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The Political Career of Louis-Marie Stanislas Frã©Ron, Representative Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2004 The Rise and Fall of a Revolutionary: The Political Career of Louis-Marie Stanislas Fréron, Representative on Mission and Conventionnel, 1754-1802 Karen L. Greene Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES THE RISE AND FALL OF A REVOLUTIONARY: THE POLITICAL CAREER OF LOUIS-MARIE STANISLAS FRÉRON, REPRESENTATIVE ON MISSION AND CONVENTIONNEL, 1754-1802 By KAREN L. GREENE A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2004 Copyright © 2004 Karen L. Greene All Rights Reserved The members of the Committee approved the dissertation of Karen L. Greene defended on 6 April 2004. _______________________ Donald D. Horward Professor Directing Dissertation ________________________ Patrick O’Sullivan Outside Committee Member _________________________ Jonathan Grant Committee Member __________________________ Peter P. Garretson Committee Member _________________________ Nathan Stoltzfus Committee Member The office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A dissertation is the result of much more than the hard work and efforts of just one individual. When I began work on this dissertation in the summer of 2000, I did not anticipate the difficulties I would face along the way or the length of time it would eventually take me to complete this project. Indeed, it would not have been completed at all were it not for the help and support I have received from various individuals and organizations that deserve to be acknowledged for their kindness, assistance and generosity. I would first like to thank my major professor, Dr. Donald Horward, without whose guidance, extreme patience and assistance this project and my degree would never have been realized. I have never met a professor who cared so much about his students. Time and again, he has gone to great lengths to provide me with funding and opportunities. He has worked tirelessly, pouring over my manuscript, and offering advice and encouragement. Dr. Horward has had a profound, positive influence upon my efforts as both a scholar and a teacher, and I sincerely hope that this dissertation is a reflection of those qualities he has instilled in me. In addition to Dr. Horward, I would also like to thank the four distinguished professors who agreed to serve on my dissertation committee: Dr. Jonathan Grant, Dr. Peter Garretson, Dr. Nathan Stoltzfus and Dr. Patrick O’Sullivan. They have taken time out of their schedules near the end of a busy semester to read my work and to offer their guidance. Not only am I grateful for the knowledge they have shared as my mentors, but also for the friendship they have shown me throughout the years that I have worked towards my degree at Florida State University. Without financial assistance from several individuals and institutions, my research would have been impossible. For countless semesters, Florida State University generously supported my studies with University fellowships and teaching assistantships. Ms. Debbie Perry and many other members of the staff and faculty in the History Department have been instrumental in helping me to utilize the department’s resources. iii Most important is the funding I have received from the Institute on Napoleon and the French Revolution, under the direction of Dr. Horward, which channeled money into several of my academic endeavors. I owe much, especially to the funding that Dr. Ben Weider has given to the Institute. This money contributed to my research trip to Paris in the summer of 2000 and has allowed me to participate in several academic conferences. Special thanks also to Dr. Skip Vichness whose generous donations to the Institute contributed to my participation in the latest Consortium on Revolutionary Europe in February 2004. I would also like to express my gratitude to the Florida State University Graduate School for awarding me with a grant that was also used toward my Paris research. But, generous funding was not the only important factor behind the research that went into this dissertation. I also owe a great deal to the staffs of the many archives where I have conducted my research. Their assistance in locating and retrieving materials has proved invaluable to the writing of this dissertation. At Florida State University, I am extremely grateful for the assistance I have received from the Special Collections department of Strozier Library and its commendable staff. I wish to particularly acknowledge and thank Lucy Patrick, the department head, as well as Patricia Brinkley, Garnett Avant and Chad Underwood. I would also like to thank the wonderful staff of the Strozier Subbasement and Chuck McCann, the head of Strozier’s Multimedia Center, who assisted me with the reproduction and placement of map and figures into