A Dictionary of English Etymology

I LLINO I S UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

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University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library Brittle Books Project, 2009.

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D IC TION AR Y

or ENGLISH ETYMOL'OGY.

BY HENSLEIGH WEPGWOOD, AA LATE FELLOW OF CML. COLL. CAM.

VOL. IIT, PAR{T II.

COMPLETING THE WORK.

Tabard. It. tabarro, Fr. tabarre, Sp. tabardo, a wide loose overcoat, the painted overcoat worn by heralds. Tabby. It. tabino, tabi, Du. tabs/n, G. tobin. 1. A rich kind of watered. silk; to tabby, to give a wavy appearance to stuffs with the calender, to water.-Webster.-Hence, 2. A brindled cat, marked with stripes like the waves of watered silk. Tabor, Tambour, Tambourine, Timbrel. Prov. ta'bor, Fr. tamboar,-Sp. tantbor, atambor, a drum; tamborete, tamboril, a little drum, a tabour or timbrel. Arab. tabi, a drum, Sp. alabal, tinmbal, kettledrum. The sound of a blow is very generally represented by the syllables tab, tap,. dab, dob, top, or the like. Thus the Spaniards represent the beating of the drum by tapatait or. taparapatan,as we by rubaduib or datbadab. Arab. tabtabat. represents the sound made by the dashing of a waterfall. Malay tabah, tabakh, to beat, to drum; tabuk, tapak, to slap. Gr. rwrrw'(, to beat. Magyar dobogni, to knock, to stamp; dob, a drum. Fr. taboaler, to knock loud and fast; Piedm. tabatsse', to knock at a door, to beat; tabZ1ss, noise, uproar. Fr. tapper, to strike, clap; E. tap, to knock gently; Prov. E. tabber, to knock or tap. " How t hat boy is tabbering on the table."-Mrs Baker. Devon. to taper at -the door.-Lye. It. toppa ! toppa! represents the sound of VOL. 111. 2 B

16367r (4 368 TABOR. TAG. knocking at a door. Swiss doppeln, to knock at a door, to hammer. Champagne tombir, to resound; tombe, a hammer. It. tamnbussare, tambutstare, to rumble, rattle, drum, to dubadub. -F1. To Tack. To fasten one thing to another. It. attaccare, Milan. taccc, to fasten; staccare, to unfasten; attaccaticcio, sticky. Perhaps the radical image may be fastening by hammering on. The sound of knocking. at a door, of hammering, or beating, is represented in It. by the syllables tach-tack, toppa-toppa, and thence tacco, taccone, a patch, a heel tap; toppa, a tack cobbled on an old shoe.-F1. Fr. taguer, toquer, to beat, to knock.-Jaubert. But see To Take. Bret. tach, Langued. tacho, a tack or small nail, seems to take its name from being used to fasten something on another. The tack on board a ship is the rope which fastens the foremost corner of the sail to the windward side of the ship, whence a ship is said to tack in going against a wind when the tack is changed from one side to the other. Tackle. The harness of a draught horse, or ropes and furniture of a ship. Du., P1. D. takel, the fittings of a ship. W. taclau, accoutrements, implements; taclau y llong, the tackle of a vessel; taclit, to dress, deck, fit, furnish; taclus, trim, adorned. Tadpole. W. penbwl, bluntheaded, a blockhead, a tadpole; from pen, head, and pwl, blunt, dull. Gael. polleeannack, lumpheaded, stupidl. The tadpole is provincially called a polehead or bullhead. The name tadpole is then probably equivalent to G. kaulpadde, from ketle, a club or pestle, and padde, a toad. In the E. name tad is probably toad, while pole has reference to the globular head. Taffeta. Du. taffetaf.-K. Tag. Point of a lace.-B. Sw. tagg, P1. ID. takke, G. zacken, a point, tooth, thorn; sacken, to jag, dent, notch. Formed on the same principle as dag, jag, jog, representing in the first instance a sharp movement abruptly checked, then TAG. TALL. 369 the path traced out by such a movement, a pointed shape. See Zigzag. Tail. 1. W. tagell, a dewlap, wattle. G. zagel, zdl, provincially a tassel.-Deutsch. Mundart. Zagel is also the tuft of hair on a beast's tail, the tail itself; zageln, to wag the tail. ON. tagl, a horse-tail. Sw. tagel, horse-hair. The radical idea would seem to be what dangles to and fro. 2. An estate-tail is a partial estate, 1aill, cut or carved out of the fee simple. Fr. tailler, to cut. Tailor. Fr. tailleur d'habits, a cutter of clothes. Tailler, It. tag iare, to cut. ON. tdlga, telgja, to cut, hew, to form by cutting. See Tally. Taint. A touch of corruption. Fr. attaindre (Lat. attin- gere), to reach or attain to, to touch or hit in reaching, to overtake in going; attaint, raught, attained to, touched.-Cot. To Take. ON. tak, grip, hold, grapple in wrestling; taka, to seize, take, touch. Sw. tag, hold, touch; fatta tag i, to seize hold of; sl3ppa tag, to let loose; rtag, the stroke of an oar; taga, to seize, to take. Tag hit, give it me. Tagas, to struggle, to contend. Du. tacken, tangere, arripere, appre- hendere, harpagare, capere, figere.-Kil. Radically identical with Lat. tangere, tactum, to touch; and with It. attaccare, Piedm. tachud, to fasten, to join one thing to another. Compare tachessd, to contend, dispute, quarrel, with N. takast, Sw. tagas, to wrestle, contend, dispute. Tach4 la rogna da un autr, to take the itch from another; tachd la rogna a un, to give it to another. Taclhie 'l feu, to take fire, also to light a fire, to communicate fire. To attack is to seize hold of one, to commence the struggle. Tale, To Tell. ON. tala, telja, to speak, say, talk; tal, speech, number; teja t0'lu, to make a speech. Teja is also to reckon or count. Du. taele, speech, discourse; taelen, to speak; taelen, tellen, to conmt.-Kil. G. zahl, number; zih- len, to reckon, count; erziihlen, to tell, relate. See Talk. Tall. Fr. taille, cut, and thence the size or stature of a creature. A tall man is a man of good stature. 2B2 370 TALK.

To Talk. In seeking the origin of talk two principles must be borne in mind: first, that the words by which this idea is expressed have commonly signified in the first instance to talk much or imperfectly, to chatter, tattle, lisp; as Gr. ,aXEw, to speak, compared with G. lallen, to speak indistinctly, to lisp, stammer, babble, or Gr. pa(EtE, to speak, compared with E. prate. And secondly, that the sense of tattling or idle talk is often expressed by forms taken from the splashing or dashing of water. So we have Swab. schwappeln, to splash, also to speak quick and confusedly; and with inversion of the mute and liquid, Swiss schwalpen, to splash, Prov. Dan. svalpe, to tattle. E. dabble, to paddle in wet, Prov. G. dabbelu, to tattle.- D. M., 3.373. NowE. daggle, or taggle (Mrs B.), is to trail in wet and dirt; bedaggled, bedabbled, dirtied; daggly, wet, showery. -Hal. To these correspond Ober D. taggeln, tegeln, tekeln, dekeln, to dabble, daub; teglich, teklich, smeary, dirty (Deutsch. Mundart, 3. 344) ; as well as It. taccolare, which must originally have signified to splash or dabble, as shown by taccato, bedashed, speckled; taccola, a bungling, botching piece of business (compare dabble, to work imperfectly, to bungle), also babbling, chattering, prating.-Fl. Hence taccola, a jackdaw, a bird eminent for chattering. A like inversion to that which was shown in schtwappeln and schwalpen, or in sputter and spurt, squitter and squirt, leads from E. daggle and G. taggeln, or It. taccolare, to Bay. dalken, to dabble, also to bungle, cobble, work unskilfully; verdalken, to besmear; dalk, a dauber, bungler; dalken, dolken, dolkezen, to stutter, sputter, speak imperfectly, to speak (in a contemptuous sense), or, finally, to talk.-Schm. Talgen, talken, to dabble, to smear, then to tattle, or talk foolishly.-Sanders. So also from It. taccola we pass to P1. D. taalke, talk, a daw, a tattling woman.-Brem. Wtb. On the other hand, we cannot doubt that the It. form is identical with Bay. dackal, dahhel, dahel, Swab. dakle, G. dohle, a daw. Thus It. taccolare, to chatter, is connected with G. dahlen, dallen, to stammer, chatter, tattle, trifle. "Wer lehrt dem Psittacum unser wort dallen ?" TALK. TAMMY. 871

-Sanders. Silesian tallen, to stammer. "Die tunge la1lt und tallt."-Deutsch. Mund. 4. 188. Swiss talen, dalen, to speak imperfectly, to drawl. ON. tala, to speak or talk. Tallow. G. talg, ON. tolgr, the solid fat of ruminants. Apparently from being considered as the means of daubing or smearing. G. talgen, talken, dalken, to dabble, daub. " Sich im kuhdreck betalgen, betalken; " to daub oneself with cowdung.-Sanders. Swiss talggeti, a soft mass, as an ill- cooked pudding; Swab. talket, talkicht, clammy, doughy, fat; Bay. verdalken, to bedaub, smear. Swiss dolgg, tolk, a blot of ink; rerdolggen, vertolken, to bedaub. See Talk. Tally. From It. tagliare, Fr. tailler, to cut, is formed Fr. taille, a tally or piece of wood on which an account was kept by notches. When complete the wood was split in two, with corresponding notches on each piece. Hence to tally, to correspond exactly. The root may be preserved in It. tacca, a notch or tally; also, as Fr. taille, the size or stature of a man. Here the syllable tac seems, like E. hack, to represent the sound of striking with a sharp instrument. It. tach-tack, sound of knocking at a door. A frequentative form from this root, analogous to Du. hackelen, to chop, or E. haggle, might give rise to tagliare, tailler. Talon. The claw of a bird of prey, properly the hind-claw. "Talant of a byrde, the hynder clawe, talon, ergot."-Palsgr. Lat. talus, the heel. Tambour. See Tabour. Tame. Du. tam, taem; G. zahm, tame. ON. tamr, accustomed to; -vid sund, accustomed to swimming; -" bidhar hendr, accustomed to use either hand; temja, to accustom to, to tame. Tena ser eit, to use oneself to something. Goth. gatamjan, to tame. Lat. domare, Gr. baiaow, to subdue, to tame. Tammy. Fr. tamis, It. tamigio, tamiso, Du. teems, tems, a boulter, strainer, sieve. Fr. estamine, the stuff tamine, also a strainer.-Cot. It. stamigna, a strainer made of goat's hair, 372 TAMMY. TANG. from stame, Lat. stamen, the fixed threads in a loom, woof, yarn. To Tamper. To meddle with; probably a metaphor from the tempering of clay. So Sw. kladda, to dabble, to do a thing in a slight manner, to meddle without fitness or necessity, to tamper.-Widegren. Lang. tp)o, clay; tapio, dab or daub, tempered clay for wall building. Tampion, Tamkin, Tomkin. Fr. tampon, a bung or stopper; Lang. tampa, to shut, stop; fenestro tampado, a shut window; se tampa las aourelios, to stop one's ears; tampes, shutters; tampo, a tank or reservoir. A nasalized form of Lang. tapa, Fr. tapper (Cot.), to stop. See Tap. The same corruption as that of tamkin from tampion is seen in pumpkin from pompion. Tan, Tawny. Fr. tan, bark of young oak for tanning; taner, to tan or dress leather with oak bark; tane, tanned, also swart, dusky, tawny of hew, as things which have been tanned.-Cot. Bret. tann, oak; aval tann, an oak-apple or oak-gall; G. tanne, a fir-tree, the bark of which is also applicable to tanning. Tang. 1. A rank taste.-B. A metaphor from a ringing sound. Twang and tang are both used for a loud ringing sound and a strong taste. "There is a pretty affectation in the Almain which gives their speech a different tang from ours."-Holden in Todd. "His voice was something different from ours, having a little twang like that of street music." -Search. "He then owned that he had received heavenly gifts in earthen vessels, and though the liquor was not at all impaired thereby in substance or virtue, it might get some twang of the vessel."-Search in R. To tang bees is to ring a bell or make a noise with a piece of metal on a shovel or the like at the swarming of bees.-Mrs Baker. Fr. tan-tan, a cattle-bell. Sp. tangir, taJer, to play on a musical instrument; tasido, tune, sound, clink. Maori tangi, cry, sound. Arabic, tantanat, sound, re-echoing of musical instruments, murmuring of water; tanin, noise, sound, echo. TANG. TAP. 373-

2. The part of a knife that runs up into the handle; the tongue of a buckle. ON. ta; gi, a narrow tongue of land; the tang of a knife or a sword. Gael. teanga, tongue. Tangled. Tangled, or in the E. of England twangled, is twisted together in a confused intricate mass. Now twangling signifies in the first instance a dissonant jingling sound like unskilful playing on a stringed instrument, and thence in a secondary sense the term is applied to a confused involved texture. So from brangle, representing a continuous jarring sound, to embrangle, to perplex or entangle. Rumble and grumble represent a broken muttering sound, ru nple and crumple a broken uneven state of surface. Tank. Ptg. tan que, a pond, reservoir, basin of water, a receptacle of water pounded or stopped up, from Prov. tancar, to stop, to shut. hancar la boca, to shut the mouth. Langued. tanca, to stop; tanco, the bar of a door. Ptg. tanchar, to stick into; tanc/kao, a stake, a stanchion. Sp. taco, a stopper or plug. Cat. taco, a ramrod, a mace at billiards. The ideas of sticking into, stopping, shutting, are also expressed by the parallel root tap, tamp; as in Castrais tapa, to stop, to stuff or satisfy; tapofam, a damper, a stop-hunger, a piece of meat given at the beginning of a feast; tap, a stopper; tampa, tanca, to stop, shut, cease; tampadou, tancadou, a stopper; tanco, a stake; Langued. tampa, to stop or shut; fenestro tampado, a shut window ; tampos, shutters; tanmpadou, tancadou, a bolt or bar; tampo, estan po, a tank or reservoir. See Stanch, Dam. Tankard. Fr. tanquard, Du. tanckaerd. N. tankar, a can with a spout; dcankar, a jug, jar. Commonly supposed to be a corruption of Lat. cantharus. Tansy. Fr. tanasie, Sp. atanasia, from Gr. aOavao-ta, im- mortality. Tap. 1. A form analogous to rap or pat, signifying a light blow. Fr. taper du pied, to rap with the foot. Bohem. tepati, to strike with a hammer, a stick, &c.; Russ. topat', to stamp with the feet. 374 TAP. TAR.

2. Then as ON. stappa, E. stamp, are specially applied to striking endways, as with a pestle, the root tap or top takes the sense of striking endways, thrusting into. We speak of the woodpecker tapping with his beak, whence apparently Boh. top, the beak of a bird; toparka, the stamper of a churn; Sp. topar, to butt or strike with the head, run against. Hence may be explained P1. D. tappe, G. apf,Du. tap, a plug thrust in to stop a hole. With the addition of an initial s we have Du. stappen, to step, to set down the foot, and stoppen, to thrust into, to stuff or stop. Sp. tapar, to stop up, choke, cover; tapar la boca, to stop one's mouth; tapon, a plug, bung, cork. Lap. tappet, to shut. Tape. AS. tceppe, properly the tip or corner of a garment, then the tape or tie which is fastened to it. A like transference of sense is seen in the sheet of a sail, which signifying in the first instance the corner of a sail, is transferred to the rope fastened to the corner, by which the sail is managed. Taper, To Taper. AS. taper, tapor, a waxlight. The question arises whether it is so called because of the tapering form; or whether to taper is to assume the form of a taper or dip- candle. If the former is the case, a satisfactory origin may be found in a tap or plug for stopping a hole, which is smaller at the foremost end. A tap root is a root of tapering form. G. zapfen is applied to different objects of tapering form, as the uvula, an icicle, a fircone; and the resemblance between an icicle and a dip-candle is striking enough. Tapestry. Fr. tapisserie, tapestry; tapis, Prov. tapit, Sp. tapeto, Lat. tapete, hangings for covering walls. Sp. tapar, to stop up, conceal, mantle, cover. Tar. AS. leor, tyrwa, ON. tjara, G. theer, Gael. tearr, Fin. terwa, tar. The root seems to be preserved in Swiss targgen, toorggen, daarggeln, dohrggeln, tirgen, dirggen, dirggelen, to dabble, daub, work in dough, handle uncleanlily, bungle; Prov. E. teer, to daub with clay, to plaster; teerwall, a clay- wall. To Tar. To set on, to provoke, OFr. atarier, atarjer. Si TAR. TAIINISH. 375

Deus te atarriedvers me : si Dominus incitat te adversum me. -Livre des Rois. Ii vient par nus attarier e escharnir: he comes to provoke and to scorn us.-Ibid. They have terrid thee to ire.-Wiclif Psalms. Du. tergen, G. zergen, Pl. D. targen, tarren, tirtarren, to irritate, provoke. Dan. tirre, to tease. The origin seems to be an imitation of the sound of a dog snarling, used for the purpose of setting the animal on to fight. Sc. tirr, to snarl; quarrelsome, crabbed. Swab. zerren, to be in ill humour. So W. hyr, the gnar or snarl of a dog, a word used by one who puts a dog forward to fight, a pushing or egging on; hys, a snarl, also used in setting on a dog; hysio, to cause to snarl, to set on. Taradiddle. An idle story, a falsehood. Formed in the same way as fiddlededee ! G. larifari! Langued. tatata ! or Fr. tarare! interjections mocking what is said and expressing disbelief. See Tattle. Tare. The allowance among merchants for the weight of the package. It. tara, Fr. tare, waste or impairment of merchandise. M:IHG. taren, to injure; tarelhat, injurious; AS. derian, OE. dere, cerie, to injure. Arab. darar, injury, damage, loss. Target. Fr. targe, targue, It. targa, targetta, Sp. darqa, adarga, Gaeld. targaid,a shield. Commonly referred to Lat. tergus, hide, skin, thence a shield, as being made of hide. Septem taurorum tergora, a shield of seven bull-hides. Walach. targa, however, signifies certain things made of wicker, as a wicker chimney, a wicker bed, and the old Celtic shield was made of wicker. Tariff. A book of rates for duties to be laid upon mer- chandises.-B. Turk. ta"rif, an explaining, describing; Arab. ta"rif, explanation, notification; "arif, knowledge. Tarn. ON. tjirn, a little lake, morass. To Tarnish. It. ternire, Fr. ternir, to make dim; terne, dull, lustreless. OHG.tarnjan, to conceal, cover; tarnkappe, the coat of darkness which made the wearer invisible. 376. TARNISH. TART.

AS. deorn, OE. dern, hidden, secret; dyrnan, to secrete, conceal. Tarpawlin. Properly tar-palling, a tarred pall or covering for goods. To Tarry. Fr. tarder, formerly also tarqer, Grisons tar- ginar, Prov. tardar, tarzar, to delay, tarry, from Lat. tardare. Tart. 1. AS. teart, teartlic, sharp, biting, pungent. Du. taertig, subacidus, acerbus, inmitis.-Kil. Perhaps from Du. tarten, to provoke, defy, as Swiss riss, sharp, cutting, astringent, from Bav. rassen, G. reizen, to provoke, incite. See Proud, Pretty. 2. It seems that there was no original difference between Fr. tourte, tourteau, a cake, a loaf of brown bread, and tarte, a pie or pudding, a flat portion of soft materials which con- solidates in baking. It. torta, a kind of pastry-work, like a rice-pudding baked; tortello, a little pudding-Altieri; tar- tera, tarterella, tartarelle, any tartlet or little tart.-F1. "Et aliqui loco turtarumn et zoncarum dant in principio prandii turtas quas appellant tartas factas de ovibus [ovis] et caseo et lacte et zucchero."-De moribus Placentice, A.D. 1388, in Mur. Diss. 24. The word has often been explained as if it signified a twist of pastry, from Lat. tortus, twisted; but, as Scheler remarks, Fr. tarte signifies something flat and squat. It is taken as the type of a squashy consistency in the expression tarte Bourbonnaise, a mire or slough.-Cot. The fundamental meaning seems to be a mass of something soft and wet, which when thrown down spreads out and lies flat and broad. Venet. torta cotta al sole, Wall. tourte cuite au soleil, a cowdung. Swiss datsch, dotsch, a blow with the flat hand; daischen, to fall with a noise. Then from the noise of a soft thing falling, datsch or dotsch is a cake, a lump of something soft, something unseemly broad, ill-baked bread, doughy pastry; datschig, dotschig, doughy, soft, broad and flat, dumpy; Swab. daatseh, a dumpling, doughy pastry, unrisen pastry; datschen, to work in pastry; Bay. datschen, dolsehen, TART. TASTE. 377 to press down something soft; datsch, dotsch, mash of apples, potatoes, &c., pudding, dumpling. Ifuedadsch, a cowdung. The addition of an r in the imitative syllable gives Bay. tratsclten, trtscheln, to dabble in the wet; tartschen, tortschen, to dabble, splash, bedaub; tartsch, mash (brei) of any kind, mess.-Deutsch. Mundart, 4. 444; tlrtsch, ill-cooked food.- Ibid. 3. 9. Grisons truschler, turschar, to stir up, mix, knead; turschimmn, dabbling. Fr. torchis, a mixture of clay and cut straw for daubing walls; torcher, to wipe, properly to daub or smear. Tartan. A word not known in Gaelic, and probably taken from Fr. tiretaine, Du. tireteyn, Milanese tarlantanna, linsey- woolsey. In later times the word has come over again in the shape of tarlatan, a kind of clear muslin. Task. Fr. tascehe, RIouchi tasque, a definite amount of work set one to do; formerly used in the sense of tax, or a definite sum appointed one to pay. Du. tackse, taescke, a task; tacks- werck) task-work.-Kil. Lat. taxare, to estimate, tax. W. tasg, tax, tribute, also task; gweithio ar dasg, to work by the job; tasga, to tax, rate, assess.

Task that a prince gadereth, taulx.-Palsgr.

"In this first year he lost Normandy and Angeoy, and every plough- land tasked at 3s. to get it again."-Grey Friars Chron. 1 Hen. viii. Tassel, Tercel. It. terzolo, Fr. tiercelet, a male hawk, said to be a third less than the female. Tassel, Tussock. W. dis, a heap, a mow; Gael. dos, a bush, cluster, tuft, bunch of hair, tassel. Manx doss, a bunch, cluster, a bow of riband. Fr. tas, a heap; tasser, to heap, to make into trusses or bundles; tasse, a tuft of grass; tasse de foin, a truss of hay. A tussock is a tuft of long grass or sedge. Bay. dosehen, dschen, with the dim. doschl, anything bushy, a nosegay, a tassel; dosten, a bunch, bush; Swab. doschet, dose-icht, thick, bushy. Dan. dusk, a tuft or tassel. Bavy. zasel, zassel, a catkin. Taste. It. tastare, Fr. taster, tdter, to handle, to feel or 378 TASTE. TATTOO. examine by the sense of touch; afterwards applied to ex- amining by the sense of taste. G. tasten, to feel or grope. The primary sense is probably to strike with the hand, afterwards softened down to the idea of handling. G. fliegen- tascen, a fly-flap; maultasche, a slap on the chops. Swab. datsch, a blow; datscheln, to pat or stroke; G. tatscheln, to stroke; tatsche, a clumsy hand; tatze, paw of beast; Bay. tascheln, to plash with rain; taschen, t schelen, tatschelen, to strike with a clashing sound, to handle, to feel. Tatter. Clothes hanging in rags.-B. ON. tturr, a rag, tatter. flifir hangandi titr: there is shelter in a hanging tatter. The radical image is the fluttering of the torn frag- ment. Bav. tattern, to tremble, shiver; tatterman, a scarecrow, a figure dressed in rags that flutter in the wind. So Prov. E. jouder, to chatter with cold; jouds, rags. Connected forms are seen in G. zotte, zottel, a hanging lock, tassel; zottelig, shaggy; zottet, zotlet, shaggy, tattered.-Schmeller. Swiss zattig, zattelt, shaggy, ragged; zattli, a tattered person. To Tattle. A continuance of broken sound without sense is represented by the syllables ta ta ta, which are used inter- jectionally in Languedoc, as tarare! in French, or taterletat! in P1. D., to express contempt or disbelief of what is said. In the latter dialect tatein is to gabble like a goose, to talk much and quick; eene oolde tatel, an old tattler. Taatgoos, tatelgoos, a goose in children's language, a tattling woman; titeltatehn, to tattle continuously. It. tattamelare, P1. D. taotern (Danneil), to prattle. Du. tateren, to stammer, to sound as a trumpet. Tattoo. The beat of the drum is represented by various combinations of the syllables rap, tap, tat, or the like. E. rubadub, dubadub; Fr. rataplan, rantanplan, Piedm. tantan, tarapatapan,tarapatan, Sp. taparapatan,tapatdn, It. tappatat (Vocab. Milan), from the last of which we pass to Du. taptoe, the immediate parent of our tattoo. It is easy to see that the final toe of taptoe is nothing but the accented t'n or ti of the Sp. and It. forms. TAUNT. TAWDRY. 379

To Taunt. From Fr. tancer, tanser, to chide, rebuke, check, taunt (Cot.), as E. jaunt from Fr. jancer. In tancer, tencer, two words seem to be confounded, one from It. tenzone, tenza, OFr. tanfon, tance, contention, dispute, quarrel; and the other probably from It. tacca, taccia, Fr. tache, and with the nasal, tanche, a spot, stain, blemish, reproach. "Ausi porte Jesu Christ son sergant parmi l'ordure du monde et parmi les pechids qu'il ne comprent tenche de mortel pechi."-St Graal, c. 31. 308. From the latter of these forms may be explained Fr. lancer, Picard teincher, to chide (Roquef.), as It. tacciare, to tax, charge, or accuse, to blame (Altieri), from taccia, a blot. But if we may rely on the forms cited by Florio, another derivation equally plausible may be found in It. tansa, an assess- ment, a taxing, a taxing with a fault; tansare, to assess for any payment, to tax, to chide, rebuke. To Taw. AS. tawian, P1. D. tauen, to taw or dress leather; Du. touwen, macerare, emollire, depsere, coria perficere, pa- rare, agitare, subigere.-Kil. To taw leather is properly to dress it soft. "I tawe a thynge that is styffe, to make it soft, je souple. It is styffe yet, but tawe it a little."-Palsgr. P1. D). taa, tage, taw, Du. taey, G. szaie, tough. Tawdry. Vulgarly showy. Commonly explained from the cheap finery sold at Saint Awdry's fair. But there is much that is hypothetical in this explanation. If such a fair was really held in the isle of Ely it does not appear how its wares got such celebrity. The term is applied in the earlier instances to a kind of lace or necklace. "The primrose chaplet, tawdry lace and ring."-Faithful Shepherd. Not the smallest beck But with white pebbles makes her tawdries for her neck. Polyolbion. Now in the legend of St Ethelred she is said to have died of a swelling in her throat, which she considered as a judgment for having been vain of her necklaces in her youth. She said, when dying, "memini cum adhuc juvencula essem collum 380 TAWDRY. TEASE. meum monilibus et auro ad vanam ostentationem onerari so- litum. Quare plurimum debeo divine providentia quod mea superbia tam levi poena defungatur." Hence the author explains the name of tawdry for a nIecklace. "Solent Anglim nostre mulieres torquem quendam ex tenui et subtili serica confectum collo gestare quam Ethelrede torquem appellamus, forsan in ejus quod diximus memoriam."--Harpsfield, Hist. Eccles. Ang, in Nares. To Teach. AS. tcecan, to instruct, direct. Goth. gateihan, to announce, make known; G. zeigen, to show; Sanser. dich, show; ddich, teach; Lat. docere, to teach; dicare,to appoint; indicare, to declare, proclaim, appoint; index, what points out; Gr. 8EKVhL, I point out, show, teach. Team, To Teem. A team of horses is properly a string of horses drawing a plough or waggon. ON. taumr, a rein, bridle, rope. P1. D. toom, a rein, and thence a line of progeny, a race; avertoom, the ascending, neddertoom, the descending line; AS. team, anything following in a row, race, progeny; tynman, to beget, propagate, teem. The same metaphor is seen in ON. tjodr, Pl. D. tider, Du. tudder, a tether, a rope for tying cattle; AS. tuddor, offspring, progeny; tyddrian, to procreate. To Tear. Goth. gatairan, to break up, destroy; distairan, to tear asunder; gataura, rent, separation; OHG. zeran, fer- zeran, to destroy; Du. terren, to tear, separate, destroy. W. tori, to break; Bret. terri,to break, destroy, abrogate, abolish. Tear. AS. tcer, teher, OHG. zaltar, Goth. tagr, Gr. 8baKpv, Lat. lacrgma, W. deigr, Gael. deur. To Tease, Teasel, Tose, Touse. Du. teesen, to pick, pluck, pull about, touse; G. zausen, to pick or tease wool, to touse or pull about; Bay. zaisen, zaiseln, to tease wool, to pluck, pill. Wvittwen und waisen schaben und zaisen, to shave and pill widows and orphans. Zaisel, a teasel, a plant of which the head is used in teasing or raising the nap of cloth. Sc. toasle, to rumple, handle roughly, pull about; tousie, rough, shaggy, dishevelled. TEASE. TEEN. 381

