DOCSLIB.ORG

The Reign of Terror and the Character of Bloodshed

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Reign of Terror and the Character of Bloodshed Trinity College Trinity College Digital Repository Senior Theses and Projects Student Scholarship Spring 2020 The Architecture of Violence: the Reign of Terror and the Character of Bloodshed Aidan Turek [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses Part of the Comparative Politics Commons, European History Commons, Intellectual History Commons, Other Political Science Commons, Political History Commons, and the Political Theory Commons Recommended Citation Turek, Aidan, "The Architecture of Violence: the Reign of Terror and the Character of Bloodshed". Senior Theses, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 2020. Trinity College Digital Repository, https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses/848 1 The Architecture of Violence: The Reign of Terror and the Character of Bloodshed Adv. Reo Matsuzaki A.P. Turek Spring, 2020 1 2 Table of Contents Chapter I: Revolutionaries, Theorists, and the Terror ........................................................................... 4 I.I Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 4 I.II Theory on Revolution: Moore, Skocpol, and Ignoring Violence ............................................. 10 I.III Violence from a Theoretical Standpoint ................................................................................. 14 I.IV Analysis to Come ................................................................................................................... 22 Chapter II: The Popular Terror—A Performative Explanation of Violence ..................................... 29 IV.I Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 29 IV.II Constructing a Performative Theory ..................................................................................... 32 IV.III Performing the Terror .......................................................................................................... 41 IV.IV Theoretical Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 48 Chapter III: A Utilitarian Terror— An Instrumental Explanation of Violence ................................. 57 II.I Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 57 II.II Instrumental Theory of Violence ............................................................................................ 58 II.III Origins of Insurrection: A Bottom-up Perspective ................................................................ 62 II.IV Suppressing the Rebellion: A Top-down Perspective ........................................................... 69 II.V Theoretical Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 77 Chapter IV: A Terror of Ideas—An Ideological Explanation of Violence .......................................... 80 III.I Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 80 III.II Violent Ideas ......................................................................................................................... 82 III.III Rousseau and the Jacobins ................................................................................................... 87 III.IV The Radicalization of Revolutionary France ....................................................................... 92 III.V Institutionalizing Terror: The Fall of Lyon ........................................................................... 94 III.VI Theoretical Conclusions .................................................................................................... 100 Chapter V: The Width, Breadth, and Dimensions of Violence ........................................................... 105 V.I Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 105 V.II Presentation of Theories ....................................................................................................... 107 V.III Theoretical Forces in Action: the Case of the Revolutionary Armies ................................ 112 V.IV Reconstructing Theory ........................................................................................................ 124 V.V Building a Theoretical Synthesis ......................................................................................... 133 V.VI Synthesis and Theory .......................................................................................................... 139 2 3 This thesis is dedicated to Professor Reo Matsuzaki. I began writing with more passion than foresight, and it has only been through the careful attentiveness of one superior editor, knowledgeable theorist, and caring teacher, that this thesis was completed at all. At every stage, Professor Matsuzaki has been supporting me in my effort to produce meaningful scholarship. His constant forbearance and kindness have facilitated not just the completion of this thesis, but my maturation as a Trinity student and as a scholar in my own right. Between penetrating critiques and insightful comments is a clear passion on the part of Professor Matsuzaki to see his students succeed. I am proud to have worked with him in completing this paper. I know writing this thesis has taken as much from him as it has for me—and I am certain