Reinterpreting the French Revolution: a Global-Historical Perspective Bailey Stone Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 0521811473 - Reinterpreting the French Revolution: A Global-Historical Perspective Bailey Stone Index More information

Index

aides, 132 Babeuf, “Gracchus”, 210 Aix Parlement, 119 Bailly, Jean-Sylvain, 111 Albisson, J., 87 Baker, Keith, 4, 5, 37 Amar, Jean-Baptiste-Andre,´ 200 Barbaroux, Charles Jean-Marie, 172 American War, 20, 24–25, 40, 46–47, 49; Barere,` Bertrand, 178, 185, 236 see also Necker, Jacques; Vergennes, Barnave, Antoine-Pierre-Joseph-Marie, 57, Charles Gravier, comte de 106, 144–45, 149, 153–54, 162 Anderson, M. S., 70 Barras, Paul, 256 Anglo-French trade pact of 1786, 25, 52, 74, Barthel´ emy,´ François, comte de, 216, 219 76, 97 Basle, Treaty of, 216 Antoine, Michel, 32, 33 Bastille, seizure of, 64, 98–100, 110; see also Antraigues, Emmanuel-Louis-Henri de July Days Launey, comte d’, 87 Baudot, Marc Antoine, 198 Applewhite, Harriet, 143 Beauvau, Charles-Just, prince de, 88 Arc, chevalier d’ (French essayist), 45 Belle-Isle, Charles-Louis-Auguste Fouquet, Argenson, Rene-Louis´ de Voyer, comte de, 16 marquis d’, 15, 37 Bergasse, Nicolas, 57 army: condition of in old regime, 30–31, Bernadotte, Jean-Baptiste-Jules, 257 44–46, 59, 73; overhauled during Bernis, Abbe-Cardinal´ François-Joachim de 1795–99, 238–43; reform of during Pierre de, 16, 30 1789–91, 139–41; reform of during Bertaud, Jean-Paul, 139, 192, 193, 240, 242 1792–93, 190–93; status of in 1789, Bertier de Sauvigny, Louis-Benigne-´ 103–4 François, 101 Artois, Charles-Philippe de France, Bertin, Henri-Leonard-Jean-Baptiste,´ 38 comte d’, 75, 83–84, 163 Besenval,´ Pierre-Victor, baron de, 51 Assembly of Notables: in 1787, 53–55, 58; Bien, David, 5, 6 in 1788, 58, 79, 90 biens nationaux: defined and allocated assignats, 130, 164, 187, 198, 229, 231, 253; during the Revolution, 130–31, 133–34, see also mandats territoriaux 136–38, 190, 206, 231 Augereau, Pierre François Charles, 254 Biro, Sydney, 174, 213, 220 “Austrian Committee”, 122–23; see also Black, Jeremy, 117 Marie-Antoinette, queen of France Blanning, T. C. W., 9, 113, 166, 169 Austrian Succession, War of the, 15, 33, 51 Bligh, William, 116 Avignon, quarrel over during Revolution, Boissy d’Anglas, François-Antoine, 212, 118–19 213, 246