The radical idea is picking at a lock or entangled mass. G. zotte, Bav. zottel, zozen, zozel, a cot or lock of hair, Sw. totte, Dan. tot, a bunch of flax or wool; Sc. tate, teat, tatte, a flock of wool, flax, hay, &c., a lock of hair; ON. teeta, to pull to pieces, to tease wool. To Tease. To annoy for the purpose of provocation. Pro- bably from the figure of irritating a dog, setting him on to attack by hissing or snarling sounds. To lice a dog is in Pembrokeshire to set him on to attack another animal. OFr. enticer, to excite, provoke. Sw. tussa, to set on, to provoke. See Entice. The Dan. tirre, to tease, corresponds to E. to tar or ter, to set on. G. reizen is to entice, to provoke, and also to tease. Teat. P1. D. titte, G. zitze, W. teth, Gael. did, It. tetta, cizza, zizza, Fr. teton, Gr. TLTOSg, Pol. eye (tsyts). OHG. deddi, Prov. E. diddy, breast; Goth. dad'an, ON. totta, to suck. To Ted. To turn or spread abroad new-mown grass.-B. Swiss zetten, zettein, to separate in small parts, especially applied to the spreading out haycocks with the fork. Zettel- kraut, sourcrout, cabbage cut into small bits. Bay. zetten, to strew. "Sieh, wie zettest dua, en ut defluit jusculum, decidunt nuces." "Sic zatten pulver:" theyr scattered powder. Har zettein, to spread out flax to dry.-Schm. Probably from the rattling sound of things falling in a scattered way. Swiss zattern, to sound like a heavy shower of rain. Ich hbre das wasser zattern. Zattern, z6tter, ziittern, to let a little fall at a time, to sprinkle. P1. D. toddeln, to fall in small quantities as corn from a hole in a sack.- Danneil. To Teem. 1. To bring forth plenteously. See Team. 2. To pour out, to unload a cart.-Hal. Sc. toom, tame, empty, void. ON. tomr, empty, unoccupied; Sw. tomna, Dan. to'nmmne, to exhaust, empty. Gael. taom, empty, pour out, bale a boat; taomaire, a pump. Ir. taomaim, to draw water. Teen. Sorrow, trouble, mischief; to teen, to excite or provoke.,-B. AS. teona, reproach, injury, wrong; teonan, tynan, 382. TEEN. TENDRIL. to incense, irritate, provoke. OFr. attayne, ataine, anger, hatred, vexation, dispute. Flem. tanen, tenen, irritare.-Kil. The commencement of anger and discord is frequently expressed by the figure of kindling or lighting up, as when we speak of wrath being kindled, or a person being incensed, from incendere, to light up. To teend or teen a candle is still provincially used in the sense of lighting a candle. Fris. tiinde, tine, tine, to kindle.-Outzen. AS. tendan, Dan. tende, to kindle. Teine. A teine of silver, an ingot of silver.-Chaucer. OHG. zain, a rod, reed, arrow, also a: bar or ingot of metal. ON. teinn, a thin bar, a spit. Dan. teen, a slender rod, spindle. N. tein, a thin stick, shoot of a tree. To Tell. See Tale. To Tempt. Fr. tenter, Lat. tentare, to try. The signification of this latter word may be explained from the figure of shaking at a thing in order to ascertain whether it is firm. The syllables representing sounds of different kinds are often applied to signify movements of corresponding character. Thus from ding-dong, representing the sound of large bells, we have to dangle, to swing to and fro. It. dondon represents the sound of bells, and thence is formed dondolare, to swing, toss to and fro, dandle. The sound of a smaller bell is represented by tintin, whefice Lat. tintinnire, to ring, tingle. The same elements are applied to movement in It. tentennare, to shake, jog, stir. Tentennare all' uscio, to knock at a door. T'entennio, jogging, shaking; tentennio, the tempter, the devil. The contraction which must be supposed in order to produce tentare from tentennare is precisely that which is found in Fr. tinter, to tingle, from Lat. tintinnire. Ten. Goth. taihun, taihund, OHG. zehun, zehan, G. zehn, Lat. decemn, Sanser. dasan, Gr. 8EKa. Tendon. It. tendone, tendine, the sinew which fastens the muscles to the bones like a string to the bow; tendere, to stretch. Tendril. The tender shoot of a plant, now confined to the TENDRIL. TENTER. 383

twisting claws of climbing plants, probably from having been chiefly applied to the shoots of the vine. It. tenerume and Fr. tendron signify the tender shoot of a plant, as well as car- tilage or gristle considered as the young or tender state of bone. Tenerella, a young girl.-Altieri. Tenerina, a tendrel or tender sprig of plants.-Torriano. Tennis. A game in which a ball is driven to and fro with rackets. To tennis is used by Spencer in the sense of driving to and fro. "These four garrisons issuing forth upon the enemy will so drive him from one side to another and tennis him amongst them."-State of Ireland. It is true that tlhe word here used may be taken from the game of tennis, but it is possible, on the other hand, that it may show the origin from whence the name of the game is taken. Now tennis in the foregoing sense might well arise from Fr. tamiser, Du. temsen, to boult or searce, an operation affording a lively image of an object driven to and fro from one side to the other. A similar change of mn before s into n is seen in E. tense, from Fr. temps. Tenon. Fr. tenon, It. tenone, a projection made to fit into a mortise; - the leathern holdfasts of a target. That by which something holds, from tenir, to hold. Tense. Fr. temnps, Lat. tempus, time. Tent. 1. Lat. tentorium, Fr. tente, a tent. Fr. tenture, a stretching, extending, displaying; tenture d'une chambre, the hangings of a chamber. It. tendcla, a tent or any cloth to hang before a window or shop to keep off the sun. Tendere, Fr. tendre, to stretch, display, spread. 2. It. tenta, a surgeon's probe or searching needle, from tentare, to try, to search a sore, as probe, from probare, to try or prove. Tenter. Fr. tendoires, frames used by clothiers for stretching cloth. "Quand les 6toffes out passe le moulin on les 6tale sur ces tendoires pour les faire secher."-Beronie in v. Tendas. Tentar, for cloth, tend, tende.-Palsg. Lang. tenta, to spread out cloth as a shelter against the sun; tento, an awning. Fr. VOL. III. 2 c 384 TENTER. TETHER. tendre, to stretch; tentiure, a stretching, spreading, extending, displaying.-Cot. W, deintr, a tenter, is borrowed. Termagant. A ranting, bold woman. From Termagant or Tervagant, one of the supposed deities of the Mahometans, represented in our old plays as a personage of a most violent character. " Gronnyng upon her lyke Termagauntes in a play." -Bale in Todd.

So help me, Mahoun of might, And Termagant, my God so bright. Guy of Warwick in N.

It. Termegisto, Tremegisto, the child of thunder and of the earthquake, by met. a great quarrellous boaster.-Fl. Terrier. 1. A small dog used to hunt badgers, foxes, or rabbits in their holes. Fr. terrier, the hole, burrow, or earth of a cony or fox.- Cot. 2. Fr. terrier, papier terrier, the court-roll or catalogue of all the names of a Lord's tenants, and the rents they pay and the services they owe him; from terre, land. Terrace. It. terrazza, terracia,coarse earth, rubble, rubbish; an open walk, flat roof.-F1. Terrine, Tureen. Fr. terrine, an earthen vessel, with us confined to the vessel that holds soup. Test. "Test is a broad instrument made of maribone ashes hooped about with iron, in which refiners do fine, refine, and part gold and silver from other metals, or (as we used to say) put them in the test or trial."-Blount, Glossographia, 1679. The term is then metaphorically applied to any operation by which the quality of a thing is tried. From Lat. testa, shell, earthen vessel, potsherd, was taken It. testo, an earthen pitcher, a goldsmith's cruze or melting- pot, the test of any silver or gold.-Fl. Fr. test, t6t, shell, potsherd, test. Tester. It. testiera, the testern or headpiece of anything, crown of a hat, head of a cask, &c. Tether. ON. Yodra, to tether. Fris. tudder, P1. D. tider, TETHER. THANK. 385

tier, a tether. Gael. taod, a halter, hair-rope, reins; teadhair (tyaoer), to tether. Manx tead, teid, a rope. Tetter. A humour accompanied with redness and itching. -B. The word tetter was used in the sense of itching. It. pizzicare, to itch and smart, to tetter; pizza, a kind of itching scurf, tetter; or ringworm.-F1. It was shown under Itch that the name of the affection was taken from the tremulous or twitching movements to which it leads; and in the same way tetter must be connected with ON. titra, Suffolk titter, Bay. tattern, G. zittern, to tremble; whence zittermahl, zitter, a tetter or ringworm; zitteraal, an elec- trical eel. Thane. AS. thegen, thegn, a minister, disciple, attendant, a soldier, servant of the king, nobleman; Ol.thegn, a brave man, freeman, man, warrior; thegnskapr, bravery, generosity, honour; OHG.degan, a male, a soldier, disciple; edildegan, nobleman; heridegan, a warrior; swertdegan, a guardsman; deganheit, bravery, valour. The proper meaning is simply a man. The sword and the distaff were taken as the emblems of the two sexes. OFlem. sweerdmaglhe, sweerdside, relations on the male side; spille- maghe, spindel-maghe, relations on the female side. Fris. "Ende sint hia lika sib dia sweerdsida ende dia spindel- sida: " the male and female side are in the same degree of consanguinity. In this way from G. degen, a sword, the word came to signify a male child, young man, warrior. 1OHG. diginon, G. dienen, to serve, is a derivative. Thank, Think. Goth. thlag/jan, t hank/an, G. denken, to think; Goth. thugkjan, G. diinken, to seem or appear, to present itself in thought. Gr. 80KIL, o, it seems, seems good; o0KW, E8o a glot, I seem to myself, I think; 8oKq, a vision. Lith. dingli, to seem; man ding, methinks, it seems to me. Kas dingsta taw, what is your opinion? Dingoti, to think; dingstis, opinion. AS. thanc, thought, will, favour, thanks. Heora agnes thances, of their own will. Thlurh uncres hearran thanc, 2c2 386; THANK. THICK. through the will or favour of our lord. Thanks are a recognition of good will, an expression on our part of the feeling which an intended kindness should produce. Bay. dank, will, voluntary act; meines cdan)ces, of my own accord; dankes, willingly. ON. thek ja, to observe, to recognize; thek4'ask, to seem good; thakka, to thank; thokka, to take notice of, to think, be of opinion, thokkask, to be agreeable to; thokki, disposition towards, good will; thykla, th6tta, thdt, to seem, to think. Dan. tykkes, to think, to be of opinion; tykke, opinion, judgment, -will, pleasure; tcekkes, to please; teinke, to think; talce, to thank. Thatch. AS. theeccan, to cover, conceal; sceome theccan, to cover his nakedness ; thece, cover; thecen, a roof. Dan. dwkke, to cover; twkke, to roof, to thatch. G. dach, a roof; deeke, a cover. Lat. tegere, Gr. OrEyEw , to cover; tectum, o-rEyq, a roof. Thaw. Du. daaw, dew; P1. danen, to fall in dew, to thaw, to digest or dissolve in the stomach; G. thauen, to dissolve, to thaw, to fall in dew. Bret. tetzi, to melt, to disap- pear; Corn. tedha, to melt, thaw, dissolve; W. tawdd, melting, dripping; toddi, to melt. Gael. tais, moist, soft; taisich, moisten, soften, melt. ON. thida, th , theyr, thaw; thida, theya, to melt, soften; thicr, thawed, melted. Du. dooden, to melt, to thaw.-.K. Prov. E. dove, to thaw. Theft. See Thief. Thews, in the sense of manners, qualities (AS. theawas), is nearly obsolete, and can hardly be the same word with thews in the sense of muscles, brawn. Thew in the latter sense seems identical with thigh, the fleshy part of the leg. ON. th ij6, buttocks, thick part of the thigh, especially in cattle and horses; thJ6-leggr, thigh-bone. AS. theoh, Du. diede, diege, die, thigh. Thick. ON. thyce7r, close pressed, tight, thick; G. dick, thick, frequent; Gael. tiugh, thick, close set, frequent. The radical idea seems to be close set, compact, solid, then THICK. THING. 387 broad in comparison to length, and should be derived from a verb signifying stick, or thrust into, as compact, from Lat. pangere, to stick into. So also Gr. rraxv-, thick, and rwyo, firm, solid, seem connected with ryvvia, to drive or stick into, to stiffen, condense; and Esthonian paks, thick, with pakima, to stuff, to cram. The origin of thick may be preserved in Fin. tukkia, to thrust into, to stop; tukko, t ket, a stopper; Esthon. tiikkima, tilkma, to stuff, to cram, and thence tilkkis, a stopper; Magy. dugni, to stick into, to stop; Sc. dook, a peg. The Du. dik, ODu. dl ck (K.), thick, would thus be connected with d 'ck, a dike, a dam, a pond, as Bret. stank, close pressed, thick, with stank, a pond. Thief, Theft. Goth. thiuvs, ON. tli 6fr, G. dieb, thief. Thigh. AS. theoh, Du. diede, d je, dieghe, thigh. ON. thjd. See Thew. Gael. toch, thigh, hock. Thill. AS. thil, a stake, boarding, planking, the pole or shafts of a carriage; ON. thil, thili, a pannelling, boarding. Thimble. A protection for the thumb. Thin. ON. thunnr, Du. dun, G. diinn; Lat. tenis, W. teneu, tenau, Gael. tana. Thing. ON., AS. thing, G. ding. The primitive meaning seems to be discourse, then solemn discussion, judicial con- sideration, council, court of justice, lawsuit, cause, sake, matter, or subject of discourse. "Zelit thir iz Lucas uuaz iro thing thar tho uuas: " Lucas tells you what their discourse then was.-Otfried. AS. For minum thingum, on my account, for my sake. On thisum thingum, in this state. The analogy of the foregoing train of thought would lead us to suppose that Fr. causer, to prattle, talk idly, wrangle, strive together in words (Cot.), G. kosen, to talk, chatter together, indicate the origin of Lat. causa, subject, matter, question, anything that is spoken about or controverted, a suit at law, a cause, which in It. cosa and Fr. chose acquires exactly the sense of E. thing. A like connection may be traced between G. sache, a discussion, matter of discussion, suit at law, affair, thing, ursache, cause, and sagen, to say; ,88 THING. THOUGHT. or between the corresponding AS. saca, dispute, suit at law, E. sake, cause, and secgan, to speak, say. A like train of thought is found in Maori mea, to speak, say, do, think, also a thing. To Think. Thought is considered in primitive languages as internal speech, as in Maori ki, speech, thought, to speak, to think; mea, to speak, think, do; also a thing. See Thing, Thank. To Thirl. AS. thyrel, a hole; thirlian, to pierce a hole through. G. thiir, a door; Bay. tiir, turlein, tirl, a door, hole, opening. Das hosentiirlein, the slit in the trowsers. Tiirlin au der nasen, the nostril.-Schm. The Lat. forare, to pierce, seems connected in like manner with fores, doors. Goth. thairh, through; thairko, a hole. MHG. diirhel, diirkel, perforated; a hole. Thirst. Goth. thaursus, dry; gathairsan, to become dry; thaurfjan, to thirst; thaurseith mik, I am thirsty, I am dry; thaurstei, thirst. ON. thrr, G. diirr, dry; therra, thurka, to dry; thyrstr, thirsty. Gr. Ep(r o, to dry up, to parch. Lat. torreo, to parch or dry up, to roast. Thistle. ON. thistill, G. distel. Thong. AS. thwang, thwong, a strap. Related to whang, a slice or strap, as thwack and whack, thwittle and whittle, thwart and whart. Under this guidance we are led to suppose that the original meaning is a separate portion, a slice. See Whang. Thorn. Goth. thaurnus, ON. thorn, G. dorn, Pol. ciern, Boh. trn, W. draen. Probably from the root preserved in Lith. durru, duttrti, to prick, stick. Thorp, Throp. A village. G. dorf, s. s. N. torp, a small farm; a troop of cattle. ON. thorp, a bank or eminence, a group of houses, a collection of three people. The origin seems preserved in Gael. tarp, a clod, a lump. Perhaps Lat. turba, a crowd, may be the same word. See Troop. Thought. See Think. THOUSAND. THREAT. 389

Thousand. Goth. tnusundi, OHG. zenstunt, Lith. tukstantis. Thowl. Du. dolle, an oar-pin; ON. thollr, a fir-tree, poet. tree in general; rothrar-thollr, an oar-pin. N. toll, tall, fir- tree; toll, a pin, peg, oar-pin; Dan. toll, a stopper, an oar-pin. Thrall. ON. thrall, Gael. trdill, a slave. Thrapple. AS. throt-bolla, the throat-pipe. To Thrash, Thresh. ON. thriista, thryskva, Dan. tcrske, Sw. troska, G. dreschen, Du. draschen, d6schen, Goth. thriskan, to thresh. Imitative of the sound. G. draiischen, to sound as heavy rain; Bay. dreschen, to tramp; durch's koth dreschen, to tramp through the mud; gedrbsch, mud, sludge. It. tres- care, OFr. trescher, to dance; Sp. triscar, to make a noise with the feet, to stamp, to frisk; Milan. tresc6, to thresh, especially to tread out rice and millet under horses' feet. Bohem. tres- kati, triskati, to knock, strike, crack, crash, chatter; Pol. trzask, crack, crash, clap. Thrave. A bundle, a certain number of sheaves of corn set up together. Dan. trave, a score of sheaves; Sw. trafwe, a pile of wood. The proper meaning seems a handful. AS. threaf, mani- pulus. ON. thrifa, to gripe, to seize. Thread. Du. draed, thread; G. draht, drath, thread, wire, straw-band. From drehen, Du. draayen, to turn, twist. Threat. AS. threan, threagan, threawian, to reprove, re- prehend, correct, chastise, punish, afflict, vex, torment; threaung, reproof, threats; threat, reproof, threat, punish- men t; threatan, threatian, to compel (Mat. 5. 41), to correct, to threaten. Mid there bisne men threatian, to warn men by the example. Thkt hio hine threatige to thon thet he bet do, that she should reprove him to the end that he should do better. Threatende, violent.-Mat. 11. 12. ON. thruga, to press, compel, force; N. truga, trua, to force, to drive by threats or fear, to threaten; Sw. truga, trufwa, to force, to drive by threats or fear; trug, constraint, 390 THREAT. THRILL. threats; Dan. true, G. drohen, Du. dreigen, Pl. D. drowen, droen, Fris. truwa, druwa, to threaten. Threshold. AS. therscwald, threscwald, therscold, OE. threswold, ON. threskjdlldr, thrbskulldr, Sw. tr5skel, Dan. tcerskel, C G. driscuvili, druscuuel, truscheufel, drischufel, driscupil, Bay. driscaiifel,Swiss drischiibel. Not to be confounded with G. thiirschwelle, E. doorsill, which are composed of different elements. The latter element in threshold is probably AS. weald, wold, P1. D. wold, wood. OE. archewold, the ark, in the " Story of Genesis," corresponds to AS. earcebord, in Cedmon. Noe sag ut of the archewolde. In another early E. poem is found rodewold, equivalent to rode-tre, or rood-beam, the rood or cross.-Morris. P1. D. woold-gaten, the wooden pipes by which Bremen is supplied with water. OSw. wal, ol, a pole or staff. With regard to the former element, it has been shown under Thrash how much the ideas of threshing and treading are mixed up together, and indeed the primitive mode of threshing was treading out by cattle. Bay. dreschen, to tramp. Threshold then would be the bar on which we tread in entering a house. Three. Sanscr. tri, Lith. trys, Lat. tres. Thrift. Well doing, then economy, sparingness. See Thrive. To Thrill. Two words seem confounded. 1. To thrill or thirl, to pierce. See Thirl. 2. To tingle, shiver, to feel a sharp tingling sensation. - to thrill and shake Even at the crying of our nation's crow, Thinking his voice an armed Englishman.-Shaksp. A sudden horror chill Ran through each nerve and thrilled in every vein.-Addison. It. trillare, to shake; Fr. dridriller,to tingle, as mule-bells. See Trill. THRIVE. THROUGH. 391.

To .Thrive, Thrift. ON. thrfa, to seize, snatch, lay hold of; thlrifask, properly to take to oneself, then as Dan. trives, to thrive, prosper, attain well-being, grow, flourish; thrffnadr, well-being, advantage, gain; thrifill, a careful, diligent man; thrff, good luck, well-being, diligence, good bodily condition. N. triva, to snatch; trive ti, to seize hold of; trivast, to thrive, to be satisfied with his circumstances. Comp. G. zunehmen, to increase, improve. Der mensch nimmt zu, the man grows fat. Das zunehmen, increase,-growth, thriving.--Kiittn. Dan. tiltage, to assume, to increase. Throat, Throttle. AS. throte, throtbolla, Du. strot, It. strozza, strozzolo, the throat; OHG. droza, drozza, fauces, frumen, G. drossel, drostel, the throat, gullet, Bay. dross, the throat, the soft flesh under the chin. To Throb. Sw. drabba, to strike against, to knock; Bohem. drbnauti, to give a blow; trepati, to clash, dash, strike; tre- patise, to palpitate; Pol. trzepiotac, to flutter; Russ. trepat', to knock gently; trepetat', to palpitate, tremble; Lat. trepi- dare, to tremble. Throng. AS. tlirang, a press or crowd; thringan, G. dringen, to press; ON. thryngva (thryng, thrunginn), to press; thringr, Dan. trang, narrow, compressed, close, pressing, difficult. Corresponding forms without the nasal are found in ON. thruga, Dan. trykke, G. driicken, AS. thriccan, to press; ON. uthrugadr, voluntarily, uncompelled. Goth. threihan, to press, to afflict. AS. thriccan survives in Prov. E. thrutch, to press, thrust; thrutchings, the last-pressed whey in the making of cheese. Thropple. See Thrapple. Throstle, Thrush. G. drossel, drostel, Dan. trost, Pol. Russ. drozd, Lat. turdus. Through. Goth. thairk, OHG. durh, G. durch, AS. thur, thuruh, through; W. trw, trwy, trwydd, through, by, by means of; traws, transverse direction, adverse, cross; Gael. 892 THROUGH. THROW. thar, over, across; tarsuinn, transverse, across; Lat. trans, across, over, on the other side. To Throw, Throe. The primitive meaning of the word is to turn or Whirl, and thence to cast or hurl. It will be observed that the Lat. torquere has the same two senses, and it is probably a true equivalent of the E. word. AS. thrawan is rendered crispare, torquere, circumrotare, as well as to cast. Sc. thraw, to wreathe, to twist. "Thraw the wand while it is green." The E. throw is still technically used in the sense of twist or turn when we speak of throwing silk; and in pottery the man who works the clay upon the wheel is called the thrower. Throwyn or turne vessel of a tre, torno.-Pr. Pm. To throw is still used in the sense of turning wood in the North. A throw, a turner's lathe.-Hal. G. drehen, Du. draien, to twist, or turn. W. troi, to turn; Bret. trei, to twist, to turn; tr, a turn, an occasion; tr-etr, turn about, in turns, success- ively. W. tro, a turn, a time. The analogy of these latter forms shows that AS. thrag, thrah, OE. throw, Sc. thraw, a space of time, an occasion, are to be explained in the sense of a turn, and not from Goth. thragjan, to run, as supposed by Jamieson. By throws, in turns. By tlhrowes eche of them it hadde.-Gower. The Sc. thraw is used in the sense of wrench or sprain, wrest, distort, oppose, resist, use violence with. Hence, on the one hand, we pass to the idea of pang or agony in the dead thraws or agonies of death, the throes of childbirth. The word torture, by which we express the highest degree of pain, at bottom means simply twisting. On the other hand, the figure of twisting or wresting, taken as the type of violent exertion, leads to ON. thri, obstinacy, continuance, opposition; N. traa, obstinate, enduring, close, opposing, cross, harsh, bitter of taste; NE. thro, eager, earnest, sharp, bold. THROW. THUNDER. 393

Thoghe the knyght were kene and thro, The outlawys wanne the chy1de hym fro. MS. in Hal. A like train of thought may be observed in Du. wringen, to wring or twist, and wraing, sharp, harsh, sour, hard. Thrum. An end of thread. G. trumm, a short, thick piece, an end of candle, rope's end, end of a thread, of a piece of stuff. The ends of the thread of the warp cut off by the weaver are called trumm, in Switzerland triem. Trimmer, in pl., fragments. Von ort bis an das drum, from beginning to end. To Thrust. ON. thrysta, to press, thrust. Goth. trudan, to tread, to tread grapes in a press. Lat. trudere, trusum, to thrust. Russ. trud', pains, effort, labour; potrudit', to put work upon one, to incommode. Thumb. OHG. dumo, thumo, G. daumen, ON. thumall. Thump. Imitative of the sound of a blow. It. thombo, thumbo, a thump.-Fl. Champ. tombe, a hammer, tombir, to resound. Dan. dump, Bolognese tonf, sound of a heavy fall, or the fall itself. W. twmpian, to thump, stamp, strike upon, fall. Fr. tomber, to fall. Let. dumpts, noise, uproar. Thunder. G. donner, Lat. tonitru, Fr. tonnerre. Lat. tonare, to thunder. ON. duna, dynja, to bellow, roar, rush; dunr, dynzr, Dan. dunder, dundren, rumbling sound, roar, din. Tordenens, kanonernes dundren, the roar of thunder or cannon. To dun was used in OE. in the sense of making a hollow noise. Now wendeth this oste in wardes ten Ful wel araied with noblemen; The dust arose, the contre had wonder, The erthe doned like the thonder. Syr Generides, 1. 3774.

Dunnyn in sownde, bundo.--Pr. Pm. Lith. dundeti, to sound. If there is any phenomenon more than another which would invite imitation it would be thunder. The Italians represent the sound of bells by the syllables don-don, as we by ding-dong. 894 THUNDER. TICK* A like imitation gives rise to Yoruba dohdoh (fi nasal), a kind of drum. A parallel imitation gives E. thud, a heavy sound, and with the nasal Lat. tundere, to pound, to din or stun one with noise.

Lyk the blak thud of awful thunderis blast.-D. V. 446. 50.

