Exploring the Valuable Carotenoids for the Large-Scale Production by Marine Microorganisms
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Cutaneous Manifestations of Systemic Diseases 428 C2 Notes Dr
Cutaneous Manifestations of systemic diseases 428 C2 Notes Dr. Eman Almukhadeb Cutaneous Manifestations of systemic diseases Dr. Eman Almukhadeb CUTANEOUS MANIFESTATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS: Specific manifestations: 1 Cutaneous Manifestations of systemic diseases 428 C2 Notes Dr. Eman Almukhadeb 1. Diabetes dermopathy or “SHIN SPOTS”: Most common cutaneous manifestation of diabetes; M > F, males over age 50 years with long standing diabetes. They are: bilateral, symmetrical, atrophic red-brownish macules and patches, over the shins mainly but can occur at any sites, asymptomatic. There is no effective treatment. 2. Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum (NLD): Patients classically present with single or multiple red-brown papules, which progress to sharply demarcated yellow-brown atrophic, telangiectatic erythematic plaques with a violaceous, irregular border. Usually it’s unilateral. Common sites include shins followed by ankles, calves, thighs and feet. Very atrophic plaque so any trauma will lead to ulceration, it occurs in about 35% of cases. Cutaneous anesthesia, hypohidrosis and partial alopecia can be found Pathology: Palisading granulomas containing degenerating collagen. The nonenzymatic glycosylation of dermal collagen and elastin will lead to degeneration of the collagen and atrophy (necrobiosis). 2 Cutaneous Manifestations of systemic diseases 428 C2 Notes Dr. Eman Almukhadeb Approximately 60% of NLD patients have diabetes and 20% have glucose intolerance. Conversely, up to 3% of diabetics have NLD, so if a patient has NLD its common that he is diabetic, but not every diabetic patient have NLD. (Important) Women are more affected than men. Treatment: Ulcer prevention (by avoiding trauma). No impact of tight glucose control on likelihood of developing NLD. There are multiple treatment options available and all of them reported to be effective: o Intralesional steroids o Systemic aspirin: 300mg/day and dipyridamole: 75 mg/day. -
Can Xanthophyll-Membrane Interactions Explain Their Selective Presence in the Retina and Brain?
foods Review Can Xanthophyll-Membrane Interactions Explain Their Selective Presence in the Retina and Brain? Justyna Widomska 1,*, Mariusz Zareba 2 and Witold Karol Subczynski 3 Received: 14 December 2015; Accepted: 5 January 2016; Published: 12 January 2016 Academic Editor: Billy R. Hammond 1 Department of Biophysics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland 2 Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-81-479-7169 Abstract: Epidemiological studies demonstrate that a high dietary intake of carotenoids may offer protection against age-related macular degeneration, cancer and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Humans cannot synthesize carotenoids and depend on their dietary intake. Major carotenoids that have been found in human plasma can be divided into two groups, carotenes (nonpolar molecules, such as β-carotene, α-carotene or lycopene) and xanthophylls (polar carotenoids that include an oxygen atom in their structure, such as lutein, zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin). Only two dietary carotenoids, namely lutein and zeaxanthin (macular xanthophylls), are selectively accumulated in the human retina. A third carotenoid, meso-zeaxanthin, is formed directly in the human retina from lutein. Additionally, xanthophylls account for about 70% of total carotenoids in all brain regions. Some specific properties of these polar carotenoids must explain why they, among other available carotenoids, were selected during evolution to protect the retina and brain. It is also likely that the selective uptake and deposition of macular xanthophylls in the retina and brain are enhanced by specific xanthophyll-binding proteins. -
Genetics and Molecular Biology of Carotenoid Pigment Biosynthesis