this is the last time he will agree to have so much historical frippery in a work of political science. I would also like to thank my parents, who, both in their professional and in private lives, preach the same message—that knowledge is its own reward. It has given me no small amount of pleasure to write about the various Parisian locales I toured with my mother, or to have flipped through the tattered old copy of Tilly’s Vendée that served as my father’s copy when he was my age. Their constant sacrifices are humbling, and I hope this work proves a fair reward for their investment of blood, sweat, tears—and love. Finally, I would like to thank Mary Tursi, whose intelligence and grace are a constant reminder of what a true scholar looks like. No amount of praise can do justice to her singular drive. 3 4 I. Revolutionaries, Theorists, and the Terror It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way—in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.1 I. The Terror and its Antecedents So reads the first words of Charles Dicken’s totemic novelization of the single most influential event in European history—the French Revolution. In the space of a single generation, Europe saw the fall of its strongest monarchy, the birth of the first modern republic, the advent of universal manhood suffrage, the creation of the first bureaucratized centralized advanced polity, the implementation of total war, and the beginning of the largest continental conflict the continent had yet seen. Death came in a thousand forms with a thousand names, from the stalking famines that plagued the peasants of Languedoc, those tens of thousands fallen in battles like Valmy, Neerwinden, Fleurus, Jemappes, and countless others, or those who perished in that most controversial of Revolutionary developments: the Terror. The Reign of Terror lasted barely two years, and yet marked the nadir of not just the Revolution 1 Dickens, Charles. A Tale of Two Cities, pg. 4 4 5 but human character itself, a point made all the more poignant by the high ideals, grandiose claims, and democratic and humanitarian intentions with which the Revolution began. It was a period of great and seemingly intractable contradictions. No better recapitulation of the extremes of this period exists than Charles Dickens’ words. In his masterful novelization, Dickens provides perhaps the neatest description of the Revolution—it was a time of superlatives. The French Reign of Terror raged from 1792 to 1794 during the latter half of the French Revolution. Most frequently described as period of mass state violence and repression, the Terror culminated with the execution of its architect Maximilien Robespierre in 1794. After his fall, the Terror as a concept was quickly buried in political polemics from every quarter, obscuring the event in a haze of ideological praise and disparagement. Some of the first to profit from the violence of the Terror were the Thermidorians, those conspirators who, in July 1794, overthrew Robespierre and the Montagnard clique that controlled France; they found their justification for usurpation the ending of ‘the Terror,’ and began the long—and ongoing—process of manipulating history for their ends. All violence was assigned to the recently beheaded Robespierre, while the numbers of victims was expanded beyond imagination. After the Restoration of the Bourbon monarchy, an alliance
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Burke's Writings and Speeches, Volume the Fifth, by Edmund Burke
    Burke's Writings and Speeches, Volume the Fifth, by Edmund Burke. THE WORKS OF THE RIGHT HONOURABLE EDMUND BURKE IN TWELVE VOLUMES VOLUME THE FIFTH file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/Owner/My%20Documents/My%20eBooks/BurkeEd/v-5.htm (1 of 424)04/06/2006 3:02:49 PM Burke's Writings and Speeches, Volume the Fifth, by Edmund Burke. London JOHN C. NIMMO 14, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND, W.C. MDCCCLXXXVII CONTENTS OF VOL. V. ● OBSERVATIONS1 ON THE CONDUCT OF THE MINORITY, PARTICULARLY IN THE LAST SESSION OF PARLIAMENT, 1793 ● PREFACE65 TO THE ADDRESS OF M. BRISSOT TO HIS CONSTITUENTS; WITH AN APPENDIX ● LETTER107 TO WILLIAM ELLIOT, ESQ., OCCASIONED BY A SPEECH MADE IN THE HOUSE OF LORDS BY THE **** OF *******, IN THE DEBATE CONCERNING LORD FITZWILLIAM, 1795 ● THOUGHTS131 AND DETAILS ON SCARCITY ● LETTER171 TO A NOBLE LORD ON THE ATTACKS MADE UPON MR. BURKE AND HIS PENSION, IN THE HOUSE OF LORDS, BY THE DUKE OF BEDFORD AND THE EARL OF LAUDERDALE, 1796 ● THREE LETTERS TO A MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT ON THE PROPOSALS FOR PEACE WITH THE REGICIDE DIRECTORY OF FRANCE. ❍ LETTER233 I. ON THE OVERTURES OF PEACE ❍ LETTER342 II. ON THE GENIUS AND CHARACTER OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AS IT REGARDS OTHER NATIONS file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/Owner/My%20Documents/My%20eBooks/BurkeEd/v-5.htm (2 of 424)04/06/2006 3:02:49 PM Burke's Writings and Speeches, Volume the Fifth, by Edmund Burke. ❍ LETTER384 III. ON THE RUPTURE OF THE NEGOTIATION; THE TERMS OF PEACE PROPOSED; AND THE RESOURCES OF THE COUNTRY FOR THE CONTINUANCE OF THE WAR OBSERVATIONS ON THE CONDUCT OF THE MINORITY PARTICULARLY IN THE LAST SESSION OF PARLIAMENT.
