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Raspberry Pomace - Composition, Properties and Application View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE European Journal ISSN 2449-8955 Review Article of Biological Research Raspberry pomace - composition, properties and application Agnieszka Joanna Brodowska Institute of General Food Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Łódź University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Łódź, Poland * Corresponding author: Agnieszka Brodowska; E-mail: [email protected] Received: 19 February 2017; Revised submission: 24 March 2017; Accepted: 03 April 2017 Copyright: © The Author(s) 2017. European Journal of Biological Research © T.M.Karpi ński 2017. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.495190 ABSTRACT industry by-product, is considered as a potential food ingredient. Its pomace contains plenty of Raspberry pomace can be valorised due to its valuable components such as carbohydrates, nutritionally favourable effect on human health. proteins, fats, fibre, flavours, pectins, vitamins, It is an important source of polyphenols, ellagic similar to the composition of whole raspberries [2]. acid, ellagitannins, tocopherols, unsaturated fatty Moreover, raspberry pomace is rich in a large group acids, and dietary fibre. Thus, raspberry pomace of various phenolics especially ellagitannins, can be considered as a potential raw material to proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, flavonols, and receive products rich in polyphenols or dietary phenolic acids (especially, ellagic acid) which are fibre, which can provide healthy properties to food also predominant in berries [3]. It has been reported when used as an additive. This review presents the [4] that these compounds have beneficial properties chemical composition and antioxidant properties of for human like antioxidant and antimicrobial raspberry pomace. The possibilities of its usage in activities and a wide range of physiological industry are also briefly reviewed. properties, such as anti-allergenic, anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, Keywords: Raspberry; Pomace; Fruit; Antioxidant antithrombotic, cardioprotective and vasodilatory activities; Bioactive substances; Waste disposal. effects. The antioxidant activity of phenolics is provided by the hydroxyl groups and phenolic 1. INTRODUCTION hydrogen for donation [3]. The aim of this review is to collect recent Nowadays, because of the rising interest in data on chemical composition and antioxidant functional food, especially bioactive compounds, properties of raspberry pomace and to present a food producers are looking for new sources and great potential of usage of raspberry pomace in carriers of those substances. Due to their health various fields of industry. properties, consumers search for products that allow them to maintain a proper physical and mental 2. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION fitness and also well-being [1]. Raspberry pomace is the residue that remains after the extraction of juice Raspberry pomace, a fruit waste, received from raspberry. Dried raspberry pomace, a fruit during pressing raspberries during juice production European Journal of Biological Research 2017; 7 (2): 86-96 87 | Brodowska Raspberry pomace - composition, properties and application consists, mainly of seeds and pulps. On average, Besides, the main sugars in raspberry pomace are raspberry pomace is characterized by a high content glucose, fructose and sucrose. Raspberry pomace is of total dietary fibre 59.5%, acid detergent fibre also a source of sodium, potassium, calcium, 46%, cellulose about 27%, crude fat about 11%, phosphorus and magnesium [7]. crude protein 10%, lignin 11.7%, cutin 6%, acid detergent ash 2.2% (Table 1) [5]. Table 1. Approximate composition of raspberry pomace (dry matter basis). Parameters (%) Crude fat 11.1 Crude protein 10.0 Total dietary fiber (TDF) 59.5 Acid detergent fiber 46.0 Lignin 11.7 Figure 1. Simplified schematic representation of the remarkable components of raspberry pomace. Cutin 6.0 Acid detergent ash 2.2 Cellulose 26.9 3. OCCURRENCE OF BIOACTIVE COMPO- NENTS IN RASPBERRY POMACE On the other hand, results obtained by Bioactive compounds (often called anti- Laroze et al. (2010) show that raspberry residue oxidants) are defined as chemical substances which composition consists mainly of crude fibre (59.76%) in small quantities have an ability to prevent or and nitrogen free extract (31.02%). The high content reduce the oxidation of easily oxidisable molecules of crude fibre suggests that raspberry pomace is a [10]. source of antioxidants. Crude fibre contains Antioxidant activity is closely associated with polyphenols which