SERIAL REVIEW CAROTENOIDS 2 Genetics and molecular biology of carotenoid pigment biosynthesis GREGORY A. ARMSTRONG,’1 AND JOHN E. HEARSTt 5frtitute for Plant Sciences, Plant Genetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland; and tDePai.tment of Chemistry, University of California, and Structural Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA The two major functions of carotenoids in photosyn- carotenoid biosynthesis from a molecular genetic thetic microorganisms and plants are the absorption of standpoint.-Armstrong, G. A., Hearst, J. E. Genet- energy for use in photosynthesis and the protection of ics and molecular biology of carotenoid pigment chlorophyll from photodamage. The synthesis of vari- biosynthesis. F14SEBJ. 10, 228-237 (1996) ous carotenoids, therefore, is a crucial metabolic proc- ess underlying these functions. In this second review, Key Words: phytoene lycopene cyclization cyclic xanthophylLs the nature of these biosynthetic pathways is discussed xanlhophyll glycosides’ 3-carotene provitamin A in detail. In their elucidation, molecular biological techniques as well as conventional enzymology have CAROTENOIDS REPRESENT ONE OF THE most fascinating, played key roles. The reasons for some of the ci.s-t Tans abundant, and widely distributed classes of natural pig- isomerizations in the pathway are obscure, however, ments. Photosynthetic organisms from anoxygenic photo- and much still needs to be learned about the regula- synthetic bacteria through cyanobacteria, algae, and tion of carotenoid biosynthesis. Recent important find- higher plants, as well as numerous nonphotosynthetic ings, as summarized in this review, have laid the bacteria and fungi, produce carotenoids (1). Among groundwork for such studies. higher plants, these pigments advertise themselves in flowers, fruits, and storage roots exemplified by the yel- -James Olson, Coordinating Editor low, orange, and red pigments of daffodils, carrots and to- matoes, respectively. -
The Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Potential ABA-Like Analogues: Prospective Substrates to Control Berry Ripening of Wine Grapes
The Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Potential ABA-Like Analogues: Prospective Substrates to Control Berry Ripening of Wine Grapes. A thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Ruyi Li BSc (Bio-Eng), MSc (Vit./Oen.) Northwest A&F University The University of Adelaide School of Agriculture, Food and Wine July 2012 Table of Contents Abstract........................................................................................................................... iii Declaration...................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements......................................................................................................... vii Abbreviations.................................................................................................................. ix Figures, Schemes and Tables......................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION................................................................................ 1 1.1 General Introduction................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Carotenoids................................................................................................................. 3 1.2.1 Definition, types and identification of carotenoids................................................. 3 1.2.2 Factors influencing the concentration of carotenoids -
A Comparison of the Anticancer Activities of Dietary Beta-Carotene, Canthaxanthin and Astaxanthin in Mice in Vivo
1: Anticancer Res 1999 May-Jun;19(3A):1849-53 Related Articles, Books, LinkOut A comparison of the anticancer activities of dietary beta-carotene, canthaxanthin and astaxanthin in mice in vivo. Chew BP, Park JS, Wong MW, Wong TS. Department Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6320, USA. [email protected] The anticancer activities of beta-carotene, astaxanthin and canthaxanthin against the growth of mammary tumors were studied in female eight-wk-old BALB/c mice. The mice were fed a synthetic diet containing 0, 0.1 or 0.4% beta-carotene, astaxanthin or canthaxanthin. After 3 weeks, all mice were inoculated with 1 x 10(6) WAZ-2T tumor cells into the mammary fat pad. All animals were killed on 45 d after inoculation with the tumor cells. No carotenoids were detectable in the plasma or tumor tissues of unsupplemented mice. Concentrations of plasma astaxanthin (20 to 28 mumol/L) were greater (P < 0.05) than that of beta-carotene (0.1 to 0.2 mumol/L) and canthaxanthin (3 to 6 mmol/L). However, in tumor tissues, the concentration of canthaxanthin (4.9 to 6.0 nmol/g) was higher than that of beta-carotene (0.2 to 0.5 nmol/g) and astaxanthin (1.2 to 2.7 nmol/g). In general, all three carotenoids decreased mammary tumor volume. Mammary tumor growth inhibition by astaxanthin was dose-dependent and was higher than that of canthaxanthin and beta-carotene. Mice fed 0.4% beta-carotene or canthaxanthin did not show further increases in tumor growth inhibition compared to those fed 0.1% of each carotenoid. -
