Development, Evaluation, and Validation of the Left-Wing Authoritarianism Index

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Development, evaluation, and validation of the Left-wing Authoritarianism Index. ADDITIONAL FIGURES AND TABLES Thomas H. Costello1, M.A., 1 Distribution of LWA Index Factor Scores in the Left, Center, and Right and Scott O. Lilienfeld , Ph.D. Left-wing Centrists Right-wing 30 1Dept. of Psychology, Emory University INTRO 20 • Measures of right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) have

proved fruitful in clarifying the causes and correlates of Frequency political extremism, yet the same cannot be said for left- 10 wing authoritarianism (LWA), a construct known as the “Loch Ness monster of political psychology.” A new, multidimensional self-

• We sought to construct, and initiate the construct 0 -3.0 -2.0 -1.0 .0 1.0 2.0 3.0 -3.0 -2.0 -1.0 .0 1.0 2.0 3.0 -3.0 -2.0 -1.0 .0 1.0 2.0 3.0 validation of, a multidimensional self-report measure that Descriptive statistics for all samples. assesses the core traits and attitudes of authoritarianism Sample 3 Sample 1 (MTurk) Sample 2 (MTurk) (YourMorals.org) Sample 4 (MTurk) in left-wing populations. EFA and construct EFA and construct EFA and construct CFA and construct Study Purpose validity validity validity validity N 479 529 2367 633 METHODS report instrument, the LWA % Female 54 55 36 47 Age 42 (13.4) 39 (12.4) 36 (15.5) 42 (12.5) Party R 26% 26% 13% 26% D 45% 43% 28% 48% Socialist -- 2% 29% 2% Green -- <1% 4% 2% Libertarian -- 2% 4% 4% Other 29% 24% 4% 18% 2016 Vote Trump -- 28% -- 30% Clinton -- 44% -- 43% Johnson -- 1% -- 4% Stein -- 1% -- 2% Other -- 1% -- 1% Index, appears to measure a None -- 21% -- 20%

External validity of the LWA Index.

Non-Cognitive Predictors of Student Success: Non -Cognitive Predictors of I Success:Study 1 Study 2 Study 3 A Predictive Validity Comparison Between Domestic and International Students A Predictive Validity ComparisonLWA Between DomesticRWA and InternationalLWA StudentsRWA LWA F1 LWA F2 RWA (Version 1) (Version 2) (Aggression) (Submission)

r rLW r rRW r rLW r rRW r r12.pol r r12.pol r r12.pol Social Conservatism* -.34 -.06 .71 .59 -.30 -.25 .35 .54 -.39 .12 -.16 .12 .65 .32 Economic Conservatism* -.51 -.14 .44 .08 -.36 -.31 .37 .15 -.48 -.16 -.25 -.10 .50 -.10 Dogmatism * .18 .51 .49 .59 .05 .39 .54 .67 .33 .54 .23 .30 .53 .50 Need for Closure .13 .23 .27 .32 .09 .26 .26 .35 ------Page -- 1 -- HEXACO Openness -.11 -.24 -.47 -.36 -.08 -.18 -.41 -.29 ------SDO7 Dominance .01 .22 .57 .26 ------.15 .12 -.16 -.06 .58 .38 Auth. Child-rearing Values .08 .19 .56 .56 ------.14 .09 .15 .28 .61 .47 notoriously elusive construct: PID-5 Antagonism .26 .26 .13 -.06 ------Confirmation Bias .17 .23 .40 .27 ------Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs .22 .40 .40 .31 ------Political Intolerance .45 .63 .32 .56 ------Affective Polarization ------.32 .46 .05 .40 ------Cognitive Reflection Task ------.15 -.13 -.20 -.20 ------Belief in Conspiracies ------.30 .29 .21 .01 ------Intellectual Humility* ------.26 -.43 -.41 -.46 -.13 -.27 -.14 -.20 -.48 -.46 Belief in a Dangerous World ------.19 .33 .27 .33 .37 .33 Behavioral Aggression ------.27 .27 .20 .22 .20 .13 Partisan Schadenfreude ------.44 .38 .13 .08 .14 .03 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SVS Power ------.05 .13 .18 .22 .24 .20 SVS Conformity ------.02 .04 .15 .27 .50 .45 Anti-Free Speech ------.18 .18 .46 .46 .32 .46 Zero-order r = .00 Zero-order r = -.10 F1 Zero-order r = -.23 F2 Zero-order r = .02 • We judged a 5-factor solution to be optimal, but the LWA LWA-RWA Partial r = .28 Partial r = .15 F1 Partial r = .15 F2 Partial r = .24 NOTE. Bolded indicates p < .01, italics indicates p < .05. rLW = zero-order correlations in left-wing members of the same; rRW = zero-order correlations left-wing authoritarianism. in right-wing members of the sample; r12.pol = partial correlations, controlling for political ideology. *Indicates that differing measures of the same Index also yields an interpretable total score. construct were used across studies.

