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The Origins of the Banlieue Rouge: Politics, Local Government and Communal Identity in Arcueil and Cachan, 1919-1958

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The Origins of the Banlieue Rouge: Politics, Local Government and Communal Identity in Arcueil and Cachan, 1919-1958 The Origins of the Banlieue Rouge: Politics, Local Government and Communal Identity in Arcueil and Cachan, 1919-1958. by Jasen Lewis Burgess A thesis submitted to the University of New South Wales in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History 2005 © Jasen Lewis Burgess, 2005 Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge the numerous individuals and various institutions that assisted me in the completion of this thesis. The critical appraisal, guidance and support provided by my supervisor Professor Martyn Lyons during the writing of this thesis have been indispensable. Professor Lyons helped initiate my research topic, gave firm, fair and timely advice on the structure and content of this thesis, and has commented on and proofread innumerable drafts. I would also like to thank him for his general support of my candidature, in particular the support he gave to me when I suspended my candidature at the time of the birth of my first son Leon and then when I resumed my candidature some time later. I would like to thank Professor Jacques Girault who suggested Arcueil and Cachan as a thesis topic when I met with him during my first research trip to Paris in 1998, and who also gave me invaluable advice on where to research my thesis in Paris and what journals to consult. I am also grateful to the staff of the Archives Départementales du Val-de-Marne at Creteil, France, for the vital assistance they gave me in my research, including posting material to me in Sydney. Thanks also to the Documentation and Archival Services for the Commune of Arcueil for sending material to me in Sydney, and to the staff at the Musée sociale and the Centre du Recherches d’Histoire des Mouvements Sociaux et Syndicalisme for the assistance they gave me when researching my thesis in Paris. I am grateful to the support provided by the School of History and its three Heads, Roger Bell, Ian Tyrrel and John Gascoigne, during my PhD candidature. The School of History awarded me an APA and later a Completion Scholarship, both of which enabled me to write this thesis. The School and the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences have been generous in defraying some of the costs associated with my PhD candidature. I also thank the staff at the University of New South Wales library, and in particular the Inter-Library Loans unit, for the important assistance they have rendered to me. Special thanks goes to those who undertook the laborious task of proofreading the final draft of this thesis, namely Anne and Janet Linklater, Katie Wrigley, Katherine McKernan, Matthew Swan, and especially Louise Downe. Thank you to my mother and ii Introduction father, Sandra and Jim Burgess, for the support they have given to my academic studies, and to Colleen Parrett for providing essential baby-sitting and other assistance which has facilitated the completion of this thesis. The Postgraduates in the School of History provided a congenial and stimulating milieu which fostered the production of this thesis, and in particular I would like to thank Craig Turnbull and Sophie Lieberman for their practical assistance during the final stages of completion. Finally, I would like to thank my wife Josephine Parrett without whom I could not have produced this thesis. She has given me practical and moral support that has been critical to its completion, including proof-reading innumerable drafts of chapters and encouraging me to believe I could complete a PhD despite many obstacles. She has endured the financial sacrifices and stresses concomitant with the production of a PhD thesis without ever wavering in her commitment to me finishing my PhD. For her support, I am eternally grateful. Thanks also to my young sons Leon and Edyn who have been a source of joy and inspiration during the production of this thesis. iii Abstract By elucidating the origins of the banlieue rouge, a belt of communist-dominated suburbs surrounding Paris that arose during the interwar years and reached its apogee under the Fourth Republic, this thesis addresses the problem of why twentieth-century France was home to a pro-Soviet communist party with mass support. Specifically, a local study of the PCF in Arcueil and Cachan, two neighbouring communes south of Paris with divergent political evolutions since World War I, is used to discern how and why the Parti communiste français (PCF) came to exert hegemony in the working-class suburbs of Paris. After surveying the historiography of communism in France and beyond, this thesis concludes that the communist banlieue rouge was born of working-class alienation from bourgeois society