DOCSLIB.ORG

Fighting for France's Political Future in the Long Wake of the Commune, 1871-1880

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fighting for France's Political Future in the Long Wake of the Commune, 1871-1880 University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2013 Long Live the Revolutions: Fighting for France's Political Future in the Long Wake of the Commune, 1871-1880 Heather Marlene Bennett University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Bennett, Heather Marlene, "Long Live the Revolutions: Fighting for France's Political Future in the Long Wake of the Commune, 1871-1880" (2013). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 734. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/734 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/734 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Long Live the Revolutions: Fighting for France's Political Future in the Long Wake of the Commune, 1871-1880 Abstract The traumatic legacies of the Paris Commune and its harsh suppression in 1871 had a significant impact on the identities and voter outreach efforts of each of the chief political blocs of the 1870s. The political and cultural developments of this phenomenal decade, which is frequently mislabeled as calm and stable, established the Republic's longevity and set its character. Yet the Commune's legacies have never been comprehensively examined in a way that synthesizes their political and cultural effects. This dissertation offers a compelling perspective of the 1870s through qualitative and quantitative analyses of the influence of these legacies, using sources as diverse as parliamentary debates, visual media, and scribbled sedition on city walls, to explicate the decade's most important political and cultural moments, their origins, and their impact. Within the interplay of electoral messaging, national political culture, and factional schisms, republicans wrested control of the state away from monarchists seeking to subvert the Republic, but they also sustained bitter internal divisions over the meaning of the Republic and its relationship to the Revolution's heritage. By 1880, the Moderate republicans had triumphed over the monarchists and their republican rivals but had to vigorously defend their nascent power--much of which depended on their narrative projections of the Third Republic's foundation, the assimilation of French and republican national identities, and their claims to the revolutionary heritage. The passage of a near- general amnesty for Communards, the official adoption of La Marseillaise, the vmo ement of government assemblies back to Paris, and the designation of Quatorze Juillet as the Republic's national holiday were not simply natural consequences of the republican political victory. Rather, the Moderates deliberately undertook each initiative to project the liberal Republic's triumph, to merge the identities of France and the Republic, and to implicitly close the revolutionary era. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group History First Advisor Thomas Childers Keywords Paris Commune, Third Republic Subject Categories European History | History This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/734 LONG LIVE THE REVOLUTIONS: FIGHTING FOR FRANCE’S POLITICAL FUTURE IN THE LONG WAKE OF THE COMMUNE, 1871-1880 COPYRIGHT 2013 Heather Marlene Bennett This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-ny-sa/2.0/ iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Once I settled on a topic and commenced the research process, I quickly became overwhelmed. Two competing thoughts came to my mind. The first was my revision of a familiar cliché: dissertating is a journey not a destination; this kept me calm as the path to this dissertation’s conclusion twisted and turned. The second was the thrill I had when listening to the course lectures delivered by the late Susanna Barrows and the engrossing conversations she and I had outside of the classroom long after I completed undergraduate studies. She made history come to life. Her enthusiasm and depth were inspiring and from this mentor I developed a deep fascination with late nineteenth- century France. I am incredibly grateful for her support in my decision to pursue the passion she ignited within me. I am equally indebted to many others who helped me along. No dissertation is completed in a vacuum, no matter how lonely the process may become; everyone is in debt to some circle of support I am no different. I would first like to thank my advisors. During my time in Philadelphia, Tom Childers never ceased to make me feel welcome and, most importantly, confident. I will never forget his advice to “pull the trigger” upon hearing that I was nervous to put forth my own ideas after having been trained so well to critique those of others. His warmth and intellectual generosity were integral to my success, especially during times of great personal difficulties. The same needs to be said for Kristen Stromberg-Childers who served as an early advisor to this project and has generously stayed in contact with me ever since. Early in this process, Lynn Hollen Lees graciously joined my committee and iv her detailed and thoughtful comments helped to shape a second year research paper into a more fully developed dissertation. Her commitment to my work was much needed reinforcement and I can never express enough gratitude for her close communication with me as I wrote most of this in California. Barbara Day-Hickman, who joined my committee in the final stretch, has also been incredibly generous with her time and detailed advice, without her encouragement, interest, and incisive critique I shudder to think what might have