The imitative syllable is strengthened by the introduction of an r in It. tronare, to thunder; Dan. dr6n, din, peal, rumbling noise; G. dronen, to drone, hum, make a hollow trembling sound. Thwack. Tkwick-thwack represents the sound of blows. Whack is an analogous form. So we have thwite and thwittle as well as whittle, to hack with a knife; twirl, synonymous with whirl; twink with wink ; G. zwerch, and quer, across; zwehle and quehle, a towel. Thwart. ON. thvera, to slant; thwerr, AS. thweork, OHG. dwerah, G. zwerch, cross, wry; Du. dwaers, dweers, oblique, transverse; dweerwind, the whirlwind. ON. um thvert, across, athwart. From the same root signifying turn or twist, which produces Du. dwarlen, to whirl, and E. twirl. It is seen without the initial dental in Fr. cirer, to turn, in E. whirl and Lat. certere. Tick. Fr. tique, G. zecke, the parasite on dogs, &c. To Tick. Parmesan tac-tac, Brescian tech-tech, toch-toch, It. ticche-tocche, represent the sound of knocking. Bolognese tectac, a cracker. Tick, with the thin vowel, represents a lighter sound, and is then applied in a secondary sense to a slight touch. "Such ticking, such toying, such smiling, such winking, &c."-Hal. Du. tikken, to pat, touch; P1. D. ticken, anticken, to touch gently, as with the tips of the fingers.- Danneil. To tick a thing off is to mark an item with a touch of the pen. Hence to take a thing on tick is to have it jotted down or marked on the score instead of paying. So P1. D. klitzen, to jot down in writing; upp den klitz halen, to take upon tick. When this import of the term was not under- TICK. TIDE. 395* stood a false etymology led precisionists to speak of taking upon ticket. Tick, Ticking. Du. ti k, G. zieche, Bohem. cycha, a tick or covering of a bed. Champ. tiquette, a pillow-case. Grisons teigia, taja, taschia, a tick, sheath, case. Fr. taie d'oreiller, a pillow-case. Probably from G. ziehen, to draw: what is drawn over. JWeisse ziechen iiberziehen, to put clean ticks on a bed. On the same principle the tick is also called aberug in G., and omtreksel in Du., from trekken, to draw. Ticket. A mark stuck on the outside of anything to give notice of something concerning it. Fr. 6tiquet, a little note, breviate or ticket, especially'such a one as is stuck up on the gate of a court; etiquette, a ticket fastened within a lawyer's bag, &c.-Cot. Rouchi estiquette, a pointed stick, and ludi- crously a sword (a peg-Roquefort), from estiquer, to stick into. To Tickle. Provincially tittle, Lat. titillare, Sc. kittle, Du. kittelen, G. kitzeln, Fr. chatouiller, Wal. cat, ke'k, Gael. ciogail, diogail, Magyar esiklani, csikolni, to tickle ; esikos, ticklish. The explanation of the expression may be found in P1. D. ticken (Danneil), to tick or touch lightly, to twitch or cause to twitch. A tickling" is a light touch that causes one to twitch. See Itch. Esthon. kiddisema, to crackle, swarm, creep, to tickle; kut- tistama, kedditema, to tickle; Fin. kutittaa, to tickle, to itch; kutinen, ticklish; kitina, tickling, creeping; katia, kutita, to be tickled, to itch; kutkua, to feel tickling, to itch, to waver, as boggy soil; kutkuttaa, to dangle, to tickle. Tide, Tidings, Tidy. AS. tid, hour, time; G. zeit, Sw. tid, time, season, period, hour, space. Time is the happening of events, the course of what happens. AS. tidan, getidan, to betide or happen. R. G. uses the expression tyde what so bytyde, happen what may. For by my trouth in love I durst have sworn Thee should never have tidde so fair a grace.-Chaucer. 396 TIDE. TIGHT.

The tides are the seasons of the sea, the regular course of ebb and flow. Tidings. ON. tidindi, events, tidings, news. Tidy, seasonable, orderly, appropriate, neat.

If weather be fair and tidy, thy grain Make speedier carriage for fear of a rain.-Tusser. G. zeitig, timely, seasonable, mature. Wiclif speaks of tidefid and lateful fruits. Tie. AS. tige, a drawing, efficacy, a tie, from teon (tugon, togen, getogen), Pl. D. teen, t6gen, G. ziehen, to draw; zug, a pull; zigel, a rein; AS. tigehorn, a horn for drawing blood, a cupping glass. Tian, getian, to tie. Tier. OFr. tiere, rank, order. Du. tudder, tuyer, Pl. D. tider, tier, a tether, a row of connected things; tu eren, to tether cattle, to connect in a row.-Kil. Pl. D. tidern, tiren, to tie. De ko in't gras tiren, to tether a cow to a stake. Gael. taod, a halter, hair-rope, cable. Ir. tead, a rope, cord, string. Tiff, Tift, Tiffin. Used in several senses, all ultimately re- ducible to that of a whiff or draught of breath. Tlf'/, a sup or draught of drink.-Moor. Hence t /, small beer. Tift, a small draught of liquor, or short fit of doing anything; fetch- ing the breath quickly, as after running, &c. A tyf or fit of anger; tifty, ill-natured, petulant.-Brocket. N. tev, taft, drawing the breath, wind or scent of a beast; teva, to pant, breathe hard. A tff or fit of ill-humour must be explained from snuffing or sniffing the air, as mif, a pet or ill-humour, from Castrais mrffa, to sniff. Tftn, now naturalized among Anglo-Indians, in the sense of luncheon, is the North-country tijfng (properly sipping), eating or drinking oit of due season.- Grose. Tight. Du. dicht, digt, solid, thick, close, tight. NE. theat, close, stanch, spoken of barrels, when they do not leak. -Hal. ON. thettr, Sw. tat, staunch, tight. TILE. TILT. 397

Tile. AS. tigel, G. ziegel, Lat. tegula, Fr. tuile. From Lat. tegere, to cover. Till, Until. G. ziel, OHG. zil, Bohem. cyl, a bound, limit, end. Till. A drawer, then a money-box. Fr. layette, a till or drawer; also a box with tills or drawers.-Cot. Possibly from Du. tillen, to lift, to move. To Till, Toil. The fundamental signification of AS. tilian and its Germanic equivalents seems to be to direct one's efforts to a certain end, thence to endeavour, to purpose, to procure or get. G. ziel, a bound, limit, mark, end; zielen, to aim at, to hit; Bay. zilen, to appoint a set time or place, to beget children; G. kiider, getreide erzielen, to beget children, to cultivate corn. AS. tilian, to direct one's efforts to a purpose, to labour, to till the soil, to get. "Sume tiliath wifa:" some seek wives. "Geornlice ic tylode to awritanne: " I earnestly laboured to write. "He is wyrthe thoet thu him tilige :" ille est dignus ut tu ei operam des, that he was worthy for whom he should do this.-Luc. 7. 4. Bay. zelgen, Du. tuylen, teulen, to till the soil; tuyl, agricultura, labor, opera, opus.-Kil. P1. D. telen, to beget, to cultivate, till. Tiller. In Suffolk the handle of a spade is called a tiller. The ordinary sense of the word is the handle of the rudder, the bar by which it is worked. Perhaps from Du. tillen, to lift, to meddle with. To Tiller. To send up a number of shoots from a root. Tillers are also the young trees left to stand when a wood is felled. AS. tia, Prov. G. zelkce, Da. telghe, telgher, a branch, shoot.-Kil. In Osnabruck telge is applied to a young oak. -Brem. Wtb. P1. D. telgholt, tellholt, branchwood for burning or other purposes. Correze tudel, a germ, sprout; tudela, to sprout. To Tilt. 1. To joust, to ride at each other with blunt lances. To come full tilt against a person is to run against him with the entire force of the body. AS. tealtian, tealtrian, 39-8 TILT. TIME.

IExmoor tilt, to totter, vacillate. Tealde getrywth, faith wavers. Tealtiende, nutantes.--Ps. 108. 9. The force of a significant syllable is often increased by the addition of an I without change of meaning, as in patter, palter; tatter, P1. D. talter, rags; jot, jolt, to jog. To jut, hit or strike against.-Baret. 1580. So from totter is developed tolter, still used in Northampton in the sense of jog, totter, move heavily and clumsily. The toltering bustle of a blundering trot.-Clare. Thence tolt, a blow against a beam or the like.-Mrs Baker. Ouertok hem, as tyd, tulte hem of sadeles Tyl uche prynce had his pere put to the grounde. Morris Allit. Poems, B. 1213. -struck or drove them from their saddles. In another poem, in the same volume, it is said that Jona was no sooner out-tulde (pitched overboard) than the tempest ceased. 2. To tilt up, to strike up a thing so as to set it slanting. Tilt. ON. tjalld, a tent, a curtain; Du. telte, G. zelt, a tent; Sp. tolda, toldo, an awning. Lap. telte, a covering for a sledge; teltek, a sledge with a tilt; teltet, to spread. Timber. Goth. timrjan, timbrjan, to build. G. zimmer, formerly the stuff or matter of which anything was made, especially building materials. Skaffelosa zimber, informis materia. In Henneberg zimmer is used for a beam. It was then used for a building, and finally a chamber. Du. timmer, fabrica, contignatio, et materia, et tignum.-Kil. Timbrel. Sp. tambor, a drum; tamboril, a tabour or kind of small drum; tamboritillo, a small drum for children; tim- bal, a kettle-drum. Ptg. tamb6ril, tambourine, little drum. See Tabour. Time. Time like tide seems to signify happening, the course of events. ON. tima, Dan. time, to happen, to befall; timask, to succeed; timi, time; timadagr, a lucky day; tima- lauts, unlucky. Goth. gatiman, G. ziemnien, geziemen, to be fit TIME. TINGLE. 399 or becoming, show a secondary sense analogous to that of OE. fall, to be suitable to. It nothingfalls to thee To make fair semblant where thou mayst blame.-R. R. -it is not allotted to thee; it does not fall to thy lot. Tin. ON. tin, G. zinn, Lat. stannum. Tinder. The idea of glittering or sparkling is commonly expressed by the figure of a crackling or tinkling sound. Thus E. glitter may be compared with Dan. knittre, to rattle, crackle, and E. glister, glisten, or Dan. gnistre, to sparkle, with knistre, to crackle. On the same principle, Du. tintelen, primarily to tinkle or tingle, in a secondary sense is to twinkle or sparkle, and thence tintel, tontel, tondel, tonder, tinder, the recipient of sparks. To tinkle a candle was used in North. ampton, according to Kennet, in the sense of lighting, Sw. tindra, to sparkle; tunder, tinder. ON, tyndra, to sparkle; tendra, tandra, to light a fire, a candle; tundra, to blaze; tundr, tinder. N. tendra, tende, to light; tendring, a setting fire to, a beginning to shine; maanetendring, the new moon. G. ziinden, to kindle, set fire to; zunder, zundel, OFr. tondres, tinder. Tine. The point of a fork, of a deer's horn. ON. tindr, N. tind, the tooth of a comb, a rake, a harrow, sharp point of a mountain. ON. tonn, Dan. tand, a tooth. N. tindut, Dan. tandet, toothed. Tingle, Tinkle. The sound of a small bell is represented in different dialects by the syllables tin, ting, tink, tang, twang. Thus Melchiori, Vocab. Bresc., has tinch-tinch, onomatopoeia for the sound of bells. Ting-tang, the saint's bell; to tang, to sound as a bell; to ting, to ring.--Hal. Du. tinghetanghen, tintinare.-Kil. Lat. tinnire, tintinare, to ring; tintinnabulum, a bell; tintinnaculus, tinkling, clinking. Fr. tinter, to ting, ring, tingle; tinton, the ting of a bell, the burthen of a song; tintouin, a ringing, singing or tingling in the head, about the ears; tintillant, tinging, tingling, resounding.-Cot. Du. VOL. III. 2 D 400 TINGLEA, TIP. tintelen was formerly used in the sense of tinkle, buit has now the metaphorical senses of sparkle or tingle, as the fingers with cold. In the original sense it represents a succession of brisk impressions upon the ear; and is then applied to a succession of analogous impressions on the eye or the sense of touch. Tinker, Tinkler, A mender of pots and pans, from the clinking sound of his working, A tinker, or tinkeler.-Baret. 1580. Tynkynge, the sowndyng of metalls whan they be strycken together, tintin.-Palsgr. For a like reason a dealer in hardware is in Fr. quincailler, or in the N. of France din- cailleux.-Hecart. Cliquaille, clinquaille, quinquaille, chinks, coin; quinquailler, old iron, small iron ware; clinquaillerie, a chinking or clinking of money, or of many pans and skellets together.-Cot. Tinsel. Cotgrave explains Fr. broeatel as tinsel or thin cloth of gold. From OFr. estincelles, sparkling, spangles- Roquef.; estincelle, a spark, sparkle. It will be observed that spangle also properly signifies sparkle. Fr. estincelle is explained from Lat. scintilla, by inversion of the c and t. But it may perhaps, on the principle indicated under Tinder, be derived from a form corresponding to E. tinkle, twinkle, or Du. tintelen, to tinkle, then to sparkle. The Lat. scintilla itself might be explained from a form like Dan. skingre, to ring, clang, resound. Tiny. Small. When we wish to express something very small we make the voice pipy, and say a little tee-eeny thing, a teeny-weeny thing, showing that the force of the expression lies in the narrow vowel ee, the only one that can be pronounced when the vocal orifice is contracted to the utmost limit. The sense of diminution is expressed by the contraction of the volume of sound. The rhyming form teeny-weeny may indicate a connection with Du.weynigh, G. wenig, little, small, few. The Galla has tina, little. Tip. The change of the broad vowel a or o to the narrow TIP. TIPPLE. 401

i is often used to indicate diminution of action or of size. So from knob, a round broad projection, we pass to nib, a fine and pointed one, and from ON. toppr, Da. top, top, summit, also as G. zopt; a tuft of hair, to Du. t2, tken, tip, point; G. zipfel, a tip, corner, lappet. The light vowel modifies the sense of the verb in the same way as that of the noun. Hence from Bay. toppen, to knock, to beat as the heart, Sp. topar, to butt or strike with the head, to run or strike against, may be explained E. tip, applied to a light, quick movement; to tip one a wink; to tip or slip a present of money into the hand; to tip up, tip oer. Tippet. Properly like G. zipfel, the tip or lappet of a garment. The tip of the hood was called in Mid. Lat. liripipium, and was greatly lengthened out so as to admit of being wrapped round the head or the neck, and thence the nam. of tippet was given to a wrapper round the neck. Du. timp, a tip or corner, also a wrapper for the neck, fascia collum am- biens et a frigore cervicem defendens, vulgo collipendium.- Kil. Leripipium, z2ppe, kogel-zip, kappen-zipfel, tin pe van der kogelen; temp van een kaproen.-Dief. Supp. "As the monks had their cowles, caprons or whodes, and their botes, so had they then their long typpettes, their prestes cappes.-- Bale in R. Cum liripipiis ad modum cordarum circa caput advolutis.-Knyghton in Due. Lirippium sire timpamn retro latam duplicem et oblongam habens per dorsum dependentem. -Longa tunica vestitus, nigro caputio, cum grandi liri io collo indutus.-Duc, It was perhaps this variety in the mode of wearing the tippet that led to the phrase of turning his tippet in the sense of a total change of conduct. To Tipple. Bavarian zipfel, zipfelein, a tip or corner of any, thing, is used for a bit, a small portion. Kein zipfel, not a bit; zipfelweis, in small portions; zijfeln, zpfelen, to take, give, eat, drink, &c,, in small portions. The cow zipfelt when she lets her milk go in driblets. So W. tic, ticyn, a particle, a little bit; ticial, to produce small particles or drops, to 2D2 402 TIPPLE. TITHE. drain the last drops in milking; tip, lpgyn, a small particle. Prov. E. tip, a draught of liquor. To tipple then would be to drink in small portions, to be continually drinking. Pl. D. tUpp, a dot, spot, fine drop.-Danneil. N. tippa, to drip; tipla, to drip slowly, to sip. Tipsy. Swab. dapps, tapps, diebes, dipps, Swiss tips, a fud- dling with drink; tipseln, to fuddle oneself; betipst, tipsy. From these forms it would appear that we cannot explain the word as unsteady, apt to tip over, as we should be inclined to do if we had only the E. word. To Tire. OE. terwyd (Pr. Pm.), tired, weary, must probably be distinguished from AS. tirian, tyrwan, to irritate, provoke, vex, which would seem to belong to G. zergen, to vex or provoke, E. to tar. The train of thought in tire is probably to tear, tear to pieces, consume, corrode, wear away; then (by the same metaphor by which weary, tired, is formed from wear) to tire, to consume one's strength, to fatigue. Bret. terri, to break, to invalidate, abolish; terrizik, fa- tiguing, tiring. Prov. tirar, to pluck, snatch, tear. "Los pels saurs tira de sa testa:" tears the blond hairs from her head. Fr. tirer & quatre chevaux, to tear asunder by horses. Sc. tirr, tirue, to tear off, to strip. To tir one to the skin; to tirr a house, to strip off the roof. AS. teran, rumpere, scindere, lacerare. P1. D. teren, tiren, to pull, to plague; 011G. zeran, zerren, to tear, to consume; G. zerren, to tear, worry, tug, diraw with violence. Sw. tcera, to fret, corrode, gnaw, eat, consume, wear away. Prov. E. tire, to tear, pluck, to feed upon as birds of prey.-Hal. Lat. terere, to rub, to wear away, consume, waste, to wear out or overdo with labour. The wear and tear of things is the consumption of daily use. Tit, Tittle. See Tot. Tithe. AS. teothe, tenth; teothian, to tithe or take a tenth. Fris. tegotha, tienda, tenth. Tithes are called tiends in Scot- land. TITTER. TOADEATER. 403

To Titter. Titter, like giggle, represents a succession of sharp thin sounds, while tatter, with the broad vowel, expresses a succession of opener sounds. Bav. tattern, OE. tatter (Pr. Pm.), to chatter, tattle, gabble. Du. tateren, to make a rattling sound, to stammer, stutter. And as the sense is transferred from sound to movement in Bay. tattern, to shiver, tremble, so we have provincially titter, to see-saw, to tremble, ON. titra, G zittern, to tremble, shiver. In like manner Bay. gigken, gigkezen, to make broken sounds, to stutter or giggle, leads to gigkeln, to tremble, twitch, quiver, corresponding to E. kickle, fickle, tottering, unsteady. To, Too. Du. toe, G. zu, to. Too hot,- G. za heiss, is hot in addition to [what is fitting]. Toad. The name of the toad is generally taken from the habit of the animal of puffing itself up with wind. So Gr. .vo-aco, to blow, to swell; wvo-aXos, a toad. Fr. boufbr, to puff, blow, swell up; Lat. bufo, a toad. Magy. bifa, a toad, a man with swollen cheeks. In like manner Dan. tudse, Dit- marsh tutze, a toad, are from ON. titna, to swell, Somerset tote, to bulge out. In South Danish trute is to project the lips, to strut like full pockets, and trutz, a toad. Toadeater. Originally the assistant to a mountebank. Be the most scorned Jackpudding of the pack, And turn toad-eater to some foreign quack. Satire on an ignorant quack, by Thomas Brown. The same author, in a collection of letters from dead persons, puts the following passage into the mouth of Joseph Haines, a celebrated mountebank and fortune-teller, who died in 1701. "I intend to build a stage, and set up my old trade of fortune- telling, and as I shall have occasion for some understrapper to draw teeth for me or to be my toad-eateron the stage, &c." -N. & Q., Febr. 15, 1862. The word was explained as "a metaphor from a mountebank's boy eating toads in order to show his master's skill in expelling poison."-Daniel Simple, by Sarah Fielding, 1744. But this is doubtless an imaginary explanation. A more ra- 404 TOADEATER. TOIL. tional suggestion is that of Mr Keightley's in N. & Q. that swallowing toads is a version of Fr. avaler des couleuvres, which signifies putting up with all sorts of indignities without showing resentment. Thus a toad-eater would be a souffre- douleur. Toast. 1. lRoasted bread. It. tostare, to toast or parch. Lat. torrere, tostum, to roast. 2. A pledge in drinking. The German cry when topers pledge each other, knocking their glasses together, is stoss an! of which it is not improbable that the E. term is a corruption, ,as carouse from gar aus. Tod. A bush, a bunch of anything fibrous, as of hay. A tod of *rool is 28 lb. ON. todda, a flock or ball of wool; toddi, a lump of food. G. zote, provincially zode (Deutsch. Mundart, I. 408), a lock or flock of wool or hair, a rag or tatter. See Dud. Dan. tot, a bunch of flax, &c. Pl. D. tadde, tadder, taddel, a rag. To Toddle. To walk unsteadily like a child. A parallel form with totter. G. zotteln, to reel or stagger. See Totter. Toe. ON. td, AS. ta, Du. teen, P1. D. taan, toon. The toes seem to be regarded as the twigs or branches of the foot. ON. teina, a shoot; teinn, a rod; Du. teen, an osier, a twig, AS. tin, a twig, sprout, shoot. N. tein, a shoot, rod, stick. The mistletoe or mistle shrub is in ON. mistilteinn. Toft. A place where a messuage once stood, that is fallen and pulled down.-B. Dan. tomt, site of a building; toft, enclosed field close to a farmhouse; tomn, empty. Sw. tomt, place for building, site of a house, empty space. N. tuft, tofl, tomt, site of a house, place where a house has stood. Together. See Gather. Toil. Du. tuylen, teulen, to till the ground, to work, labour; tuyl, agriculture, work, toil. See Till. SToil, 2. Toilet. The toils in hunting were nets set up to enclose the game. Fr. toiles, toils, or a hay to inclose or entangle wild beasts in.-Cot. Toile, cloth, fromn Lat. tela, a web. Toilette was a packing or wrapping cloth, the cloth that TOIL. TON. 440 0 5". covered a dressing-table, .whence in E. it is applied to the dressing-table itself. -Toise. Fr. toise, a fiathomn. From Lat. tensus, It. teso, stretched. Mid. Lat. teitsa., tesa, extension, width of-the stretched arms, and thence Fr. toise, as mois frommensis, poids from penzs un&.-- Scheler. Tokeii. Goth. taikns, G. zeicen, OSax. tekan, Bohem. ceych, a mark, a brand. Lith. czekis) a mark, burnt in or otherwise imprinted; cz7 koti, to mark. Lap. tsekke, a nick or notch, thence the number ten ; tsekkestet, to notch; markeb tsekkeset, to cut in a mark; iseikot, to cut, to designate, to mark out for or appoint. To le tassa tsekkom, ho appointed yon for that tsekkotet, to Miark by notches. ON. teikn, Dan. tege, to mark, draw, design. Toll. G. zoll, ON. tolhr, Gr. rEXog, '-EwLOV, Lat. teloniam. Supposed to be connected with tell, to reckon, count, pay; G. zaien, to reckon, bezahlen, to pay. To Toll. To incite one to do a thing to tole, to draw, to entice. With empty hand may no man hawkes tulle: Lo here our -silver recly for to spend-Chaucer, "Attirer, to draw or bring to, to toll or lead on, to entice, allure unto."-Cot. " The fault of the escape is attributable to the hoggishness of the man who tolled the negroes into iDover. "-American newspaper, 1.857. To toll the bells is when they ring slowly to invite the people into church, ON. till, deceitful, tal, deceit, treachery, drag~la, 4 tobetay;t~lrbf, a pitfall for beasts ; tcdlsegi, a bait; tilsnara, a snare; tefifqge, a decoy-bird. W. twvyll, deceit, fraud, illusion; Bret. touella, to enchant., deceive, se- dulce, allure. Cockayne, in Gloss, to St M1arhierete, explaius the word as originally signifying to fondle with the hand, to- caress, to stroke; 011G. tallazjant, tollont, to stroke.-Graff. Ton,.Tum. Lat. tina, a winew-vessel; Fr, tinie, a tub; tonne., a barrel. 406 TONGS. TOP.

Tongs. ON. taung, Sw. t&ng, Du. tanghe, G. zange, tongs. An implement consisting of two tongues or tangs of metal. ON. tangi, a tongue of land, the tang or part of a knife that is enclosed in the handle. Tongue. Goth. tuggo, ON. tunga, G. zunge, Gael. teanga, OLat. dingua, Lat. lingua. Tool. ON. t61. Ihre compares Lat. telum, a weapon. To Toot. Du. tuyten, toeten, to sound a horn, to whisper in the ears; OE. totte, to whisper. ON. tliota, Dan. tude, to sound, resound as the wind, waves, music. Tooth. Goth. tunthus, OHG. zand, G. zahn, Sanser, danta, Gr. obor', Lat. dent', W. dant. Top. 1. ON. toppr, the top or summit, anything that runs up to a point, a tuft; tretoppr, tree-top. Dan. topsukker, loaf-sugar; topmaal, heaped measure. Pl. D. topp, Du. top, tsop, summit, top. W. twb, a round lump. Words signifying strike or knock are often applied to the end of a thing, as the part with which the blow is given; or to a projection or part that strikes out from the surrounding surface, then to a bunch or lump. In this way It. botta, a blow or stroke, is related to Fr. botte de Jbin, a bunch of hay; and P 1. D. bunsen, to strike, with E. bunch. To bob is to make an abrupt movement, to strike; and bob is a bunch or lump. Now topp! represents the sound of striking hands or con- cluding a bargain (see Tope). It. toppa-toppa! sound of knocking at a door.-Diz. Parmeggiano, in v. tac-tac. Sp. topar, to knock or strike against; tope, the striking of one thing against another, butt end of a plank, top or summit. 2. Du. top, G. topf, kreiseltopf, a spinning top. The radical idea is a rounded summit, and the name often includes the notion of something tapering. Sw. sockertopp, a sugar- loaf; N. topp, tapp, a cork; toppa, a bung; G. zapfen, a bung or stopple, an icicle, a fircone; Fr. toupin, toupon, a stopper for a bottle; toupil, toupillon, a casting-top; toupillonet, a very small top or stopple.-Cot. TOPE. TOT. 407

To Tope. Properly to pledge one in drinking, to knock the glasses together before drinking them off, then to have a drinking-bout, to drink in excess. Bay. toppen, Sp. topar, to knock. In Sw. and Pl. D. the exclamation topp!, in Fr. tope !,represents striking hands on the conclusion of a bargain, whence toper, to accept a proposition, to agree to. And according to Florio the same exclamation was used for the acceptance of a pledge in drinking, where the knocking of glasses stands instead of the striking of hands at a bargain. "Topa! a word among dicers, as much as to say, I hold it, done, throw! also by good fellows when they are drinking; I'll pledge you." The foregoing explanation would make the E. tope the exact equivalent of Fr. choquer, choquailler,to quaff, carouse, tipple-Cot., choquer les verres, to knock glasses. Topsyturvy. From topside t'other way. It is written topsi'- to'erway in Searches' Light of Nature. Torch. It. torcia, torchia, Fr. torche, a torch, also the wreathed clout, wisp, or wad of straw laid by wenches between their heads and the things they carry on them.-Cot. From It. torcere, to twist, because the torch was made of a twisted wreath of tow or the like. Tortoise. It. tartaruga, Sp. tortuga, Fr. tortue, Prov. tor- tesa. From the crooked feet of the animal. Lat. tortus.- Diez. To Toss. W. tosio, to jerk, toss, may either be borrowed from the E., or it may indicate a Celtic origin of the word. Perhaps the fundamental signification may be that of N. tossa, P1. D. teusen, bosen, Bay. zetten, zetzen, to let drop, to scatter in small portions; zosselweis, in scattered portions. To toss hay is to scatter it abroad, to spread it in small portions, to throw it here and there. See To Ted. Tot, Tit. The syllables tat, tot, tit, are used in the formation of words signifying broken sound, as in Du. tateren, toteren, to sound like a trumpet, to stammer, Bay. tattern, E. tattle, to chatter, OE. tateryn, jangelyn, chateryn, jaberyn 408 TOT. ToUCH.