285

286 Index

Bonaparte, Napoleon, 124, 178, 210, 211; Champ de Mars massacre, 111, 153–54 holds ambitions under Directory, 212, Charles I, king of England, 62, 77, 86, 266 220, 223, 226–27, 238, 241, 243–44; is Charles III, king of Spain, 18 involved in coup d’etat´ of 1799, 255–58; Charles IV, king of Spain, 75, 86 viewed in context of early modern and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 223 modern French history, 259–61 Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, 15 Bosher, John, 43, 130 Chaussinand-Nogaret, Guy, 3 Bourdon, Leonard,´ 213 Chauviere,` Michel, 264 Breteuil, Louis-Auguste Le Tonnelier, Choiseul, Etienne-François, duc de, 16, 17, baron de, 85 18, 19, 45, 223 Brissot, Jacques-Pierre: argues for war chouannerie: in Brittany, 205–7 against Austria in Legislative Assembly, Church, Clive, 179, 228, 229, 249, 251, 252 160–61, 163–66, 169–70, 173, 180; is Civil Constitution of Clergy, 110, 134–36, politically eclipsed in Convention, 147–49, 160, 180–83 195–200 clergy: growing persecution of in 1791 and Brown, Howard G., 238 1792, 180–83 Brune, Guillaume, 226 Cobb, Richard, 12 Brunswick, Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, duke Cobban, Alfred, 3 of, 50, 160 Cobenzl, Philip, 215 Brunswick Manifesto, 160, 176, 182 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 23, 24, 41 Bruun, Geoffrey, 167 Committee of General Security, 177 Burges, James, 117 Committee of One Hundred, 90 Burke, Edmund, 257 Committee of Public Safety: in crisis of Buzot, François-Nicolas-Leonard,´ 153 1794, 193–94, 204, 206; curbed after Thermidor, 210, 227; diplomatic role of cahiers de doleances´ : in 1789, 63, 72–74, in 1793, 173–74, 179; economic role of, 82–84, 91–94, 102; see also Estates 186–88; established in 1793, 161; gains General: in 1789 more powers during Terror, 176–77 Caisse de l’extraordinaire, 130–31 Compte rendu of 1781, 36 Calonne, Charles-Alexandre de: plays key Condorcet, Antoine-Nicolas Caritat, ministerial role in prerevolutionary crisis marquis de, 57, 163, 188–89 of 1787–88, 49–60, 63, 69, 119; Constituent Assembly: foreign policy unsuccessfully defends old regime’s pronouncements of, 117–24; internal financial system in 1789, 130 politics of, 143–55; social and Campo Formio, Treaty of, 210, 221–22 institutional reforms of, 124–43 capitation, 132 Conti, Louis-François-Joseph de Bourbon, Carnot, Lazare, 170, 192, 219 prince de, 90 Castries, Charles-Eugene-Gabriel` de La Convention: foreign policy Croix, Marechal´ de, 20, 46, 51, 141 pronouncements of, 169–70, 172–75, Catherine II, tsarina of Russia: advocates 212–13, 218–19; political tendencies in, Russian expansionism in old regime, 19, 196–200, 206–7; social and institutional 29; challenges France during 1789–91, reforms of, 175–94 111, 113; figures prominently in Cordelier Club, 111 diplomacy of prerevolutionary crisis, Cormack, William, 46 49–50; initiates Third Polish Partition Cornic-Dumoulin (French naval in 1795, 214–15; menaces Poland in commander), 194 1791–92, 166–68; poses a threat to France Creuze-Latouche,´ Jacques-Antoine, 145 in 1789, 65–68, 70; remodels church Crillon, François-Felix-Doroth´ ee,´ comte institutions within Russia, 135 de, 149 Cazales,` Jacques de, 144, 149 Crook, Malcolm, 128, 129 Cerutti,´ A.-J.-J., 88 Custine, Adam-Philippe, comte de, 130