    [Show full text]
  • Populist Discourse in the French Revolution Rebecca Dudley
    Sigma: Journal of Political and International Studies Volume 33 Article 6 2016 Do You Hear the People Sing?: Populist Discourse in the French Revolution Rebecca Dudley Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sigma Part of the European History Commons, International and Area Studies Commons, and the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Dudley, Rebecca (2016) "Do You Hear the People Sing?: Populist Discourse in the French Revolution," Sigma: Journal of Political and International Studies: Vol. 33 , Article 6. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sigma/vol33/iss1/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sigma: Journal of Political and International Studies by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Do You Hear the People Sing?: Populist Discourse in the French Revolution by Rebecca Dudley The rallying cry of the French Revolutionaries was "Liberte! Egalite! Fraternite!" (liberty, equality, fraternity), and the French Revolution, a pivotal moment in French, European, and world history, has been consistently considered one of the first and most significant nationalist movements. Research and literature thus far on discourse in this revolution have focused on nationalism Qenkins 1990; Hayward 1991; O'Brien 1988), along with the discourses of violence and terror that led to the graphic revolu­ tion (Ozouf 1984; Leoussi 2001). The presence of nationalist discourse and nationalist sentiment in the French Revolution is undeniable, but there are other elements poten­ tially missing from the current analyses.
    [Show full text]
  • Review the Abcs of Socialism by Bhaskar Sunkara
    ISSN: 1941-0832 Review The ABCs of Socialism by Bhaskar Sunkara Reviewed by Adam Szetela THE ABCS OF SOCIALISM BY BHASKAR SUNKARA. ILLUSTRATED BY PHIL WRIGGLESWORTH (VERSO, 2016) RADICAL TEACHER 126 http://radicalteacher.library.pitt.edu No. 111 (Summer 2018) DOI 10.5195/rt.2018.501 intellectually rigorous ways. For example, I have had more The ABCs of Socialism by Bhaskar than one student recognize that the wealth of a company is a social product and not exclusively a product of individual Sunkara. Illustrated by Phil genius and the “entrepreneurial spirit.” Indeed, many of Wrigglesworth (Verso, 2016) the questions in this book — “But at least capitalism is free and democratic, right?” — rebuke much of what passes as REVIEWED BY ADAM SZETELA accepted political and economic orthodoxy in capitalist countries. In 2010, Bhaskar Sunkara started the socialist Even if this book were not used in a course, I think it magazine Jacobin, while he was an undergraduate at would be of pedagogical benefit for radical teachers to George Washington University. Since then, it has evolved read. At one level, it gives thorough responses to some of into an international force with millions of readers, the most asked questions about socialism, which any hundreds of reading groups, and an MVP-list of writers and teacher who teaches radical political and economic material supporters, who range from Noam Chomsky and the late will surely encounter. These questions range from inquiries Ellen Meiksins Wood to Dave Zirin and Chris Mathews. about the role of individual rights in a socialist society to Jacobin’s emergence has also spawned a flood of email the perennial fear that, in the absence of the profit motive, messages from people around the world who are asking socialism will stifle innovation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Price of Revolution Alison Patrick As Patrice Gueniffey Has Noted
    The Price of Revolution 13 The Price of Revolution Alison Patrick As Patrice Gueniffey has noted, interest in the Terror as a French revolutionary phenomenon has waxed and waned, but has never disappeared, though focus and emphasis have changed from time to time. In preparation for the French 1789 bicentennial, Mitterand decided that France, unlike the United States, would not treat its revolutionary decade as a serial story, but would celebrate national liberation in a lump, with Chinese students wheeling empty bicycles at the head of the Bastille Day procession as a reminder that some countries had not yet caught up. This decision made it possible to avoid divisive areas, freeing the heirs of the Revolution to commemorate whatever they chose, but outside Paris, foreign visitors might find themselves puzzled by the range of local traditions which presumably shaped the festivities. (Exactly why did the Arles school children produce an exhibition of émigré biographies?) It would at least seem from the size and complexity of Gueniffey’s book that re-visits to the Terror are likely to continue.1 One realizes with surprise that one part of the story has still not had much attention. The normal focus has been on the development of Terror as an instrument of government policy, on the numbers and character of those affected by it, and on the crisis of Thermidor and its sequel. Gueniffey has a good deal about the political maneuvers that culminated in the events of Prairial, placing Robespierre in the centre of the stage, and the Thermidorians naturally get their share of notice.
    [Show full text]
  • French Revolution Political Freedom!
