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SARAH HOROWITZ FRIENDSHIP and POLITICS FRIENDSHIP and POLITICS IN POST-REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE SARAH HOROWITZ FRIENDSHIP and POLITICS in POST- REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE FRIENDSHIP and POLITICS in POST- REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE SARAH HOROWITZ The Pennsylvania State University Press University Park, Pennsylvania Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Horowitz, Sarah, 1978– author. Friendship and politics in post-revolutionary France / Sarah Horowitz. p. cm Summary: “Explores the place of friendship in helping French society and the political system recover from the upheaval of the Revolution. Examines the interdependence of public and private in post-revolutionary France, as well as the central role of women in political reconstruction”—Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-271-06192-4 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Friendship—Political aspects—France—History—19th century. 2. France—Politics and government—19th century. 3. Political culture—France—History—19th century. 4. Politicians—France—Social life and customs—19th century. 5. Politicians—Social networks—France—History—19th century. 6. Women—Political activity—France—History—19th century. I. Title. dc252.h67 2013 306.20944'09034—dc23 2013027155 Copyright © 2013 The Pennsylvania State University All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Published by The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, PA 16802-1003 The Pennsylvania State University Press is a member of the Association of American University Presses. It is the policy of The Pennsylvania State University Press to use acid- free paper. Publications on uncoated stock satisfy the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Material, ansi z39.48–1992. This book is printed on paper that contains 30% post-consumer waste. CONTENTS List of Figures / vii Acknowledgments / ix Introduction: Friendship in Post- Revolutionary France / 1 1 The Sentimental Education of the Political / 21 2 The Politics of Anomie / 41 3 Friends with Benefits / 65 4 Post- Revolutionary Social Networks / 91 5 The Politics of Male Friendship / 111 6 The Bonds of Concord: Women and Politics / 133 Epilogue / 154 Appendix A Béranger, Chateaubriand, Guizot, and Their Friends / 164 Appendix B Detailed Social Networks in the 1820s and 1840s / 170 Notes / 175 Bibliography / 197 Index / 211 FIGURES 1 / Social networks, 1825–29 99 2 / Social networks and political affiliations,1825 –29 101 3 / Social networks, 1843–47 106 4 / Social networks and political affiliations,1843 –47 107 5 / Detailed social networks, 1825–29 170 6 / Detailed social networks and political affiliations,1825 –29 171 7 / Detailed social networks, 1843–47 172 8 / Detailed social networks and political affiliations,1843 –47 173 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS From the beginning of this project, I have relied on the advice and guidance of mentors, teachers, colleagues, family, and friends and am grateful to have this opportunity to acknowledge the support that made this work possible. My greatest intellectual debt is to Carla Hesse, an adviser par excellence who patiently gave her time, attention, and encouragement. She believed in this project even when I did not; it was also she who first suggested looking at the circle around François Guizot, which had the effect of pulling me fur- ther into the nineteenth century than either of us could have anticipated. Thomas Laqueur was an excellent reader and lent his considerable insight to this project. Susanna Barrows was a champion and fountain of knowledge about the nineteenth century; the world is a little dimmer without her in it. Darcy Grimaldo Grigsby provided thoughtful guidance and feedback at crucial moments during my time at the University of California, Berkeley, while Randy Starn was a superb cheerleader throughout the writing process. I am grateful to the librarians and archivists at the Archives nationales de France, the Bibliothèque nationale de France, and the Bibliothèque histo- rique de la ville de Paris. Funding for this project came from the Institute of International Studies, the Graduate Division, and the History Department at the University of California, Berkeley, as well as the Mabelle McLeod Lewis Memorial Fund. At Washington and Lee, I benefited from research funds from the Office of the Dean of the College as well as Lenfest Grants in the summers of 2009–12. I had the good fortune to be able to attend a National Endowment for the Humanities Institute for Advanced Topics in the Digital Humanities on Networks and Network Analysis for the Humanities during the summer of 2010. The NEH and the Institute for Pure and Applied Math- ematics at UCLA made two weeks of intensive