Index 287

Daladier, Edouard, 264 Estates-General: in 1789, 31, 34–35, 39–40, Danton, Georges-Jacques, 170, 173, 178 54–59; in 1614–15, 78–79, 89–90; Daunou Law, 233–34; see also Lakanal Law see also cahiers de doleances´ Dawson, Philip, 130 Evans, H. V., 116, 122 dechristianization, 183 Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Falkland Islands: dispute over in 1789 Citizen, 64, 117–18, 132, 232 and 1790, 18, 116 Delley d’Agier, Claude-Pierre de, 137 Family Compact, 117, 122 Demeunier,´ Jean-Nicolas, 88, 145 Farmers-General: changing patterns Desan, Suzanne, 8 of recruitment of in old regime, Desmoulins, Camille, 73 43–44 Dickinson, John, 40 federalism: seen as provincial threat to Diderot, Denis, 37, 38; see also revolutionary government in 1793, Encyclopedie´ ; Enlightenment 161–62, 172, 200–2, 203–4, 207 Diplomatic Revolution of 1756, 16 Ferrieres,` Charles-Elie, marquis de, 147 Directory: foreign policy of, 219–26; Feuillant Club (Paris), 111, 153–54, 160, political developments under, 244–57; 162–63, 194–95, 202 social and institutional reforms of, 227–44 First Polish Partition, 29 Dorset, John, Third Duke of, 120 Fishman, Sarah, 264 Doyle, William, 6, 41 Fitzsimmons, Michael P., 89, 129 Dubois, Cardinal Guillaume, 42 Fleurus, battle of, 206, 212, 213, 214 Dubois-Crance,´ Edmond-Louis-Alexis, Fleury, Cardinal Andre´ Hercule de, 16 141, 238 Floreal,´ coup of, 211, 246 Dubos, Abbe´ Jean-Baptiste, 72 Forrest, Alan, 139, 140, 240 Dumont, Andre,´ 212 Fouche,´ Joseph, 244 Dumouriez, Charles-François: defects to Foullon de Doue,´ Joseph-François, 101 Austrians in 1793, 161, 177, 187, 196–98, Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, 168 200; serves briefly as foreign minister in François de Neufchateau,ˆ Nicolas-Louis, 1792, 165–66; serves as general in 1792–93 219 campaign, 169–70 Franco-Prussian War, 262, 263 Dupont de Nemours, Pierre-Samuel, 130 Franco-Russian trade pact of 1787, 51 Duport, Adrien, 153, 162 Franklin, Benjamin, 40 Duval d’Epremesnil,´ Jean-Jacques IV, 90, Frederick II, king of Prussia, 15, 16, 27–28, 144 30, 33, 49, 165 Frederick William I, king of Prussia, 27 Echeverria, Durand, 36 Frederick William II, king of Prussia, 49, Eden Treaty, see Anglo-French trade pact 112, 114, 165 of 1786 Fructidor coup, 211, 219, 220, 221, 234, 246, Edmonds, Bill, 203 247, 254, 255 Egret, Jean, 56, 59, 105 Fuchs, Rachel, 263 Electoral reforms: during 1789–91, 127–30; Furet, François, 4, 5, 12, 162, 259 in 1792, 196; under Directory, 245 Elliot, Hugh, 116 gabelle, 132 emigr´ es´ : increasingly persecuted in 1791 Gallicanism: see Jansenism; Paris Parlement and 1792, 180–83 Gaulle, Charles de, 265 Encyclopedie´ , 37–39; see also Diderot, Gaultier de Biauzat, Jean-François, 149 Denis; Enlightenment General Directory of Liquidation, 131 Enlightenment, 37–41; see also Diderot, Gensonne,´ Armand, 163 Denis; Encyclopedie´ George III, king of England, 18, 116, Entrecasteaux (French maritime explorer), 120 117 Germinal-Prairial Days, 210

288 Index

Gilbert de Voisins, Pierre-Paul, 37 Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, 49, 50, 65, Girondists (Paris), 161, 169, 172, 189, 210; 66, 68, 70, 115, 135, 168, 214 lose out in Convention during 1792–93 Jourdan, Jean Baptiste, 241, 256 to Robespierrist Jacobins, 194–203 Jourdan Law, 242–43, 254 Glorious Revolution, 22 July Days, 96, 100, 103, 106; see also Bastille, Godechot, Jacques, 257, 258 seizure of Goldstone, Jack, 7 Goodwin, Albert, 231, 245 Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton, Count von, 115, Grasse, Franc¸ois-Joseph-Paul de, 24 166, 167, 168, 171 Great Fear, 64, 101–03 Keith, Sir Robert Murray, 65 Grenville, William Wyndham, Baron, 171 Kennedy, Emmet, 4, 5 Gross, Jean-Pierre, 132, 178 Kennedy, Michael, 200 Gustavus III, king of Sweden, 29, 70 Kennedy, Paul, 23