    French Revolution Part 2: Political Freed​om! Part 2: Political Freedom! ​ Objective: Understand what political freedom is. Determine what ​ ​ the right balance is between security and freedom. Assessment Goals: (Learning Target 1,2,3,6,7): Identify ​the changes in government and rights of people throughout the ​ ​ ​ ​ revolution. Determine when you believe people were the most free. Explain and defend using primary and secondary source evidence. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A: Initial Revolutionary Movements _____________________________________________ Estates General Tennis Court Oath Storming of the Bastille http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/french-revolution/source-2/ ‘The London Gazette’ – Saturday 18 July – Tuesday 21 July, 1789 (ZJ 1/85 Transcript In the Evening a Detachment with Two Pieces of Cannon went to the Bastile, to demand the Ammunition deposited there. A Flag of Truce had been sent before them, which was answered from within; But nevertheless, the Governor (the Marquis de Launay) ordered the Guard to fire, and several were killed. The Populace, enraged at this Proceeding, rushed forward to the Assault, when the Governor agreed to admit a certain Number, on Condition that they should not commit any Violence. A Detachment of about Forty accordingly passed the Drawbridge, which was instantly drawn up, and the whole Party massacred. This Breach of Faith, aggravated by so glaring an instance of Inhumanity, naturally excited a Spirit of revenge and Tumult not to be appeased. A Breach was soon made in the Gate, and the Fortress surrendered. The Governor, the principal Gunner, the Jailer, and Two old Invalids, who had been noticed as being more active than the Rest, were seized, and carried before the Council assembled at the Hotel de Ville, by whom the Marquis de Launay was sentenced to be beheaded, which was accordingly put in Execution at the Place de Grêve, and the other Prisoners were also put to Death.
    [Show full text]
  • After Robespierre
    J . After Robespierre THE THERMIDORIAN REACTION Mter Robespierre THE THERMIDORIAN REACTION By ALBERT MATHIEZ Translated from the French by Catherine Alison Phillips The Universal Library GROSSET & DUNLAP NEW YORK COPYRIGHT ©1931 BY ALFRED A. KNOPF, INC. ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED AS La Reaction Thermidorienne COPYRIGHT 1929 BY MAX LECLERC ET CIE UNIVERSAL LIBRARY EDITION, 1965 BY ARRANGEMENT WITH ALFRED A. KNOPF, INC. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 65·14385 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA PREFACE So far as order of time is concerned, M. M athie( s study of the Thermidorian Reaction, of which the present volume is a translation, is a continuation of his history of the French Revolution, of which the English version was published in 1928. In form and character, however, there is a notable difference. In the case of the earlier work the limitations imposed by the publishers excluded all references and foot-notes, and the author had to refer the reader to his other published works for the evidence on which his conclusions were based. In the case of the present book no such limitations have been set, and M. Mathiei: has thus been able not only to state his con­ clusions, but to give the chain of reasoning by which they have been reached. The Thermidorian Reaction is therefore something more than a sequel to The French Revolution, which M. Mathiei:, with perhaps undue modesty, has described as a precis having no independent authority; it is not only a work of art, but a weighty contribution to historical science. In the preface to his French Revolution M.
    [Show full text]
  • 50 H-France Forum, V
    H-France Forum Volume 4 Page 50 ______________________________________________________________________________ H-France Forum, Volume 4, Issue 2 (Spring 2009), No. 5 Michael Sonenscher, Sans-Culottes: An Eighteenth-Century Emblem in the French Revolution. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008. x + 493 pp. $45.00 U.S. (cl). ISBN 978- 0691124988. Response Essay by Michael Sonenscher, King’s College Cambridge, to the review essays of his book by John Hardman, Thomas E. Kaiser, Charles Walton and Johnson Kent Wright. Perhaps the easiest way to begin a reply to this array of thought-provoking comments is to start with the two factual questions raised by John Hardman. The first concerns the comte d’Angiviller, while the second concerns Charles-Alexandre de Calonne. Answering them is a good way into the questions set out by Thomas E. Kaiser and Charles Walton about the relationship of the sans-culottes to Robespierre, Saint-Just and the Jacobin leadership in 1793 and 1794 and, more broadly, about the similarities and differences in their respective moral values, economic priorities and political visions. Answering their questions is, in turn, a helpful entry point to the questions about eighteenth-century versions of ancient moral and political thought and about the politics of the ancient constitution raised by Johnson Kent Wright. John Hardman asked whether I had any evidence that the comte d’Angiviller was, as I put it, “a strong advocate of a patriotic coup against the nation’s creditors in 1787 and 1788” (p. 378). I made the claim on the basis of a remark by d’Angiviller in the autobiographical fragment entitled Episodes de ma vie that was published posthumously in 1906.