Altered Xanthophyll Compositions Adversely Affect Chlorophyll Accumulation and Nonphotochemical Quenching in Arabidopsis Mutants
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 95, pp. 13324–13329, October 1998 Plant Biology Altered xanthophyll compositions adversely affect chlorophyll accumulation and nonphotochemical quenching in Arabidopsis mutants BARRY J. POGSON*, KRISHNA K. NIYOGI†,OLLE BJO¨RKMAN‡, AND DEAN DELLAPENNA§¶ *Department of Plant Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1601; †Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102; ‡Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, CA 94305-4101; and §Department of Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0014 Contributed by Olle Bjo¨rkman, September 4, 1998 ABSTRACT Collectively, the xanthophyll class of carote- thin, are enriched in the LHCs, where they contribute to noids perform a variety of critical roles in light harvesting assembly, light harvesting, and photoprotection (2–8). antenna assembly and function. The xanthophyll composition A summary of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway of higher of higher plant photosystems (lutein, violaxanthin, and neox- plants and relevant chemical structures is shown in Fig. 1. anthin) is remarkably conserved, suggesting important func- Lycopene is cyclized twice by the enzyme lycopene b-cyclase tional roles for each. We have taken a molecular genetic to form b-carotene. The two beta rings of b-carotene are approach in Arabidopsis toward defining the respective roles of subjected to identical hydroxylation reactions to yield zeaxan- individual xanthophylls in vivo by using a series of mutant thin, which in turn is epoxidated once to form antheraxanthin lines that selectively eliminate and substitute a range of and twice to form violaxanthin. Neoxanthin is derived from xanthophylls. The mutations, lut1 and lut2 (lut 5 lutein violaxanthin by an additional rearrangement (9). -
Identification of Distinct Ph- and Zeaxanthin-Dependent Quenching
RESEARCH ARTICLE Identification of distinct pH- and zeaxanthin-dependent quenching in LHCSR3 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Julianne M Troiano1†, Federico Perozeni2†, Raymundo Moya1, Luca Zuliani2, Kwangyrul Baek3, EonSeon Jin3, Stefano Cazzaniga2, Matteo Ballottari2*, Gabriela S Schlau-Cohen1* 1Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States; 2Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; 3Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Abstract Under high light, oxygenic photosynthetic organisms avoid photodamage by thermally dissipating absorbed energy, which is called nonphotochemical quenching. In green algae, a chlorophyll and carotenoid-binding protein, light-harvesting complex stress-related (LHCSR3), detects excess energy via a pH drop and serves as a quenching site. Using a combined in vivo and in vitro approach, we investigated quenching within LHCSR3 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In vitro two distinct quenching processes, individually controlled by pH and zeaxanthin, were identified within LHCSR3. The pH-dependent quenching was removed within a mutant LHCSR3 that lacks the residues that are protonated to sense the pH drop. Observation of quenching in zeaxanthin-enriched LHCSR3 even at neutral pH demonstrated zeaxanthin-dependent quenching, which also occurs in other light-harvesting complexes. Either pH- or zeaxanthin-dependent quenching prevented the formation of damaging reactive oxygen species, and thus the two *For correspondence: quenching processes may together provide different induction and recovery kinetics for [email protected] (MB); photoprotection in a changing environment. [email protected] (GSS-C) †These authors contributed equally to this work Competing interests: The Introduction authors declare that no Sunlight is the essential source of energy for most photosynthetic organisms, yet sunlight in excess competing interests exist. -
Identification of 1 Distinct Ph- and Zeaxanthin-Dependent Quenching in LHCSR3 from Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii
Identification of 1 distinct pH- and zeaxanthin-dependent quenching in LHCSR3 from chlamydomonas reinhardtii The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Troiano, Julianne M. et al. “Identification of 1 distinct pH- and zeaxanthin-dependent quenching in LHCSR3 from chlamydomonas reinhardtii.” eLife, 10 (January 2021): e60383 © 2021 The Author(s) As Published 10.7554/eLife.60383 Publisher eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd Version Final published version Citable link https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130449 Terms of Use Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license Detailed Terms https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ RESEARCH ARTICLE Identification of distinct pH- and zeaxanthin-dependent quenching in LHCSR3 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Julianne M Troiano1†, Federico Perozeni2†, Raymundo Moya1, Luca Zuliani2, Kwangyrul Baek3, EonSeon Jin3, Stefano Cazzaniga2, Matteo Ballottari2*, Gabriela S Schlau-Cohen1* 1Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States; 2Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; 3Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Abstract Under high light, oxygenic photosynthetic organisms avoid photodamage by thermally dissipating absorbed energy, which is called nonphotochemical quenching. In green algae, a chlorophyll and carotenoid-binding protein, light-harvesting complex stress-related (LHCSR3), detects excess energy via a pH drop and serves as a quenching site. Using a combined in vivo and in vitro approach, we investigated quenching within LHCSR3 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In vitro two distinct quenching processes, individually controlled by pH and zeaxanthin, were identified within LHCSR3. The pH-dependent quenching was removed within a mutant LHCSR3 that lacks the residues that are protonated to sense the pH drop. -
Effect of Carotenoids on Aflatoxin B1 Synthesis by Aspergillus Flavus
Postharvest Pathology and Mycotoxins Effect of Carotenoids on Aflatoxin B1 Synthesis by Aspergillus flavus Robert A. Norton USDA, ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Bioactive Agents Research, 1815 N. University, Peoria, IL 61604. Accepted for publication 24 April 1997. ABSTRACT Norton, R. A. 1997. Effect of carotenoids on aflatoxin B1 synthesis by type; lutein was similar to a-carotene and zeaxanthin was similar to ~ Aspergillus flavus. Phytopathology 87:814-821. carotene in inhibition. A mutant accumulating norsolorinic acid (NA), A. parasitiClis SRRC 162, incubated with a-carotene produced reduced levels Carotenes and xanthophylls occurring in yellow corn and related ter of both NA and aflatoxin, indicating that inhibition occurred before NA. penoids were tested for their effect on growth and aflatoxin B 1 produc Additional A. flavus strains tested against 50 Ilg/ml of ~-carotene had 89 tion by Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3357, using the suspended disc culture to 96% inhibition, which was significantly more sensitive than NRRL method. Aflatoxin synthesis was inhibited at concentrations of ~-caro 3357. A. parasiticus strains were less sensitive and generally had similar tene, lutein, and zeaxanthin comparable to those found in the horny en or lower inhibition than NRRL 3357. The results indicate that the pre dosperm of mature corn. Usually growth was not significantly affected. sence of carotenoids in endosperm may decrease the amount of aflatoxin Inhibition of aflatoxin biosynthesis was greater for compounds with an produced by A.flavus. a-ionone-type ring (a-carotene, lutein, or a-ionone) compared with com pounds with a ~-ionone ring. The presence of hydroxy groups on the rings Additional keywords: aflatoxin inhibition, ionones. -
Raspberry Pomace - Composition, Properties and Application
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE European Journal ISSN 2449-8955 Review Article of Biological Research Raspberry pomace - composition, properties and application Agnieszka Joanna Brodowska Institute of General Food Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Łódź University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Łódź, Poland * Corresponding author: Agnieszka Brodowska; E-mail: [email protected] Received: 19 February 2017; Revised submission: 24 March 2017; Accepted: 03 April 2017 Copyright: © The Author(s) 2017. European Journal of Biological Research © T.M.Karpi ński 2017. