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Revolution 1787–1804

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Revolution 1787–1804 EMINAR STUDIES IN HISTORY EMINAR THE 2ND STUDIES EDITION THE IN HISTORY FRENCH THE GENERAL EDITORS: REVOLUTION 1787–1804 FRENCH CLIVE EMSLEY & GORDON MARTEL 2ND EDITION FRENCH Each book in the Seminar Studies in History series ‘This is an admirable précis of what happened during the Revolution REVOLUTION 1787–1804 provides a concise and reliable [and] a dispassionate attempt to explain why things took that introduction to complex particular course.’ 2ND EDITION events and debates. Written English Historical Review 1787–1804 REVOLUTION by acknowledged experts and supported by extracts The French Revolution can be seen as an enormous explosion of from historical Documents, civic energy with huge ramifi cations for the rest of the world. In this a Chronology, Glossary, balanced and accessible account, P.M Jones: Who’s Who of key figures and Guide to Further Reading, • Considers the build-up of pressure between 1787 and 1789 Seminar Studies in History as the power of the ancien régime began to crumble are the essential guides to • Analyses the dramatic events that began with the taking of understanding a topic. the Bastille in 1789 and led to the establishment of a radical new order • Examines the demise of the Republic in 1804 and assesses the wider signifi cance of the revolutionary decade At the core of the Revolution lay the realisation among ordinary men and women that the human condition was not fi xed until the end of time, but could be altered for the better. However, it was soon discovered that the task of building a new and better society would require huge amounts of effort and ingenuity – as well as suffering on a massive scale. This new edition of P.M. Jones’s authoritative overview has been signifi cantly revised to include new material on politics, state violence, the army and citizenship in the French Caribbean colonies. In addition, it includes an expanded selection of original documents and illuminating contemporary images. P. M. JONES is Professor of French History at the University of Birmingham. He has written extensively on the French Revolution and French rural history. Jones EMINAR Cover: La Chasse aux Aristocrates STUDIES Anti-Royalist caricature, 1792 (coloured engraving) by French School, (18th century). Private Collection/ IN HISTORY The Bridgeman Art Library. www.pearson-books.com P. M. Jones CVR_JONE4382_02_SE_CVR.indd 1 7/4/10 14:09:30 A01_JONE4382_02_SE_FM.qxd 4/13/10 10:58 AM Page i The French Revolution 1787–1804 A01_JONE4382_02_SE_FM.qxd 4/13/10 10:58 AM Page ii A01_JONE4382_02_SE_FM.qxd 4/13/10 10:58 AM Page iii The French Revolution 1787–1804 Second edition P.M. Jones A01_JONE4382_02_SE_FM.qxd 7/6/10 11:39 PM Page iv PEARSON EDUCATION LIMITED Edinburgh Gate Harlow CM20 2JE United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)1279 623623 Fax: +44 (0)1279 431059 Website: www.pearsoned.co.uk First edition published in Great Britain in 2003 © Pearson Education Limited 2010 The right of P.M. Jones to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Pearson Education is not responsible for the content of third party internet sites. ISBN: 978-1-4082-0438-2 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book can be obtained from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Jones, Peter, 1949– The French Revolution, 1787–1804 / P. M. Jones. – 2nd ed. p. cm. – (Seminar studies in history) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4082-0438-2 (pbk.) 1. France–History–Revolution, 1789–1779. I. Title. DC148. J574 2010 994.04–dc22 2010007216 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the Publishers or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. This book may not be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise disposed of by way of trade in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published, without the prior consent of the Publishers. 