Hampson, Norman, 47, 143, 151, 157, 176 Labrousse, Ernest, 96 Hardenburg, Karl August, Prince von, 216 Lacretelle, Pierre-Louis, 77, 78 Harris, Robert, 57, 79, 80, 81 Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Gilbert du Hawkesbury, Charles, First Lord, 68 Motier, marquis de: advocates war against Hertzberg, Ewald Friedrich, Count, 65, Austria in Legislative Assembly, 160, 114 162–63; calls for Estates-General during Hitler, Adolf, 265 Assembly of Notables in 1787, 54; Hoche, Louis-Lazare, 241, 243 defends the king’s prerogatives in Hood, Samuel, 24 Constituent Assembly, 145; involved in Howe, Patricia Chastain, 165 Champ de Mars massacre in 1791, 111; Huguet de Semonville,´ Charles-Louis, 88 remains an Anglophobe in Constituent Hunt, Lynn, 4, 5, 7, 8, 156, 266 Assembly, 122; supports Third Estate in Hyder-Ali (Indian prince), 17 1789, 95 Lakanal Law, 232–33; see also Daunou intendants: institutional emergence of in Law seventeenth century, 32–33; tendencies La Luzerne, Cesar-Henri-Guillaume,´ comte in social recruitment of, 43 de, 70, 141–42 Isnard, Maximin, 163–64 Lameth, Alexandre de, 51, 73, 144–45, 152–53, 162 Jacobins: activities of in provinces during Lamoignon de Basville, Chretien-Franc¸ois´ Terror, 201–5; aroused at Paris and in II de, 52, 55, 69, 82 provinces by Varennes crisis, 152–58; Lanjuinais, Jean-Denis, 78, 145 become radicalized by events of 1791–92, La Revelli´ ere-L` epeaux,´ Louis-Marie, 246 160–69, 180–83; emergence of at Paris and La Rochefoucauld, Cardinal Dominique de, in Constituent Assembly, 144–50; revival 96 of in war crisis of 1798–99, 255–57; win La Rochefoucauld, Louis-Alexandre out over Girondists in Convention d’Enville, duc de, 137 during 1792–93, 194–208 Leblanc de Castillon, Jean-Franc¸ois-Andre,´ James II, king of England, 23 54 Jansenism: as traditional ideology in Paris Le Chapelier, Isaac-Rene,´ 134, 145, 149 Parlement, 38–39, 89; see also Paris Le Chapelier Law, 138–39 Parlement Lefebvre, Georges, 1, 2, 62, 82, 107, 259 Jassy, Peace of, 113, 166 Legislative Assembly: internal politics of, Jaures,` Jean, 1 194–95; foreign policy of, 162–66, Jemappes, battle of, 161, 169, 196 168–69 Jones, Peter M., 137, 205, 206 Lenoir-Laroche, Jean-Jacques, 87