    [Show full text]
  • Legislative Assembly  Approve Laws/Declarations of War  Must Pay Considerable Taxes to Hold Office
    Nat’l Assembly’s early reforms center on the Church (in accordance with Enlightenment philosophy) › Take over Church lands › Church officials & priests now elected & paid as state officials › WHY??? --- proceeds from sale of Church lands help pay off France’s debts This offends many peasants (ie, devout Catholics) 1789 – 1791 › Many nobles feel unsafe & free France › Louis panders his fate as monarch as National Assembly passes reforms…. begins to fear for his life June 1791 – Louis & family try to escape to Austrian Netherlands › They are caught and returned to France National Assembly does it…. after 2 years! Limited Constitutional Monarchy: › King can’t proclaim laws or block laws of Assembly New Constitution establishes a new government › Known as the Legislative Assembly Approve laws/declarations of war must pay considerable taxes to hold office. Must be male tax payer to vote. Problems persist: food, debt, etc. Old problems still exist: food shortages & gov’t debt Legislative Assembly can’t agree how to fix › Radicals (oppose monarchy & want sweeping changes in gov’t) sit on LEFT › Moderates (want limited changes) sit in MIDDLE › Conservatives (uphold limited monarchy & want few gov’t changes) sit on RIGHT Emigres (nobles who fled France) plot to undo the Revolution & restore Old Regime Some Parisian workers & shopkeepers push for GREATER changes. They are called Sans-Culottes – “Without knee britches” due to their wearing of trousers Monarchs & nobles across Europe fear the revolutionary ideas might spread to their countries Austria & Prussia urge France to restore Louis to power So the Legislative Assembly ………. [April 1792] Legislative Assembly declares war against Prussia and Austria › Initiates the French Revolutionary Wars French Revolutionary Wars: series of wars, from 1792-1802.
    [Show full text]
  • Fair Shares for All
    FAIR SHARES FOR ALL JACOBIN EGALITARIANISM IN PRACT ICE JEAN-PIERRE GROSS This study explores the egalitarian policies pursued in the provinces during the radical phase of the French Revolution, but moves away from the habit of looking at such issues in terms of the Terror alone. It challenges revisionist readings of Jacobinism that dwell on its totalitarian potential or portray it as dangerously Utopian. The mainstream Jacobin agenda held out the promise of 'fair shares' and equal opportunities for all in a private-ownership market economy. It sought to achieve social justice without jeopardising human rights and tended thus to complement, rather than undermine, the liberal, individualist programme of the Revolution. The book stresses the relevance of the 'Enlightenment legacy', the close affinities between Girondins and Montagnards, the key role played by many lesser-known figures and the moral ascendancy of Robespierre. It reassesses the basic social and economic issues at stake in the Revolution, which cannot be adequately understood solely in terms of political discourse. Past and Present Publications Fair shares for all Past and Present Publications General Editor: JOANNA INNES, Somerville College, Oxford Past and Present Publications comprise books similar in character to the articles in the journal Past and Present. Whether the volumes in the series are collections of essays - some previously published, others new studies - or mono- graphs, they encompass a wide variety of scholarly and original works primarily concerned with social, economic and cultural changes, and their causes and consequences. They will appeal to both specialists and non-specialists and will endeavour to communicate the results of historical and allied research in readable and lively form.