• Although not yet finalized, the 80-item measure is Sample items and factor pattern loadings for a 5-factor interpretation of the LWA Index. structurally reliable and shows satisfactory internal Factor Progressive (Rejection of) Revolutionary Moral Protection from Ideological Intersectional consistency (i.e., for both the total score and subscales). Spirit Values Viewpoint Diversity Prejudice Aggression Most rich Wall Street executives deserve to be thrown in prison. 0.87 0.01 -0.01 -0.02 -0.17 The current system needs to be destroyed, not fixed 0.70 -0.15 0.11 0.03 0.07 • LWA and RWA demonstrated clear overlap in their When the tables are turned on the oppressors at the top of society, I will enjoy watching them suffer the violence that they have inflicted on so many 0.68 -0.19 0.14 -0.06 0.21 others. relations with relevant external criteria, especially after If a few of the worst Republican politicians were assassinated, it wouldn't be 0.66 0.07 0.04 0.01 -0.18 the end of the world. If I could remake society, I would put people who currently have the most 0.63 0.21 0.01 -0.09 0.02 controlling for political ideology, perhaps suggesting that privilege at the very bottom. Schools should be required by law to teach children about our country's 0.01 0.80 0.29 -0.17 -0.37 history of racism, classism, sexism, and homophobia. they share a constellation of traits that might be Radical and progressive moral values can save our society. 0.07 0.73 0.10 -0.07 -0.23 The "old-fashioned ways" and "old-fashioned values" need to be abolished. 0.20 0.63 0.03 0.02 -0.15 Political correctness does not hinder free speech - it expands it. -0.18 0.63 0.16 0.01 0.22 considered the “heart” of authoritarianism. If you're not going to support marginalized folks, you and I can't be friends. 0.08 0.55 0.02 0.06 0.11 University authorities are right to ban hateful speech from campus. -0.07 0.26 0.60 0.24 -0.06 Example items (all load above .60 in a unidimensional LWA's and RWA's Relations with External Criteria We must line up behind strong leaders who have the will to stamp out solution). 0.01 0.28 0.54 -0.11 -0.10 prejudice and intolerance. • I would prefer a far-left leader with absolute .60 Classroom discussions should be safe places that protect students from authority over a right-wing leader with limited R2 Linear = 0.678 -0.02 -0.25 0.53 0.10 0.43 power. disturbing ideas. SDO Dominance Unjustified Belief Certainty Political Intolerance Take a picture to Hateful speech must always have serious real-world consequences (e.g., • Getting rid of inequality is more important than -0.07 0.40 0.51 0.03 0.02 protecting the so-called "right" to free speech. .40 SDO Anti-egalitarianism firing, internet humiliation, blacklisting from jobs). FAD+ Fatalistic Determinism I should have the right not to be exposed to offensive views. 0.00 -0.07 0.44 0.10 0.24 PPI-R CN • It is important that we destroy the West's Vaccine Conspiracist Ideation Journalists with conservative views are essential for the health of democracy. -0.17 0.16 -0.04 -0.66 0.09 nationalist, imperialist values. Confirmation Bias download the items. PID-5 Detachment PID-5 Antagonism If I were an employer, I would have no problem hiring a qualified candidate • If I could remake society, I would put people who .20 PPI-R Coldheartedness PID-5 Disinhibition -0.16 0.17 0.22 -0.64 -0.13 Need for Closure PID-5 Psychoticism PPI-R Blame Externalization who is conservative. currently have the most privilege at the very GCB Personal Wellbeing PID-5 Negative Affect GCB Extraterrestrial Cover-up People who advocate extreme right-wing views should be allowed to speak in PPI-R Machiavellian Egocentricity GCB Malevolent Global Conspiracy -0.02 0.06 -0.11 -0.60 -0.06 bottom. GCB Government Malfeasance Forgiving GBC Control of Information public. PPI-R Fearlessness I hate being around non-progressive people. Greed Avoidance Fearfulness FAD+ Scientific Determinism • FAD+ Unpredictability Conservatives can be good people. -0.18 -0.12 0.22 -0.49 -0.12 .00 Fairness FAD+ Free WillAnxiety • Certain elements in our society must be made to Sentimentality Dependence PPI-R Rebellious Nonconformity -0.47 0.32 Sincereity Social I try to expose myself to conservative news sources -0.07 -0.17 -0.12 Flexibility pay for the violence of their ancestors. Patience Liveliness Straight people should be made to feel unwelcome in gay spaces. 0.13 -0.16 -0.12 -0.02 0.74 PPI-R Stress Immunity Social Boldness PPI-R Social Influence • Political correctness does not hinder free speech- Organization Gentleness LWA's and RWA's Relations with External Criteria R2 Linear = 0.210 Books that offend oppressed groups should be banned. -0.02 -0.10 0.23 0.06 0.72 Social Self-esteem Perfectionism .60 SDO Dominance