math fruitful and enjoyable. I am particularly indebted to Tim Tangherlini for being the guiding spirit be- hind this Institute, and to Scott Weingart for his help with Sci2. Portions of chapter 6 were originally published in French Historical Studies and are reprinted by permission of the publisher. Acknowledgments Naomi Andrews, Denise Davidson, Daniel Harkett, Penelope Ismay, Ste- ven Kale, Tip Ragan, and Bradley Reichek read portions of this manuscript or offered valuable advice at various stages of the project. Sarah Maza provided crucial suggestions for turning the text into a workable manuscript. Sarah Hanley offered critical guidance late in the game. In France, Dominique Ka- lifa and Christophe Prochasson provided suggestions about the framing of this project. I would also like to thank Christophe Prochasson and Vincent Duclert for giving me the opportunity to present my work at an early stage in their seminar on democracy at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales and for the insightful critiques that they and their students offered. Catherine Coste, Aurelian Craiutu, Jérôme Grondeux, Laurence Guellec, Sheryl Kroen, and Anne Martin- Fugier were all generous with their time, knowledge, and thoughts and enriched this project in a variety of ways. I am grateful to everyone at Penn State Press for their assistance with this book, and especially to Ellie Goodman, who recognized the merits of this proj- ect and pushed me to make it better. The two anonymous readers provided thoughtful suggestions for revising the manuscript that improved it immea- surably. I would also like to thank Laura Reed- Morrisson and Nicholas Taylor for their help. Since 2008, the History Department at Washington and Lee University has provided a welcoming home; as department heads, Ted DeLaney and David Peterson made it all the more so. Jennifer Ashworth has been an invaluable resource and resolved an infinite number of conundrums. I am also lucky to work at a place with such a dedicated library staff. I doubt that this project could have taken shape without the assistance of Elizabeth Teaff, her staff, and their ability to track down the most obscure of nineteenth-century texts for me. Brandon Bucy in Information Technology Services provided invaluable aid with producing the diagrams for chapter 4 and making them legible. I am grateful to have the type of friends who did all the things that friends are supposed to do, and who enriched this work in a variety of ways and, more importantly, made life more fun. Christa and Nate Bowden, Mark Carey, Katie Chenoweth, Paul Gregory, Christian Jennings, Curtis Jirsa, Dan Kramer, Molly Michelmore, Debra Prager, Jon Roberts, and Rachel Schnep- per have made living in this corner of Virginia more enjoyable. Dana Lamb, Emily Nacol, Nora Ng, and Vanessa van Orden reminded me that there was more to life than the early nineteenth century. Hernan Cortes, Christine Evans, Sonal Khullar, Robin Mitchell, Miriam Neirick, and Knox Peden were companions in research and writing. Friends in France, including Frédéric x Acknowledgments Benhaim, Thibaut Clément, Nam Le Toan, Pierre Louis, and Solène Nicolas, made research trips all the more enjoyable and necessary. Despite the fact that this is a book about the importance of friendship, I could not have completed it without the support—moral and otherwise— of my family. Ben Horowitz and Judith Liebman have been constant sources of good cheer and provided necessary distractions, particularly in the form of Aaron Horowitz. Leslie Field went above and beyond (as she always does) and is the belle- mère of dreams. Helen and Daniel Horowitz provided models of scholarship, but most importantly their unconditional love. Last but never ever least in my heart, I would like to thank Bradley Reichek. Without his unflagging enthusiasm and support, this book would never have seen the light of day. Ours is a relationship that cannot be mapped. xi Introduction: Friendship in Post- Revolutionary France In a quiet corner of Père Lachaise Cemetery stands the tomb of two men: Pierre Jean de Béranger and Jacques Antoine Manuel. Neither man is particu- larly well- known today but the two were famous in their time. Béranger was a songwriter who was known as “the national poet” in the early nineteenth century; he was also a hero of the left during the Restoration and July Mon- archy. Manuel, his best friend, was a member of the liberal opposition during the Restoration and one of its chief orators in the Chamber of Deputies until 1823, when he was expelled from the Chamber for a speech that condoned regicide. The two men became friends in 1815 and lived together from 1824 until Manuel’s death in 1827. Indeed, he died in Béranger’s arms and left him a considerable legacy in his will. Although Béranger lived for another thirty years,
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