(Pr. Pm.), Prov. E. tutter, to stutter; titter, to giggle. The radical element by itself signifies a slight sound in N. tot, a murmur; It. ni totto ni motto, not a syllable. Then, as in so many other cases, the syllables representing sound are transferred to the sense of bodily action and bodily substance. Hence Bay. tattern, to tremble; Du. touteren, to palpitate, tremble, see-saw; E. totter, provincially tottle, to move unsteadily; titter, to tremble, to see-saw (Hal.); ON. titra, to shiver; Lat. titillo, Prov. E. tittle, to tickle, to excite by slight touches; Hampsh. tat, to touch lightly. To tot about, to move with short steps as a child attempting to walk, or a feeble old person.-Mrs Baker. Totty, unsteady, dizzy, reel- ing. To tot a thing down in the margin is to mark it with a slight touch of the pen, as from jot, to jog, we speak of jot- ting a thing down on paper. And as jot is transferred from the sense of a short abrupt movement to that of a small quantity, so tot is applied to anything small. A child is called a pretty little tot. In Lancash. it signifies a tuft or brush. Dan. tot, Sc. tait, a flock of wool, flax, &c. Fr. tatin, a small portion; It. tozzo, a lump or bit. Prov. E. totty, small. The change of the vowel from a or o to i marks diminution, in tittle, the mark of a touch, or the least portion of anything; tit, anything small of its kind, a little horse, a little girl, a little bird. A titlark is a small kind of lark; titnouse (Du. mossc e, a sparrow, G. meise, a small bird), or tomntit, a very small bird; titfaggots, small short faggots. ON. tita, a small bird, an object small of its kind. Prov. E. titty-totty, titty, diminutive, tiny.-Hal. On the same principle It. zito, zita, a boy, a girl, and E. chit, must be explained from It. sitto, Fr. chaut, properly a slight sound, thence used with ellipse of the negative in the sense of hush! Non fare zitto, not to utter a sound; chuwlhoter, to mutter. Touch. It. ticche-tocchie represents the sound of knocking at a door; Prov. toc, blow; Sp. tocar, to knock at a door, to ring bells, to play on a musical instrument, to reach with the hand, to touch. It. tocco, a knock, stroke, hit, stroke of a TOUCH. rToUT. 409 clock, a piece or lump; toccare, to hit, join close to, to touch. Tough. AS. toh, Du. taai, G. zhke, what stands tugging or pulling, from AS. teon (pteple togen), P1. D. teen, togen, G. ziehen, to pull, to draw. Bohem. takati, to draw; tahowity, tough. Tour. Fr. tour, a turn, Tournament. A combat in an enclosed space, from It. tor- neare, attorneare,to surround. "Fece attorneare soa huoste con buone catene de fierro con pali di fierro moito spessi ficcati in terra. Quesso attorniameuto fu fatto alla rotonna a modo di un fierro da cavallo."-Fragm. Hist. Rom. in Muratori, vol. iii.,speaking of the preparations for the battle of Crecy. To Touse, Touzle. To toze or touse wool is to card or dress it, to pull the flocks to pieces and lay them together again a number of times. Hence to touse or touzle is to pull about, to dishevel, rumple. G. zazusen, P1. D. tuseln, to pull the hair about. AS. tcesan, Du teeen, an t-e, tese, to teaze wool. ON. tceta, to teaze wool, to tear to pieces; teta, a bit. Sc. tate, teat, tatte, a small portion of anything, a lock of wool, lint, hair; Sw. totte, so much as is put on a distaff at once; Dan tot, a bunch of flax; Prov. E. tuz, tusk, tust, a bunch of wool or hair; tuzzynmuzzy, tutty, a bunch of flowers, a nosegay. See Tot. To Tout, Tote. To look, to peep. Than toted I in at a taverne and there I aspyide Two frere Carmes.-P. P. Creed. His ton toteden out-P. P.: his toes peeped forth. A touter is one who looks out for custom. To tote, in Somerset, is to bulge out, and probably the radical meaning of the word may be to stick out. ON. tota, a snout; tuta, anything sticking out ;. tteygdr, having prominent eyes; tQtna, to swell. Prov. E. tuimothed, having a projecting jaw. Du. tuyte, the nave of a wheel; tuytuityl, a projecting mouth; tuytpot, a pot with a spout; tuytschoenen, toteschoenen, beaked shoes; tote, a snout; de tote setten, to make a snout (in nursery language), 410 TOU. TOWN. to project the lips in ill temper. From the intejection tut expressive of displeasure, as from trut ! tush! tut! fy man! (Cot.), another form of the same interjection, ultimately representing a blurt with the lips, are formed Prov. Dan. trutte, to stick out the lips, to bulge as full pockets, Sw. trut, a snout, Dan. trutt, a spout.-Molbech. See Pout, Proud. Tow. Fris. touw.-Kil. ON. tog, the long hairs or coarse shaggy part of the fleece; tog thradr, thread spun of such wool. Doubtless from ON. toga, to draw, hale, drag: what is drawn out in combing or dressing the wool, as E. tow is the refuse drawn out in dressing flax. The name of tow would thus be precisely synonymous with oakam or ockam, AS. dcem bi, what is combed out. To Tow. Fr. touer, to hale a vessel by a rope. Du. toghen, ON. toga, to drag or pull; tog, drag or pull. Hafa hest itogi: to lead a horse with a string behind one, to have a horse in tow. To take a ship in tow then is to take it in drag. ON. tog is also a cable, a fishing-line; the means by which the ship pulls at the anchor, or by which the fish is drawn out of water. Du. touw, Dan. toug, a cable, rope. Pl. D. tog, draught, stroke, trick. Tog is the root of Goth. tiuhan, G. ziehen (gezogen), AS. teon, teohan (togen), Pl. D. teen, togen, to draw. Towel. It. tomaglia, a tablecloth, OFr. touaille, Du. dwaele, dwaal, a towel; dwell, a clout, a swab; dwaen, cdwaeden, dwae- gen, to wipe, wash; Goth. twahan, AS. thwean, ON. th d, Dan. toe, to wash. Tower. W. twr, a tower, a heap or pile. Lat. turris, Fr. tour, a tower. An abrupt peaked hill is called tor in Devon- shire. Gael. torr, a steep hill, mound, heap, tower, and as a verb, to heap up. Town. Properly an enclosure, enclosed place, then farm, dwelling, village, town. AS. wyrt-tun, a garden for worts. Pl. D. Ntuun, a fence, hedge, an enclosed place, garden; G. zaun, a hedge. AS. tynan, to enclose, hedge, shut. 4' And ase the eie openeth and tuneth."-Ancren Riwle, p. 94. TOWN. TRACK. 411

Commonly referred to Goth. tain, G. zain, zein, AS. tdn, a rod or shoot, as the simplest material of a hedge. Bay. zain, zainen, a hurdle, wattle, basket; zainreusen, wattled baskets for taking fish. Toy. An ellipse for play-toy, implements of play, as G. spielzeug, spielsachen, toys. Zeug, P1. D. tig, Sw. tyg, Dan. toi, materials, stuff, implements. Pl. D. klater- tig, rattle- traps; jungens un derens tiig, a collection of youths and girls. G. liederliches zeug, paltry stuff; l cherliches zeug, nonsense. In like manner dcff.toy (Sc. daff, foolish, trifling) was formerly used in the sense of a trifle. "The gentlewoman neither liked gown nor petticoat so well as some little bunch of rubies or some such daff-toy. I mean to give her Majesty two pairs of silk-stockings lined with plush if London afford me not more daf-toy I like better."-Letter of Arabella Stewart in N. & Q., Deer. 1860. Fine toys, mignotises; slender toys, menusailles, menuailles.-Sherwood. To Toy. To handle amorously. OE. togge, properly to tug, to pull about. Mid wouhinge mid togginge, with woo- ing, with toying.-Ancren Riwle, 53. 6. Ha tollith toge- deres ant toggith, they fondle together and toy.-St Mar- herete in E. E. Text Society. Trace. It. traccia, Fr. trace, a trace, point of the foot, footstep, also a path or tract.-Cot. Sp. traza, first sketch or draught, trace, outline. From trahere, through the par- ticipial form tractus, tractio.-Diez. It will be observed that Sp. rastra signifies both the act of dragging along and a track or mark left on the ground. To trail is to drag along, and trail in N. America is the trace or mark where a person has passed. Traces. Trayce, horsys harneys, traxus, restis, trahale.- Pr. Pm. Fr. traict, a teame-trace or trait.-Cot. From Lat. tractus, draught; cheval de trait, a draught-horse. Track. Fr. trac, a track, tract or trace, a beaten way or path, also a trade or course.-Cot. Our first inclination is to unite the word with tract or trace, or to derive it from G. 412 TRACK. TRADE. trecken, to drag. The Prov. has trah, trag, trai, in the sense of draught, course. "Qui s volt seguir aquest trag:" let him who will follow this course. "Lo dreg trai:" the right direction. But the primary meaning seems to be that given by Pals- grave: step, a print of one's foot, trac. And the true explanation of the word I believe to be that it is a parallel form with G. trapp, representing the sound of the footfall, and thence signifying a footprint.-Danneil. Piedm. trichtrach represents the sound made by one who clatters along in clogs or wooden shoes. Roquefort explains trac as noise, the blow of a lance, the pace of a mule or horse. Tracas, much trotting or hurrying up and down.-Cot. Castrais traquet-traquet, tripping, going off by little steps. Cat. trac, Sp. traque, a crack, report of an explosion. Limosin fa lo traco is to make a beaten path in snow. Swiss Ron. trae, a trap door. It is singular that there is yet another route by which we are brought to the same form. From ON,troda, to tread, is the frequentative tradkal,and thence N. trakka, to trample, stamp; trakk, treading, continual going to and fro. Trade. The proper meaning of the word is a trodden way, a beaten path or course, and thence metaphorically a way of life. A tradesman is one who follows a special way of life in opposition to the husbandmen who constituted the great bulk of the community. The tradewinds are winds which hold a certain trade or course. Wyth wind at will the trad held thai, And in England com rycht swyth. Wynton. vi. 20. 55. Tho would I seek for queen-apples unripe To give my Rosalind, and in summer shade Dight gawdy girlonds was my common trade To crown her golden locks.-Shepherd's Calendar. Nieder Sax. trade, trahe, wagentrahe, a waggon-rut.-Adelung in v. geleise. ON. trod, treading. In the sense of commerce, however, it is probable that trade, a way of life, has been confounded with Sp. trato, treatment, intercourse, communi- TRADE, TRAITOR. 413 cation, trade, traffic, commerce; tratar,to treat of a subject, to confer, to trade or traffic. See Treat. The name of trade is specially given in French to the trade of the African coast; la traite des noirs, the slave trade. Traffic. Sp. trafagar, traficar, to traffic, also to travel or make journeys; trafago, traffic, a careful management of affairs; trdfagon, active, industrious, meddlesome. Castrais trafega, to stir, to mix (brouiller), to bustle; trafegous, meddlesome, troublesome. The word seems to signify active employment, from Li- mousin troft, trifi, noise, disturbance, quarrel; then business, commerce, traffic. "Lei oou fa un fier trof: " they have made a fine racket. "Oven oougu doous trof ensemble: " we have had some rows together. TrofIga, to traffic. Lan- guedoc trdfi, tracas, trouble, desordre, disturbance, trouble. Lou trlfi d'un oustaou, the trouble of a household; trafca, to bustle, to be busy, to frequent a place. Like many of the words of the S. of France it has probably a Celtic origin. W. trafu, to stir, to agitate; trafod, a stirring, turning about, bustle, intermeddling, labour, pains, trouble; trafodiaeth, transactions-Lewis; trafaes, stir, bustle, pains.--Jones. To Trail. To drag along. A frequentative from Lat. trahere, to draw. A trail, a sledge. "Dogs-which they yoke together as we do oxen or horses to a sled or trail."- Hackluyt, IIL 37. Sp. trailla, a drag for levelling ground. Mid. Lat. traha, tracula, a sled or harrow. Trahe qme rustici tragulam vocant.-Papias in Due. Trahale, a sledge.-Carp. It. tragula, a drag.net. Ptg. tralha, a fishing-net. Du. trey- len, to tow a vessel, to drag it by a rope, Prov. tralk, traces, track. Train. 1 It. traino, Sp. tragin, Prov. trahi, OFr. trahin, Fr. train, from Lat. trahere, to draw. 2. Sw. tran, G. thran, train-oil, oil that drips from the fat of whales. Pl. D. traon, tear, drop, train-oil; traondg, a dripping eye.-Danneil. OHG. trahan, gutta, lacryma. Traitor, Treachery. From Lat. tradere, to give over, to 414 TRAITOR. TRAP-ROCK. betray, were formed It. tradire, Prov. trahir, trair, Fr. trahir, to betray, and It. traditore, OFr. trahitor, trditor, trahitre, Fr. traitre, a traitor. From the same source the Prov. had also trachar, to betray (quite distinct from Fr. tricher, to trick or cozen), and tracker, trachor, OE. trechour, whence E. treachery. In a similar manner the Prov. had the two forms malfaitor and malfachor, a malefactor; afaitar and afachar, to train, to dress. Tramel. It. tramaglio, Sp. trasmallo, Fr. tramail. Piedm. trinmaj, a fishing-net of very fine materials of two or three layers, the middle one of narrow meshes and the outside ones of very wide meshes. The fish strikes against the narrow meshes of the middle net and drives a portion of it through one of the wide meshes on the opposite side, where it is entangled in a kind of pocket. Hence the name, from trans maculam, through the mesh. The Sp. form of the word, trasmallo, is hardly compatible with the ordinary explanation from the threefold constitution of the net. To Tramp, Trample. From a nasalized form of G. trap ! trapp! representing the sound of the footfall. Du. trappen, trappelen, Sw. trampa, to tread, to trample. Trance. It. transire, transitare, to pass over; by met. to fall into a swoon, or to yield and give up the ghost; transito, a passage over, also a dead trance or the instant of giving up the ghost.Fl1. Fr. transi, fallen into a transe or sowne, whose heart, sense, or vital spirits fail him; astonied, ap- palled, half dead. Transi de froid, benummed with cold. Transe, extreme fear or anxiety of mind; a trance or sowne. -Cot. Sp. transito, passage to a better life, death; transido, languishing, dying of inanition. Trap. It. trappa, trappola, a trap; trappa is also a trap- door, a falling door: Fr. attraper, to catch. From the sharp sound of the falling door represented by the syllable trap! which is in G. used to imitate the sound of the footfall. Trap-rock. A name given in Geology to an igneous rock which often sends out dykes into the fissures of more modern TRAP-ROCK. TRASH. 415 strata, and these being found at different levels on the two sides of the dyke have the appearance of having been dislocated by the intrusion of the dyke. Now strata so dislocated are said by the miners to trap up or trap down (using trap in the sense of a sudden fall or sudden movement) according as they appear at a higher or lower level on the other side of the dyke. Hence the dyke causing such a dislocation would seem to have been called a trapdyke, and thence the name of trap transferred to the rock of which it was composed. See Account of the strata of a district in Somersetshire, Phil. Trans. 1719. To Trape. To trail along in an untidy manner. Trappings. To trap a horse was to dress him in housings. "Mules trapped with silke and clothe of golde."-Udal, Mark. "Coursers trapped to the earth in cloth of gold."-Berners, Froissart in R. Hence trappers or trappings were the orna- mental housings of horses. The origin seems to be the representation of the flapping of cloths by the syllable trap. Sp. gualdrapa, horsecloth, housing, tatter, rag hanging down from clothes; gualdrapear (of sails), to slap against the mast; trapo, rag, tatter, sails of a ship, cloth. Ptg. trape, syllable representing the sound of a blow; trapear (of sails), to flap against the masts; trapo, a rag.--Roquete. Trash. Trash or trousse signified clippings of trees.

Gret fur he made ther a night of wode and of sprai, And trescke ladde ther aboute that me wide sai.-R. G. 552.

Trouse is still used in Hereford for the trimmings of hedges. "Provided always that they be laid with green willow bas- tons, and for default thereof with vine-cuttings or such trousse, so that they lie half a foot thick."--Iolland, Pliny. "Fag- gots to be every stick of three foot in length-this to prevent the abuse of filling the middle part and ends with trash and short sticks."-Evelyn. See N: & Q., June 11, 1853. VOL. III. 2 E 416 TRASH. TREASON.

N. tros, the sound of breaking; trosa, to make such a sound, to break to bits; tros, windfalls, broken branches in a wood, dry broken twigs; tros vid, light dry wood for burning. ON. tros, offal, rubbish; trosna, to break up, wear away. Castrais trasso, old worn-out things; uno trasso de capel, an old hat. Travel. It. travaglio, Sp. trabajo, Prov. trabalk, trebalk, Fr. travail, pains, labour, work. The passage to the E, sense of travel has taken place in like manner in the case of G. ar- beit, labour, which in Bavaria is used in the sense of travel. Uber welt arbaiten, to travel over the world.-Schmeller. I believe that the word signifies in the first instance rattle, noise; then agitation, movement; then trouble, torment, work. Bret. trabel, a rattle, clapper; Prov. trebalh, chatter. "Non aug d'auzelhs trebalh:" I do not hear the chatter of birds. Trebalhar, to agitate, disturb, trouble, torment; trebalhos, turbulent, troublesome, quarrelsome. Castrais trebo, racket, noise at night; treba, to make a racket, to stir while others are in bed; treboula, to trouble or muddy water. W. traf, 'a stir, a strain; trafu, to stir, to agitate; trafel, that stirs or works, a press, a hatchel; trafael, extreme effort, trouble. See Trouble. Tray. Du. draag-bak, a hod for carrying mortar; draagen, to carry. The Du. d sometimes answers to an E. t, as in drollen, E. troll, to roll. Kil. Treachery. See Traitor. Treacle. From its resemblance to the old confection called triacle, which was considered a sovereign remedy against poison, and was named from Mid. Gr. Orptov, a viper, either because it was good against the bite of vipers, or because it was supposed to be made of viper's flesh: OqptaKq, Mid. Lat. theriaca, teriaca, triaca.-Dief. Sup. Tread. AS. tredan, Pl. D. treden, treen, G. treten, ON. trodcta, Goth. trudan, to tread. W. troed, Gael. troidh, troigh, foot. Treason. See Traitor. TREAT. TRESTLE. 417

To Treat. Fr. traiter, OFr. traicer, Lat. tractare. Tree. AS. treow, Goth. triw, ON. trd, tree, wood. W. derw, Gr. bpvs, an oak; OSlayv. drjevo, Boh. drewo, tree. Trellis. Fr. treillis, any latticed or grated frame.-Cot. Treille, an arbour or walk covered with vines. Lat. trichila, an arbour. Trench, Trencher. Prov. trencar, to cut off, to break; It. trinciare, Fr. trancher, formerly trencher, to cut off, to cut to pieces; tranchees, the trenches or ditches cut before a besieged place; tranchoir, a trencher or wooden plate on which our ancestors cut up their meat at meals. The primary meaning seems to be to crack or break, then to break or divide into small pieces, to divide or cut. Ptg. trinco, snapping of the fingers; trincar, to crack as a nut with the teeth, to crunch, to gnaw. Sp. trincar, to break, chop, divide into small pieces. Cat. trencar, to break. Prov. trencar, trenchar, trinquar, to break, cleave, cut, break off. "Lo dorc se trenca:" the crock is broken. It may be doubted whether the It. trincare, Fr. trinquer, to tope or quaff, does not properly signify the knocking of glasses, instead of being derived from G. trinken, as commonly supposed. Cousini6 explains Castrais trinca, knocking glasses as a pledge in drinking. Trespass. Fr. trespasser, to overpass, exceed, pass on or over; - son serment, to break or go from his oath.-Cot. Lat. trans, beyond, and passus, a step. Tress. It. treccia, Fr. tresse, Sp. trenza, explained by Diez as a plait of three bands of hair, from Gr. rptXa, threefold. So It. trena, a threefold rope, Prov. trena, a tress, from Lat. trinus. Entrenar,to interlace, to plait. Trestle. OFr. trestel, from Du. driestal, a tripod, according to Diez. But a trestle is more commonly supported on four legs. Bret. treustel is both a trestle and the lintel of a door, probably from treust, a rafter, a cross-bar. W. trawst, a rafter; traws, transverse, cross. Sc. trest, traist, the frame of a table, trestles. 2E2 418 TREVET. TRICKLE.

Trevet, Trivet. Du. dr'voet, treeft, Fr. tr"pied, a support standing on three feet. Trice. A moment. And whan that he him moste avaunteth, , That lord whiche vainglorie daunteth, All sodenly as who saith treis, Where that he stode in his paleis. Gower. Conf. A. b. 1. Sp. Iris, crack, noise made in breaking, thence a trice, an instant. Venir en un tris, to come in a trice. So in Sc. in a crack, immediately.-Jam. Poor Tackles' grimly ghost was vanished in a crack.-Lewis. To Trice. -To hoist or hale up aloft. "For the horses he had, them he made to be girt before one after the other, and then did softly trise them with long pulleys fastened to the beames."-North, Plutarch. Sw. trissa, Dan. tridse, a pulley; tridse, to hoist or lower by means of pulleys; P1. D. drysen, pdrysen, to hoist; dryse- blok, a pulley. Trick. Du. trekken, to pluck, pull, draw; trek, a stroke of a pen, draught, pull, tug; a trick at cards, i. e. the collection taken up off the board at once.. Ben' trek spelen, to play one a trick. In the same way G. streick, a stroke, a trick. I am inclined to believe that Fr. tricker, to cozen, cheat, deceive, use false tricks (Cot.), is from a different source, viz. from the representation of a blurt with the mouth by the syllable true, so that tricker would be equivalent to E. pop in the sense of cheating. NE. trucky, cheating.-Hal. True, popping or sound with the lips wherwith we use to encourage a horse.-Cot. It. truscare, to blurt or pop with one's lips or mouth; triscio di labbra, a blurting or popping with one's lips or tongue, for to encourage a horse (Fl.), from which last must be explained Fr. trousse, a cozening trick, blurt, slampant.-Cot. See Trifle. To Trickle. Trickle may most advantageously be treated in connection with trundle. The signification of each is an TRICKLE. TRILL. 41-9 undulating or rolling movement. We speak of tears trick- ling or rolling down the cheeks. Prov. E. trickle, to bowl or trundle.--Hal. Devon. truckle, to roll; a pulley, a roller under a heavy weight. A truckle-bed and a trundle-bed are synonymous, signifying a bed that rolls in underneath another. See Trundle. Trifle. It. truffa, a roguish trick, a cheat, a trifle, toy, an idle thing; stare in trufo, to play the fool, to toy or trifle.- Altieri. Fr. trufe, trufle, a gibe, mock, flout, jest, gullery; triufer, trffler, to mock or jibe at, to lie, cheat. Hold thy tonge, Mercy, Hit is trufle that thou tellest.-P. P. How doth our bysshop tryfle and mocke us.-Berner's Froissart. The origin is probably the representation of a contemptuous blurt with the mouth. It. tronfare, tronfiare, to snort, to huff or snuff with anger, also to trump.-Fl. Walach. trufi, to swell with pride. Trigger, Tricker. Du.trekken, to pull; trekker, the trigger, Sby pulling which the gun is let off. Sw. trycka, to press; tryeka af, to let off a gun; trycAje, latch of a door, trigger of a gun. To Trill. To turn, to roll, to trickle. Sw. trilla, to roll:; Dan. trille, to roll, to trundle; trillebir,a wheelbarrow. ON. trilla, to run about. In the Squire's Tale Cambuscan is directed to guide the movements of a horse by trilling a pin in his ear. -sudden smarts, Which daily chance as Fortune trills the ball.-Gascoigne. His salte teares trilled adowne as reyne. -Prioress' Tale. The radical image is a quavering sound, from whence the expression is transferred to a quavering, vibratory or whirling movement. It. trigliare, trillare,to quaver with the voice in singing; W. treigl, a rolling over, walking about; Sc. trigil, trigle, E. trickle, to roll as tears. The fuller form is sounded with a dental instead of the guttural k of trickle, in 420 TRILL. TROLL.

ON. tritill, corresponding to E. truckle, a pulley or top. In the same way we have Prov. E. ruttle, corresponding to G. rockelh, to rattle in the throat. See Troll, Trundle. Trim. AS. trum, firm, stedfast, trymian, trymman, to confirm, strengthen, establish, prepare, dispose, set in order. Garas trymedon, they prepared arms. Trymede getimbro, would prepare buildings. Geleafan getrymian, to confirm belief. To trim the boat is to steady it. To trim a garment is to set it in order, to give it the necessary ornaments to set it off. Trin is what is properly decked out. Trinkets. Gewgaws, toys.-B. Probably to be explained from the rattling which pleases children in their toys, as Lat. crepulndia, toys, from crepere, to rattle. Ptg. trinco, snapping of the fingers; trinco da porta, the latch of a door. Fr. traquet, a rattle, a mill clack; triqueniques, trifles, things of no value. Walach. trankot', a rattle, a trifle, anything ridiculous. To Trip. G. trapp-trapp-trapprepresents the sound of the footfall; tripebn, to trip, to move by short quick steps. Du. tr~ppen, trippen, to tread; trippen, trippelen, trepelen, to dance. -K. Dan. trip, a short step. Bret. tripa, to dance, skip, stamp. Fr. triper, to tread, stamp, trample. Tripe. It. trippa, Sp. tripa, Fr. tripo, Bret. striper, W. tr) a, belly, guts. To Trise. See Trice. Trist, Tryste. An appointed time or place. To Troll, Trowl. 1. To roll or trundle. To trowl the bowl is to push it round. As roll answers to It. rotolare, so troll answers to trottolare, to turn and twirl, to roll and tumble down, whence trottolo, a top.-Fl. So ON. tritill, N. trill, a pulley, a top. Ultimately from the figure of a broken sound, from whence the expression is transferred to a broken, reciprocating, or rolling movement. Brescian trotol, to make the noise of boiling water, to bubble up; Sc. trattle, to prattle, chatter, patter; Prov. E. trattles, trottles, trutftles, the pellet-shaped TROLL. TROUBLE. 421 dung of sheep or rabbits, which falls pattering down. Swiss trolen, to thunder, to roll; abetrohlen, to come tumbling downi; trohli, a roller; trohlen, to bowl, roll; Pl. D. tr l'n, N. trulla, Prov. E. trull, to trundle, roll; P1. I. triil, anything of a rounded form; appel-triil, an apple-dumpling. W. trolio, to trundle, roll; trol, a cylinder. As trill, to roll, was found related to two parallel forms shown in ON. tritill, a top, an1 E. trickle, so troll or trull is related to It. trottola, a top, and E. truckle. 2. To troll or trowl a song may be to roll it out with rise and fall of voice, but it is more probably the equivalent of G. trallen, trallern, triillern, Swiss trallem, tralallen, trallallen, to sing a tune, to sound notes without words; from a representation of the notes by the syllables tra-la-la. "Sic leiern und tralallen." "Mit singen und tralren." "Wenn er ein lustiges liedchen trallert." Troop. Sp. tropa, Fr. troupe, It. truppa, a body of men, Prov. trop, Sp. tropel, Fr. tro peau, a herd of cattle. W. torp, a round mass or lump; torpell, a small mass, a clod, a dumpling. Trot. Diez would derive It. trottare, Fr. trotter, to trot, from Lat. tolutare, contracted to tlatare, with change from I to r as in Fr. chapitre from capitulumn. There is however no need to resort to this contraction. Trott! is used in G. synonymous with trapp ! to represent the sound of the foot- fallf-Sanders. We have then Sw. tratta, to trip, to trot; ODu. tratten, to step, to-tread; trat, a step-Kil.; G. treten, to step; tritt, a step. Bret. trota, to trot, to walk much; trotella, to run here and there. An old trot, a term of abuse for a woman, seems to signify a gadabout. W. tu'th, a trot; tith wraig, a trotting woman, a gadding gossip.-Lewis. On the other hand, the word bears a strong resemblance to Pl. D. turte, a decrepit old woman, from turtjen, to totter. Troth. See Truth. Trouble. Immediately from Fr. troubler, OFr. tourbler, It. torbolare, turbolare, and next from Lat. turbare, to dis- 422 TROUBLE. TROUNCE. turb. Alban. toturbouloig, troubouloig, I disturb, muddy, con- 'fuse. The radical signification seems to be to stun or confuse by a loud noise, to put into confusion, to thicken or make liquors unclear. Gr. Oopvp3os, noise, uproar, tumult; Oopv3Eco, to disturb with noise or tumult, to trouble. Castrais treba (tapager), to make a racket at night like ghosts, to rout or -toss about in bed; treboula, to trouble water. Central Fr. trebou, terbou, a tempest; tribou, triboul, a whirlwind, storm) great noise, confusion, agitation, disquiet. Limousin trebla, to disturb by noise; se trebla, to become confused, to lose one's head. Bret. trabel, a rattle, clatter; Prov. trebalh, chatter; trebaliar, to agitate, disturb, trouble, torment; Fr. triballer, to make a noise or disturance. "Le bruit et la triballe des gens de nopce vous romproient tout le testament." -IRabelais iii. 30. In liv. v. ch. 1. the same author speaks of the "trinballement des paesles, chauderons, cymbales," the clinking of pots, kettles, cymbals. Trinqueballer les cloches, to jangle bells or ring them untunably-Cot.; trinqueballer, to run about or carry about from place to place.-Hecart. Norm. trimballer, to jangle bells, to carry about from place to place.-Decorde. OFr. triballer, and in vulgar language trainballer,to agitate, stir; triboil, tribouil, agitation, disorder, -trouble, affiiction.-Roquef. Tribouller, to shog or jog like a cart in an uneven way, and hence to jumble, disorder; tri- bouile-menage, an unskilful husband, one that mars his own business.- Cot. Wal. triboli, to chime bells.- Remacle. Champ. triballer, to shake; tribouiller, to agitate, stir; tribouler, to vex. Trough. It. truogo, truogolo, Walach. troc, i011G. trog, Norm. treu, tros. To Trounce. Probably from Sp. trance, a critical moment, peril, danger, Fr. transe, extreme fear, dread, anxiety, or perplexity of mind (Cot.); whence to trounce, to put into a trance, into a quandary, a difficulty. TROUNCE. TRUCK. 423

But I desire of other thing, to have your promes, That and I bring your enmyes into such a traunse, To make for your wrongis to you right high fenaunce- That you upon your feith bring me to Rome. Chaucer, Beryn, 1800. To Trow. See True. Trowel. Fr. truelle, Lat. trulla, truella, a ladle, trowel. Truant." Sp. truhan, Fr. truand, a beggar, vagabond, rogue. In Limousin it is used in the sense of idle. Cornish tru, W. truan, poor, miserable, wretched; Gael. truagh, wretched, miserable; truagthan, a wretched creature. Truce. It. tregua, Fr. trove, formerly used in the plural, treves treves brisdes, the breach of a granted protection.- Cot. Unes trues.-Froiss. 1. 50. Tant qu'il avint, ne sai coment Que les trues furent rompuis Et les guerres sont revenues. Fabliaux et Contes, 3. 64. Hence OE. trews.-Capgrave, 185. The origin is ON. tryggr, secure, trusty; tryggd, troth, security, assurance, agreement, peace. It was commonly used in the plural, tryggdir, whence the plural form of Fr. treves, and E. trews, truce. Goth. tryggva, covenant. See True. Truck. 1. The radical meaning of the word is a knock or blow. Fr. truc, a blow or thwack, a smack with the lips. Cot. Limousin truca, to strike or knock; truco, a bruise; true, knack; o lou true d'oco, he has the knack of it. Piedm. truche, Milan. truccar, Brescian trcecd, to knock; trech, a paviour's beetle. Truce or trcech is then, metaphorically, a piece of business; fare un buon trucco, as we say in E. to do a good stroke of business.-Diz. Parmeg. Trcech, a piece of business, an imbroglio.-Vocab. Bresc. Fr. troguer, Sp. trocar, to chop, swap, truck, barter. Troc pour troc, ex- change of one thing for another. It is to be observed that the familiar synonyms swap and chop both radically signify a stroke, a quick turn. 42-1 TRUCK. TRUDGE.

