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Home , Muscat (grape), Sauvignon vert

Overview of

Jean-Michel BOURSIQUOT

2018 Sauvignon Blanc International Symposium May 4, 2018 – Lake County, California Names

• Sauvignon vs. Sauvignon Blanc

• Variations without « persistence » (Mas et Pulliat, 1878) : – Gros Sauvignon, Sauvignon vert – Petit Sauvignon, Sauvignon jaune

• Color variations – Sauvignon gris, Sauvignon – Sauvignon rouge, Sauvignon violet Names

• Synonyms – Blanc Fumé, Fumé blanc, Fumé (Nièvre) – Feigentraube (Germany) – Fié, Fier (Val de Loire) – Génetin, Jennetin (Loiret, Loir-et-Cher) – Puinéchou, Punéchon (Gers) – Savagnou (Gers) – Sucrin, Surin (Val de Loire, Auvergne) Names

• Homonyms or confusions – Muscat (Orléans) = Sauvignon – Muscat Sylvaner, Muskat (Central Europe) = Sauvignon – Savagnin = Sauvignon

– Sauvignon à gros grains (Corrèze) = – Sauvignon vert (USA) = Muscadelle – Sauvignon vert (Chile) = Sauvignonasse (Friulano) – Sauvignon noir = Pardotte or Cabernet-Sauvignon Names

• Homonyms or confusions – Blanc doux, Douce blanche (Dordogne) = Muscadelle

– Maurillon blanc = or

– Rouchelin (South West) = Chenin or Sauvignon

– Savagnin jaune = Savagnin – Servonier, Servanien, Servinien, Servoyen (Bourgogne) = Savagnin Names

• Etymology – Sauvignon (the same as Savagnin) from salvaticus, silvaticus, deriving from silva (the forest) : wild, natural, not domesticated, with a difficult character

– Fié, Fier (proud) from Latin ferus : untamed, uncontrolled, wild

– Fumé : smoked, tinted, probably due to the bloom on the berry skin First quotes and historical data

Ø 1534, François Rabelais - Gargantua (Livre I, Chapitre XXV) First quotes and historical data

Ø 1690, Jean Merlet – L’abrégé des bons fruits First quotes and historical data

Ø 1736, Abbé Jules Bellet – Voyage littéraire, manuscript First quotes and historical data

Ø 1783, Dupré de Saint-Maur - Inquiry, manuscripts First quotes and historical data

Ø 1785, De Secondat – Mémoires sur la culture des vignes de la Guienne First quotes and historical data

Ø 1800, Abbé François Rozier – Cours complet d’agriculture, tome X First quotes and historical data

Ø 1845, Comte Odart – Traité des cépages First quotes and historical data

Ø 1878, Mas et Pulliat – Le vignoble First quotes and historical data

Ø 1901, G. Cazeaux-Cazalet – Viala et Vermorel, Ampélographie Genetic origin and kindship group Geographical origin ? Importance

• Acreage in France (FranceAgriMer)

80 000 70 000 60 000 50 000 40 000 acres 30 000 20 000 10 000 0 1958 1968 1978 1988 1998 2008 2016 Importance

• Distribution in French regions (FranceAgriMer, 2016)

24 000

20 000 acres 16 000

12 000

8 000

4 000

0

Bordeaux Charentes Languedoc South WestLoire Valley Rhône Valley

Centre-Bourgogne Importance

• In the world (OIV 2015, adapted)

1 France 79 459 21 Greece 1 890 2 New Zealand 52 881 22 India 1 236 3 Chile 37 491 23 Lebanon 1 236 4 South Africa 22 889 24 Morocco 1 236 acres 5 USA 16 489 25 Mexico 1 236 6 Australia 15 066 26 Portugal 759 7 Romania 13 823 27 Slovakia 709 8 Spain 12 177 28 Canada 662 9 Ukraine 7 660 29 Serbia 645 10 7 490 30 Croatia 633 11 Argentina 5 817 31 Turkey 494 12 Moldavia 4 942 32 Switzerland 420 13 Austria 3 106 33 Uruguay 366 14 2 622 34 Macedonia 348 15 Bulgaria 2 570 35 Israel 272 16 China 2 471 36 Brazil 247 17 2 424 37 Cyprus 121 18 Germany 2 362 38 UK 7 19 Czech Rep. 2 333 Other Countries 7 413 20 Russia 2 224 Importance

• Total acreage in the world : 316 000 acres

• Eleventh row of the cultivars – Between • Ugni blanc : 292 000 acres (twelfth row) and • Red Globe : 395 000 acres (tenth row) – For comparison • Chardonnay : 531 000 acres (sixth row)

• The third variety in the world Description and

• Shoot tip – High density of white prostrate hairs – Yellow young leaves with light bronze spots • Shoots – Green nodes and internodes Description and ampelography

• Leaves – Small to moderate size – Bumpy (bubbled) blade, twisted (curly) on the edges – Green veins and petioles – Medium and convex teeth Description and ampelography

