Algal Pigments as Biomarkers Linking Fish and Benthic Organisms With Type E Botulism

Katherine T. Alben, Ph.D. (PI) Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health Department of Environmental Health Toxicology, SUNY-Albany

Collaborators: Alicia Perez-Fuentetaja, Ph.D. (co-PI), Department of Biology, SUNY Fredonia Paul Bowser, Ph.D.; Dr. Rod Getchell, Ph.D., Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University Bill Culligan, NY Department of Environmental Conservation, Region 9 Kofi Fynn-Aikins, Ph.D.; Betsy Trometer; Mike Goehle, USFWS LGLFR

Type E botulism: what are the food-web pathways?

loon grebe

gull

Hypothesis: algal scud pigments goby yellow orange red can be used to trace food-web connections

http://www.combat-fishing.com/lakepondbalance.htm#coldwaterlglake http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/exotics/aquaticanimals/roundgoby/index.html http://www.vancouverisland.com/021wildl&cons/wildlife/birds/cw/cw_herringgull.html http://www.admiraltyaudubon.org/ [email protected] U at ALBANY

46 Common to all photosynthetic algae

β-carotene C40H56

+ retained from diet CH=CH retinol 2 CH 3 H3C CH 2CH 3 (vitamin A) N N Mg C20H29OH N N chlorophyll a C H MgN O H C 55 72 4 5 3 CH 3

O O CH=CH O O OCH3 2 CH3 H3C CH2CH3 NH N

N HN H C CH pheophytin a C55H74N4O5 3 3 O O O O OCH 3

CH=CH 2 CH3 H3C CH2CH3 pheophorbide a C H N O NH N 35 36 4 5 N HN

(chl a degradation) H3C CH3

O O - degraded, excreted; HO O OCH 3 fecal pellets

Y. Tsukii June 2001 http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/ U at ALBANY

Diatoms

6 O 5 O fucoxanthin C H O HO 42 60 6 HO OOCCH 3 OH O diadinoxanthin C40H54O3 HO OH diatoxanthin C H O 40 54 2 HO

Lake Guardian phytoplankton survey 1998 (Barbiero, Tuchman 2000) spring Lake Erie 93.% Aulacoseira islandica (centric) spring Lake Ontario 78.% Aulacoseira islandica (centric) summer Lake Erie 32.% Fragilaria crotonensis (pennate) summer Lake Ontario 7.% Fragilaria crotonensis (pennate)

Y. Tsukii June 2001 http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/ U at ALBANY

47 Cryptophytes OH

alloxanthin C40H52O2 HO

lycopene C40H56

Lake Guardian phytoplankton survey 1998 (Barbiero, Tuchman 2000) spring Lake Erie 5.2% Rhodomonas minutae spring Lake Ontario 13.% Rhodomonas minutae summer Lake Erie 17.% Rhodomonas minutae summer Lake Ontario 23.% Cryptomonas erosa

http://huey.colorado.edu/LTER/images/pictures/lakes/plankton/rhodomonas/Rhodomonas_891204_T2D.html

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Chlorophytes O OH OH HO O

OH violaxanthin C40H56O4 HO

OH

6 O antheraxanthin C H O 5 40 56 3 HO

OH

H lutein C40H56O2 HO

Lake Guardian phytoplankton survey 1998 (Barbiero, Tuchman 2000) spring Lake Erie not abundant spring Lake Ontario not abundant summer Lake Erie 36% Pediastrum simplex, Pediastrum spp. summer Lake Ontario 19% Staurastrum gracile, Oocystis borgei, tetraedron min. Epilithic chlorophytes ??% Cladophora glomerata, C. vagabonda

Y. Tsukii June 2001 http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/ U at ALBANY

48 Cyanobacteria O OH OH HO O myxoxanthophyll C H O OH 46 66 7 HO

OH zeaxanthin C H O 40 56 2 HO O canthaxanthin C40H52O2 O β-cryptoxanthin C H O 40 56 HO echinenone C H O 40 54 O

Lake Guardian phytoplankton survey 1998 (Barbiero, Tuchman 2000) spring Lake Erie 1% Anacystis montana summer Lake Erie 10% Microcystis spp

Yuuji Tsukii: Zenko-ji Nagano 2003 http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/ U at ALBANY

Chrysophytes

OH

diatoxanthin C40H54O2 HO

Lake Guardian phytoplankton survey 1998 (Barbiero, Tuchman 2000) spring Lake Erie not abundant spring Lake Ontario not abundant summer Lake Erie not abundant summer Lake Ontario 5.5% Dinobryon divergens