my text. Finally, I am grateful for the assistance I received from the staffs of several archives in France: the Archives Nationales, the Bibliothèque Nationale and the Bibliothèque historique de Paris. I also wish to express my gratitude to my many friends and fellow graduate students who have listened patiently to my numerous complaints and offered the advice and moral support I needed to accomplish this task. They have filled my years in graduate school with happiness, fun times and cherished memories. I would especially like to thank Amy and Paul Reese, Llewellyn Cook, Kevin McCranie, Hal Blanton, Mike Jones, Jack Sigler, Kenny and Marieve Johnson, Alexander Mikaberidze, Jennifer Pierce, iv Becky Hayes, Pam Robbins, and Rick Parrish. Of these, I would like to express my additional appreciation to Kenny Johnson, who took time out of his own research trip to France, to locate and copy Fréron’s dossier from the Archives des Outre-Mer in Aix-en- Provence. I would also like to thank Llewellyn Cook, an excellent friend and landlord, who allowed me to rent his townhouse in Tallahassee for three years at virtually no financial profit for himself. Finally, I wish express my heartfelt gratitude to Otmar Olsina. Not only has he brought me happiness and encouragement these past two years, but he also made it possible for me to broaden my knowledge and experience as a historian through our travels throughout Eastern Europe. And finally, my entire family deserves a large portion of the credit for my achievements. But, above all, I am most indebted to my Mother, Faye Godfrey. Over the years, she selflessly supported and encouraged me, even though I am sure there were times when it seemed that I would never finish. If not for the moral and financial support that she gave me over all these years, I would never have finished this dissertation or this degree. My success, in the end, is a tribute to all the years of faith and guidance she has shown me. v TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures vii Abstract viii INTRODUCTION 1 1. THE RISE OF A REVOLUTIONARY JOURNALIST 8 2. FRÉRON’S FIRST MISSION 32 3. FRÉRON IN MARSEILLES 53 4. FRÉRON AND THE SIEGE OF TOULON 77 5. THE LONG ROAD FROM MARSEILLES TO PARIS 96 6. FRÉRON AND THE THERMIDORIAN REACTION 124 7. TWILIGHT OF A POLITICAL CAREER 162 CONCLUSION 188 BIBLIOGRAPHY 194 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 202 vi LIST OF FIGURES 1. Stanislas Fréron 2 2. Élie-Catherine Fréron 11 3. Provence 38 4. Toulon 81 vii ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the Revolutionary career of Louis-Marie Stanislas Fréron (1754-1802). As a youth, Fréron led a privileged life in a family that had close connections with the royal families of France and Poland. His father, Élie-Catherine Fréron, was a prominent author and literary critic who championed the traditional institutions of France against Voltaire and other philosophes. But, with the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789, Fréron made a complete break with his father's principles. He joined the Jacobin Club, embraced republicanism, and became a well-known, radical journalist through his notorious newspaper L'Orateur du Peuple. Along with his work as a journalist, Fréron pursued a political career. In 1792 he was elected to the National Convention and was subsequently sent as a representative on mission to the departments of southeast France (1793-94). It was here that Fréron gained a notorious reputation as a ruthless Terrorist, especially as a result of his activities in the cities of Marseilles and Toulon. With his friend and colleague Paul Barras, Fréron later played a leading role in the coup of 9 Thermidor (27-28 July 1794) that toppled Robespierre's government and began the process to dismantle the Terror. During the following chaotic period of the Thermidorian Reaction, Fréron sought to disassociate himself from his past activities as a Jacobin and agent of the Terror. Once again he took on the mantle of journalist, resurrecting his Orateur du Peuple as a voice of the Reaction. Through his newspaper he attacked his personal enemies and all those accused of remaining loyal to the person or principles of Robespierre. Moreover, he encouraged the street violence carried out by anti-Jacobin vigilantes, the jeunesse dorée, and was soon hailed as their leader. But, public knowledge of Fréron's past activities as a representative and participant in the Terror as well as his support and encouragement of violence after Thermidor ultimately brought him criticism and condemnation. His political career was irrevocably damaged and he was not reelected to the Legislative Corps of the Directory government (1795- 1799). viii In the final days of the National Convention, Fréron obtained one last assignment as a representative on mission to southeast France.
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