonists – followed the lead of Georges Danton; believed Reign of Terror should end earlier and begin re-building of France • Conservatives • Jacobins o Radicals in Assembly; led by Maximilien Robespierre o Jacobins - divided- moderates/radicals § Robespierre § Jean-Paul Marat National Convention’s Actions • Declared end to monarchy • Beginning of new republic • Wrote new constitution • Brought Louis XVI to trial o Guilty – sentenced to death French Army – prior to Reign of Terror (Sept 1793) • Defeated Austrian and Prussian forces – stopped foreign invasion Opposition to the Constitution Arises • French people rose up against revolutionary government – “counterrevolutionary” o Ultimately wanted peace in France • Jacobins – Robespierre and Danton – Controlled National Convention • Arrested many Girodin delegates who opposed their policies • Charlotte Corday – Killed Jean-Paul Marat – arrested and executed Reign of Terror: suppress all opposition (Sept 1793- July 1794) • “annihilate internal and external enemies of the republic” • Executed Girondin opponents • Fought back European powers – gained -
"Virtue and Terror: Maximilien Robespierre on the Principles of the French Revolution." Revolutionary Moments: Reading Revolutionary Texts
Linton, Marisa. "Virtue and Terror: Maximilien Robespierre on the Principles of the French Revolution." Revolutionary Moments: Reading Revolutionary Texts. Ed. Rachel Hammersley. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015. 93–100. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 29 Sep. 2021. <http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474252669.0018>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 29 September 2021, 09:23 UTC. Copyright © Rachel Hammersley 2015. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. 1 1 Virtue and Terror: Maximilien Robespierre on the Principles of the French Revolution M a r i s a L i n t o n Th is great purity of the bases of the French Revolution, the very sublimity of its object is precisely what makes our strength and our weakness; our strength because it gives us the ascendancy of the truth over deception, and the rights of public interest over private interest; our weakness, because it rallies against us all the vicious men, all those who in their hearts plot to despoil the people, and all those who have despoiled them and want immunity, and those who have rejected liberty as a personal calamity, and those who have embraced the Revolution as a career and the Republic as their prey: hence the defection of so many ambitious or greedy men, who, since the beginning, have abandoned us along the way, because they had not begun the journey in order to reach the same goal. One could say that the two contrary geniuses that have been depicted here battling for control of the realm of nature, are fi ghting in this great epoch of human history, to shape irrevocably the destiny of the world, and that France is the theatre of this redoubtable contest.