been included in the pages that follow. The research for this dissertation was supported through the University of Pennsylvania Dissertation Research Fellowship. The writing was supported through the William E. Lingelbach and, Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation Fellowships, and I particularly want to thank Walter McDougall for his help in securing these. My colleagues, friends, and family similarly deserve my gratitude. I will always be grateful for meeting Dawn Dodds on my first day of researching in the Paris police archives. Thank you for taking me to lunch, providing words of encouragement and insiders’ advice, and thank you for proof-reading so many of my painfully written pages. I hope you will be happy to see that one of our darlings made the cut. Special mention is deserved for the staff and archivists at the Archives of the Prefecture of Police in Paris, especially Olivier Accarie Pierson who was incredibly helpful, informative, and enthusiastic about my topic. Thank you to Edward Berenson who provided insight during an early presentation of my research that led me to expand the analytical focus and whose generous guidance on secondary source literature was crucial during the early phase of v my research. I also owe an enormous debt of gratitude to the Van Pelt-Dietrich library staff especially Nick Okrent whose enthusiastic and frequent assistance made researching from California less daunting. Marianne Golding also deserves special thanks for helping me translate scribbled declamations written in late nineteenth-century French slang late into the night. Thank you to my mother Sydney, whose perfect mix of tenacity and warmth is both inspiring and sustaining; my father Michael, for shooing me off to Paris for research despite his illness; Heather King, for helping to format with precision; my cousin Lisa Byrne, for filling in as my copy editor; and my aunt Cate Larsen for helping in the final stretch both financially and editorially even in the wee hours of the morning. Two final and deeply felt acknowledgements are in order for my partner David A. Rolleg and my sister Angel Anderson. I would never have been afforded the privilege to write these words of thanks had it not been for your support. David, thank you for manning the home front as I drifted off into dissertation oblivion, thank you for taking over all parental responsibilities when I was on multiple research trips in France, and for ceaselessly reminding Jude how much mommy loves him even when she is far away. Angel, thank you for rescuing me in every dark hour, for reminding me to “lean in” all the way, for never letting me give up, even when I pretended I wanted to, and for spending countless hours combing through every page of this dissertation to help me kill darlings and put semi-colons where they need to be; you above all, have been my steadfast companion and most ardent champion. I thank you. vi ABSTRACT LONG LIVE THE REVOLUTIONS: FIGHTING FOR FRANCE’S POLITICAL FUTURE IN THE LONG WAKE OF THE COMMUNE, 1871-1880 Heather M. Bennett Thomas Childers The traumatic legacies of the Paris Commune and its harsh suppression in 1871 had a significant impact on the identities and voter outreach efforts of each of the chief political blocs of the 1870s. The political and cultural developments of this phenomenal decade, which is frequently mislabeled as calm and stable, established the Republic’s longevity and set its character. Yet the Commune’s legacies have never been comprehensively examined in a way that synthesizes their political and cultural effects. This dissertation offers a compelling perspective of the 1870s through qualitative and quantitative analyses of the influence of these legacies, using sources as diverse
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Origins of the Banlieue Rouge: Politics, Local Government and Communal Identity in Arcueil and Cachan, 1919-1958
    The Origins of the Banlieue Rouge: Politics, Local Government and Communal Identity in Arcueil and Cachan, 1919-1958. by Jasen Lewis Burgess A thesis submitted to the University of New South Wales in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History 2005 © Jasen Lewis Burgess, 2005 Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge the numerous individuals and various institutions that assisted me in the completion of this thesis. The critical appraisal, guidance and support provided by my supervisor Professor Martyn Lyons during the writing of this thesis have been indispensable. Professor Lyons helped initiate my research topic, gave firm, fair and timely advice on the structure and content of this thesis, and has commented on and proofread innumerable drafts. I would also like to thank him for his general support of my candidature, in particular the support he gave to me when I suspended my candidature at the time of the birth of my first son Leon and then when I resumed my candidature some time later. I would like to thank Professor Jacques Girault who suggested Arcueil and Cachan as a thesis topic when I met with him during my first research trip to Paris in 1998, and who also gave me invaluable advice on where to research my thesis in Paris and what journals to consult. I am also grateful to the staff of the Archives Départementales du Val-de-Marne at Creteil, France, for the vital assistance they gave me in my research, including posting material to me in Sydney. Thanks also to the Documentation and Archival Services for the Commune of Arcueil for sending material to me in Sydney, and to the staff at the Musée sociale and the Centre du Recherches d’Histoire des Mouvements Sociaux et Syndicalisme for the assistance they gave me when researching my thesis in Paris.