are associated with non starch antioxidants which have antimicrobial activities polysaccharides such as pectin, cellulose, β-glucans, against human pathogens [11]. More specific, the hemicellulose, gums, and lignin. Moreover, function of these compounds is to slow down or to raspberry residue shows low protein, ash and oil stop damaging cellular DNA, lipids, and proteins content (1.87%; 5.97%; 1.38%, respectively). Due caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) [12]. to the fact that raspberry residue ash contains a low Raspberry pomace, in particular, is a rich percentage of minerals and heavy metals, from source of antioxidants. The biological activity of which it is known that it can act as pro-oxidants like those compounds is mainly exercised by dietary iron, a positive impact on the antioxidant capacity of fibre, tocopherols, unsaturated fatty acids, carote- raspberry waste is likely [6]. noids, vitamin C and polyphenols such as tannins Furthermore, raspberry pomace contains (especially ellagitannins), anthocyanins, flavanols, small amounts of vitamins (E, C), but only vitamin flavonols and phenolic acids [13, 14]. C is presented at a significant level and responsible for anti-inflammatory activity [7, 8]. In addition, a 3.1. Dietary fibre lot of volatile compounds are found in raspberry pomace (Fig. 1) such as alcohols, esters, acids, The chemical composition of raspberry ketones and carbonyls [9]. Additionally, raspberry pomace makes that it belongs to a valuable group of pomace is an important source of unsaturated fatty fruit by-products [15]. By-products from raspberry acids and tocopherols. processing contain prominent amounts of bioactive components including dietary fibre which is highly European Journal of Biological Research 2017; 7 (2): 86-96 88 | Brodowska Raspberry pomace - composition, properties and application desirable for dietary purposes [16]. The content of respectively. Additionally, raspberry seed oil total dietary fibre (TDF) in raspberry pomace is very is a superior source of tocopherols, mainly high, about 60% [5]. Its composition demonstrates γ-tocopherol (137-272 mg/100 g). The ratio of the high content of lignin (63.16%), which means the tocopherol isomers ( α, γ, σ) in raspberry a presence of phenolics. There are also other seed oil was 20:75:5. The high γ-tocopherol components, but in less amounts, namely pectin content can indicate the prevention of degene- (15.38%), hemicellulose (14.89%) and cellulose (5.36%) [6]. rative diseases [9]. Due to the nutritional benefits of dietary fibre, producers are keen on using by-products as food ingredients. For instance, enriched cookies with 50% of a non-crumbled raspberry pomace resulted in the desired high content of dietary fibre. It has been noticed that differences in a flavour in such kind of cookies depend on the quantity and form of pomace used [17]. The addition of raspberry pomace to shortcrust cookies caused an increase of their fruity smell and taste, as well as an increased sour taste while the sweet taste was less perceptible (Fig. 2). It was confirmed that the more raspberry pomace is added, the stronger the fruity smell, fruity taste and sour taste. An increased crumbliness of cookies was reported after adding a 50% of whole seed raspberry pomace [1]. Figure 2. The influence of adding crumbled (ME) and non-crumbled (NM) raspberry pomace on the sensory 3.2. Fatty acids and tocopherols qualities of shortcrust cookies (based on [1]). Raspberry seed oil from raspberry by-product 3.3. Carotenoids has a unique fatty acid profile [18, 19]. Dimi ć et al. reported that the oil content of raspberry pomace Carotenoids belong to the class of natural was about 14% on dry basis. It had a dark pigments, occurring in plant materials including yellowish-orange colour due to lower chlorophyll fruits and vegetables. They are responsible for the content (about 200 mg/kg). The total content of yellow to red colour of those plants. Some of them carotenoids was around 40 mg/kg [20]. demonstrate provitamin A activity. Carotenoids are Oil from raspberry seeds possesses an polyenoicterpenoids having conjugated trans double important nutritional profile. It is a rich source bonds, including carotenes ( β-carotene, lycopene). of fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin E and α-, γ-, These compounds are polyene hydrocarbons, and σ-tocopherols. Raspberry seed oil is abundant xanthophylls (lutein, zeaxanthin, capsanthin, in unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, and violaxanthin) α-linolenic, and oleic acid (96% of the total which means that they have oxygen in the form fatty acids). The extraction of raspberry seed oil of hydroxyl-,
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