Truck, 2. Truckle. Devon. truckle, to roll, whence truckle, a pulley, a roller under a heavy weight.-Hal. A truck is a small solid wheel for ordnance, also the round disk at the top of a mast. It. troco, a top. It will be seen under Trundle that the train of thought is commonly from a broken sound to a broken or reciprocating or undulatory motion, and thence to the idea of rolling. Thus we connect such forms as Sp. traquear, to crack, to make a loud noise; traquear, traquetear, to shake, agitate, move to and fro; Alban. trok, trokelin, I knock at a door, with E. truckle, to roll. A truckle-bed is a bed that is rolled in under another, and drawn out when wanted for use; and such beds being occu- pied by attendants or inferiors, to truckle was metaphorically used in the sense of knocking under to one, acting in a servile manner. One of the conditions prescribed to a humble chap- lain and tutor in a squire's family, according to Hall, was First that he lie upon the truckle-bed While his young master lieth o'er his head. Nares. In the best bed the squire must lie, And John in truckle-bed hard by. Applepye in Nares. It was also called a trundle-bed. To Trudge. The sense of contemptuous displeasure or rejection is often expressed by a blurt of the mouth or offensive pop with the lips, and when the sound so made is imported into speech it is represented by the syllables Prut, Ptrot, Ptrupt, Tprot, Trut, Trots, which were used as interjections of contempt and defiance. Examples of many of these are given under Proud. We may add Ptrot, skornefulle word, or trut, Vath. Raca, ptrupt or fye! Vath, interjectio de- risionis vel increpacionis, Twort !-Pr. Pin. p. 415. A foule herlote hem slowe, trut! for his renown. R. Brunne, p. 317. The interjection takes the form of trutz, trotz, tratz, in G. TRUDGE. 425

Ja trutz ! wer tar kiissen mich: Trut! who dares kiss me.- Schmeller. The derivation of the interjection from the sound of a blurt with the lips is shown by It. truscare, to blurt or pop with the mouth; truscio di lobbra, a blurting or popping with one's lips or tongue, to encourage a horse-F1.; Fr. truc, the popping or sound of the lips whereby we encourage a horse- Cot.; ON. prutta (Haldorsen), trutta (Jonsson), to make a noise with the mouth in driving cattle; Sw. prutta, to make an offensive sound with the mouth. Now the expression of contemptuous displeasure, when ut- tered by a superior in answer to the application of an inferior, has the effect of driving the latter from his presence, and thus the interjection may be interpreted off! begone! Thus the Gael. interjection truis (pronounced truish), trus, is explained a word by which dogs are silenced or driven away.- Macleod. Trus a mach ! trus ort! (mach, out; ort, upon thee), begone, get away.-Shaw. It. truccare, to scud, to pack away nimbly.-Fl. Trucca via ! be off with you. In OE. trus! was used in the sense of begone. Lyere-was nowher welcome, for his manye tales Over al yhonted, and yhote, trusse! P. P. 1. 1319. Thin help quoth Beryn, lewd fole thou art more than masid; Dress thee to the shippisward with thy crown yrasid, For I might never spare thee bet, trus! and be agoo. Chaucer, Beryn, 2269. In the same way Gascoigne uses trudge! which would correspond exactly to G. trotz! This tale once told none other speech prevails But pack and trudge! all leysure was to long. The primary sense of trudge is thus to hurry away from the presence of the speaker, then to go steadily along as if under compulsion. "And let them trudge hence apace till they come to their mayster of myschef."-Bale in IA. The same train 426 TRUDGE. TRUMP. of thought may be observed in ON. putt! Dan. pyt ! Nor- man pet! (Decorde), psha ! tut! interjection of contempt and rejection; from whence must be explained the American put ! begone ! (Biglow Papers, 2nd Series, xxxvii.); to put, to start, decamp, be off. "I see I'm not wanted here, so I'll put."-Bartlett. True, Truth, Trow, Troth. The primitive form known to us seems to be Goth. triggus, ON. tryggr, reliable, faithful, sure, true. ON. trilr, sure, trusty. Hve tr'tt mun dat ? is that sure, can one trust to it ? Trtua, Dan. troe, Goth. truan, G. trauen, to believe, to trow, to confide in. AS. treowa, truwa, trust, faith, a pledge, a covenant; treowian, truwian, to trust, confide, trow, justify; treowtth,trywth, ON. tryggd, troth, truth, treaty, league, covenant. If the radical meaning of the word is firm, unyielding, un- failing, we might suspect that it was taken from the word tree or wood, as the emblem of solidity and unyieldingness. Goth. triw, AS. treow, tryw, a tree, a piece of wood. We can hardly doubt that ON. traustr, trusty, and E. trust, are from the same root with true, while N. traust signifies firm, steady, hard, solid, strong. Trull. A sorry wench, a vile strumpet.-B. Trolly, a dirty indolent sloven.-Mrs Baker. G. trolle, a coarse, slut- tish woman.-K. The radical meaning of the abusive term is very doubtful. Swiss trolle, Swab. trull, a thick fat woman, seem connected with the idea of trolling or rolling. On the other hand, we have Rouchi troule, a sow, and also a strumpet, a coarse slut, from troulier, to wallow in the mud; Lang. troulia, to tread grapes, to tramp in wet and mud. Central Fr. trouiller, to dirty; trouille, trouillon, a slut. On the other hand, It. trulla, a chamber-pot, and also a common trull.-Fl. To Trump, Trumpery. To trumnp, to lie, to boast.-Hal. To trunimp up a story is to get up a fraudulent story. The origin seems to be a contemptuous blurt with the mouth, represented by the syllable trump. The E. tramp is used for TRUMP. 427- various disagreeable noises; It. tromnbare, trombettare, to make a rattling noise, to snort, break wind, to bray or trump as an ass; strombare, strombettare, to blurt with one's mouth; strom- bazzare, to hout, shout, to hiss or flurt at in scorn or reproach. -Fl. Tronfare, to snort, to huff, snuff, or chafe with anger, also to trump.-F1. From the figure of a contemptuous blurt seems to arise the use of trump in the sense of playing a trick upon, deceiving, cheating. Fortune- When she is pleased to trick or tromp mankind. B. Jonson. Authors have been trumped upon us, interpolated and corrupted.-Leslie in Todd. Fr. tromper, OSp. trompar, to cheat, to deceive. Then from the connection of jest or joke with what is trifling and unimportant, E. trumpery, trash, trifles. See Trifle. Trump, 1. Trumpet. It. tromba, Fr. trompe, trompette, a trumpet; Du. trompe, G. trompf, a trump or Jew's harp. Russ. truba, Bohem. truba, trauba, a trumpet or pipe, are related to Lat. tuba, as It. tronare to Lat. tonare, Let. trib~t, to snore, to sound a horn; Lith. truba, a herdsman's horn. Ptg. trupetar, to make a noise. The nasalizing of the imitative syllable leads to such forms as those mentioned in the last article. 2. A trump at cards. Fr. triomphe, Ptg. trunfo, Sp. tri- unfo, G. trumpf, Du. troef. Latimer uses triumph and trump indifferently. The question arises whether trump is a corruption of triomphe, as commonly supposed, or whether triomphe may not be an accommodation from G. trumpf. The G. trumpfen is used in the sense of giving one a sharp reprimand or set- down, which indeed may be from the figure of trumping his card; but, on the other hand, it may be the older sense of the word. A trump is a card which gives a sudden set-down to the party who was winning the trick, and the word might acquire that sense from the figure of a contemptuous blurt or offensive noise with the lips. See To Trump. 428 428 ~TUNCHEON.TRUANK. Truncheon. A short staff. Fr. tronpon, a piece cut or broken off as of a lance, a sword, &c., from Lat. truncare, to cut. To Trundle, To Trickle. It will be convenient to treat these words together, as they mutually throw light on the formation of each other. They both signify to roll along. AS. tretdel, an orb, a circle. In consequence of the analogy between sound and movement which has been so frequently remarked, words representing closely repeated sounds are applied to a swinging or reciprocating movement. So from bomn barn, representing the sound of bells, we have Du. bombammen, to ring bells, and G. bommeln, baumeln, to swing to and fro, to dangle, and the same relation holds between E. ding-dong and dangle; between It. don-don, representing the sound of bells, and dondolare, to dangle or swing. In the South of France drindrin, drindran, represents the sound of bells, and drindrol, drindol, trandoul, trantoul, a swing; drindoula, trandoula, to sway to and fro, to swing-Cousini6; trantoula, Languedoc trantalia,Lim.. trontoula, to stagger, shake, waggle. From forms like these we readily pass to Sc. trintle and the synonymous E. trundle, to roll along. In like manner the radical syllable in trickle, truckle, to roll, represents broken noise, :as in Sp. triquetraque, crack, clattering, clashing; traquear, to crack, to shake to and fro; Alban. trok, trokelin, I knock at a door, and with the nasal, tringelin, I ring, clink, make metals sound; trongelin, I knock, clap; Sc. trinkle, to tingle, and also to trickle. Trunk. Lat. truncus, Fr. tronc, the stock, stem, or body of a tree without the boughs, the body of a man without the limbs; also the poor man's box in churches.-Cot. "By the foresayde place or shryne where the holy martyrs bodyes lay he ordeyned a cheste or trunke of clene sylver, to the intente that all such juellys and ryche gyftes as were offryd to the holy seyntis should therein be kepte to the use of the mynstres of the same place."-Fabyan, Chron. in R. A chest would seem to be called a trunk as resembling the trunk or chest of a man's body. In the same way G. rm2/, the trunk of the body, is applied to a hollow vessel of differ- TRUNK. TUB. 429 ent kinds. Rumpf, strumpf, strunk, Du. stronk, signify stump, stalk, trunk; and as they can hardly be radically distinct from Lat. truncus, they may lead us to the formation of the latter word. Trunnion. Knobs of a gun's metal which bear her upon the cheeks of the carriage.-B. From Fr. trognon, troignon, the stalk of a cabbage with the leaves pulled off, core of a fruit with the flesh gone, trunk of a branchless tree; and that from It. troncone, as m oignon, m ugnon, E. munnion (mullion), from moncone, a stump. Truss. Fr. trousser, to pluck up, tuck up, pack up; trous- seau, a bundle; troussis, a tuck. Sc. turse, to pack up in a bale or bundle, to carry off hastily, to take oneself off. To turssforth, to bring forth what has been kept in store. This jowell he gert turss in till Ingland.-Wallace. OFr. torser, to pack up, to make a bundle. Prov. torser, tors- ser, to twist; estorser, to extort, to pluck away from; OSp. trossa, Lombard torza, torsa, Sp. torca, truss of hay or straw. -Diez. Fr. torcie, torchon, a wisp of straw. W. torchi, to twist, to wreathe, to turn up; toreha dy lewis, truss up thy sleeves. Trust. See True. To Try. Fr. trier, to pick, to select, to sift out the truth. Trynge, eleccio, preeleccio, examinatio.-Pr. Pm. Explained by Diez from Lat. terere, tritumn, to tread out or thresh corn, from the figure of sifting out the grain from the straw. It. tritare, tritolare, to break very small; met. to ponder or consider; tritamento, the threshing of corn.-Fl. Piedm. trie'd, to stamp, grind, wear down; trii, beaten, ground down. Tria via, a beaten path.-Gl. Paris. in Diez. Cat. triar el arroz, to pick or clean rice. "Dieu triara lo gra de la palha al jorn de jutjamen." "Sap triar los nescis dels senats:" he can distinguish the foolish from the wise.-Rayn. Tub. Du. tobbe, P1. D. tubbe, dubbe, G. zuber, zober, OHG. zuibar, zuuipar, explained by Schmeller as a vessel to be borne in two hands, as OHG. ainbar, einpar, G. eimner, a pail or 430 TUB. TUMBLE. bucket, a vessel to be carried in one hand. From OHG. beran, to bear or carry. Tuck. A sword. W. two, a chip, a cut; twca, a knife; twcio, to clip, to trim. To Tuck. To turn or gather up-B.: to turn in the bed- clothes. G. zicken, to draw in, to twitch, to shrug. Den degen -, to draw the sword ; den kopf -, to shrink in order to ward off a blow; das zucken, a convulsion; Pl. D. tukken, tukkschuldern, to shrug the shoulders. Dat oge tukket mi, my eye palpitates. Tucking-mill. A fulling-mill for thickening cloth. W. tew, Ir. tiugh, thick; W. lewychu, Gael. tighaich, to thicken; Ir. ti gh-muillean, a tucking-mill. Tuft. Fr. touffe, touffet, a group or bunch of hair, trees, &c. P1. D. topp, top, summit, also as G. zopf, a tuft of hair. ,W. ttwb, a round lump; twf, a tuft. Fr. toapeau, toupet, a ,tuft or tassel of silk, &c., forelock of a horse. ON. toppr, summit, top, also tuft of hair, forelock. See Top. To Tug. Commonly derived from AS. teon, getogen, to pull, ON. tog, G. zug, a pull or draught. But it is more likely analogous to the verb to lug (from Sc. lug, anything hanging, as the ear or locks of hair), to seize by something hanging, In like manner Swiss tschogg, a hanging lock; tschoggen, to pull by the hair; Lap. tuogge, a tangled lock; Fin. tukka, forelock, hanging lock; tukkata, to pull by the hair. To Tumble. Fr. tomber, It. tomare, tombolare, ON. tumba, to fall. AS. tumbian, to dance. Hiyt telleth that Eroud swore To her that tumblede on the flore. Manuel des Pecches, 2823. In the original, A une pucelle qui devant lui tumba. The origin is a representation of the noise made by a heavy body falling, or by striking the ground with the feet in dancing. Brescian tonf, noise made in falling, or the fall itself; toifete, noise of repeated blows; Parmesan tonfar, to knock; TUMBLE. TURKEY. 431- far to f, tonfolare, to make the sound of a fall; Fr. tombir, to make a noise with stamping or trampling. W. twmpian, to stamp, thump, strike upon-; twmpio, to drop, to fall. Norm. faire top, to fall, to let a thing fall. Tun. Prov. tona, Fr. tonne, ON., OHG. tu na. Tune. Fr. ton, Lat. tonus, a sound. Tunnel. 1. A funnel or tundish for pouring liquors into a cask, and thence the pipe of a chimney. It will be observed that funnel also is used in both senses. The smoke ascends from the wide open fireplace through the pipe of the chimney, as water, which is poured into the broad mouth of a tunnel or funnel, runs away through the narrow pipe which forms the other end of the implement. To tun up, to put liquor into a tun; to tunnel, to fill vessels with liquor.-B. Doubt- less Fr. tonneler was formerly used in the latter sense. Tua- nellers on shipboard are men who fill casks with water. 2. Fr. tonnelle, a trellised walk, a vaulted roof, a net for partridges, tonnelet, a hoop petticoat (Gattel), as well as E. tunnel, a net for partridges, a vaulted underground passage, must be explained from the resemblance of the object to a tun or cask, inasfar as it consists of a hooped structure: a hooped net, hooped petticoat, hooped or ribbed roof. Tup. OFr. toup, a ram.--Bibelesworth. Turban. Fr. turban, It. turbante. Commonly referred to Pers. dulbend. As the name is not known either in Turkish or Arabic, may it not be from Fr. turbin, a whelk? to which from its conical shape and spiral folds the object bears a striking resemblance. Turbot. Du. hot, blunt; bot, botvisch, flatfish, plaice. Du. tar-bot, turbot. Hali-but is another kind of fiat fish. Turf. ON. torf, It. torba, Fr. tourbe. W. torp, a lump; torp)ell, a clod, a dumpling. Turkey. It is singular that a bird which came from Ame- rica should have been considered as a Turkey fowl, but the same is the case with maize, which was called Turkey corn or Turkey wheat, Fr. bled de Turquie. VOL. III. 2 F 432 TURKEY. TUSTLE. In Fr. it is poule d'Inde, fowl of the Indies, as the Western Colonies of Spain were called. Turmoil. Skinner suggests Fr. tremouille, a mill-hopper, an object proverbial for the constant racket it keeps up. Central Fr. triboul, tribou, great noise, confusion, agitation, inquietude; tribouler, tribouiller, to agitate, sir, trouble. OFr. trimar, disturbance, noise. Turn. Fr. tour, a turn; tourner, to turn. W. twrn, a turn. Lat. tornare, to turn wood; Gr. ropvos, a pair of compasses. Turnip. The first element of the name probably indicates the round form of the root. Lat. napus, Fr. navet, a turnip. Turquoise. A Turkish stone. Palsgrave translates Turkes bow, are Turquois. Turret. Fr. tourette, tourelle, a small tower. Turtle. 1. It. tortora, tortola, tortorella, Sp. tartola, Lat. turtur, Albanian tourra, a turtle dove, the bird that cries tur ! tur ! Du. korren, to coo, to cry kor ! 2. A sea-tortoise. Tush! Tut! Like pish! pshaw! and other interjections of contempt, they probably represent a blurt with the lips or the act of spitting from disgust. Tush was formerly written twish ! "There is a cholerike or disdaineful interjection used in the Irish language called boogh! which is as much in Eng- lish as twishi! "-Hollinshed, Descrip. of Ireland. The Galla twa! represents the sound of spitting. Fris. twoy! Dan. twi! interjection when one spits with disgust.-Outzen. Dan. tys! P1. D. tuss! hush! Tusk, Tush. AS. tusc, tux, tuxla, a grinder; tuxel, the jaw. Fris. t6s, toschl, tosk, tooth. Gael. tosg, tusk. Tussock. A rough tuft of grass or sedge. The simple form is preserved in the provincial tuz, a knot of wool or hair; tuzzymnuzzy, tatty, a bunch of flowers or nosegay. Tuske of haire, monceau de cheveulx.-Palsgr. Dan. dusk, Bay. zwas- ten, zwesten, a bunch or tassel. See Tassel. Tustle. Another form of touzle, toozle, to pull about roughly.-Hal. G. zausen, to tear and draw by violence; sich TUSTLE. TWATTLE. 433

zausen, to tumble one another about, to fight; Pl. D. sik herumtuseln, to fight more in jest than earnest.-Schitze. Or it may possibly be from twist, as wrestle from wrest. To twister, twizzle, twissle, to twist or turn as a giddy sheep. A change like that from twissle to tussle has just been shown under Tush! Twain. See Two. Twang, To Twank. Twang represents the resonance of a tense string, whence to twang a bow is to draw a bow and let the string spring back. To twangle is a contemptuous term for playing on a stringed instrument. A twang is a disagreeable resonance in a voice from speaking through the nose, and metaphorically, a strong disagreeable flavour in what is eaten or drunk. As twang, ending with the guttural liquid ng, represents a resonant sound, so twank, in which the sound is cut off by the guttural check k, represents an abrupt sound. Thus to twank is to let fall the carpenter's line, which makes a sharp slap on the board; to give a sharp slap with the palm of the hand on the breech, &c.-Forby. To Twattle, Twaddle. To prate, chatter, talk foolishly. Insipid twittle-twattles, frothy jests and jingling witti- cisms."-L'Estrange in Todd. We have repeatedly observed the application of words representing the dashing of water to the sense of chatter or excessive talk; as G. waschen, to wash, and also to prattle; Bay. traetschen, tr tscheln, N. strupla, to tramp in wet, also to chatter; E. slattery, sladdery, wet and dirty, Dan. sladder, tittle-tattle; G. schwabbeln, to splash, to chatter; Swiss schwalpen, to splash, Prov. Dan. svalpe, to tattle; Bay. schwadern, schwatteln, to splash, dabble, also to chatter, tattle. There is little doubt that twattle, twaddle, are formed in like manner. Swiss watteln, to dabble in the wet; wiitschgen, zwatschligen, to sound like water in the shoes. ON. thweetta (N. twcetta), to jabber, prate, talk nonsense. 2F2 434 TWATTLE. TWINE,

Twattle. Betwattled, perplexed, confused, stupefied. The radical element twat corresponds to G. zotte, signifying a bush of hair, whence zotteln, to entangle; "den verzottelten bart," "die verzottelte mihne."-Sanders. The word perplexed derives its meaning from a similar metaphor. P1, D. betunteld, betoteld, confused, tipsy. See Sanders in v. zote. To Tweak. See Twitch. Tweezers. An implement consisting of two pointed branches, for taking hold of small objects. From the numeral two. Swiss zwiser, zwieser, a forked twig; Swab. zwisele, a forked stem; a double stem springi from one root. P1. D twill, twille, a forked branch, any forked object. Twelve. Goth. tealif, tvalib. See Eleven. Twenty. G. zwanzig, Goth. tvaitigjus, ON. tuttugu, twenty; tugr, tigr, a set of ten things. Twig. P1. D. twieg, G. zweig, twig, from zwei, two, as signifying the extreme divisions of the branches. Dan. teege, a two-pronged fork, a forked branch; tveget, forked. From the figure of division in a moral sense is MHG. zweiec, zweig, at odds, in disagreement. In the same way Du, twist, discord, dissension; OE. twist, a twig. To Twig. In familiar language, to understand. Gael. tuig, understand, discern; tuigse, understanding, reason, sense. Can it be that the sense of discernment or understanding, like that of twig, a shoot, arises from the figure of separation in (AS. twegen) twain ? Twill. G. zwillick, Lat. bilix, from bis and licium, a thread; a web in which the threads are divided in sets of two, as G. drillick, drill, a web in which they are divided in a threefold way. P1. D. twillen, to make double, to divide in two branches. Twin. G. zwilling, OHG. zwinilinc, Prov. E. twindilling, twinling, twindle, twin; twin, to divide into two par ts.-Hal. Goth. tveihnai, two and two together. Lith. dwyni, twins. STwine. ON. tvinna, Dan. twinde, to twine, radically to double. "I twyne threde, I double it with the spyndelle. .TWINE6 TWIRL. ' 435

Je retos, Twyned threde is stronger than syngell."-Palsgr. Twinge. A nasalized form of twitch. To Twink, Twinkle. The idea of a sparkling light is commonly expressed by the figure of a crackling, twittering, or tinkling sound. So Du. tintelen, to tinkle (Kil.), to twinkle as stars, to sparkle. E. twinkle also is provincially used in the sense of tinkle.-Hal. . To twinkto twitter. As a swallow in the air doth sing, With no continued song, but pausing still Twinks out her scattered notes in accents shrill. Chapman, Odyss. xxi. Twink, a chaffinch, from his twittering song.-Hal. Swiss zwyggen, to twitter; zwinggen, zwinken, to wink, twinkle. To Twire. To peep, glance, twinkle, "I saw the wench that twired and twinkled at thee."-B. & F. Formed on the same plan with twinkle, from the representation of a twittering sound. It is used by Chaucer for the twittering of the bird which " seeketh on morning only the wood, and twireth-- with her swete voise:" dulci voce susur- rat.-Boeth. iii. met. 2. Fr. tirelire represents the singing of the lark; Du. tire- liren, It. turlurullare, to chirp and warble like birds.-Fl. E. tooraloora as the burden of a song represents the accompaniment of music. Hence Du. in zijn tureluur zyn, to be in good humour. 'N.tr, noise, sport, joyous life; ture Jul, to keep Christmas. Du. tuiren, Bay. zwiren, to spy. MHG. twiren, to wink, to glance, was proverbially used as synonymous with zwinkn. Ich zwiere swh man 'winket wider mich: I twire at him who twinks at me. Zwinken soll gen zwieren gan: a twink shall go in return for a twire, tit for tat. To Twirl... We have seen that the primary sense of twire was a twittering sound. The word representing sound is then applied to moVement of analogous nature, as in E. twitter, to tremble; Swiss zvitschern, zwitzern, properly to twitter, then to flicker. Moreover, terms signifying a vibrating or reciprocating movement are commonly applied also to the 436 TWIRL. TWITCH. idea of whirling or turning round, as in Lat. vibrati crines, curled hair. Thus from whir representing a rapid vibratory sound are formed G. wirbel, Sw. hvirfwel, E. whirl, what turns rapidly round, Du. wervel, what is shot to and fro, the bolt of a door, or what turns round, as a whirlwind, whirlpool; and from the same imitative syllable strengthened by a dental initial are formed P1. D. zwirken, to chirp, twitter; Fris. twierren, to whirl; twierre, twierrewijn, a whirlwind (Epkema); Du. dwarling, dwarlwind, a whirlwind; MHG. twirel, twirl, what turns rapidly round; twdren, to turn round, to bore; Swiss zwirlen, zwirrlen, to twirl; Bav. zweren, to stir; zwirel, swirl, a stirrer; zwireln, zwirbeln, to stir, turn round, twirl. Twist. Used in many senses, all ultimately referable to the numeral two. Thus Du. twisten, like tw nen, to twine, is to double or unite two threads, duplicare, retorquere fila.-Kil. Prov. Dan. twiste garn, to double thread. On the other hand, twist signifies separation or division in two parts, in Du. twist, G. zwist, discord, quarrel; of which the analysis is made clear by the fuller synonym zwiespalt, division in two. Chaucer uses twist for the twig of a tree, and it is provincially used for the fork of the body, the part where the body forks in two. Bay. zwisel, the fork of the body or of a tree. "Im schnee stehen bis an die zwisel :" to stand in snow up to the twist. MIHIG. zweien signifies either to unite two things together, or to separate in two. Gezweiter bruoder, a half- brother; zweien, hostility, discord. To Twit. The Goth. idveitjan, AS. edwitan, wtwitan, to reproach, reprove, took the form of atwyte in OE. This louerd-set his wif forth, fot-hot, And hire misdedes hire atwote.-Seven Sages, 1687. ON. vita, to reprove, blame, punish, fine; viti, punishment, penalty. It may be possible that the E. word has been confounded with N. twia, twitta, to cry twi! upon one, to say fie on you! Twi! interjection of disgust. To Twitch, Tweak. G. zwicken, to pluck, pinch, nip; TWITCH. UGLY i 437 zucken, to make a quick sudden movement, to whip out a sword; P1. D. tukken, to twitch, to pluck; dat oge tukket mi, my eye winks; tokken, to pluck, to pull. Prov. E. twick, a sudden jerk. It would seem that the root twik, twitch, like the nasalized twinck, originally represented a sharp short sound, and then, with the usual transference from the signification of sound to that of movement, was applied to a sharp light movement. G. quieken, quietsclien, to squeak; E. quitch, to flinch (Hal.); Bay. quickezen, zwickezen, to squeak, twitter; P1. D. zwikkern, to run about like a mouse; ut un in zwikkern, to slip out and in; zwiklok, a loophole, a way of escape. See Twinkle, Twitter. Twitter. In the first instance a sharp broken sound, like the notes of a little bird; then a tremulous movement. "To be all in a twitter." So we have G. zwitschern, to twitter; Swiss zwitschern, zwvitzern, to flicker; Bay. zwitzern, to gnash the teeth, to tremble, wink, twinkle; Swiss zwitzizwatz, a person of inconstant disposition. E. twitterlight, uncertain light, twilight. Two, Twain. AS. twa, twegen, G. zwey, zwo, zween, Dan. to, tvende, Gr. 6vo, Russ. dwa, Sanscr. dvau.