    [Show full text]
  • The Socialist Minority and the Paris Commune of 1871 a Unique Episode in the History of Class Struggles
    THE SOCIALIST MINORITY AND THE PARIS COMMUNE OF 1871 A UNIQUE EPISODE IN THE HISTORY OF CLASS STRUGGLES by PETER LEE THOMSON NICKEL B.A.(Honours), The University of British Columbia, 1999 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of History) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August 2001 © Peter Lee Thomson Nickel, 2001 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Hi'sio*" y The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date AkgaS-f 30. ZOO I DE-6 (2/88) Abstract The Paris Commune of 1871 lasted only seventy-two days. Yet, hundreds of historians continue to revisit this complex event. The initial association of the 1871 Commune with the first modern socialist government in the world has fuelled enduring ideological debates. However, most historians past and present have fallen into the trap of assessing the Paris Commune by foreign ideological constructs. During the Cold War, leftist and conservative historians alike overlooked important socialist measures discussed and implemented by this first- ever predominantly working-class government.
    [Show full text]
  • British Persian Studies and the Celebrations of the 2500Th Anniversary of the Founding of the Persian Empire in 1971
    British Persian Studies and the Celebrations of the 2500th Anniversary of the Founding of the Persian Empire in 1971 A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Master of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities. 2014 Robert Steele School of Arts, Languages and Cultures Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................................ 4 Declaration .................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Copyright Statement ................................................................................................................................................ 5 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Objectives and Structure ............................................................................................................................................. 8 Literature Review .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 Statement on Primary Sources...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Fonds Gabriel Deville (Xviie-Xxe Siècles)
    Fonds Gabriel Deville (XVIIe-XXe siècles) Répertoire numérique détaillé de la sous-série 51 AP (51AP/1-51AP/9) (auteur inconnu), révisé par Ariane Ducrot et par Stéphane Le Flohic en 1997 - 2008 Archives nationales (France) Pierrefitte-sur-Seine 1955 - 2008 1 https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/IR/FRAN_IR_001830 Cet instrument de recherche a été encodé en 2012 par l'entreprise Numen dans le cadre du chantier de dématérialisation des instruments de recherche des Archives Nationales sur la base d'une DTD conforme à la DTD EAD (encoded archival description) et créée par le service de dématérialisation des instruments de recherche des Archives Nationales 2 Archives nationales (France) INTRODUCTION Référence 51AP/1-51AP/9 Niveau de description fonds Intitulé Fonds Gabriel Deville Date(s) extrême(s) XVIIe-XXe siècles Nom du producteur • Deville, Gabriel (1854-1940) • Doumergue, Gaston (1863-1937) Importance matérielle et support 9 cartons (51 AP 1-9) ; 1,20 mètre linéaire. Localisation physique Pierrefitte Conditions d'accès Consultation libre, sous réserve du règlement de la salle de lecture des Archives nationales. DESCRIPTION Type de classement 51AP/1-6. Collection d'autographes classée suivant la qualité du signataire : chefs d'État, gouvernants français depuis la Restauration, hommes politiques français et étrangers, écrivains, diplomates, officiers, savants, médecins, artistes, femmes. XVIIIe-XXe siècles. 51AP/7-8. Documents divers sur Puydarieux et le département des Haute-Pyrénées. XVIIe-XXe siècles. 51AP/8 (suite). Documentation sur la Première Guerre mondiale. 1914-1919. 51AP/9. Papiers privés ; notes de travail ; rapports sur les archives de la Marine et les bibliothèques publiques ; écrits et documentation sur les départements français de la Révolution (Mont-Tonnerre, Rhin-et-Moselle, Roer et Sarre) ; manuscrit d'une « Chronologie générale avant notre ère ».