© Michael R. Martin 2002 http://www.cedareden.com/micro/diatom.html U at ALBANY

49 Dinoflagellates

OH O

O peridinin C39H52O7 O CH 3COO OH

Lake Guardian phytoplankton survey 1998 (Barbiero, Tuchman 2000) spring Lake Erie not abundant spring Lake Ontario 8.9% Gymnodinium helveticum summer Lake Erie 4.9% Ceratium hirundinella summer Lake Ontario 46.% Ceratium hirundinella

Yuuji Tsukii: Daidarabotchi-ike, Iizuna-kogen, Nagano 2003 http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/ U at ALBANY

Euglenophytes

HO OH OH neoxanthin C40H56O4 O

Lake Guardian phytoplankton survey 1998 (Barbiero, Tuchman 2000) spring Lake Erie not abundant spring Lake Ontario not abundant summer Lake Erie not abundant summer Lake Ontario not abundant

Yuuji Tsukii: Sugadaira, Nagano, 2001 http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/ U at ALBANY

50 Seasonal changes: Lake Erie Phytoplankton spring* summer* pigments expected in diet

diatoms 93%32% fucoxanthin C42H60O6

diadinoxanthin C40H54O3

diatoxanthin C40H54O2

cryptophytes 5% 17% alloxanthin C40H52O2

lycopene C40H56

chlorophytes - 36% violaxanthin C40H56O4

antheraxanthin C40H56O3 lutein C40H56O2 cyanophytes 1% 10% myxoxanthophyll C46H66O7 zeaxanthin C40H56O2 canthaxanthin C40H52O2

β-cryptoxanthin C40H56O

echinenone C40H54O

* Lake Guardian phytoplankton survey 1998 (Barbiero, Tuchman 2000)

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Seasonal changes: Lake Ontario

Phytoplankton spring* summer* pigments expected in diet

diatoms 78% 7% fucoxanthin C42H60O6

diadinoxanthin C40H54O3

diatoxanthin C40H54O2

cryptophytes 13% 23% alloxanthin C40H52O2

lycopene C40H56

chlorophytes - 19% violaxanthin C40H56O4

antheraxanthin C40H56O3 lutein C40H56O2

chrysophytes - 6% diatoxanthin C40H54O2

dinoflagellates - 46% peridinin C39H52O7

* Lake Guardian phytoplankton survey 1998 (Barbiero, Tuchman 2000)

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51 Carotenoids found in the food web

diatoms & fucoxanthin C42H60O6 55 chrysophytes diatoxanthin C40H54O2 55 cryptophytes alloxanthin C40H52O2 55 chlorophytes lutein C40H56O2 (5 ) 55 5 cyanobacteria zeaxanthin C40H56O2 55 5 5

cantha- C40H52O2 55

β-crypto- C40H56O 55

echinenone C40H54O 555 euglenophytes neoxanthin C40H56O4 5 dinoflagellates peridinin C39H52O7 NF NF NF NF crustacean astaxanthin C40H52O4 55 5 5 metabolism

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Biomarkers and time: prey vs predator profiles food resources: present past and future biomarkers of prey biomarkers of predator and past ingestion tissue analyzed: recent ingestion long-term accumulation stomach liver intestines muscle (spleen) integument (skin) eye brain gonads, eggs

http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/water/fhp/fish/species/index.shtml http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/exotics/aquaticanimals/roundgoby/index.html U at ALBANY

52 Sample collection: Lake Erie (Lake Ontario)

EPA GLNPO: late 2003

Culligan (NYDEC) Getchell, Bowser (Cornell) Fynn-Aikins, Trometer, Goehle (FWS) Fish 2003 smelt Oct round gobies Sept - Oct smallmouth bass Sept rock bass Sept -Oct A. Perez Fuentetaja (SUNY-Fredonia) black crappie Sept Macroinvertebrates 2003 sheepshead Sept -Oct diptera weekly (Aug) white perch Sept -Oct oligochaeta weekly (Aug) yellow perch Sept dreissenids June, Aug (6) spottail shiner Sept

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Sample preparation: pigments in tissue specimens Precautions * Specimen storage: - 80 oC, dark (use dry ice in field) ** Biological safety cabinet (level II) including chemical fume hood * protect pigments ** protect analyst - C. b. type E toxin, pathogens