Udder. 0110-. utar, G. euter, ON. jugr, jufr, Dan. yver, Gr. ovOap, Lat. uber. Ugh ! An interjection representing the sound made by an utterance during the moment of shudder, and consequently signifying any affection accompanied by shudder: cold, horror, repugnance. G. hu! exclamation of shudder, horror, fright, cold. Hu! ich erschrak. Ha! wie kalt. Huh, wird der Teufel grimmig !--Sanders. Ugly. From the interj. ugh! arose Du. huggeren, to shiver (K.); ON. ugga, to fear, to doubt; uggr, fright, anxiety; OE. ug, houge, to shudder at, feel horror, dread, fear. 1 438 UGLY. UMBRAGE.

hug, or ug, abominari, detestari, fastidire, horrere.-Cath. Ang. Uggely, horridus, horribilis.-Pr. Pm. For tha paynes er swa fel and hard- That ilk man may ugge, bathe yhunge and aide That heres tham be reherced and talde. Hampole, Prick of Conscience, 6619. From ON. ugga are formed uggligr, frightful, alarming, and uggsamr, feartdl, timid; and OE. uglike or ugly had formerly the sense of horrible. Speaking of Hell, the Prick of Con- science says that -swylk filthe and stynk es in that ugly hole That nan erthely man mught it thole.-1. 6683. "An uglike snake."--Morris, Story of Genesis, 2805. In modern speech the meaning is softened down to signify what is displeasing to the eye, but we still use frightful for the excess of ugliness, and the tendency of the quality in the extreme to produce a shudder is recognized in such a passage as, " Ugh! the odious ugly fellow."-Countess of St Alban's. Ullage. Among gaugers, what a cask wants of being fldl. -B. Properly the quantity required to fill it'np. Fr. eullage, remplissage; eullier, to fill up to the bunghole.-Roquef. Olier, ouiller, to fill to the brim, to swill with drink. Onofrio Gloss. Lyonnais. In the S. of Fr. when the flask is nearly full they add a little oil to prevent evaporation, so that to oil the flask is equivalent to filling it to the brim. In Provence oliar signifies to anoint with oil, and also to fill up a cask. Umbrage. Fr. ombrage, a shade, a shadow, also jealousy, suspicion, an inkling of, whence donner ombrage a, to discon- tent, make jealous of, or put buzzes into the head of; ombra- geux, suspicious, giddy, skittish, starting at every feather.- Cot. It. ombrare, to give a shadow, by met. to startle for fear, as if it were at a shadow.-Fl. A shadow is taken as a slight intimation of what is in the background. The metaphor is widely spread. Mod. Gr. OKtLa 0, to shade, to frighten; :Kao,.at, to be afraid; W. ..ysgod, shadow; ysgqodigau, to start as a horse, to be affrighted, UMPIRE. UPHOLSTERER. 439

Umpire. A third person chosen to decide a controversy left to arbitration, in case the arbitrators should disagree.-B. This is one of the cases like apron, awger, where the formation of the word is obscured by the loss of an initial n. It was formerly written nompeir, from OFr. nompair (non par), uneven, odd. In Piers Plowman, when it had been agreed to appoint arbitrators to appraise a bargain, Two rien r'apelich and rounede togeders And preysed the penyworthes apart by hem selve- Thei couthe not by here conscience accord for treuthe, Till Robyn the ropere aryse thei bysouhte, And nempned hym a nompeyr that rio dispute were. .Nowmpere or owmpere, arbiter, sequester.-Pr. Pm. Uncle. Fr. eoncle, oncle, Lat. avunculus. Uncouth. Strange, awkward. Uncowth, extraneus, ex- oticus.-Pr. Pm. AS. cuth, G. kund, known; AS. cunnan, Du. konnen, to know. Sc. couth, douthy, agreeable in conversation, loving, kind, comfortable, pleasant. Prov. E. un- kid, unkard, lonely, dreary, awkward, strange, inconvenient, ugly.--Hal. Under. Goth. undar, G. unter, under, unten, below, Sanscr. antar, Lat. inter, among, within. Up, Over. ON. upp, P1. D. up, uff, op; G. auf, fiber, over, on, upon; Lat. super, upon; sub, under. Gr. &WEp, upon, wo, under. Goth. jup, up; uf, under; ~far, over. To Upbraid. AS. upgebredan, exprobrare, to cry out upon. See To Bray, Braid. Upholsterer. A corruption of upholder. The original meaning seems to be one who furbishes up old goods. Upholstar, fripier.-Palsgr. Caxton in the Booke for Travellers gives "Upholdsters, vieswariers [viesware, fripperie; vieswarier, fripier, raccomodeur, venideur de vieux habits et d'autres vieilles choses.-RIoquef.]. Everard the upholster can well stoppe (estoupper) a mantel hooled full agayn, carde agayn, skowre agayn a goune and all olde things."-Pr. Pm, note. Upholdere, that sellythe smal thynges, velaber.-Pr. Pm. 440 UPHOLSTERER. USE.

An upholder then was pretty much what we now call a broker, and we can easily understand how the name came to signify a dealer in furniture, and then a maker of furniture. Uproar. Du. oproer, a tumult, sedition; G. aufruhr, disturbance, commotion; rihren, AS. Areran, ON. hrcera, to move, agitate, stir. Upsidedown. For up-so-down, up what was down. Upse- down, up so down, eversus, subversus.-Pr. Pm. Thare is na state of thare style that standis content- All wald have up that is down, Welterit the went.-D. V. 239. 20. Urcheon. Urchone, herisson. Irchen, a lytell beest full of prickes, herison.-Palsgr. Rouchi hirchen, hurchon, Lat. ericius, a hedgehog. Doubtless the Fr. he'risson is from hdrisser, to set up his bristles, to make his hair to stare; se herisser, his hair to stare; also to shiver or earne through fear.-Cot. It. riccio, crisped, curled, frizzled, hairy, rough; and as a noun, certain prickly or shaggy things, the prickly husk of a chestnut, a hedgehog or porcupine; arricciare,to curl, frizzle; also for a man's hair to bristle and stand an end through sudden fear. -Fl. Sp. erizar, to set on end, to bristle; erizo, hedgehog, husk of chestnut; rizo, frizzled, curled, cut velvet. It is common to derive the foregoing forms from Lat. ericius, leaving the latter unexplained. It is more likely that the derivation runs in the opposite direction. The hair standing on end is an incident of the shuddering or shivering produced by cold or horror. Thus Fr. se herisser and It. arricciarsijoin on to gricciare,to shiver, to chill, and chatter with one's teeth, and with Gr. cpo-co, to shudder, shiver, bristle, stand on end; 0peKoo/.q, with bristling hair. See Caprice, Frizzle. Ure. See Enure. Use. Use, as employed in legal instruments in the sense of profit, benefit, is not to be confounded with use, from Lat. USE. VALANCE. 441. usus. The word in the former sense is from Lat. opus, need, and was formerly written oeps, oes. Ceste nos plaist, ceste voluns Que a ton oe's la saississons. Chron. des ducs de Norm. 2. 3185. A mon ops je chante e a mon ops flaujol: according to my pleasure I sing and flute.-Rayn. E l'um asist une chaere al os la dame---Livre des Rois: they set a chair for the use of the lady. Item jeo devys i ma femme tout mon hostyl- ment, vessel d'argent, masers, &c., a tener a son propre opes. -Will of Sir W. de Mowbray, Testam. Eborac. Au diner le donez de oefs E les atyret a soun oues, Bibelesworth, 150. Usher. It. usciere, Lat. ostiarius, Fr. Iuissier, a door- keeper, from uscio, ostiumn, huis. Usquebaugh. Gael. uisge-beatla, literally water of life, a translation of Fr. eau de vie. Utter. AS. ut, out; uter, outer, utter, extreme. Wurfath on tha utteran thystro: ejicite in extremas tenebras. [b itter is to send out.

Vagary. Fegary, a whim, freak, toy.-Forby. Sc. figma- leery, whigmaleery, whim, fancy, crotchets.-Gl. Burns. Fr. lqfaridondon is the burden of a song, representing the notes of the musical accompaniment. Hence G. larifari, syllables without sense, nonsense, fiddlededee ! fiddle-faddle ! "Lari- fari mit feindlichen truppen "-fiddlededee with your hostile troops. From nonsensical words to senseless thoughts, un- reasonable fancies, is an easy step. Comp. fad, a whim, from ficddle-.faddle. Valance. It. tialenza, valenzana, say or serge for bed-cur- tains or valenices; valenzane da letto, valences for a bed.-F1. Supposed to be from the stuff having been made at Valencia or Valence. Chaucer speaks of a "kerchief of Valence." 442 VALET, VARNISH.

Valet, Vassal. As Lat. puer, a boy, received the subsidiary sense of servant, so W. gwas signifies a youth, a young man, a servant, whence gwasawl, serving. From gwas arose MLat. vassus, a man, a retainer, a vassal; and vassal is used in the Livre' des Rois for vir (pp. 119, 204), for pugnator (p. 174).- Diez. We may remember that the performance of homage or recognition of vassalage was made in the words, devenio vester homo. We then pass to the dim. OFr. vaslet, varlet, a boy, whence Fr. valet, E. varlet, valet, a servant. Bel-acueil, in the R. I ., is introduced as "ung varlet bel et advenant," which Chaucer translates " a lusty bachilere." The Liber Albus uses the term in the sense of a minor: "de callettis et puellis qui sunt in custodiA regis, in cujus custodia sint, et quantum valeant terree illorum."-l. 117. In Walloon a man still says that his wife is brought to bed d'o petit valet, of a little boy.-Remacle. Valiant, Value. Fr. vaillant, worthy, courageous; OFr. valour, valure, valie, worth. Lat. valere, to be sound, to be of worth. Vamp. The upper leather of a shoe. Vampey of a hose, avant pied.-Palsgr. To vamp ztp, properly to put a new upper leather, to furbish up. Van. 1. The front of an army; Fr. avant, before, from Lat. ab ante. 2. A carriage for furniture) &c., corrupted froni caravan, a conveyance for a wildbeast or other show, a carriage that serves the purpose of a dwelling-place. Vane. A weathercock, properly a streamer. AS. fana, Du. vaene, G. fahne, a flag or standard; OHG. fano, a cloth, a flag, Goth. fana, cloth, a cloth or napkin. Lat. pannus, cloth. Varlet. See Valet. Varnish. It. vernice, Fr. vernis, Sp. berniz. Menage derives. Fr. vernir, to varnish, from a Lat. ,itrinire, to glaze. The Prov. has veirin, from vitreus. It seems to me more probable that it is from Gr. 3epovtK, fEpvNKn, amber, applied by Agapias to sandarack,, a, gum rosin similar in appearance to' . VARNISHI. VEER, 443 amber, of which varnish was made; 3EpwKLtavw, to varnish -Ducange, G1.Gr. As amber came through German hands it is not impossible that 3EpOIKjy orl3EpfwKq may have its origin in G. bernstein, the burning stone. Vat. AS. fat, Du. vat, G. fass, gefass, Lat. vas, a tub, vessel, implement for holding liquids. G. fassen, Du. vatten, to hold, to contain. Compare rummer, a large glass, from Dan. rumme, to contain; can, a vessel, from W. cannu, to contain. Vault. It. volta, a turn, a turning round or about, a round walk, a going round, an arched vault or roof-Fl.; volgere; Lat. volvere, to turn. To Vault. Fr. volte, a round or turn, and thence the bounding turn which cunning riders teach their horses; also a tumbler's gambol or turn; volter, to vault or tumble, to bound or curvet; also to turn or make turn. It. volgere, volsi, volto, to turn; voltare, to turn. To Vaunt. It. vantare, Fr. vanter, from vanitare, used by Augustine in the sense of boast.-IDiez. From canus is formed Prov. van, empty, vain; vanar, vantar, to boast; vanaire, boaster; vanansa, boast. '"En Bertrand si s'vanava qu'el cuiava tan valer:" Sir B. boasted that he was of so great worth. Sp. vanidad, vanity, ostentation, vain parade; hacer vanidad, to boast of anything. Veal, Vellum. It. vitello, OFr. vedel, ve'el, Fr. veau, from Lat. vitulus, a calf. Thence Mid. Lat. vitalonium, Fr. velin, E. vellum, fine calfskin dressed like parchment for writing on. Vedette. A sentinel on horseback detached to give notice of the enemy's designs.-B. Fr. vedette, a sentry or court of guard placed without a fort or camp, and generally any high place from which one may see afar off.---Cot. It. vedetta, a watch-tower, a sentinel's standing-place, a peeping hole.- Fl. Vedere, to see, to view. To Veer. Fr. virer, to veer, turn round, wheel or whirl about.-Cot. It. virare, to turn. -Rouchi vrirler, to roll. In 444 VEER. VERMILION. all probability from the same root with E. whirl, whether it directly descends from Lat. gyrare or not. Velvet. It. velluto, veluto, fleecy, nappy, shaggy, and thence the stuff velvet. From vello, Lat. vellus, a fleece. Chaucer writes it velouette.-Squire's Tale. Vengeance. Fr. venger, from Lat. vindicare. Vent. Air, wind, or passage out of a vessel.-B. Fr. vent, Lat. ventus, wind. Venture. See Adventure. Venue. In Law, the neighbourhood in which a wrong is committed and in which it should be tried. MLat. vicinetum, visnetum, Norm. vesine, visnet, OFr. visnage, neighbourhood. -- Roquef. Et sciendum est quod hi sex viri eligentur de visneto quo talis accusatus manserit,-Lib. Albus, 58. Verandah. Ptg, varanda, a balcony, terrace, probably an Indian word from Sanscr. varanda, a portico. Verderor. An officer in the king's forests whose duty was to look after the vert or greenhue, as it is called in the statutes, i. e. everything that bears a green leaf and is capable of covering deer. Verge, Verger. Fr. verge (Lat. virga), a rod or twig, the wand borne by an officer as sign of his authority, whence verger, a wand-bearer, a petty officer in courts and churches. The verge of the court was the limits within which the authority of the officers of the court extended, whence verge is used in the sense of boundary or limit. Sp. vara, rod, wand, mace, carried as an emblem of authority; and met. the juris- diction of which it is an emblem. The mod. Gr. rowov , a stick, mace, sceptre, or sign of authority, is used in the same metaphorical way for authority or command. Fr. verge is also a plain hoop ring or wedding ring, and thence the verge or balance-wheel in a watch, distinguished from the others by the absence of cogs. Verjuice. The juice of sour and unripe grapes, crabs, &c. -B. Fr. verjus, vert jus, juice of green fruit. Vermilion. It. vermiglio, MLat. vermiculus, scarlet, red, VERMILION. VIE. 445 from the worm of the gall-nut from which red was dyed. The Turkish name of the gall-nut, kermes (from whence kirmizi, crimson), is said to be from Sanscrit krimi, a worm. Vermin. Fr. vermine, any kind of disgusting or hurtful creatures of small size. Lat. vermis, worm. Very, Verily. Formerly verray, from Fr. vrai. The valow verray, the true value, full value.-R. Brunne, 163. Verray pilgryn.-Ibid., 189. " Lord Jhesu," he said, "also verrayly As my luf is on the laid."-Ib. 102. And this is enuerlastynge lyf that thei knowe thee verrei God alone.-Wiclif, Jon. 17. Very God of very God.-Athana- sian Creed. Vessel. Fr. vaisseau (OFr. vaissel), It. vascello, from Lat. vasculum. Viands. Provisions. Fr. viande, meat, formerly provisions in general, from Lat. vivenda. "Et nous requiesmes que en nous donnast la viande:" and we asked that one might give us something to eat. "Les viandes qu'il nous donn~rent, ce furent begues de fourmages qui estoient roties au soleil-et oefs durs cuis de quatres jours on de cinq: " the viands which they gave us were cheesecakes roasted in the sun, and hard eggs four or five days old.-Joinville. Vice. A movable arm capable of being screwed up to a solid support for the purpose of holding fast an object on which one is at work. Also the nuel or spindle of a winding staircase. From Fr. vis, a screw, a winding stair. The implement takes its name from comparison to the tendril of a vine. It. vite, a vine; also a winding screw; vite- femina, a female screw; vitare, vidare, to screw with a vice. -Fl1. To Vie. To emulate, to compete with. To vye who might sleepe best.-Chaucer. It is a metaphor taken from the language of gamesters, with whom It. invitare, Prov. envidar, enviar, Fr. envier, was to 446, VIE, VIOL. invite or propose to throw for certain stakes, and renvier, to revie, for the adversary to propose certain stakes in return. Quum facio invitum, facias quoque, Balde, revitum. Merl. Coccaii in Rayn. "Il y renvioit de sa reste: " he set his whole rest, he adven- tured all his estate upon it.-Cot. Invitare, to invite to do anything, to vie at play; invito, an inviting, a vie or vying at play.-Fl. Invitare is explained by La Crusca, to name the stakes or amount for which one proposes to play. OFr. envier was used in the original sense of inviting as well as in the secondary one of vying at play. "Entre ces ki furent al convivie enviez :" among those who were invited to the feast.-L. des Rois. From the verb was formed the adverbial expression l'envi, OE. a-vie, as if for a wager, a qui mieux mieux. "They that write of these toads strive a-vie who shall write mostwonders of them."-H olland, Pliny. Villain. Mid. Lat. villani were the inhabitants of villae, hamlets or country estates, peasants, or rustics, and the name was specifically applied to the serfs or peasants who were bound to till their lord's estate, and were sold with the land. "Ipse quoque terram et villanos et omnes consuetudines de ipsis villanis in vico Silvatico concessit."-Orderic. Vital. in Duc. The supreme contempt in which the peasants were held under the feudal system led to the bad sense of the word in modern lahnguage. Fr. vilain, a churl, boor, clown, and a knave, rascal, filthy fellow; as an adj. vile, base, sordid, bad. -Cot. Vinegar. Fr. vin aigre, sour wine. Vinewed. Mouldy. See Fenewed, Viol, Violin. MLat. vitula, vidula, Prov. viula, It. viola, violone, violino, a fiddle or stringed instrument. From the same source are OHG. fidula (Otfried), G. fiedel, Du. vedele, vele (Kil.), E. fiddle, commonly derived from Lat. fidicula. Diez derives vitula, as the instrument of merry-making, from VIOL. VOID. 447

Lat. vitulari, properly to leap like a calf, then to be joyous or merry. Vitriol. Said to be named from its vitreous or glassy substance. Vixen. _Vormerly fixen, of which Verstegan says: "this is the name of the she-fox, otherwise and more anciently foxin. It is in reproach applied to a woman whose nature and condition is thereby compared to a she-fox."--Restitution of decayed Intelligence in N. & Q., Nov. 14, 1863. G.fachsin, a she-fox. Vizard. Formerly viser, vizor, from It. cisiera, a pair of spectacles or anything to see through, the sighthole of a helmet.-F1. The visor of a helmet was the pierced part that covered the face and lifted up and down. Vogue. Fr. rogue, course of a ship, and fig. course, sway: avoir la vogue, 5tre en rogiue, Sp. estar en boga, to be current or fashionable, to have sway. It. vogare, Sp. bogar, to row or pull at an oar; Fr. voguer, to sail forth. Am reins et am vela s'en van a mays vogar : with oars and sails they sail away.- Rayn. From OHG. wagan, MHG. wagen, to be in motion, to move; in wago wesan, etre en vogue.-Diez. Sach uf den inden wagen ein schif: saw a ship move on the waves.- Muller. Darna anno 1527, 28, wageden se it mit smaksegel in Scotland, Norwegen, &c.-Hamburgische Chroniken. - they sailed with a smacksail to Scotland, &c. Void. It. vuoto, voto, empty, hollow, concave; Fr. vuide, void, empty, waste, vast, wide. Cot. Prov. voig, vuel, empty; vloidar, voyar, vuiar, to empty; Rouchi wite, empty; wider, to empty, void, quit. Diez' derivation of Fr. vuide, vide, from Lat. viduus, seems far less probable than the view which regards it as an equivalent of G. weit, E. wide. 011OG. wit, amplus, latus, largus, procerus, vastus, vacuus. Dero uuitun uuuasti, vaste soli- tudini, to the wide waste. Utit weg, spatiosa via. Diu unite luft, aeria latitudo. The ideas of emptiness and space are closely connected. Space is room to move in, and it implies VOL. III. 2 G 448 VOID. WABBLE. the absence of what would fill it up. Thus waste, empty, is radically identical with vast, spacious, and in the same way void, empty, is identical with wide, spacious. To Vouch, Vouchsafe. Lat. vocare, OFr. c1'kher, in Law, was when the person whose possession was attacked called upon a third person to stand in his shoes and defend his right. Then in a secondary sense, to vouch for one is to answer to the call, to give your own guarantee for the matter in dispute. To vouchscife, vocare salvum, is to warrant safe, to give sanction to, to assure, and thence to deign, to condescend.

Of merchandie the sevent penie to have Unto his tresorie the Barons vouched saue. R. Brunne, 283. Again, when K. Edward sent messengers to France to renounce his fealty for Gascony, K. Philip sent answer, Homage up to yeld, lordschip to forsake, So Edward it willed, on that wise we it take, As ye haf mad present, the kyng vouches it saue. -the king gives his sanction to the condition.

Paroles ke sunt dites, de teres resigner, Des homages rendre, de seygnour refuser, Le reis Phelipp resceyt en meme la maner. R. Brunne, 260. Vow. Fr. vwt, Lat. votum. Voyage. Fr. voyage, It. viaggio, Prov. viatge, Walach. viadi, a journey, from Lat. viaticum, journey money, used by Ve- nantius Fortunatus in the modern sense.-Diez. The Lat. via became Fr. vole, way, whence encoyer, renvoyer, fourvoyer, &c. W.

To Wabble, Waddle, Waggle. These words all signify to sway to and fro, and are probably taken in the first instance from the rolling of water. To wvobble, to bubble up, to reel, totter, roll about.-Hal. Potwobbler, one who boils a pot.- WABBLE. WAD. 449

Grose. To wallop, which differs only in the transposition of the labial and liquid, is used primarily of the motion of boiling water, and then of any rolling movement: to wallop about, to roll about.-Hal. Bay. wabeln, to tattle, points in the same direction, the sense of loquaciousness being constantly expressed by the figure of splashing water. In the same dialect waiben, waibeln, to stagger, totter. Du: wapperen, to waver, dangle, flap. Lap. wappeltet, to rock as a boat; Esthon. wabbisema, Fin. uapista, to shake, waver, tremble. With the addition of an initial sibilant G. schwabbeln, schwappein, schwapplern, sehwappen, to splash, dash like water, to wabble, waggle; schwabbeln, quabbeln, Swiss wabbeln, P1. D. wvabbeln, quabbeln, to shake like jelly or boggy ground. In favour of a like origin of the form waddle may be cited OHG. wadalon, wadanon, fluctuare, vagari; Swab. watsch- nass, thoroughly wet, compared with G. watscheln, to waddle; Fr. gadiller, to paddle in the wet, to jog or stir up and down; vadrouille, a swabber, for sopping up the wet; and (with the sibilant initial) Du. swadderen, turbare aquas, fluctuare-K., Bav. schwadern, schwatteln, to splash, Sc. swatter, squatter, to move quickly in any fluid, including the idea of undulatory motion, to move quickly in an awkward manner. -Jam. Wad, Wadding. A wad is a bundle or quantity of anything, a wisp of straw.-Hal. It is then applied to a bunch of clouts, tow or the like, used by gunners as a stopple and rammed down to keep the powder close. To wad a garment is to line it with flocks of cotton compacted together, and wadding is material prepared for that purpose. G. watte, Fr. ouate, wadding for lining. Wad in Cumberland is the name given to black lead, a mineral found in detached lumps, and not, like other ores, in veins. Waddock, a large piece.-Hal. The sense of a mass or separate portion, expressed by wad, as well as by swad or squad, is probably taken from the figure 2c 2. 450 WAD. WAFER. of splashing in the wet, when separate portions of mire are dashed off on all sides. Compare squad, (in Lincoln) sloppy dirt, (in Somerset) a group or company.-Hal. Swiss sch wetti, a slop, so much as is spilt at once; then a heap, as of apples. The syllable wad is applied to the agitation of liquids in N. Vada, ,adda, assa, to dabble in water, to chatter, tattle; vade ned, to spill or slop. And it has been argued under Wabble that the radical meaning of waddle was of a similar nature. See also next Article. To Wade. The root is common to the Latin and Teutonic stocks, signifying originally to splash, then to walk through water of some depth. Lat. vadals, wet; vadere, to wade; ca- dum, a shallow place, a ford. It. guado, a ford, " washpool or plash of water; Fr. gud, a ford; guer, to wade; gueer un checval, to wash a horse in a river; gueer du linge, to rinse linen.-Cot. G. im kothle waten, to walk in mud or dirt; Bav. wetten, Swiss schiweeten, to swim or wash a horse in a river; Swab. wette, Bay., Swiss schwetti, a horsewash, a plash or puddle; Du. wed, a horsepond, a ford; wadde, a ford, a shallow; waden, to wade. N. vada, adda, cassa, to wade in water, mud, or snow, to dabble, dirty, to chatter, tattle; (of a fish) to swim on the surface of water. Vad' iop, to stir up; vade ned, to spill, slop. The imitative force of the word is entirely lost in wade, and can only be made out by comparing it with fuller forms, as P1. D. quatsken, to sound like water in the shoes, to dabble; It. guazzare, to dabble, plash, or trample in the water, to shake water in any vessel, to rinse; guazza, a plash or puddle of water; Illyrian gacati, gaziti, Magyar gazolui, to wade; ghz, a ford, a shallow; or Swiss schwadern, to move with a noise like liquids in a vase, to splash; Bay. schwatteln, to splash or spill over. Wafer. Fr. 1gafre, Du. waefel, G. wafel, Swiss wafle, a thin cake made by baking it between the round flat cheeks of a peculiar pair of.. tongs made for that purpose. Said to be from G. wabe, a honeycomb, which the crisscross marks WAFERI. WAG. 451 on the surface of the wafer are supposed to resemble. It is much more probable that it is named from the wide-mouthed tongs by which it is made. G. waffel, Swiss wafle signify the wide chops of a dog or any large mouth, as well as a wafer. To Waft, Waff, Whiff. Sc. waf waif, to blow.