    [Show full text]
  • Muzeul National VII, 1983
    ALEXANDRU COCIU — MEDIC ROMAN SOLIDAR CU REPUBLICANII ŞI COMUNARZII FRANCEZI IN ANII 1870—1871 de MIRCEA DUMITRIU Despre participarea unor cetăţeni din ţara noastră la evenimentele legate de războiul franco-prusac (1870—1871) şi de lupta eroică a Co­ munei din Paris împotriva reacţiunii versailleze, a aparatului de stat burghez francez ştirile sînt, în general, destul de restrînse şi disparate. Este certă însă participarea unor voluntari din România în unităţi ale armatei republicane franceze şi ulterior — după semnarea prelimina­ riilor păcii la Versailles, la 26 februarie 1871, ceea ce echivala cu un act de trădare naţională din partea guvernului francez condus de Thiers — la eroica activitate a Comunei din Paris, prima revoluţie so­ cialistă din lume, expresie a luptei proletariatului francez pentru eli­ berare socială şi naţională. Printre cei care nu şi-au precupeţit temeinicele cunoştinţe profe­ sionale, eforturile fizice şi elanurile generoase şi avîntate ale cauzei progresiste şi internaţionaliste pentru care au luptat şi s-au jertfit mulţi fii ai Franţei republicane şi comunarzi — numiţi de Karl Marx, pe bună dreptate, „asaltatori ai cerului" —, au fost şi tineri din România. Unul dintre aceştia, Alexandru Cociu născut la 14 aprilie 1845 la Bucureşti, a îmbrăţişat profesiunea de medic, urmînd între 1870—1875 cursurile Facultăţii de medicină din Paris, unde şi-a luat doctoratul în anul 1875. Student fiind în 1870—1871 în capitala Franţei, el a devenit cunoscut în cercurile pe care le frecventa în acei doi ani de frămîntate momente din viaţa politică şi socială a ţării în care se specializa pentru umanitara carieră de medic. Relatări despre prezenţa şi activitatea lui Cociu în componenţa corpului personalului medical încadrat în Ambulanţa Presei aparţinînd Ministerului de Război al Franţei au fost aduse la cunoştinţa opiniei publice din România prin intermediul unor periodice de epocă.
    [Show full text]
  • Noam Chomsky Articulates a Clear, Uncompromising Defense of the Libertarian Socialist (Anarchist) Vision
    This classic talk delivered in 1970 has never seemed more current. In it Noam Chomsky articulates a clear, uncompromising defense of the libertarian socialist (anarchist) vision. NOAM CHOMSKY GOVERNMENT IN THE FUTURE ceros press department of republication on the high seas Government in the Future Talk given at the Poetry Center, New York City, Feb. 16, 1970 I think it is useful to set up as a framework for discussion four somewhat idealized positions with regard to the role of the state in an advanced industrial society. I want to call these positions: 1. Classical Liberal 2. Libertarian Socialist 3. State Socialist 4. State Capitalist and I want to consider each in turn. Also, I'd like to make clear my own point of view in advance, so that you can evaluate and judge what I am saying. I think that the libertarian socialist concepts, and by that I mean a range of thinking that extends from left-wing Marxism through to anarchism, I think that these are fundamentally correct and that they are the proper and natural extension of classical liberalism into the era of advanced industrial society. In contrast, it seems to me that the ideology of state socialism, i.e. what has become of Bolshevism, and that of state capitalism, the modern welfare state, these of course are dominant in the industrial societies, but I believe that they are regressive and highly inadequate social theories, and a large number of our really fundamental problems stem from a kind of incompatibility and inappropriateness of these social forms to a modern industrial society.