Altruism SDO Anti-egalitarianism it expands it. -.20 Modesty Unjustified Belief Certainty “The Loch Ness monster of political Certain elements in our society must be made to pay for the violence of their Confirmation Bias FAD+ Fatalistic Determinism Prudentness Diligence Aesthetic Appreciation .40 0.17 0.08 0.12 -0.01 0.48 • I would be willing to take up arms to help a left- Political Intolerance ancestors. Need for Closure Inquisitive FAD+ Free Will

RWA Scale Partial Correlations Creative GCB Personal Wellbeing wing revolution succeed. .20 GCB Malevolent Global Conspiracy Fairness PPI-R CN PPI-R Blame Externalization Members of an oppressed group are infallible in what they say about the Social Fearfulness PID-5 Psychoticism 0.48 Liveliness 0.14 0.03 0.27 -0.12 Sentimentality FAD+ Scientific Determinism Greed Avoidance • I hope that far right extremists become sterile and .00 Sincereity Anxiety oppression faced by that group. Flexibility -.40 Diligence Social Boldness Modesty PPI-R Rebellious Nonconformity Unconventional can never reproduce. Prudentness psychology” (Altemeyer, 1996, p. 5). 0.07 0.32 -0.11 0.00 0.42 -.20 It's never racist to make fun of white people. Aesthetic Appreciation RWA Scale Zero-order Correlations • Books that offend oppressed groups should be Inquisitive banned. -.40 Unconventional

-.60

• When the tables are turned on the oppressors at -.60 -.60 -.40 -.20 .00 .20 .40 .60 the top of society, I will enjoy watching them suffer LWA Index Zero-order Correlations the violence that they have inflicted on so many -.60 -.40 -.20 .00 .20 .40 .60 @tomstello_ others. LWA Index Partial Correlations • The current system needs to be destroyed, not fixed. [email protected]

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