    [Show full text]
  • Reinterpreting the French Revolution: a Global-Historical Perspective Bailey Stone Index More Information
    Cambridge University Press 0521811473 - Reinterpreting the French Revolution: A Global-Historical Perspective Bailey Stone Index More information Index aides, 132 Babeuf, “Gracchus”, 210 Aix Parlement, 119 Bailly, Jean-Sylvain, 111 Albisson, J., 87 Baker, Keith, 4, 5, 37 Amar, Jean-Baptiste-Andre,´ 200 Barbaroux, Charles Jean-Marie, 172 American War, 20, 24–25, 40, 46–47, 49; Barere,` Bertrand, 178, 185, 236 see also Necker, Jacques; Vergennes, Barnave, Antoine-Pierre-Joseph-Marie, 57, Charles Gravier, comte de 106, 144–45, 149, 153–54, 162 Anderson, M. S., 70 Barras, Paul, 256 Anglo-French trade pact of 1786, 25, 52, 74, Barthel´ emy,´ Franc¸ois, comte de, 216, 219 76, 97 Basle, Treaty of, 216 Antoine, Michel, 32, 33 Bastille, seizure of, 64, 98–100, 110; see also Antraigues, Emmanuel-Louis-Henri de July Days Launey, comte d’, 87 Baudot, Marc Antoine, 198 Applewhite, Harriet, 143 Beauvau, Charles-Just, prince de, 88 Arc, chevalier d’ (French essayist), 45 Belle-Isle, Charles-Louis-Auguste Fouquet, Argenson, Rene-Louis´ de Voyer, comte de, 16 marquis d’, 15, 37 Bergasse, Nicolas, 57 army: condition of in old regime, 30–31, Bernadotte, Jean-Baptiste-Jules, 257 44–46, 59, 73; overhauled during Bernis, Abbe-Cardinal´ Franc¸ois-Joachim de 1795–99, 238–43; reform of during Pierre de, 16, 30 1789–91, 139–41; reform of during Bertaud, Jean-Paul, 139, 192, 193, 240, 242 1792–93, 190–93; status of in 1789, Bertier de Sauvigny, Louis-Benigne-´ 103–4 Franc¸ois, 101 Artois, Charles-Philippe de France, Bertin, Henri-Leonard-Jean-Baptiste,´ 38 comte d’, 75, 83–84, 163 Besenval,´ Pierre-Victor, baron de, 51 Assembly of Notables: in 1787, 53–55, 58; Bien, David, 5, 6 in 1788, 58, 79, 90 biens nationaux: defined and allocated assignats, 130, 164, 187, 198, 229, 231, 253; during the Revolution, 130–31, 133–34, see also mandats territoriaux 136–38, 190, 206, 231 Augereau, Pierre Franc¸ois Charles, 254 Biro, Sydney, 174, 213, 220 “Austrian Committee”, 122–23; see also Black, Jeremy, 117 Marie-Antoinette, queen of France Blanning, T.
    [Show full text]
  • Jean-Baptiste Lingaud Papers Ms
    Jean-Baptiste Lingaud papers Ms. Coll. 515 Finding aid prepared by Anton Matytsin. Last updated on April 24, 2020. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts July 2004 Jean-Baptiste Lingaud papers Table of Contents Summary Information....................................................................................................................................3 Biography/History..........................................................................................................................................4 Scope and Contents....................................................................................................................................... 4 Administrative Information........................................................................................................................... 4 Controlled Access Headings..........................................................................................................................5 Collection Inventory...................................................................................................................................... 6 Mayor’s Office of Limoges.....................................................................................................................6 Personal Papers of Lingaud...................................................................................................................29 - Page 2 - Jean-Baptiste Lingaud papers Summary Information Repository University
    [Show full text]
  • Black Cosmopolitans
    BLACK COSMOPOLITANS BLACK COSMOPOLITANS Race, Religion, and Republicanism in an Age of Revolution Christine Levecq university of virginia press Charlottesville and London University of Virginia Press © 2019 by the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper First published 2019 ISBN 978-0-8139-4218-6 (cloth) ISBN 978-0-8139-4219-3 (e-book) 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data is available for this title. Cover art: Jean-Baptiste Belley. Portrait by Anne Louis Girodet de Roussy- Trioson, 1797, oil on canvas. (Château de Versailles, France) To Steve and Angie CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 1. Jacobus Capitein and the Radical Possibilities of Calvinism 19 2. Jean- Baptiste Belley and French Republicanism 75 3. John Marrant: From Methodism to Freemasonry 160 Notes 237 Works Cited 263 Index 281 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book has been ten years in the making. One reason is that I wanted to explore the African diaspora more broadly than I had before, and my knowledge of English, French, and Dutch naturally led me to expand my research to several national contexts. Another is that I wanted this project to be interdisciplinary, combining history and biography with textual criticism. It has been an amazing journey, which was made pos- sible by the many excellent scholars this book relies on. Part of the pleasure in writing this book came from the people and institutions that provided access to both the primary and the second- ary material.
    [Show full text]