    [Show full text]
  • The Commune Movement During the 1960S and the 1970S in Britain, Denmark and The
    The Commune Movement during the 1960s and the 1970s in Britain, Denmark and the United States Sangdon Lee Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of History September 2016 i The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement ⓒ 2016 The University of Leeds and Sangdon Lee The right of Sangdon Lee to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 ii Abstract The communal revival that began in the mid-1960s developed into a new mode of activism, ‘communal activism’ or the ‘commune movement’, forming its own politics, lifestyle and ideology. Communal activism spread and flourished until the mid-1970s in many parts of the world. To analyse this global phenomenon, this thesis explores the similarities and differences between the commune movements of Denmark, UK and the US. By examining the motivations for the communal revival, links with 1960s radicalism, communes’ praxis and outward-facing activities, and the crisis within the commune movement and responses to it, this thesis places communal activism within the context of wider social movements for social change. Challenging existing interpretations which have understood the communal revival as an alternative living experiment to the nuclear family, or as a smaller part of the counter-culture, this thesis argues that the commune participants created varied and new experiments for a total revolution against the prevailing social order and its dominant values and institutions, including the patriarchal family and capitalism.
    [Show full text]
  • Aesthetics in Ruins: Parisian Writing, Photography and Art, 1851-1892
    Aesthetics in Ruins: Parisian Writing, Photography and Art, 1851-1892 Ioana Alexandra Tranca Faculty of Modern and Medieval Languages University of Cambridge This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Trinity College March 2017 I would like to dedicate this thesis to my parents, Mihaela and Alexandru Declaration I hereby declare that this dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. This dissertation does not exceed the prescribed word limit of 80000, excluding bibliography. Alexandra Tranca March 2017 Acknowledgements My heartfelt gratitude goes to my Supervisor, Dr Nicholas White, for his continued advice and support throughout my academic journey, for guiding and helping me find my way in this project. I also wish to thank Dr Jean Khalfa for his insights and sound advice, as well as Prof. Alison Finch, Prof. Robert Lethbridge, Dr Jann Matlock, and Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • The French Revolution in the French-Algerian War (1954-1962): Historical Analogy and the Limits of French Historical Reason
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 9-2016 The French Revolution in the French-Algerian War (1954-1962): Historical Analogy and the Limits of French Historical Reason Timothy Scott Johnson The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/1424 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] THE FRENCH REVOLUTION IN THE FRENCH-ALGERIAN WAR (1954-1962): HISTORICAL ANALOGY AND THE LIMITS OF FRENCH HISTORICAL REASON By Timothy Scott Johnson A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2016 © 2016 TIMOTHY SCOTT JOHNSON All Rights Reserved ii The French Revolution in the French-Algerian War (1954-1962): Historical Analogy and the Limits of French Historical Reason by Timothy Scott Johnson This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in History in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Richard Wolin, Distinguished Professor of History, The Graduate Center, CUNY _______________________ _______________________________________________ Date Chair of Examining Committee _______________________
    [Show full text]
  • Race and Immigration in Interwar France Policing Migration And
    DOSSIER Race and Immigration in Interwar France THE STRANGENESS OF FOREIGNERS Policing Migration and Nation in Interwar Marseille1 Mary Dewhurst Lewis Harvard University A man has all his moral value, according to us, only in the middle of his fellow cit- izens, in the city where he has always lived under the eyes of those citizens, watched, judged, and appreciated by them … but in general the displaced person, whom we call a vagabond, no longer has his moral value. – Adolphe Thiers2 In April 1924, Stefan X., a young man born in Marseille to Italian immigrants, was imprisoned for failing to honor an expulsion order dating from 1920.3 Protesting his imprisonment, Stefan invoked the French nationality law of 1889, which held that children born in France to foreign parents became French nationals upon reaching adulthood, provided that they remained res- idents of France at that time and did not repudiate their right to French nationality before a justice of the peace. Stefan, who had just passed his twenty-first birthday, argued that he was a citizen and that, as such, he could not be expelled from the country.4 Local officials argued quite the contrary. They pointed out that the origi- nal expulsion order, which had been triggered by Stefan’s theft of charcoal bri- quettes from a barge, was issued when Stefan was still a minor and could not French Politics, Culture & Society, Vol. 20, No. 3, Fall 2002 66 Mary Dewhurst Lewis yet exercise his birthright citizenship. Since he was supposed to have left France three years earlier, they argued, he could hardly claim to have legal res- idency there upon turning age twenty-one.