Index 289

Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor: dies in Malouet, Pierre-Victor, 121, 122 early 1792, 168; is pressured to go to war mandats territoriaux, 231, 253; see also against France in 1791–92, 166–67; works assignats for stability in central European affairs in Marat, Jean-Paul, 189 1790–91, 112–15 Marie-Antoinette, queen of France: is Lepeletier de St.-Fargeau, Louis-Michel, involved in seance´ royale of June 1789, 188 82–84, 107; pleads for Austrian Letourneur, C.-L.-F.-H., 219 intervention in Revolution during 1791, lettres d’anoblissement,48 115, 122–23; redoubles efforts to draw Levasseur de La Sarthe, Rene,´ 178 Austria into French domestic affairs late Lewis, Gwynne, 253 in 1791, 166–67; tries to foment discord Lofficiel, Louis-Prospere,` 106 among members of Constituent Lombard, J.-A., 106 Assembly, 150; urges flight to Varennes Lomenie´ de Brienne, Etienne-Charles: in June 1791, 151; warns against French troubled financial ministry of, 51–60, 63, involvement in foreign affairs in 1787–88, 69, 82, 119 68; see also “Austrian Committee”; Louis Louis XIV, king of France: foreign policy XVI, king of France of, 15, 22–23, 27; foreign policy of Markoff, John, 136 ironically recalled by revolutionaries’ Martin, Pierre, 194 foreign policy, 220, 222–23; important Massena,´ Andre,´ 211, 225 institutional and constitutional Mathiez, Albert, 1 developments under, 32, 34, 41–44; Maupeou, Rene-Nicolas-Charles-Augustin´ invoked by revolutionaries, 165, 175 de, 35, 36, 39, 77, 78 Louis XV, king of France: challenged by Maury, Abbe´ Jean-Siffrein, 144, 149 parlements on tax policies, 35; foreign Maximum gen´ eral´ , 185–88, 210 policy of, 16–18, 30, 32; social and May Edicts, 56 institutional developments under, 44 Mazauric, Claude, 4 Louis XVI, king of France, 11; buffeted Menard,´ François-Rene-Pierre,´ 95 by prerevolutionary crisis, 49–55, 59, 61; Menou, Jacques-François, baron de, convenes council of war on eve of 121 Revolution, 20; dismisses Brissotin Mercy-Argenteau, Florimund, Count von, ministers late in 1791, 160–63, 167; 52, 55, 68, 70, 119, 171 dismisses Chancellor Maupeou in 1774, Merlin de Douai, Philippe-Antoine, 145, 36; fails to compromise with Necker 212, 218, 219 and other reformists in 1789, 77–86; Metternich, Klemens Wenzel, Prince von, foreign policy of, 18; institutional 224 developments under, 33, 43; loses Mirabeau, Honore´ Gabriel Victor Riqueti, popular support in Varennes crisis, comte de: becomes socially radical in 150–57; is overthrown in August 1792 1788–89, 88, 91; defends National and executed in January 1793, 161; Assembly, 95; gives foreign policy views, see also Marie-Antoinette, queen 74; opposes despotic government in 1788, of France 57, 78; opposes Parisian fiscal interests, Lucas, Colin, 107, 247 130; predicts eventual French state Lyons, Martyn, 189, 245, 249, 257 bankruptcy, 231; predicts French reversion to war, 121, 252; speaks up on Machault d’Arnouville, Jean Baptiste, 38 “war and peace” issues in Constituent Mackesy, Piers, 218 Assembly, 149 McManners, John, 134, 182 Mitchell, C. J., 195 Malesherbes, Chretien´ Guillaume de Montagnards, see Jacobins; Robespierre, Lamoignon de, 38, 55, 77, 78 Maximilien