Ane active bow apoun her schulder bare, As sche had bene ane wild huntreis, With wind wajfing her haris lowsit of trace. I)D. V. 23.2. Closely allied to Sc. wauch, waucht, E. quaf, to drink in hearty draughts, or with a strong draught of breath. Other related forms are G. hauchen, to breathe, to blow; E. hu2f, whiff, all imitative of the sound. The addition of the final t in E. waft probably indicates the formation of a substantive, and thence again of a second- aty verb, as in Dan. vift, a puff or breath of wind; vifte, Sw. wefta, to waft, fan, winnow, wave. Tefta ph elden, to blow the fire; weft-offer, a wave-offering. To waft over then would be to convey over by a breath of wind. So we have sni snift, and Sc. wauch, waucht, above mentioned. To Wag, Waggle. We signify vibratory unsteady movement by the adverbial wiggle-waggle. Du. wiggelen, to shake; waggelen, to stagger, totter. N. vigga, to rock, to sway from side to side; wagga, to rock, and thence, a cradle. Bay. wagen, wegen, to shake, move, to stir. Dem die zend wagen: he whose teeth are loose. Die Juden wegten ir haubet: the Jews wagged their heads. P1. D. wegen, wogen, to stir; Sc. waggle, wuggle, a quaking bog; G. wackeln, to wag, totter, joggle, shake, and with the nasal, wanken, Westerwald wan- kelen, to reel, waver, jog, rock. Lat. vacillare, to totter. It has been argued under Wabble that the primitive application of all these forms was to the agitation of water, the sound of which they were intended to represent. Thus we have Prov. E. swiggle, to shake liquor violently, to move about in water, to rinse-Moor; G. schwanken, to move a 452 WAG. WAGE. fluid body to and fro, to rinse. OHG.wdy, abyss, waters, sea; G. woge, Fr. vague, billow, wave. Wag. A joker, one who plays tricks. Perhaps from wagging the head, taken as a sign of derision. "And they that passed by railed on him, wagging their heads."-Mark 15. 29. The AS. wcgan, awcegan, eludere, deludere, fallere, mentiri, frustrari, to which it is commonly referred, seems to signify to make void, from W. giwag, void, vain, empty, and not to make sport of. Ne hine nowiht his geleafa wagde: nor did his trust deceive him. Awwged ne do thu wedd: irritum ne facias fredus. Aweegunne gferbec, a void testament. To Wage, Wages, Wager. The Lat. vas, vadis, a surety, corresponds to Goth. vadi, OHG.wetti, OFris. wed, Sc. wad, wed, a pledge, security, engagement, whether these were actually borr6wed from the Lat. or not. Hence arose Mid. Lat. vadium, guadium, It. gaggio, Fr. gage, a pledge or surety, a stake at play. Fr. gages, wages, ismoney paid to a person as a pledge for his services. From radium sprang the verb vadiare, Fr. gager, to give pledges, to lay down stakes. A wager is an occasion on which opposite alternatives are supported by two parties, and stakes are laid down to abide the issue of the event. The chronicle speaking of the emperor Frederic II., A.D. 1250, says, "Veneno extinctus sepultus est -tam occultd, quod multi per annos 40 vadiebant (wagered) eum vivere."-Due. When a person under the Gothic Laws proceeded against another at law, his first step was to give a pledge that his cause was just, and that he would abide the decision of the court. This requisition was satisfied when the appeal to law took the shape of a challenge to judicial combat, by the chal- lenger flinging down his glbve in court, and the person chal- lenged taking it up. The proceeding was signified by the term vadiare duellum, or wager of battle, and the same verb was extended to the analogous proceedings used on a solemn declaration of war, cadiare bellum; although there might here be nothing in the nature of a pledge. In modern times we WAGE. WAINSCOT.

use the word wage for the carrying on of war, and not merely the commencement, and the connection with the idea of pledges is wholly obscured. Waggon, Wain. AS. wcegen, wCegn, OHG. wagan, ON. cagn, Bohem. wuoz, Pol. woz, waggon, chariot, car. Sanscr. valana, va/ka, bearing, conveying, any vehicle, as a horse, a car; vah, carry, draw, bear, move; Lat. vehere, Bohem. wezti, to carry. Lith. wezu, weseti, to draw, convey, carry. Waif, To Waive. MLat. wayvium, OFr. gayve, a waif, was anything wandering at large, without an owner. "Choses gayves sont qui ne sont approprides a nul usage de home, et qui sont trouvees, que nul ne reclame siennes." Consuetudo Norm. in Duc. " Wayviunm, quod nullus advocat."-Fleta. "There is ane other mouable escheit of any waif beist within the territorie of any lord, the quhilk suld be cryed upon the market dayes, &c."-Jam. From wacfe is formed MLat. wai- viare, OFr. guesver, to waive, to make a waif of or treat as a waif, to renounce the right of ownership; gueser l'heretage, to renounce the inheritance. The origin of the word is seen in Sc. waf, waif, to blow, to move to and fro, to fluctuate; waffie, wauingeour, a vagabond; to wawer, waver, to wander-Jam.; Prov. E. wave, to wander or stray-Hal.; ON. v"fa, vofa, to move to and fro, to waver. In like manner Lat. vagari, Fr. vaguer, to wander up and down, are connected with the root wag, signifying motion to and fro. To Wail. To cry wae! as Fr. miauler, to cry miau! It. guai a me! woe is me! guaire, guaiare, guaiolare, to wail, to lament. Bret. gwela, W. wylo, to weep, lament. Fin. woi ! vox querentis, ve! ah! woikata, woikailla (Sw. wojasig), to cry woi! to lament, wail; woiwoitus, wailing. See Woe. Let. wai! IMagy. jajC!oh! alas! Let. waideht, Miagy. jajgatni, to groan, lament, wail. Wain. See Waggon. Wainscot. P1. D. wagenschot, the best oak wood without 454 WAINSCOT. WAIT. knots.-Brem. Wtb. Du. waegheschot, oak boards, wood for cabinet work, from the light-coloured wavy lines (waeghe, wave) by which the grain of the wood is marked.-Kil. The second element of the word is Du. schot, schut, beschot, a closure or partition of boards; schutten, to prevent, hinder, keep off; schutten den wind, to keep out the wind; schutberd, thin board fit for partitions. The shutters of a window are for keeping out the weather. Another Du.name for wainscot is wandschot, from wand, wall, which leads us to suspect that the supposed reference to the wavy lines of wainscot may be an afterthought, and that the first element in Du. waegl esclot, waeghenschot, may really be the Fris. waegh, wach, wage, AS. wag, wah, wall. Waist, Waistcoat. From W. gwasg, to squeeze or press, is formed gwasg, the waist, the place where the body is squeezed in. Gwasgod, gwasgbais, a waistcoat. Gael.fisg, IManx faast, to wring, press, squeeze. To Wait, Watch. From ON. waka, to wake, was formed vakta, to observe, watch, guard, tend. The corresponding forms are OHG. wahtin, to watch or keep awake, to keep guard; G. wace, watch, look out, guard; wacht, the guard; Du. waecke, wachte, watching, guard, and E. watch. NFris. wachtjen, exspectare.---Epkema. The stock was imported into the Romance languages, producing It. guatare, to watch, to spy, OFr. waiter, gaiter, guaiter, Fr. guetter, to observe, to watch; Wal. waiti, awaiti, to look, observe, spy; Lang. gach, gdcha, gaict, gaito, a watch or sentinel. Rouchi wte un po, just look. From Northern Fr. descended E. wait, to look, observe, be on the look out for, expect, remain until somethinig happens, remain quiet, or observe, attend. Beryn cleped a maryner and bad him sty on loft And weyte aftir our four shippis, aftir us doith dryve. Beryn, 856, - yet ferthermore he ridis And waytid on his right hond a Mancepil'is plase. Ib.903. WAIT. WAKE.

WTayte, waker: vigil. Wayte, a spye: explorator. Waytyn or aspyyn: observo. WVaytynge or aspyynge with evyl me- nynge: observatio.-Pr. Pm. A like development of meaning may be observed in G. warten, to wait, to stay, to attend upon, which is radically identical with It. guardare, to look. The first of the foregoing quotations from Pr. Pm. explains the Vaits or nightly musicians of Christmastide. "Assint etiam excubiae vigiles [veytes] cornibus suis strepitum et clangorem et sonitum facientes."-Neccham in Nat. Antiq. To Waive. See Waif. To Wake. ON. vaka, Goth. wakan, AS. twacian, G. wachen, to wake. OHG. oachal, AS. owacol, Lat. igil, waking. The radical sense of the word is probably to stir, from the root wag, move to and fro. Lat. vacillare, to waver, totter. The waking state is characterized by movement, as opposed to the quiet of sleep. Wake. The streak of smooth water left in the track of a ship. No corresponding term is found in the cognate languages, but it is remarkable that Fin. wako, Esthon. waggo, signifies a furrow, the most obvious figure from which the wake of a vessel could be named. To plough the sea is a familiar metaphor.

Mine own good Bat, beforethou hoise up sail To make a furrow in the foaming seas.-Gascoyne.

Fr. sillon, a furrow; sillage, sillon de mer, the wake of a vessel. Seilloiinnd, furrowed, cloven asunder as the sea by a ship. -Cot. The radical idea seems to be the opening of the ground by the ploughshare, from the root rag, yak, which is common to the Finnic and Scandinavian languages. Magy. vdegni, to cut; eret vigni (eret, vein), to open a vein; vigas, a cut; kerek vagas (kirek, wheel), a wheel-rut. ON. vaka, aperio, incido, transfodio; at vaka bloct, to let blood; at vaka is, to cut a hole in the ice; v'k, incisura in glacie facta, vel ejus- 456 WAKE. WALK. modi apertura in aliis; vauk, incisura seu fenestra.-Gud- mnund. In Norfolk when the "broads" are mostly frozen over the spaces of open water are called wakes. Wakes. The annual festival of a village, kept originally on the day of dedication of the parish church. The E. church- wake, as far as the festival itself is concerned, corresponds exactly to G. kirchlweihe, OHG. kirickwiki, from Goth. weikan, Sw. wiga, to consecrate, but it is not easy to see how the latter word could have passed into wake. It is commonly explained from the vigil or watch that was kept on the evening preced- ing a saint's day. But wake is sometimes used in the sense of to feast or revel, and it is probably in this sense that it is to be understood in the case of the parish wakes. In some parts of England it is called the village revel. Wale. 1. Outward timbers in a ship's side, on which men set their feet when they clamber up. Gunwale, a wale which goes about the uttermost strake or seam of the uppermost deck in the ship's waist.-B. 2. Wale or wheal (Fris. wale, walke-Outzen), the raised streak on the skin left by a stripe. AS. walan, vibices.- Som. Wall of a strype, enfleure.-Palsgr. The radical meaning in both cases seems to be shown in Goth. valus, ON. volr, Sw. wal, a rod, stick; drapwal, slag- wal, the part of a flail with which the corn is struck; OFris. walubera, a pilgrim or staff-bearer; Bret. gwalen, Fr. gaule, a rod, staff, the staff of a flail. For the application to the swelling raised by a stripe, compare ON. v6ndr, a wand or rod, also a streak or stripe, a long narrow mark. To Walk. 1. To go at a foot's pace, to go on foot. 2. To full cloth, to work it in a mill with soap and water, so as to convert it into felt; AS. wealcere, a fuller of cloth. The radical image seems to be the rolling movement of boiling water. AS. weallan, to boil, bubble up, roll. G. wallen, to boil, wallop, bubble up, move in a waving or undulatory manner; poetically, to wander, range, ramble, to go, to travel on foot.-Kiittn. WALK. WALLOP. 457

Then with a derivative g or k, OHG. walagan, walgAn, fluctuare, volvi, ambulare; bizoalegdn, volutare.-Graff. G. walge, wasserswalge, rolling water, wave; walgen, walgern, to roll; den teig auswalgen, to roll dough. Sw. valkalengot imellan hinderna, to roll something between the hands; valka, ler, to temper clay, to work it up with water; valke klede, to full cloth. ON. valka, to roll in the hands. AS. wealcan, to roll, turn, tumble; wealcynde ea, rolling water; wealcere, a fuller. Bay. walken, walchen, to move to and fro, to hover in the air, to full cloth. The sense of going on foot is a further development of the idea of rolling or wandering about. OHG. walgotun, volve- bantur; uualgota, ambulavit (in via regum Israel).-Graff. Sw. valk, oberratio.-Serenius. Wall. AS. weall, wall, a wall; Du. wal, rampart, bank, shore. G. Zwall, a rampart, town-wall, a bank or dike. Lat. valium, the palisade or fortification of a camp; vallus, a stake. Wall-eye. An eye of a whitish colour, from the skin becoming opaque. Coesius, AS. wealken-eye.-Dief. Sup. Cooper in his Thesaurus, A.D. 1573, renders glauciolus, a horse with a waicle eye.--R. Fris. waeckel, an ulcer.-Kil. ON. vagl i autga, glaucoma, albugo, nubes in oculo.-Gudm. Sw. wagel i bgat, a stye in the eyelid.-Nordforss. Sw. wagel is a perch for fowls; Isl. cagl, a prop or support for a cross beam. Wallet. TWalette, a sack or poke.-Pr. Pm. The only foreign word coming very near is Fr. mualette, a little male, a budget or scrip. The change of the initial mn to w would certainly be a very unusual one, but not without a possible parallel in E. wench, compared with Swab. mensch, used contemptuously for a girl. It. valigietta, a little valise, is too remote, but it is possible there may have been another dim. of the form valetta. The origin of valigia is very doubtful. To Wallop. To move to and fro, as the surface of water in a vessel, to boil. Swiss calple, vacillare.-Idioticon Bernense. TWallop bears the same relation to wabble that Swiss swalpen 458 WALLOP. WAMBLE. does to G. schwappeln, to splash or dash to and fro like water, or OE. whalynge to wamelynge of the stomach.-Pr. Pin. Pot-wabbler and pot- walloper are both in use for one who boils .a pot. Both forms represent the sound of liquid in agitation, only the place of the labial and liquid is transposed in the two. A similar transposition of the mute and liquid is seen in sputter and spurt, squilter and squirt; in Dan. valtre and Vralte, to waddle. The use of wallop in low language, in the sense of beating one, seems to be taken from comparing the motion of the arm to the action of water dashing to and fro. Norm. vioper, to thresh (rosser).-Hricher. To Wallow. AS. wealwian, to roll; beweahvian, to wallow, to roll oneself in. Du. wallen, wellen, to boil, bubble, fluctuate, also to roll, wallow.-K. Goth. valvjan, Lat. olvere, to roll. Swiss walen, wallen, to roll; sich umewalen, to roll on the ground. The figure of boiling water is often used to express confused multifarious movement. Lith. woloti, to roll, Gr. ELXELV, OHG. wellan, to roll; willit, volvit (se in lutosa aqua). OHG. walagdn, fluctuare, volvi, ambulare; piuuala- goten, volutatum (in suo sanguine). See Walk. Wallowish. Nauseating.-B. Wdllow, flat, insipid.-Hal. Du. walghen, to nauseate, loathe; walghinge, nausea, inclination to vomit. Ik walg daran, it turns my stomach. From the sensation of a rolling in the stomach, caused by incipient sickness. G. walgen, walgeln, walgern, to roll.-Sanders. In like manner the Dan. has vamle, to nauseate, loathe, corresponding to G. wammeln, to move about, E. wamble, wabble, to move up and down. Walnut. Du. walnot, walschenot, AS. walhnot, a foreign nut. Wealk, a foreigner. Swiss walen, waalen, to speak an un- known language; welsch, w~ilsch, a foreign language. G. wtalsch, Italian; ein Wlscher hahn, a Turkeycock; die Wtlsche bohne, French beans; walschen, to talk gibberish. To Wamble. To move or stir, as the bowels do with wind, to rise up as seething water does, to wriggle like an arrow in WAMBLE. WANDER. 459 the air.-B. Wamlyag of the stomake, esmouvement.- Palsgr. G. wammeln, wn)ummeln, wammezen, wimmen, to stir, crawl, swarm. Wamrble differs from wabble only in the in- sertion of the nasal. Wan, To Wane. Goth. vans, wanting; vanana gatai/an, to nullify, make void; vanains, diminution. AS. wana, defi- ciency, wanting. An tlhing the is wana, one thing is wanting to thee. Anes wana twentig, twenty wanting one, nineteen. TWanian, gewanian, awanian, to decrease, waste, decay, wane. Thn wanodest hine, minuisti eum. Thia wetera wanodon, aquae minuebantur. ON. vanr, wanting; vana, to weaken, diminish, to castrate a horse. AS. wan, wanna, E. wan, pale, livid, dusky, is feeble or weak in colour, wanting in brightness. The Celtic languages have preserved the word in the least abstract meaning. W. g wan, weak, faint, poor; Bret. gucan, feeble, sickly, vain, empty; Gael. fann, faint, feeble, infirm, Lat. vanus, empty, futile. Wan in composition is used as a negative particle; OE. wanhope, IDu. wanhope, wantroost, despair; uanweten, to be ignorant or mad; wanmaete, deficient measure, &c. ON. vanafli, without strength; vankunnandi, unknowing; vanmattr, vanmegin, want of might, weakness. The W. gwan is used in the same way; gwavnfydd, weak faith, distrust; g wamnfydio, to despair; gwangred, a faint belief; gwangredu, to distrust. Wand. ON. vcndr, a shoot of a tree, a rod. To Wander. There is no essential difference between G. wandern, to wander or go about without settled aim, and wandeln, to walk, travel, go about one's business, the terminal elements r and 1 being used indifferently in the formation of frequentative verbs. The primary sense seems to be to fluctuate, roll, move to and fro, as shown in OHG. uuantaldn, volvere, vertere, mutare, mercari.-Schm. Uauantaldt, volu- tat, ventilat; auandalontero, fluctuantium; giuuantal6n, vertere (vestes).--Graff. And wantaldnm is only a nasalized form of wadaldn, ventilare, vagari, whence wadalari, vagabandus.- 460 WANDER. WAR.

Graff. Thus wander would be related to waddle nearly as qwamble to wabble. To Wane. See Wan. Want. A derivative from the root wan, signifying defi- ciency, negation. ON. vanta (impers.), to be wanting, deficient in; vantan, vnztun, want, deprivation. The verb to want, used in familiar language to express the desire of the speaker for something, might well be explained as signifying that he feels the want of it. But it is singular that the word is found in W. and Bret. with the positive signification of desire, and in those languages has no apparent connection with gwan, the Celtic representative of the Teu- tonic wan. W. chiwant, Bret. c'koant, desire, longing, appe- tite, lust; ckwant bzoydd, desire of food, hunger; chwanta, to covet, to lust after. Wanton. Properly uneducated, ill brought up, then unre- strained, indulging the natural appetites, from the negative particle wan and the participle togen, getogen (OE. towen, itowoen), of the AS. verb teon, G. ziehen, to draw or lead.

Ho was itogen among mankunne, And hire wisdome brohte thenne.

-she was bred among mankind, and gained her wisdom from thence.-Owl and Nightingale. "Vor the nome one mahte hurten alle wel itowene earen:" for the name alone might hurt all well-bred ears.-Ancren Riwle, 204. Full-itowen, fully educated.-Ibid. 416. " Of idele wordes, of untowune thoughts."-Ibid. 342. Untowe bird, avis indisciplinata.- Ibid. 16. Wantowe (wantown, wanton), insolens, dissolutus. -Pr. Pm. "Seeing evermore his (Gods) ghird to chastisen us in his hand ghif we waxen wantowen or idil."-Serm. on Miracle Plays, in Nat. Antiq., 2. 44. In like manner we have in G. wolgezogen, well-bred (Nibel. Lied. 1731); and ungezogen, ill-bred, ill-mannered, rude, saucy.-Kiittn. War. Fr. guerre, It. guerra, war; gara, strife, conten- WAR. WARD. 461

tion, jarring; Du. werre, contention, strife, war; werren, to disturb, contend, strive, war.-Kil. 011G. werran, to disturb, confuse; gawer, seditio. MFG. werren, to disturb, confuse, trouble, contend. " iirret sich ein man mit eime andern, daz si sich slan:" if one man strives with another so that they come to blows. "Daz sich di werren mit einander mit worten, mit stzene." G. wirren, to jumble, entangle, embroil, confound; wirrwarr, embranglement, disorder, confusion. In like manner, Fin. hasa, strepitus conviventium, rixantium, &c.; hassata, strepo, inquiete me gero, altercor, rixor. To Warble. To chirp or sing as birds do, to sing in a quavering or trilling way, to purl or gurgle as a brook.-B. The radical image is probably to be found in the bubbling or gurgling of water, and the word is a parallel form with gargle, gurgle, or It. gorgare, gorgolare, to gargle, to rattle in the throat, to warble or quaver in singing, also to w/arl, or speak in the throat as the Florentines do; sgorgare, sgorgolare, to gurgle, to warble; sgargagliare,to gargle, rattle in the throat, prattle; borbogliare, to make a confused noise (Fl.) ; Sp. bar- bllar, to talk loud and fast; Lang. barbalia,to chatter, tattle; OFr. verbeler, to speak quick and indistinctly.-Roquef. "I warbell with the voyce as connyng singers do: Je verbie."- Palsgr. The transference from the sense of sound to that of movement gives Sc. warble, warple, wrabil, to crawl about, to wriggle, to move to and fro. To warble in; to warble or wurble oneself out, to get out of confinement by a continuation of twisting motions. To wraple, to entangle. Ward. The sense of keeping is commonly expressed by the figure of looking after. Wal. ward', to guard, keep, observe, defend. It. guardare, Fr. regarder, to look; gardcler, to keep. Robert of Gloucester, p. 486, says that when K. Richard went to the crusade he "bitoc the bisshop of Ely this lond in ech ende to wardi :" and shortly after he speaks of "the bisshop of Ely that this londe adde to loke." See Guard. 462. WARD. WARES.

A ward is a person under age, committed to the ward or care of a guardian. The ward of a lock is what guards the lock against opening with a false key. The ward of a town, prison, hospital, is so much as is committed to the care of one alderman or keeper. A warden, Fr. gardien, is one Who has ward or guard of a thing. A warden-pear, Fr. poire de garde, a keeping pear. Ware, Aware, Wary. ON. car, having notice of, aware, also cautious, wary. At verda var vi, to be aware of, to observe. TVara, to warn; vara sig, varaz, to beware, to take heed. Dan. vare, guard, care; lage sig are, to take heed of; lage care paa, to watch, have an eye upon. G. gewahr, aware, Du. waeren, waerden, to observe, take care, beware of, keep, guard-Kil. ; waernemen (G. wahrnemnen), to take notice, perceive; waershouwen, to give notice, to warn. Bay. waren, to look, take care. War waz du tuest: mind what you are about. Fr. gare! look out.! take care! beware! OE. gaure, gare, to gaze. The radical meaning is doubtless to look, observe, take notice of. The same root is found in all the Finnish languages with no appearance of being borrowed. Lap. waret, to keep, guard; wahrok, provident, wary; wahrotet, to warn; Esthon. warrimna, to take heed; Fin. wara, foresight, caution, warning; tarata, to beware, to warn; wart, cautious, provident, timid. 1Vfagy. rni, to expect, watch, wait. Wares. ON. vara, varnactr, Sw. wara (pl. waror), Dan. rare, Du. waere, wares, goods, merchandise. The radical meaning seems to be simply provisionment, stores, from the root signifying look, mentioned in the last article. The development of the signification is especially clear in Finnish. Warata,to be provident, cautious, to provide, to furnish with what is necessary, in such senses as, to arm my hand with a sword, to fill a purse with money. Warasta, provisions, stores; wara, goods, means, wealth; wara-kuonet (huonet, house), a storehouse, a barn; takawara (taka, behind, after), stores provided for the future; waramakso (mnakso, payment, WARES. WARP. 463 expense), a provision for expenses; wara mies, a supplemental man, a man provided to supply the place of another. Sw. matwaror, eatables, provision of meat, to which we give the name of provisions, Ka'T E6OYV; fskwaror, salted fish, provision of fish. Esthon. warrinza, to keep, preserve; warra, provision, furniture, goods, possessions; warrandus, goods, provision, treasure. Wariangle. The shrike or butcher-bird, so called from hanging up its prey on the thorn of a tree, like meat in a butcher's shop. G. wargangel, wurgengel (Dief. Sup. in curruca), the shrike, from wirgen, to throttle, to butcher, and angel, a thorn. Warm. ON. varmr, G. wbarm, OLat. formus, Gr. OEppos, Hind. ghurrum, Pers. germ, hot; Sanscr. gharma, heat. To Warn. To give notice, to cause one to take notice, from the root ware, signifying look or take notice. From the same root in a somewhat different application are Fr. garnir, guarnir, warnir, to provide, prepare, fortify, secure, preserve; garnison, garnesture, provision, furniture, stores (Roquef.); from which last is OE. warnestore, to furnish, store, fortify. "Et que Egypte soit garnie (preserved) de la famine des sept ans que sont ' venir." The notion of preserving or defending naturally passes into that of warding or keeping off, thrusting away, forbidding, refusing. Thus Fr. defendre acquires the sense of forbidding, and to warn one off is to forbid his entrance. I warne, I defende one or commande him not to do a thynge.-Palsgr. AS. wymrnan, to warn, refuse, forbid, deny, hinder. ON. varna, to forbid, refuse. And swa the land embandowned he That nane durst warne (refuse) to do his will. Bruce, iv. 392. The G. uses the simpler form without the derivative n; wehren, to bar, hinder, prohibit, forbid. Einem den zugang wehren, to forbid one entrance, to warn him off. To Warp. 1. Goth. wairpan, AS. weorpan, ON. verpa, G. VOL. II. 2 H 464 WARP. WARRANT. vwerfen, to cast; then in a special sense, to take a certain turn, to bend.- A cast in the eye is when one eye is turned out of the true direction. Das holz wirft sich: the wood casts or warps.-Kaiittn. ON. werpask, N. varpa seg, Dan. kaste sig, to contract, to warp. 2. To warp a ship, to hale her to a place by means of a rope laid out for that purpose and fastened to an anchor.-B. Dan. varpe, to warp a ship; varp-toug, a tow4ine or warp. The word probably comes in the first instance from the language of fishermen. ON. varpa in a special sense is to cast or lay out a net, whence varpa, Dan. arpegarn, a drag-net. N. varp, a cast with a net, a laying out of the net; 'arpa, to fish with a net, and thence, apparently from comparison with the hauling in of a drag-net, to warp a ship. Warp. ON. varp, Du. werp, werpdraed, werpgaeren, werpte, G. werft, the long threads laid out parallel to each other between which the woof is shot in weaving. Du. w'ep, worp, a cast. Warrant, Warren. It has been shown under Ware and Ward, as before under Guard, that the figure of looking out, looking after, was used to. express the sense of taking care of, guarding, preserving against, making safe. OHG. gewar, safe, secure (as Lat. tutus, from tueor, to look). Giuuararesti, munitum proesidium. Daz siben ziug gewaerrer sint dann zwen: that seven witnesses are safer, more reliable, than two. Giwar, security, safety, safe refuge. Jederman flohe an sein gewar da er denn meinte sicher zu seyn: every one fled to his refuge where he considered himself safe.-Schmeller. Hence OFr. garir, to seek safety, to take refuge. Mais ie saveit queu part aler, N'osout des grantz foresz eisseir, Kar il ne saveit ou garir. Benoit, Chron. des Ducs de Norm. 2. 399.. -- he dare not quit the great forests, for he did not know where to find shelter. OHG. gewarkeit, tutela; also security, pledge, secure residence.-Schm. G. geuiilr, assurance,, se- WARRANT. WAS. 465 curity, surety. Dem ki tfer die gewihr leisten, to give security or safe possession to the purchaser. Gewiilrsmann, P1. D. waarsman, warend,war warent, one who warrants or gives security, who answers for the safe possession of a property. Waren, war machen, to assure, make good, certify, prove by oath, witnesses, &c. OE. warant, protector, defensor.-Pr. Pm. So in OFr. garieur,garent, guarent, one who makes safe, certi- fies, answers for; gariment, garison, surety, guarantee. Another derivative from the same source is OFr. garene, warene, a place where animals are kept, a henyard, pigeon- house, fishpond, rabbit warren.-Roquef. A preserve for game expresses the same idea in modern language. The derivation of warrant and warren, from the root ware, signifying caution, and thence defence, security, safety, may be further illustrated by the formation of words having the same meaning from Lat. cavere, caulum, to beware, to guard against. Thus in Mid. Lat. we find cautus, safe, undisturbed; cautis, cautum, a security or written engagement for the performance of a condition; cautare, incautare, to protect, secure, warrant. "Et omnia pecora vestra per omne regnum meum sint secura et cauta tanquam mea propria, et libera et ubique habeant pascua."-Charta Alphons. Reg. Castelle A. D. 1213. "Cauto vero [I guarantee] supradictos homines et omnia que habent vel habebunt, quod nullus de cetero pro aliqua voce vel calumniis, excepto pro pretio debito audeat pignorare, vel de suo aliquid prendere, molestare vel calumniare. Hiujus autem liberationis et incautationis inchartationem facio Deo et Ste Agathae."-Charta Ferrandi Reg. Cast. A. D. 1224. From the foregoing application of cautus, in the sense of protected, secure from intrusion, is Sp. coto, an inclosure of pasture grounds, a landmark, and Port. couto, an inclosure, park, warren, rabbit burrow, form of a hare, asylum, refuge. Wart. Du. werte, wratte-Kil., G. warze. Was, Were. Goth. visan, prt. vas, tesun, to remain, continue, stay, to be; fauravisan, to be to the fore; vists, nature. 2H2 466 WAS. WASH.