• Clusters – Small or small to medium – Very dense – Short peduncles • Berries – Small – Ellipsoid – With bloom Behavior and cultural traits

• Phenology – Budbreak : medium to medium-late, 8 days after Chardonnay, GDD5 = 322 [285 – 372] (García de Cortázar et al, 2009; Castany, 2013) – Maturity : 2nd period, one week after Chardonnay

• Semi erected to erected shoot attitude – Short to very short internodes – High density of foliage Behavior and cultural traits

• Very high vigor • Training systems : vigor management – First years after plantation : generous pruning – Control of the number of shoots / meter, disbudding – Clusters micro climate (leaf removal vs shade) Behavior and cultural traits

• Training systems : some examples and comparison – Pouilly-Fumé, Sancerre : mini 2 400 vines/acre (≈1.3m x 1m), cordon (7 spurs maxi) or Guyot (8+2) Behavior and cultural traits

• Training systems : some examples and comparison – Sauternes : mini 2 600 vines/acre (1.9m maxi x 0.8m mini), “fan-shaped” Gobelet with 2 to 5 arms (6 spurs maxi) or Guyot (6+2) or “Bordelaise” (4+4) – Bordeaux blanc : mini 1 600 vines/acre (2.5m maxi x 0.85m mini), 14 shoots maxi/vine Behavior and cultural traits

• Training systems : some examples and comparison – Languedoc : Behavior and cultural traits

• Nutrients and hydric requirements - Nitrogen : needs well balanced supply (attention to weed control) - Water : to avoid stress as well as excess • Soil adaptation – Intermediate fertility – Limestone soils : soft lime, marls, stony soils, clayey and lime soils – Flint clay – Gravel and acid soils – Sandy and light texture soils Behavior and cultural traits

• Rootstocks – Traditional advice in order to control the vigor • Riparia Gloire de Montpellier, 101-14 MGt, 3309 C • 420 A, (161-49 C), 41 B vs Fercal Behavior and cultural traits

- Plants production statistics (FranceAgriMer, 2016) • 12.2 million of grafted plants in nurseries • 8th variety grafted, 3rd white variety

SO4 3 363 000 SO4 3309 C 2 861 000 3309 C Fercal 2 028 000 Fercal Gravesac 1 061 000 Gravesac 41 B 747 000 41B MGt 101-14 727 000 101-14 MGt 110 R 359 000 110 R 1103 P 254 000 1103 Pa Riparia 216 000 Riparia RSB 1 163 000 RSB 1 140 Ru 126 000 140 Ru Others 318 000 Others Behavior and cultural traits

• Pests and diseases sensitivity – Very susceptible to bunch rot and to wood diseases (esca, eutypa dieback) – Sensitive to powdery mildew but not to • General comments – Technical demanding cultivar – Neither too much nor too not much – Vigor control is a main key point Technological potential

• Type of – Sweet wines • Blends with Semillon and Muscadelle – Dry wines • Varietal wines • Blends with other white cultivars : , Gros Manseng, Ugni blanc, Chardonnay, , Parellada, … • In the past blended in some red wines (Comte Odart, 1845; D’Armailhacq, 1855; Mas et Pulliat, 1878) Technological potential

• Aromas – Blackcurrant bud – Boxwood – Broom – Aspergillus – Cat pee – Grassy – Green pepper – Figs – Citrus fruits – …. – Passion fruits – Strawberry

– Flint (“rifle stone”, “mineral”) Technological potential

• Influence of management on aromas – Methoxypyrazines : decrease with ripening, leaf removal (Suklje et al, 2013) and high temperature

M.J. Lacey et al, 1991 Technological potential

– Thiols molecules • Moderate water stress : increase of thiols precursors (4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-one and 3- mercaptohexan-1-ol)

25000

20000

15000 ng/L Deep soil Covered soil 10000

5000

0 P-4MMP P-4MMPOH P-3MH X. Choné, 2001 Technological potential

– Thiols molecules • Nitrogen supply 16000 X. Choné, 2001 12000 ng/L 8000 Low N soil

4000 Low N soil + 60 U 0 P-4MMP P-4MMPOH P-3MH Technological potential

– Thiols molecules • Vineyard treatments with nitrogen and sulfur : increase by 3 to 5 times the content of thiols (T. Dufourcq, 2011) – 2 treatments : first, beginning of and second, 8 to 10 days after – 2 to 4 kg/acre of N and 1 to 2.5 kg/acre of S per treatment (80 to 160 L/acre) • Warning, thiols are susceptible to copper (attention with organic ) Color variations

• Sauvignon gris (gray) : 2 690 acres in France Color variations

• Sauvignon rouge (red) Clonal programs

• Main objectives – First generation (1970 – 1975) : healthy and true to type material corresponding to the standard features of the variety, production regularity and level – Second generation (1976 – 1987) : lower production, aromas, maturity, tolerance to Botrytis, improvement of the clonal diversity • 20 certified clones of Sauvignon - Sancerre and Quincy (5) : 107, 159, 160, 530, 619 - Touraine (8) : 240, 241, 242, 297, 376, 377, 378, 379 - Bordeaux (7) : 108, 161, 316, 317, 531, 905, 906 Clonal programs