290 Index

Montlosier, Reynaud, comte de, 149 Pasha, Jezzar Ahmed, 117 Montmorency-Luxembourg, Anne- Paul I, tsar of Russia, 224, 225, 226 Charles-Sigismond, duc de, 51 Perisse-Duluc,´ Jean-Andre,´ 74, 75 Montmorin, Armand-Marc, comte de, Peter I, tsar of Russia, 26, 27 14, 52, 66, 67, 70, 149 Petion,´ Jer´ ome,ˆ 144, 145, 149, 153 Moreau, Jacob-Nicolas, 37 Pillnitz, Declaration of, 114 Morellet, Abbe´ Andre,´ 54, 57 Pitt, William (the Younger), 19, 21, 26, 112, Mounier, Jean-Joseph, 73, 87, 88, 105, 106, 116–17, 120, 171, 217–18, 224 144 Pollard, Miranda, 264 Mysore War, 20 Poniatowski, Stanislaus, 29 Prairial coup, 211 National Assembly: see Constituent Prieur of the Marne, Pierre-Louis, 174 Assembly Provence, Louis-Stanislas-Xavier de France, National Convention: see Convention comte de, 75, 83, 90, 163, 210, 247, 254; navy: condition of in old regime, 31, 46–47, see also Verona, Declaration of 59; overhauled by Constituent Assembly, Puysegur,´ Pierre Louis de Chastenet, comte 141–43; reformed further by Convention, de, 70, 85 193–94 Necker, Jacques: differs from Louis XVI on Rabaut Saint-Etienne, Jean-Paul, 59, 87, 88, reforms needed in 1789, 11, 58, 63–64, 91, 147 67–69, 71, 77–86, 91, 94–95, 98, 100, 104, Ramel-Nogaret, Dominique-Vincent, 105, 107; repeatedly warns Constituent 178 Assembly about rising state debt during Rastadt, Treaty of, 34; see also Spanish 1790, 138, 148; struggles during first Succession, War of the; Utrecht, ministry (1776–81) with financial costs of Peace of French involvement in American War, 33, Reichenbach, Convention of, 112 36, 39, 42, 53–54; see also American War; Rennes Parlement, 44 Resultat´ du Conseil; Vergennes, Charles representants´ en mission, 200 Gravier, comte de Resultat´ du Conseil, 63, 69, 71, 79–82, 91, Nicholas II, tsar of Russia, 62, 68, 77, 86 94; see also Necker, Jacques Nootka Sound incident, 116–17, 120–22, Reubell, Jean-François, 216, 219, 221 149–50 Revolutionary Tribunal (Paris), 161, 176, 210 October Days, 65, 85–86, 104, 106–7, 109, Richet, Denis, 3, 12 144, 150, 157, 209 Robespierre, Maximilien: advocates seizure offices: purchase of helps change nature of of Church lands in 1789, 134; belittles urban elites in old regime France, 47–48; English constitution in 1789, 73; endorses redeemed early on in Revolution, 130–32; execution of Louis XVI, 199; foreign sold in huge numbers under old regime, policy views of, 173–74; gains influence 41–42 on Left in Constituent Assembly, 145, Orleans,´ Louis-Joseph-Philippe de France, 149, 153–54; had early on seen possibility duc d’, 56 of military coup in Revolution, 257; as Ouvrard, Gabriel-Julien, 230, 232, 253 influential member of Committee of Public Safety, 176, 188, 192; opposes Paine, Thomas, 40 war with Austria in late 1791 and early Palmer, Robert R., 6, 172, 173, 185, 189 1792, 164; toppled and executed in Panckoucke, Charles-Joseph, 39 Thermidor, Year II, 206–7, 209–10, Paris Parlement, 35, 39, 52, 55–56, 58, 63, 227, 246 89–90, 98; see also Jansenism Rochambeau, J. B. Donatien de Vimeur, parlements: development and historic role comte de, 51 of, 35 Rodney, George Brydges, 24