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.495190 ABSTRACT industry by-product, is considered as a potential food ingredient. Its pomace contains plenty of Raspberry pomace can be valorised due to its valuable components such as carbohydrates, nutritionally favourable effect on human health. proteins, fats, fibre, flavours, pectins, vitamins, It is an important source of polyphenols, ellagic similar to the composition of whole raspberries [2]. acid, ellagitannins, tocopherols, unsaturated fatty Moreover, raspberry pomace is rich in a large group acids, and dietary fibre. Thus, raspberry pomace of various phenolics especially ellagitannins, can be considered as a potential raw material to proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, flavonols, and receive products rich in polyphenols or dietary phenolic acids (especially, ellagic acid) which are fibre, which can provide healthy properties to food also predominant in berries [3]. -
Phototrophic Pigment Production with Microalgae
Phototrophic pigment production with microalgae Kim J. M. Mulders Thesis committee Promotor Prof. Dr R.H. Wijffels Professor of Bioprocess Engineering Wageningen University Co-promotors Dr D.E. Martens Assistant professor, Bioprocess Engineering Group Wageningen University Dr P.P. Lamers Assistant professor, Bioprocess Engineering Group Wageningen University Other members Prof. Dr H. van Amerongen, Wageningen University Prof. Dr M.J.E.C. van der Maarel, University of Groningen Prof. Dr C. Vilchez Lobato, University of Huelva, Spain Dr S. Verseck, BASF Personal Care and Nutrition GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany This research was conducted under the auspices of the Graduate School VLAG (Advanced studies in Food Technology, Agrobiotechnology, Nutrition and Health Sciences). Phototrophic pigment production with microalgae Kim J. M. Mulders Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. Dr M.J. Kropff, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Friday 5 December 2014 at 11 p.m. in the Aula. K. J. M. Mulders Phototrophic pigment production with microalgae, 192 pages. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2014) With propositions, references and summaries in Dutch and English ISBN 978-94-6257-145-7 Abstract Microalgal pigments are regarded as natural alternatives for food colourants. To facilitate optimization of microalgae-based pigment production, this thesis aimed to obtain key insights in the pigment metabolism of phototrophic microalgae, with the main focus on secondary carotenoids. Different microalgal groups each possess their own set of primary pigments. Besides, a selected group of green algae (Chlorophytes) accumulate secondary pigments (secondary carotenoids) when exposed to oversaturating light conditions. -
Overall Skin Tone and Skin-Lightening-Improving Effects with Oral Supplementation of Lutein and Zeaxanthin Isomers: a Double-Blind, Placebo‑Controlled Clinical Trial
Journal name: Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology Article Designation: ORIGINAL RESEARCH Year: 2016 Volume: 9 Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology Dovepress Running head verso: Juturu et al Running head recto: L/Zi supplementation improves overall skin tone and skin lightening open access to scientific and medical research DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S115519 Open Access Full Text Article ORIGINAL RESEARCH Overall skin tone and skin-lightening-improving effects with oral supplementation of lutein and zeaxanthin isomers: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial Vijaya Juturu1 Purpose: Carotenoids, especially lutein and zeaxanthin isomers (L/Zi), filter blue light and James P Bowman2 protect skin from environmental factors including high-energy sources. These carotenoids may be Jayant Deshpande1 able to block the formation of melanin pathways, decrease cytokines, and increase antioxidants. Subjects and methods: This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical 1Department of Scientific and Clinical Affairs, OmniActive Health trial over a 12-week supplementation period. Fifty healthy people (50 healthy subjects were Technologies Inc., Morristown, NJ, recruited and 46 subjects completed the study) (males and females, age: 18–45 years) with 2 James P Bowman & Associates LLC, mild-to-moderate dry skin were included in this study. Skin type of the subjects was classified Loveland, OH, USA as Fitzpatrick skin type II–IV scale. Subjects were administered with either an oral dietary supplement containing 10 mg lutein (L) and 2 mg zeaxanthin isomers (Zi) (L/Zi: RR-zeaxanthin and RS (meso)-zeaxanthin) or a placebo daily for 12 weeks. The minimal erythemal dose and skin lightening (L*) were measured via the Chromameter®.