• Acreage of increase blocks

Clone Acres 108 38.2 242 24.9 108 # 52 % 242 905 19.3 905 376 19.1 376 159 16.3 159 530 14.1 530 297 13.4 297 906 9.2 906 316 (2+) 9.0 316 317 (2+) 4.8 317 0thers 917 917 15.4 Clonal programs

Location : Loir-et-Cher (Saint-Romain, Touraine) Rootstock : 3309 C - Duration : 3 years

10,6 530 10,4

10,2 376 10,0 317 (2+) 9,8 316 (2+) vol)(% 9,6 241 242 9,4 160 9,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3,0 3,2 3,4 3,6

yield / vine (kg) Clonal programs

Location : Gironde (Mazion, Cotes de Blaye) Rootstock : Gravesac - Duration : 5 years 224 917 222

220 905 218 906 216 108 242 214 Sugar content (g/l) content Sugar 317 (2+) 212 316 (2+) 210 2 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8 2,9 Yield per vine (kg) Clonal programs

Location : Gironde (Mazion, Cotes de Blaye) Rootstock : Gravesac - Duration : 5 years Frequency Intensity 8 70

7 60 6 50 5 40 (%) 4 30 3 20

2 Intensity Frequency (%) Frequency 1 10

0 0 108 242 316 317 905 906 917 (2+) (2+) Clonal programs

Location : Gard (Savignargues) Rootstock : 110 R - Duration : 6 years 14 clones : 108, 159, 240, 241, 242, 297, 316, 377, 378, 530, 619, 905, 906 and Sauvignon gris 917 • Fertility - Low : 917 - High : 241, 297, 619 • Cluster size - Small : 917 - Big : 159, 377, 905 • Yield - Low : 159, 316, 530, 906, 917 - High : 241, 377 • Quality of the wines - 906 : more aromatic - 905 and 917: full and round Clonal programs

• Synthetic results http://plantgrape.plantnet-project.org/fr/cepage/Sauvignon

Sugar content

High 530

Medium to high 906 159 - 905 242

108 - 240 - 316 - 317 Medium 241 - 297 107 376 - 377 - 379

Low to medium 619 - 519 378 160 - 161

Low Level production

Low Medium High Low to medium Medium to High Clonal programs

• Synthetic results - 108 : aromatic and typical wines, still very appreciated for its agronomical behavior - 159 : aromatic, sometimes a little bit heavy wines - 242 : balanced and typical wines when yield is controlled - 297 : typical wines with less dense bunches - 530 : early maturity, slightly higher sensitive to bunch rot - 905 and 906 : earlier maturity, good tolerance to bunch rot, aromatic, full and balanced wines Clonal programs

• 2 generations of clonal selection programs : 1970–1975 and 1976–1987 • Conservation of intra varietal diversity - Local repositories in (IFV Val de Loire) https://bioweb.supagro.inra.fr/collections_vigne/pdfSiteWeb/ Conservatoire_IFV-valdeloire.pdf • Montreuil-Bellay (Maine-et-Loire) : 1994-2000, Sauvignon B, 215 accessions and Sauvignon gris, 54 accessions • Fresnes (Loir-et-Cher) : 2001, Sauvignon B, 125 accessions • Marigny-Brizay (Vienne) : 2011, Sauvignon gris, 27 accessions Clonal programs

- INRA repositories • Couhins Estate (Bordeaux) : 2012, Sauvignon B, 104 accessions https://bioweb.supagro.inra.fr/collections_vigne/pdfSiteWeb /Conservatoire_INRA-bdx.pdf • Vassal Estate (Languedoc) : Sauvignon B, gray and red, 26 accessions https://bioweb.supagro.inra.fr/collections_vigne/Home.php - IFV repository • Espiguette Estate (Languedoc) : 55 accessions including 20 certified clones - Private repository • Château Guiraud (Bordeaux) Clonal programs

• More than 500 accessions of Sauvignon identified and held in repositories in France - Some of these repositories can now be used as mother vines to produce grafted plants under the label : “Biodiversité Vigne” • There is a need : - to complete these repositories with more diverse origins because they are essential for future clonal selection programs - for a next generation of clones in relationship with climate changes : later, aromatic and good acidity - for other clones of Sauvignon gris Use for breeding programs Conclusion

• Sauvignon became the third white wine variety in the world with more than 316 000 acres • According to its etymology, Sauvignon is a “wild” difficult to tame • It offers opportunities of very diverse styles of wines • The choice of the and of the vineyard management influence very much the quality and the style of the wines • Sauvignon is appreciated by young generations of consumers • The future is before it and belongs to it Thank you for your attention

2018 Sauvignon Blanc International Symposium May 4, 2018 – Lake County, California