Index 291

Roider, Karl, 171, 226 Soboul, Albert, 4 Rossbach, battle of, 30, 45 Society of 1789, 145, 150 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 40, 45 Society of Thirty, 87–88, 90 Rude,´ George, 125 Sorel, Albert, 6, 9, 121, 220 Soulavie, Jean-Louis Giraud, 173 St.-Andre,´ Jeanbon, 172, 193, 197 Spanish Succession, War of the, 32, 34; Saint-Germain, Claude-Louis, comte de, see also Rastadt, Treaty of; Utrecht, 30, 45 Peace of Saint-Just, Louis Antoine, 207 Sutherland, Donald, 6, 107 Saint-Priest, Guignard, comte de, 67, 68, Suvorov, Aleksander Vasilievich, 70 70 Saints, Battle of the, 24 Table of Ranks, 27 San Ildefonso, Treaty of, 216 Tackett, Timothy, 90, 109, 143 sans-culottes, 198–99, 201, 206–8, 209–10; taille, 34, 132 see also sans-jupons Talleyrand-Perigord,´ Charles-Maurice de: sans-jupons, 198, 207; see also sans-culottes advocates balance of power in affairs of Scott, Samuel, 103, 104, 141 Europe, 74; calls for French expansion seance´ royale of 23 June 1789, 64, 82–85, into eastern Mediterranean, 222–23; is 95; see also Marie-Antoinette, queen increasingly concerned about “law and of France order” issues in 1789–90, 145; offers plan “Second Hundred Years’ War”, 17, 22 for a national system of education to Second Polish Partition, 168–69, 171, 214 Constituent Assembly, 188 Segur,´ Louis-Philippe, comte de, 70 Target, Guy Jean Baptiste, 57, 88 Segur,´ Philippe-Henri, marquis de, 51 Taylor, George V., 4 Segur´ Law, 46 Tennis Court Oath, 95 seigneurialism: abolished without territorial subvention, 53, 58 compensation to former lords during Thiboutot, Anne-Leon,´ marquis de, 1792–93, 183–85; partially reformed early 105 in Revolution, 136–38 Third Polish Partition, 214–16 September Massacres, 160, 171, 182, 196–97 Thompson, J. M., 124, 143 Servan, J.-M.-A., 78, 87 Thouret, Jacques-Guillaume, 137, 145 Seven Years’ War, 16, 24, 28, 30, 33, 65, Thugut, Franz Maria, Baron von, 171, 164 216–17, 224–25, 226 Sewell, William H., 7, 8 Tippoo Sahib (Indian prince), 20 Shelburne, William Petty, Second Earl of, Tocqueville, Alexis de, 127, 259 54 traites, 132 Shortland, John, 116 Treilhard, Jean-Baptiste, 135 Siey´ es,` Abbe´ Emmanuel-Joseph: calls for Turquet de Mayerne, Louis, 31 distinction between “active” and “passive” citizens in French voting, 129; Utrecht, Peace of, 34; see also Rastadt, contributes polemics to “Patriot” cause in Treaty of; Spanish Succession, War of the 1788–89, 57, 87, 88, 91; helps to engineer coup of Brumaire, Year VIII, 211, 257; Valmy, battle of, 161, 176 negotiates alliance with the Dutch, 216; Van Stabel (French naval commander), 194 proclaims sovereignty of “people” in Varennes, Flight to, 110, 143, 150–57, 159, Constituent Assembly, 101; takes 180, 190, 195 increasingly conservative stance on Vauvenargues, Luc de Clapiers, marquis de, “law and order” issues in Constituent 45 Assembly, 145 Vendee,´ 161–62, 200, 205 Silhouette, Etienne de, 38 Vendemiaire,´ 210 Skocpol, Theda, 6, 7, 8 Ventoseˆ Decrees, 186, 207

292 Index

Vergennes, Charles Gravier, comte de: vingtiemes` , 34, 39, 132 acknowledges advantages of British Virieu, François-Henri, comte de, 149 constitutional system, 14; had always Volney, Constantin-François, comte de, seen need for strategic balance in Europe, 87, 106 74; involves Louis XVI in an ambitious Voltaire, François-Marie Arouet de, 41 “amphibious” foreign policy after 1774, Vorontsov, Simon, Count, 113 18, 19, 20–21, 24, 53; oversees completion of commercial pact with Russia, 50–51; Westphalia, Treaty of, 118 succeeded by Montmorin in 1787, 66; William III, king of England, 22, 23 warned by supporters of subversive William V, stadtholder of the United implications of his policies, 40; Provinces, 49, 50 see also American War; Necker, Woloch, Isser, 5, 6, 233, 234, 242 Jacques World War I, 264 Vergniaud, Pierre-Victurnien, 163 World War II, 265 Verona, Declaration of, 247, 254; see also Woronoff, Denis, 232 Provence, Louis-Stanislas-Xavier de France, comte de Young, Arthur, 57 Villaret-Joyeuse (French naval commander), 194 Zubov, Platon, 215