    [Show full text]
  • Gardes Des Sceaux En France, D'hier Et D'aujourd'hui
    GARDES DES SCEAUX EN FRANCE D’HIER ET D’AUJOURD’HUI GARDES DESGARDES D’AUJOURD’HUI ET D’HIER EN FRANCE, SCEAUX GARDES DES SCEAUX EN FRANCE D’HIER ET D’AUJOURD’HUI ÉDITO Depuis près de 300 ans, sans interruption, la Chancellerie située place Vendôme, accueille les chanceliers de France, gardes des sceaux et ministres de la justice.Une fonction qui existe, elle, depuis 1545. Située sur l’une des plus prestigieuses places de Paris, la Chancellerie témoigne en ces lieux de la pérennité de l’État. Danton, d’Aguesseau, Cambacérès ... les noms de personnalités illustres résonnent dans l’hôtel de Bourvallais comme pour en scander l’histoire. Tous y ont laissé leur empreinte. Extension, embellissement de l’hôtel d’une part, affirmation de la fonction de ministre de la justice de l’autre, ainsi se sont entremêlés pendant près de trois siècles architecture, art et politique. GARDES DES SCEAUX · ANCIEN RÉGIME FRANÇOIS OLIVIER 28 avril 1545 - 22 mai 1551 Rois de France : François Ier et Henri II © Gallica.bnf.fr/Bibliothèque nationale de France 5 GARDES DES SCEAUX · ANCIEN RÉGIME JEAN DE BERTRAND 22 mai 1551- 10 juillet 1559 Roi de France : Henri II © Château de Versailles, Dist. RMN-Grand Palais/image château de Versailles 6 GARDES DES SCEAUX · ANCIEN RÉGIME FRANÇOIS OLIVIER 10 juillet 1559 - 2 janvier 1560 Roi de France : François II © Gallica.bnf.fr/Bibliothèque nationale de France 7 GARDES DES SCEAUX · ANCIEN RÉGIME JEAN DE MORVILLIER fin avril 1560 - 2 juin 1560 Roi de France : François II © Gallica.bnf.fr/Bibliothèque nationale de France 8 GARDES
    [Show full text]
  • The FRENCH REVOLUTION
    HISTORY IN THE MAKING The FRENCH REVOLUTION BY Georges Pernoud and Sabine Flaissier ,. PREFACE BY ANDRE MAUROIS THE FRENCH REVOLUTION +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ THE FRENCH REVOLUTION by GEORGES PERNOUD and SABINE FLAISSIER with a preface by ANDRE MAUROIS translated by RICHARD GRAVES FOUNDED 1138 G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS NEW YORK FIRST AMERICAN EDITION, 1961 ©196 0 BY MARTIN SECKER & WARBURG LTD. Allrights reserved. This book, or parts thereoI, must not be reproduced without permission. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 60-13673 MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA /"Ii CONTENTS +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 7 PREFACE 9 PREFATORY EXPLANATION 15 THE FOURTEENTH OF JULY 17 THE FIFTH AND SIXTH OF OCTOBER 56 THE FLIGHT TO VARENNES 70 THE EMIGRES 108 LA MARSEILLAISE 123 THE TENTH OF AUGUST 126 THE SEPTEMBER MASSACRES 142 VALMY 160 THE MISFORTUNES OF THE ROYAL FAMILY 174 CHARLOTTE CORDAY 222 THE COLLAPSE OF THE EMIGRES 233 THE TERROR 242 THE SOLDIERS OF YEAR II 281 LA VENDEE 298 THERMIDOR 320 SOURCES 342 INDEX 347 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1789 January Louis XVI summons States General May States General meet at Versailles June States General in future called National Assembly July Fall of the Bastille-National Guard formed with Lafayette as Commandant October The Paris mob march on Versailles. King removed to Paris 1790 September Necker resigns as Chief Minister December King gives assent to Civil Constitution of the Clergy 1791 June The flight to Varennes September­
    [Show full text]