Procedures i dissect specimen ii homogenize tissue iii freeze dry and determine percent dry weight (mussels ~ 5% dw; fish ~ 20% dw) iv weigh specimen to be extracted: 75 - 300 mg dw (1500 mg ww) v solvent extract in acetone, sonnicate in dark, cold vi saponify KOH, methanol; solvent exchange, cleanup, dry

vii concentrate extract: dry N2 viii filter extract, 0.2 µm, into screw-cap vial

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53 HPLC-photodiode array analysis Chromatograms: retention times, peak areas 100 λ 408nm pht a Mixed standards 21 carotenoids β crypto 6 chlorophylls

u caro 50 β ma lutein chl a Concentration ranges phb a 0.05 - 1.0 µg/mL asta lyco chl b 1.2 - 20 µg/g dw mussels

0 0.5 - 5 µg/g dw fish

10 20 30 Minutes Spectra (characteristic wavelengths for pigment identification) 50 449 477 474 lutein lycopene 455 481 β-carotene 40 30 505 80 448 30 20 60 u

ma 20 40 10 10 20 0 0 0

300 400 500 600 700 800 300 400 500 600 700 800 300 400 500 600 700 800 nm nm nm

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Lake Ontario samples, Aug 2002*

24.57 60 quagga mussels 23.64 24.06 20 crayfish fuco 17.30 λ 448 8.91 asta 24.46 λ 448 10.12 24.23 40 lutein 23.82 -caro 16.74 17.88 11.08 β 24.88 mau 21.49 15.93 18.85 10 caro 20 allo 11.39 10.48 8.78 7.42 G roup I Group I I astaxanthin 0 carotenoid esters 0 esters 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25

400 fuco gastropods 60 cladophora chl b chl a 9.06 pht ester nearshore at 10 m 15.86 17.85 λ 448 15.70 λ 408 λ 448 40 u ma 200 caro caro β-caro 10.69 21.66 9.08 20 lutein caro allo 11.31 pht a β caro 7.51 11.22 21.04 22.07

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25 Minutes Minutes NY GLPF small grant: Alben, Makarewicz 2002-3

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54 NY Sea Grant 2004-6: Lake Erie (Lake Ontario) Culligan (NYDEC) Getchell, Bowser (Cornell) Fynn-Aikins, Trometer, Goehle (FWS) Fish collection smelt summer, fall round gobies summer, fall smallmouth bass summer, fall sheepshead summer, fall yellow perch fall A. Perez Fuentetaja (SUNY-Fredonia) walleye fall Macroinvertebrates collection white perch fall diptera weekly trout ???? oligochaetes weekly Others of interest Birds quagga mussels weekly crayfish gulls mudpuppies long-tailed ducks loons grebes

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Crustaceans: astaxanthin; fatty acid (FA) esters FAs saturated monounsaturated PUFAs C14:0, C16:0, C18:1n9 C18:3ω3, C18:2ω6, C20:5ω3 C18:0, C20:0 C20:4ω6, C22:6ω3 O OH ‘free’ astaxanthin C H O 40 52 4 HO O O OH

C16:0 monoester C56H82O5 O O O O O C16:0-C18:1 diester C72H112O6 O O O O

mollusks, fish, birds - also possible OH

‘free’ lutein C H O H 40 56 2 HO OH

C16:0 mono- C56H86O3 O O O C16:0 diester C72H116O4 O O (helenien) O

Whitney Stocker: http://webby.cc.denison.edu/~stocker/limosus.html U at ALBANY

55 Acknowledgements Students - insights Collaborators - field sites, samples Jamie Woodallxanthin Joe Makarewicz, SUNY Brockport Justin Georgexanthin Ted Lewis, SUNY Brockport Wellington Guzmantein Alicia Perez Fuentetaja, SUNY Fredonia Abdulabasit Lukexanthin Chris Mayer, University of Toledo Kaitlin Harringtonxanthin Bill Culligan, NY DEC Region 9 Christine Simmonsanthin Paul Bowser, Cornell Jamie Iannaconenone Rod Getchell, Cornell Yuliana De los Santosanthin Kofi Fynn-Aikins, USFWS Ikenna Anakaxanthin Betsy Trometer, USFWS Jessica Reinerxanthin Mike Goehle, USFWS

Sponsors - exploratory research projects and foodweb ventures Hudson River Foundation - Polgar Fellowship Program McNair Scholars Progam and CSTEP, SUNY Albany Great Lakes Protection Fund Small Grant Program US EPA Great Lakes National Program Office New York Sea Grant

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