10987654321 14 13 12 11 10 Set by 35 in 10/13.5pt Berkeley Book Printed and bound in Malaysia (CTP-VVP) A01_JONE4382_02_SE_FM.qxd 4/13/10 10:58 AM Page v Introduction to the Series History is a narrative constructed by historians from traces left by the past. Historical enquiry is often driven by contemporary issues and, in conse- quence, historical narratives are constantly reconsidered, reconstructed and reshaped. The fact that different historians have different perspectives on issues means that there is also often controversy and no universally agreed version of past events. Seminar Studies in History was designed to bridge the gap between current research and debate, and the broad, popular general surveys that often date rapidly. The volumes in the series are written by historians who are not only familiar with the latest research and current debates concerning their topic, but who have themselves contributed to our understanding of the subject. The books are intended to provide the reader with a clear introduction to a major topic in history. They provide both a narrative of events and a critical analysis of contemporary interpretations. They include the kinds of tools generally omitted from specialist monographs: a chronology of events, a glossary of terms and brief biographies of ‘who’s who’. They also include bibliographical essays in order to guide students to the literature on various aspects of the subject. Students and teachers alike will find that the selection of documents will stimulate discussion and offer insight into the raw materials used by his- torians in their attempt to understand the past. Clive Emsley and Gordon Martel Series Editors A01_JONE4382_02_SE_FM.qxd 4/13/10 10:58 AM Page vi A01_JONE4382_02_SE_FM.qxd 4/13/10 10:58 AM Page vii Contents Acknowledgements x Chronology xi Who’s Who xx Glossary xxv Maps xxix PART ONE 1 1 THE SETTING 3 PART TWO 17 2 REFORM OR REVOLUTION, 1787–89? 19 Gripping the nettle of reform 19 Resistance to the royal will 21 The nation awakes 25 Countdown to a revolution 28 3 RENEWAL, 1789–91 32 Ending the ancien régime 33 Building the nation 36 Expanding horizons 41 Towards a political settlement 42 4 THE FAILURE OF CONSENSUS, 1791–92 47 The flight and its aftermath 47 Managing the new regime 50 A01_JONE4382_02_SE_FM.qxd 4/13/10 10:58 AM Page viii viii THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 1787–1804 The fall of the monarchy 55 Citizenship in the colonies 59 5 WAR AND TERROR, 1792–94 63 A Jacobin republic 64 Reactions in the departments 66 Terror 69 Repression 72 6 THE SEARCH FOR STABILITY, 1795–99 77 A Thermidorian republic 78 ‘La grande nation’ 82 Rule by coup 85 Opponents 89 7 CONSOLIDATION, 1799–1804 92 Brumaire 93 Building afresh 96 A new order 98 Towards dictatorship 101 PART THREE 105 8 THE ASSESSMENT 107 PART FOUR DOCUMENTS 119 1 A Royal Reprimand 120 2 Imagining the Ancien Régime Body Politic 120 3 Fundamental Laws According to the Parlement of Paris 121 4 Defining the Nation 122 5 Fixing a Framework for the Estates General 123 6 Swansong of the Aristocracy 123 7 Forward-Looking Nobles 125 8 Backward-Looking Nobles 126 9 Parish Grievances 128 10 The New Doctrine of Rights 131 11 Church Reform 133 A01_JONE4382_02_SE_FM.qxd 4/13/10 10:58 AM Page ix Contents ix 12 What the King Really Thought About the Revolution 134 13 Parting of the Ways in the Champ de Mars 135 14 Overthrow of the Monarchy 136 15 What is a Sans-Culotte? 138 16 The Popular Programme 138 17 Legislating Revolutionary Government 140 18 Scorched Earth Treatment for Rebels 142 19 Crisis in the Sections of Paris 143 20 Civic Culture in the Making? 143 21 Managing ‘La Grande Nation’ 144 22 State of the Country in the Aftermath of Brumaire 145 23 Regaining Control 147 24 Marking out the New Civil Order 149 FURTHER READING 153 REFERENCES 159 INDEX 165 A01_JONE4382_02_SE_FM.qxd 4/13/10 10:58 AM Page x Acknowledgements We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material: The Bridgeman Art Library for Plates 1, 2, 5, 7 and 8; Sue Tungate/ The Birmingham Assay Office Collections for Plate 3; Alamy Images for Plate 4; Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris for Plate 6. Indiana University Press for Map 3, adapted from Gaspar, D. B. and Geggus, D. P. (eds), A Turbulent Time: the French Revolution and the Greater Caribbean (1997, reprinted with permission of Indiana University Press); Cornell University Press for Map 4, adapted from Jainchill, A., Reimagining Politics After the Terror: the Republican Origins of French Liberalism (2008). Elsevier Ltd for Document 1, from Baker, K. M. (ed.), The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture. Volume 1: The Political Culture of the Old Regime (Pergamon Press, 1987); John Wiley & Sons, Inc. for Document 7, from Kaplow, J., France on the Eve of Revolution: a Book of Readings (1971), translated by Susan Kaplow; Pearson Education Ltd for Documents 14, 15 and 16, from Wright, D. G., Revolution and Terror in France, 1789–1794 (1990); Pearson Education, Inc. for Document 21, from Stewart, John Hall, A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution, 1st edn © 1951. Electronically reproduced by courtesy of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. The author would like to thank Professor Howard G.
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