that was nourished by a communist counter-society that was contingent upon the PCF’s capacity to adapt and respond to local circumstances. Using archival sources and statistical analysis, it demonstrates that in Arcueil and Cachan rapid suburbanisation and an attendant proletarianisation created the pre-conditions for the rise of the PCF. This study finds that during the interwar period the PCF rapidly emerged as an electoral force in both suburbs as it set about laying the foundations of a communist counter-society, especially in Arcueil where it won control of local government in 1935. In Arcueil, the PCF spearheaded the local Resistance movement during World War II and then under the Fourth Republic went on to consolidate a nascent communist communal identity, while in Cachan its influence fell victim to Cold War politics. The pre-conditions for the rise of communism were apparent earlier and to a greater degree in Arcueil, an industrialised, working-class suburb with long-standing radical traditions, than in the traditionally conservative Cachan. In Arcueil, the PCF was more successful than its counterpart in Cachan at exploiting an alienation that was not only part of the deep-seated historical traditions of the French working class but was also part of everyday life f or workers forced to live in miserable conditions. In suburbs such as Arcueil, suburban working-class pride at being a social outcast was conflated with communism to create a durable communist communal identity. iv Table of Contents List of Maps vii List of Figures viii List of Tables x Abbreviations xi 1. Introduction 1 2. The Local Determinants of the Banlieue Rouge 56 3. The Origins of Communist Hegemony I: The Suburbanisation of Arcueil 89 and Cachan 4. The Origins of Communist Hegemony II: The Socio-Economic 141 Substructure of Local Politics in Arcueil and Cachan 5. Toward Hegemony I: The Electoral Implantation of the PCF in Arcueil and 177 Cachan Between the Wars. 6. Toward Hegemony II: The Social Implantation of the PCF in Arcueil and 262 Cachan Between the Wars. 7. The Consolidation of Communist Hegemony?: The PCF in Arcueil and 332 Cachan, 1940-1958. 8. Conclusion 384 Bibliography 404 v Introduction Maps 1 The Department of the Seine xiii 2 Arcueil circa 1936 xiv 3 Cachan circa 1936 xv 4 & 5 The PCF’s inheritance of the SFIO electorate in the banlieue rouge 65 6 & 7 The banlieue rouge at the time of the Popular Front 66 8 Industry in Arcueil during the interwar period 95 9 Demarcation of Arcueil’s electoral sections 101 10 PCF municipalities in the mid-1980s 385 vi Figures 4.1 PCF candidates in Arcueil’s Municipal elections, 1923-1935 155 4.2 Summary of PCF candidates' socio-professional character in Arcueil's 156 municipal elections, 1923-1935 4.3 SFIO candidates in Arcueil’s Municipal elections, 1919-1935 158 4.4 Summary of SFIO candidates' socio-professional character in Arcueil's 159 municipal elections, 1919-1935 4.5 RSP candidates in Arcueil’s municipal elections, 1919-1935 161 4.6 Summary of RSP candidates' socio-professional character in Arcueil's 162 municipal elections, 1919-1935 4.7 PCF candidates in Cachan’s municipal elections, 1923-1935 164 4.8 Summary of PCF candidates’ socio-professional character in Cachan’s 165 municipal elections, 1923-1935 4.9 SFIO candidates in Cachan’s Municipal elections, 1919-1935 167 4.10 Summary of SFIO candidates’ socio-professional character in Cachan’s 168 municipal elections, 1919-1935 4.11 CURSDIGC candidates in Cachan’s Municipal elections, 1919-1935 170 4.12 Summary of CURSDIGC candidates’ socio-professional character in 171 Cachan’s municipal elections, 1919-1935 5.1 Arcueil: voting in municipal elections 1919-1935 188 5.2 Arcueil: voting in legislative elections 1919-1937 188 5.3 Centre: voting in municipal elections 1919-1935 190 5.4 Centre: voting in legislative elections 1919-1937 191 5.5 Laplace: voting in municipal elections 1919-1935 192 5.6 Laplace: voting in legislative elections 1919-1937 193 5.7 Cité-Aqueduc: voting in municipal elections 1932 & 1935 194 5.8 Cité-Aqueduc: voting in legislative elections 1932-1937 194 5.9 Cachan: voting in municipal elections 1919-1935 196 vii Introduction 5.10 Cachan: voting in legislative elections 1919-1937 196 7.1 PCF vote in Arcueil & Cachan municipal elections 1945-1953 354 7.2 PCF vote in Arcueil & Cachan legislative elections 1946-1958 361 viii Tables 3.1 Arcueil & Cachan: growth in population 93 4.1 Socio-professional categories used for analysis of 1936 census & of 143 candidates in municipal elections 4.2 Heads of households 1936: socio-professional breakdown of Arcueil & 148 Cachan 4.3 Heads of households 1936: socio-professional breakdown of Arcueil’s 150 electoral sections 4.4 Heads of households 1936: socio-professional breakdown of Arcueil & 151 Cachan 5.1 Interwar municipal elections in Arcueil & Cachan: voters enrolled & 187 abstentions 5.2 Interwar legislative elections
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