ON. vera (anciently vesa, visa-Jonsson), prt. var, vas, edrum, Sw. Cara, AS. wesan, to remain, continue, be. Sanscr. vas, to dwell, to live, to wear clothes. It is well known that the verb to be is an abstraction un- known to the language of gesture and the rudest uncivilized languages. "In American and Polynesian languages," says Farrar, Chapters on Lang. 54, "there are forms for I am well, I am here, &c., but not for I am. More than this, savage nations [when they learn English] cannot even adopt the verb to be. A negro says,' Your hat no lib that place you put him in.'" I have known a child, when learning to speak, say, Where it live ? where is it ? Sw. blfiwa, to abide, remain, continue, is the common word for to become, to be. We must therefore regard the sense of continuance expressed by the verb visan, vera, &c,, as prior to that of abstract being, and we cannot separate the verb of which was and were are members from G. wahren, to last, and E, wear. See Wear. The primary signification is probably to look, to see, from whence all the others naturally flow. To look, to guard, preserve, defend, cover, or to guard, to keep, to endure, to remain, to be, The G, warten, to expect or wait, is identical with It. guardare, to look, and it has been shown that the primary sense of E. wait is to look out, while we have argued in favour of a similar origin for bide, abide. To Wash, AS, waescan, waesan, G. waschen, Sw. waska. A parallel form with swash, slosh, representing the sound of dashing water. "A great swash of water, magnus aquarum torrens."-Coles in Hal. Swash, refuse, hogwash, soft, quashy.-Hal. "Drenched with the swassing waves."-Tay- lor. Piedm. svassde, to splash, rinse, wash. Svasse un caval, to bathe a horse; svassese la boca, "to rinse or wash out one's mouth. Bay. schwatteln, to splash; schwetti, a horsewash. In G. schwatzen, waschen, to tattle, the expression is transferred from the sound of dashing water to that of clacking tongues. N. vada, cadda, ,assa, to dabble, splash, wade, also to chatter, tattle. WASP. WASTE.47 467-

Wasp. AS. wwsp, wwvps, 011G. wafsa, we/sa, Lat. cespis, wasp. Lith. Wqppi, a gadfly. There can be little doubt that it comes from a word signifying to sting. So Gael. speack, bite, strike smartly, and speach (Gr. rq-), a wasp or-any venomous little creature, or its sting or bite. Lap.pastet, to sting as a serpent, Fin. puski, to strike with the horns; pitskiatin, a wasp, Wassail. A custom still used in some places on Twelfth night of going about with a great bowl of ale, drinking of healths--B. Hence wassailers, revellers. From the AS. sa- lutation on pledging one to drink, wws hml, be of health, which the person acceptiug the pledge answered in the terms drino iwel, I drink your health. E pur une feyze esternuer Tantot quident mal trouer, Si uesheil no diez aprez: - and for a single sneeze they expect to be taken ifi unless you say zuesheil, God bless you.-Manuel des Pecches, 1100. Waste. The proper meaning of the word is the same aq that of the equivalent Pol. pusty, empty, void, unoccupied, desert. Thus the waste water of a mill is what runs away without contributing to drive the wheel; to waste your money is to spend it in vain, without obtaining an adequate return. In waste was formerly'used in the sense of in vain. " Take- my couancell yet or ye go, for fear ye walk in waste."-Gam- mer Gurton, 11. 4. It. guastare and Fr. gaster, gater, signify to spoil or render unfit for occupation or employment. Mid. Lat. gastum, barren land, fallow. 011G. wo'sti, wuosti, desert, solitary; wuostinna, Du. woestijune, AS. wvesten, Mid. Lat. vastina, Fr. gastine, a desert, uncultivated land. G. wdsl, waste, desert, uninhabited; das tviiste gerinne, the -waste water in a mill. The term is then applied to the absence of- cultivation in a moral sense. Ein wt~lsler mnensek, a rude, rough, brutal, ill-.bred man. In the same way Lat. vastus, waste, desert, desolate; also awkward, unmannerly, ill bred, uncouthly large, vast. 468 WATCH. WAVER.

Watch. See Wait. Water, Wet. Goth. vato, pl. vatna, ON. varn, Lith. wandu, Let. uhdens, OHG. wazar, G. wasser, Gr. Rowp, t8a7rog, water; ON. vatr, Sw. wat, Dan. vaad, Lat. udus, wet. It is difficult to suppose that these forms are not from the same root with wade, to splash through water. Wattle. From OHG. wadaldn, MHG. wadelen, wedelen, to waver, move to and fro (see Waddle), G. wadel, wedel are used to signify whatever wavers, dangles, or moves to and fro, as a fan, the tail of an animal, a plume of feathers, the waving branches of a tree, on the same principle, in the latter instance, that the name of waivers is given in the E. of England to small waving twigs.-Hal. Bay. wadel, fir-branches, twigs, branchwood; wadeln, to cut brushwood.-Schm. "Da rauscht in den tannewedeln : it sounds in the fir-branches."-Deutsch. Mundart, 2. 167. Swiss wedele, a bundle of twigs. Hence must be explained E. wattle, provincially a hurdle (Hal.), a frame of interwoven twigs or rods; to wattle, to interweave with rods. From the same sense of waving to and fro are the wattles or waddles of a cock, the loose pieces of flesh which dangle beneath his chin. So Du. quabbe, a dewlap, from G. quabbeln, wabbeln, to shake like jelly. MHG. wadel, an apron, what hangs before for concealment. Machten in wadel von veigen- baum : made them aprons of fig-leaves. Wave. In OE. written wawe; Goth. vegs (pl. v'gos), AS. weg, G. woge, Dan. vove, N. vaag, Fr. vague, billow, wave. Sw. wag is both a balance and a wave, the name being given to both for the same reason, viz. from the up and down movement of both. OHG. wegan, to move, vibrate, nod, weigh; wagMn, moveri; wag, gurges, vorago, lacus, sequor. In mani- gero wazzero wage: in diluvio aquarum multarum.-Notker. The radical forms waggle and wabble are closely connected, and their derivatives frequently intermingle. To Waver, Wave. Sc. waJ, waif, wawe, to fluctuate; to WAVER. WAYMENT. 469 wavel, to move backwards and forwards; to waver, wawer, to fluctuate, wander. And in that myrk nycht wawerand will.-Wyntown. ON. vdfa, vofa, to wave to and fro; vfa yfir (as G. schweben), to hang over; v6fra, to totter, to roam or wander about. G. quabbeln, wabbeln, to shake like jelly; Prov. G. wabben, wabbeln, wabern, wafein, waflen, to waver, totter, move to and fro.--Deutsch. iMundart, 2. Bay. waibeln, waiben, to waver, totter, flutter, twirl. Waiben wie ein rohr, to shake like a reed; waiben wie ein topf, to whirl like a top. Du. wapperen, to waver, vacillate, swing. E. quaver, to shake with the voice, to tremble; to quave, to move to and fro; an earthquave, a quavemire. Fin. wapista, to quaver, sound tremulous, to shake or tremble; wapina, a tremulous sound, a trembling. See Wabble. Wax. AS. weax, ON. vax, G. wacks, Pol. vosk, Russ. voska, Esthon. wahha, Mag. viasz, wax. Fin. waka, a rock, then by a strong metaphor, waha weden, the rock of water; foam; waka meden, the rock of honey, wax; wahainen, rocky, foamy, waxen or waxy. Fin. waaksi, wa/do, or waahte, also signify foam. To Wax. AS. weaxan, Goth. wakjan, ON. vaxa, Sanscr. yak, Gael. fas, to grow, increase. Way. Goth. vigs, ON. vegr, Sanscr. vaha, Lat. via, Fr. voie. Wayward. Perhaps a corruption of wrayward, as G. wasen compared with Du. wrase, a sod. Crabbyd, awke or wrawe (wraywarde-W.), bilosus, cancerinus; wraw, froward, on- goodly, perversus, bilosus, protervus.-Pr. Pm. To Wayment. To lament. The interjection of suffering is in Lettish wai! (corresponding to G. wehe! E. woe!), and with the personal pronoun, waiman! equivalent to Gr. o JJo&! woe is me! From the compound interjection are formed waimanaht! to cry waimnan! (as Gr. otp ewotv,to cry oqiot!), to lament; waimanas, lamentation; which seem to explain the formation of E. wayment. 470 WEAK. WEAR.

Weak. What yields to pressure. AS. wcc, weak, pliant; Dan. veg, pliant; svag, weak; Sw. seig, supple, agile; G. welch, Du. weeck, weyck, Sw. wek, soft, yielding to the touch, tender, effeminate; G. schwach, weak. Bret. gwak, soft, tender, de- licate. G. weichen, AS. wican, Dan. vige, Sw. wika, swiga, to yield, give place to. The radical image is seen in ON. vik, a slight movement, a nick or recess, whence vikja, to set in motion, to turn; also to give place; vikna, to give place, to yield, to be moved or softened. The AS. swican has the same radical meaning, the sense of deceiving being derived from that of a short quick turn or movement. Compare Sw. wika af, to turn aside, to quit, wika undan, to go off, escape, quit, with AS. him from swicon, went from him; thone death beswican, to escape death. Weal, Wealth. AS. wel, well; wela, abundance, wealth, prosperity; in pl. riches; wela, welig, rich. OHG. welida, welitha, wealth. In the same way we have Fr. bien, well, and as a substantive biens, goods, substance, wealth. Weald. AS. weald, G. wald, wood, forest. The weald of Kent is the broad woody valley between the bare chalky downs which occupy so large a portion of the county. To Wean. G. gewthnen, to accustom; entwbhnen, to break the custom, to use one to do without, to wean. Dan. vcenne, to accustom; afene, veenne fra, to wean. Du. wennen, to accustom, to wean. See Won. Weapon. Goth. vepna, arms; OHG. wdfan, G. wa/fe, ON. vapn, AS. wcepn, weapon; Du. wapen, arms, tools.-Kil. To Wear. 1. To last, endure or hold out, as, this cloth wears well, i. e. lasts long.-B. ON. vera, G. wiihren, and Sw. wara are used in the same sense. Medan det warar: while this lasts. Tyg som warar lange: stuff that lasts long, that wears well. Den kladningen har warat twa somrar: that coat has lasted, has worn two summers. OHG. weren, manere, subsistere, durare; durah weren, permanere; werig, wirig, per- petuus, permanens; unwerig, caducus.-Graff. To wear out is to endure to the end of its existence, to come to an end, WEAR. 471 corresponding to G. rerwesen, to moulder away, to decay. To wear off, to go off by lasting, to go gradually off. When we look to the -verb to last we see that the idea of continuance or endurance springs from the sense of performing or fulfilling its proper end. To last is the equivalent of G. leisten, to comply with one's duty, to perform what one is required, to fulfil.-Kiittn. "Thei ben false and traiterous and lasten nogt that thei bihoten."-Sir Jno. Mandeville. The same sequence is shown in E. wear, to endure, compared with O-G. weren, gaweren, gawverdn, facere, praestare, servare, to keep, fulfil, perform. Uuereton iro gedingung, servaverunt pactum; 'ueret sermones dei, he observes the commandments of God; legem iuueren, to keep the law.-Graff. The verb keep itself is used-in both senses, to observe or fulfil, and also to last. To keep quiet is to remain quiet, and the word is provincially used for reside or dwell. A Cambridge student would ask, Where do you keep? But words signifying keep, guard, take care of, almost always derive their significance from the figure of looking, as Lat. servare signifies in the first instance to look, then to keep or guard, while the derivative observe signifies to perform or fulfil. The sense of a sharp look out is predominant in E. ware, beware, while G. bewahreu signifies to keep or fulfil. "Das gerechte yolk, das den Glauben bewahret : " the righteous people which keepeth the faith.-Isaiah 26. 2. Die gebothe Gottes bewahren : to keep or fulfil the commandments of God. Thus we finally trace the pedigree of wear to the root war, which through a wide range of language signifies look or take notice, as shown under Ware, Ward, Warn, &c. The G. wahr (Lat. verus, W. gwir), true, is probably to be explained as what keeps or fulfils the purpose for which it was designed. The true way is that which leads to the end we are desirous of attaining. A true man is one who fulfils his professions. A true saying is one which comes out in accordance with fact, when put to the proof. True, then, is what may be looked to or trusted in, what is certain, sure, 472 WEAR. safe. OHG. uuar, veritas, fides; se uuare, cert6; gawdri, probitas; ungawr, improbus; warit, kewarit, piuuarit, pro- bat.-Graff. 2. To wear clothes. The expression of a garment wearing well, or being worn out, seems so closely connected with that of wearing clothes, that we are at first inclined to identify the verb in the two cases and to explain the sense of wearing clothes as remaining or being in them, in accordance with ON. at vera i skyrtu, i br6kum: to be in a shirt, in breeches, to wear them; or as we say, he was in his shirt sleeves, in his best clothes. Sanscr. vas, to dwell, to wear clothes. But further examination tends to show that although the ultimate origin is probably the same in wear, to last, and wear, to bear clothes, yet the two senses are not immediately connected. The line of thought seems to be, to look out, take heed, beware, guard against, protect, cover, clothe. Sich vor der kalte, der hitze bewahren, to guard against cold or heat; verwahren, to preserve. ON. verja, AS. werjan, to defend, protect, cover. iHrgle hine mid to werianne: clothing to cover himself withal. OHG. warjan, weijan, defendere; prohibere, tegere, vestire.-Graff. "Mit uuati er thih io uuerie Joh emmizigen nerie: Amictu ipse te defendet, et perpetuo alet. Otfr. II. 22. 47. Then elliptically, to wear clothes, to cover (oneself with) clothes. AS. he moste wepen werian, he must wear weapons, must guard (himself with) weapons. OHG. gauueridont Christan, induerunt Christum; peinuueri, periscelides, leg- clothing. 3. To wear shi, to turn the ship before the wind; properly to veer ship: Fr. virer vent arriere, It. virare in poppa.- Roding. Wear, Weir. From G. wehren, Du. weren, to ward off, prevent, forbid, depend (see Wear, 2.), are G. wehr, Du. weer, sepimentum, defensio, munitio, agger; G. wehr, a dam, WEAR. WED. 473 dyke, causey. Den strom durch ein wehr aufhalten: to stop the current by a dyke or wear. IVehrdam, a wear or weir on a river. ]Miihl-wehr, a mill-dam; seewehr, a mole or pier; JiscA-wehr, a fish-pond; P1. D. ware, a dam across a stream to set nets in for catching eels, &c.; a crib to defend the banks of a river or a sea-dyke. AS. war, wer, sepimentum, retina- culumn; a dam for fish, fish-pond. Wayre, where water is holde, gort.-Palsgr. In the sense of a fish-pond the word may be confounded with OE. wayowre, stondinge water, piscina (Pr. Pm.) Suffolk waver, Du. wouiwer, vyver, G. weiher, OHG. wiwari, MHG. wiwer, wier, a pond for fish, from Lat. vivarium. Weary. AS. werig, weary; G. wihren, to endure; lang- wierig, lingering, tedious; Dan. vare, to endure; langvarig, protracted, lingering. The extremity of weariness is when we are quite worn out with labour. Weasand. AS. wesend; OFris. wasende, the windpipe; Bav., waisel, wazel, wdisling, Suffolk wezzen, the gullet, throat. Probably from ON. Avcesa, Dan. hvwse, to wheeze, to make a sound in breathing; Prov. E. quezzen, to chokle. The same relation holds good between ON. querI, the throat, and E. wherk, to breathe with difficulty, to make a noise in breathing; wherken, Dan. kvcerke, to choke. Weasel. G. wiesel. Weather. Du. weder, G. wetter, ON. vedr, weather, wind, storm. Pol. wiatr, wind; wia6, G. wehen, to blow. Bohem. ujtr, gen. w tru, wind; wati, wjti, to blow. To Weave, Web. Sanscr. vap, weave; ON. vefa, Dan. vceve, Du. weven, G. weben, to weave; gewebe, Du. webbe, ON. vqfr, what is woven, a web. G. weben is also to move to and fro, to stir. Leben und weben, to have life and motion. Bay. webern, to be in movement, to wander to and fro; wabern, wabeln, to bustle about; waiben, waibeln, to stagger, totter. The radical image is the reciprocating motion of the shuttle in weaving. See Wave, Waver, Wabble. Wed. Goth. vadi, OHG. wetti, AS. wedd, a pledge, what 474 WED. binds us to perform a certain condition, from Goth. vidan or vithan, to bind, gavidan, to bind together, to join; 011G. wetan, gewetan, zisamanagiwetan, to bind together. Goth. gaciss, a fastening or joint; disviss, a loosing. To Wed. Properly to engage or pledge oneself, to betroth; then passing on to signify the marriage which is the conclusion of the engagement. Goth. vadi, a wed or pledge; gacadj'on, AS. weddian, to engage, to promise. Him wedde- don feoh to syllenne: they engaged to give him money. Gif h wa ordales weddige : if any one undertakes an ordeal. Weddige se bridguma : let the bridegroom promise. Then in the special sense of marriage engagement. Wedcian eora magan to uife : they may betroth their relation, may promise her in marriage. Weddian was afterwards, as in E., used for marriage, but the proper term for the latter was cewnian, and the two are contrasted together in Sax. Chron., p. 314. 37.- Cockayne, in Gloss. to St Marherite. Flem. wedden, spondere, polliceri, fidejubere.--Kil. In like manner from Lat. spondere, to engage, are formed sponsus, sponsa, an engaged person, a bridegroom or bride, and thence Fr. 4pou, epouse, a husband or wife. The comparison of the corresponding forms in Welsh would lead to a different view of the immediate origin of the expression, although we are ultimately brought to the same point in both cases. W. gwedd is a yoke or pair, a team of horses; gweddawg, yoked, coupled, wedded; newydd weddawg, newly married; dyweddio, to yoke or couple together, to join in marriage, to espouse; dyweclddi, espousal, betrothal. The point of connection between the two lines of thought is that W. gwedd as well as Goth. vadi, a wed or pledge, seems to be derived from the root shown in Goth. vidan, gavidan, to bind together. OHG. kiwetan, conjunctus; zesamanagiwatan, sociarunt; kiwet, a yoke or pair of oxen; MHG. gewete, companion; Swiss, Bay. an-, ein-wetten, to yoke together. Goth. Thatei nu Goth gavath: what God hath joined together--let not man put asunder.-Mark 10. 9. WED. WEEP. 475

By a curious coincidence we have also Esthon. weddama, to lead; Lith. wedu, westi, to lead, to lead a bride home, to marry, to be compared with Lat. ducere uxorem. Wedes, wedded, married; wedlys, the bridegroom; wesele, a wedding; Let. weddama meita, a marriageable daughter. Wedge. Du. wegghe, wigghe, G. weck, a wedge, oblong mass. Wednesday. AS. wodens dwcg, Woden's day. Weed. Du. wieden, to cleanse, especially of noxious herbs, to weed. Thence wiede, a weed, the noxious herbs that are pulled up and cast out from among the cultivated crops. Fr. vuider, to void, purge, cleanse. See Void. Weeds. AS. weed, clothing, garment. Wist and weda, food and garments. OHG. wat, gawdti, clothing, garment; karu- wcit, mourning; linwalt, linen clothes; G. wand, gewand, cloth, woven materials; leinwand, linen. Fin. waatet, cloth, clothes, garment. Week. AS. weoce, ON. vika, G. woche. To Ween. Goth. vens, expectation, hope; venjan, to expect; gavenjan, to suppose, to think; ON. va n, von, voeni, expectation, hope; vina, v6na, to hope. Du. waen, opinion; waenen, to think, to ween.-Kil. G. wiianen, to imagine, suppose, think. Sc. will of wane, at a loss for counsel. To Weep. Goth. vopjan, to call, to cry; OHG. wuofan, MiHG. wuofen, wafen, to make an outcry, to lament, weep; wuof, wuqft, AS. wop, hveop, outcry, lamentation. ON. (p, outcry. From AS. wop is formed wepan, properly to lament, to wail, then to weep or shed tears, as from ON. 6p comes aepa, to shout, to cry. The syllable whoop is used to represent a shrill sound in whooping cough, and as a verb signifies to shout. War whoop, ON. her6p, the battle-cry, shout of attack. Lith. vapiti, Russ. vopit', to make an outcry, to weep; vopl', lamentation, cry. In Gr. o4, otrog, the sense of shouting is softened down to the signification of the ordinary voice or a separate utterance, 476 46WEE P. WEI GH. a word; and by a similar change in the radical vowel to that shown in ON. 6p, wpa, E. wt-hoop, weep, we have Eww ' (preserved in the aorist ELorov), to say'; Eos, a word. The same train of thought is seen in Lat., ox, voci8 (equivalent to Gr. or, oros), the voice, from voco, to call, where-the guttural c takes the place of the p in the other languages. Sanscr. vach, speak. Weevil. The worm that breeds in corn. AS. wibba, a worm; wibil, wffel, G. wiebel, Du. wecel, a weevil;Lith. wabalas, a beetle. The name is taken from the multifarious movement of a swarm of small animals. G. weben, to stir about, to swarm with; webehi, to wag, stir, bustle.-iKiittn. Bay. wiben, wabein, wibbein, wimmein, to move-about, to swarm; wibelig, stirring, sprawling, crawling. "Alles wibbelt, kribbelt, sich beweget." "Das wibende, wabende wasser."-Sanders. P1. P. wibeisteerten, to wag the tail. The Latin name of the insect., eurculio, seems to have been formed on exactly the same principle. It may be explained from It. gorgogliare, to gurgle, to boil, and then (from a comparison of the perpetual movement of swarming insects to the agitation of boiling water), " to breed or become vermine, wormlets,, or such creepers or weevils as breed in pulse or corn."-Fl.. See Wabble. Russ. wr~yati, to boil, also to swarm, to crawl. To Weigh, Weight. The act of weighing takes its name from the wagging movement of the beam., one scale going up as- the other' goes down. Bay. wagan, wagen, to rock, shake, move ; wagen, a cradle ; wagitzen, to nod ; wag, a balance gewdg, a lever; wegen, to prize a thing up; G. wiegen, to rock, to move to and fro; also (as wiigen) to weigh ; bewegen, to move; waige, a balance. Pu. waggelen, waegelen, to -waggle, vacillate; waegen, to sway up and down, to vacillate; to ,move; waege, a balance.-Kil. ON. vlagga, to rock; vega, to lift ; Va.g, a balance; vcegi, weight; vcegr, heavy. AS. wegan, to lift, to weigh. In the expression of weighing anchor the WEIGH. WELD. 477 word is still used in the sense of lifting up. Boh. waha, a balance, the swipe of a well. Russ. waga, a balance; wajit', to have weight, to weigh. The same connection between the terms for weighing and for wagging up and down is seen in Let. swert (wippen, waigen), to seesaw, to weigh; swirris, swipe of a well; swars, weight; swarra tilts, a drawbridge; swarrigs, weighty, heavy. Lith. swirti, swyroti, to waver, sway, swing; swerti, to weigh; swarus (showing the origin of G. schwer), heavy; swartis, scales, balance; swirtis, scale, beam of balance, swipe of well. Du. swieren, vibrare, vagari, gyrare. Weird. AS. wyrd, gewyrd, fate, fortune, destiny, from Goth. tairthan, AS. weorthan,' G. werden, to come to pass, to become, to be. To weird was then elliptically used in the sense of destine, appoint as one's fate, or announce as one's fate, predict. And what the doom sae dire, that thou Dost weird to mine or me ? Jam. Pop. Ballads. Altho' his mither in her weirds Foretald his death at Troy- Hence Shakespeare in 1Vacbeth calls the witches the weird- sisters, and latterly weird has come to be used in our literature in the sense of something belonging to the world of witches, supernatural, unearthly. In the same way the analogous conception expressed by Fr.fe'erie, magic, and E. fairy, takes that designation from Lat. fatum. To Weld. Sw. walla, G. wellen, to join two pieces of iron at a heat just short of melting. From G. wallen, Du. wellen, AS. weallan, to boil; weallende f yr, fervens ignis. In Scot- land coals are said to wall when they cake together in burning. The process of welding iron is generally named from the word for boiling in other languages. Illyrian variti, to boil, to weld iron; Let. w&rit, to boil; sawarit, to weld; Magy. forrni, to boil; forrasteni, to solder, to weld; Turk. kaynamak, to boil, to weld. 478 WELK. WEJLTER.

To Welk, Welewe. G. welken, Du. welcken, verwelcken, to fade, wither, decay, dry. Properly to lose colour. For which full pale and welkid is my face. Pardener's T. The which was whilome grene gras, Is welewid hay, as time now is.-Gower in Hal. W. gwelw, pale. AS. fealo, fealwe, fallow, yellow; fealwian, to grow yellow; wealhian, to dry up. Esthon. walg, white; walkia, whitish. Fin. walkia, white; walawa, whitish; walas- taa, to become pale or whitish; kalewa, pale; halistua, to become whitish, to- fade. Welkin. AS. wolcen, G. wolke, cloud; wolken hinmel, the clouds of heaven, the welkin, sky. Perhaps wuolke may be from the woolly (G. wolle, wool) aspect of the clouds, analogous to Fin. liemen, wool, lieminka, down, wool, and thence a thin cloud; liemettaa, to cover with wool, to become clouded over. The fleecy clouds is an habit- ual metaphor, which we also find in Virgil. Tenuia nec lance per coelum velera ferri. Well. Goth. vaila, well, better; OHG. wala, wola, welo, G. wohl, well. W. gwell, better. Lap. waljo, good; walfo 'lma, a thorough good man; waijet, ON. velja, to take what is good, to choose. To Well, Well. AS. weallan, ON. vella, Du. wellen, G. wallen, to boil, bubble up, spring. AS. wylle, ODu. welle, walle, a spring, a well, spring water. G. quellen, to spring; quelle, a spring of water. Welt. W. gwald, a hem; gwald esgid, the welt of a shoe. "The welt of a garment, ord, bord, bordure d'un vestement." -Cot. Gael. balt, baltan, border, belt, welt of a shoe. To Welter. AS. waltan, P1. D. w itern, weltern, woltern, Sw. wdlta, whltra, G. wlzen, to roll, wallow, welter; sich in seinem blute wilzen, to wallow or welter in one's blood. Fr. vautrer, to wallow like a sow in the mire. Lat. volutare, to roll. See Wallow. WEM. WERE. 479

Wem. AS. wawm, worn, a spot, stain, blemish, crime, sin, evil. ON. v6mm, shame, dishonour, vice. Fin. wamma, a fault, blemish, wound, swelling, boil; wammata, to hurt, to wound. Wen. AS. wenn, a swelling, a wart. Perhaps a corruption of wem. Wench. A depreciatory or familiar term for a young woman. The parallel form in Germany is mensch, minsch, minsk, answering to Goth. mannisk, OHG.mennisc, a derivative from mann. Swab. mensch, a girl, a mistress, a woman of the lower orders; vermenschern, to wench. Westerw. mensch, a prostitute; P1. D. minsk, contemptuously, a woman; sich beminsken, to take a wife. The interchange of w and m is doubtless unusual, but wir in some parts of Germany becomes mer, mir. To Wend, Went. To go. AS. wendan, to turn, turn his steps, go. Of Ledene on Englisc wende: turns from Latin into English. Wende hine thanon: turned him thence. Wendan hider and thider: to go to and fro. In the same way, to return is to go back, and in OE. to bow, i. e. to bend, meaning to bend his steps, was much used in the sense of go. See Bow. ON. venda, G. wenden, to turn. Venda vegi sinum: to turn his course. Bay. winden, to turn, to go in a certain direction. " Thie liuti wuntum helm:" the people went home.-Otfr. Were, Weregild. In the Old German laws the death of a man was generally compounded for by the payment of a sum of money to the relations of the murdered man. This was called his were or weregild, OHG. werigelt, OFris. wergeld, werield, AS. wera, wer, weregeld. Gildan were, to pay were. To eacan tham riht were: in addition to his right weregild. OSax. were, weregheld, luitio, pretium redemptionis.-Kil. The word is commonly explained from AS. wer, Lat. vtir,man, in accordance with ON. manngjold, mannbot, Dan. mandebod, composition or fine paid for the death of a man. And doubtless the term was early understood in this sense: "weergelt, VOL. In. 2 I 480 WER E. WHANG. dat is mannegelt."-Richthofen. It is remarkable however that in all the Finnic languages were signifies blood, which would give a much more lively expression of theidea. Lap. twarr, Esthon. werre, Fin. weri, Magy. ver, blood; verd/, Esthon. werre-hind (hind, price, cost, value), G. blatgelt, the price of blood, money paid in satisfaction of blood. Turk. kan, blood; kan-pahassi, money paid to the heir of a slain man by the homiide. Schmeller's explanation is less probable, from weren, geweren, to pay or discharge an obligation. Abraham says to Isaac, "Du must das opfer seyn, wir miissen den Herren geweren." Werung, werschaft, payfient, satisfaction. Werewolf. The temporary transformation of men into wolves was a very general superstition, giving rise to Gr. AvxavOpcowos, wolfman. The corresponding term in AS. was Verwolf, from wer, Goth. vair, Lat. vir, man. Hence Mid. Lat. geruiphus, OFr. garwal, garol, garoa. "Vidimus enim frequenter in Anglia per lunationes homines in lupos mutari; quod hominum genus Gerulp2hos Galli nominant, Angli vero Werewulf dicunt. Were enim Anglic6 virum sonat; wyif, lupum."-Gervas. Tileber. in Due. Bisclaveret ad nun en Bretan, Garwall l'apelent liNorman. The intrinsic meaning of the word being now obscured to a French ear, the term for wolf was again prefixed in an intel- ligible form: loup-garout, a werewolf. West. It is remarkable that both East and West admit of explanation from the Finnish languages. Esthon. wessi, water; wessi kcaar (the wet quarter), the West; wessi tuul (the wet wind), the N.W. wind. Wet. See Water. Whale. AS. hwal, G. wallfisch. Gr. eaX-q, aatz'a, Lat. balena. Whang. A blow or bang, to beat, to throw or bang down with violence.-Mrs Baker. From the notion of flinging violently down comes the sense of something large, a large WHANG. WHEEL. 481 separate piece, a whacking piece, a thumper. Whang, anything large, a thong-Hal.; whang, quhayng, a thick slice, a whang of cheese.-Jam. A quhank, a great slice of cheese. GI. Grose. A strap is a slice or separate portion of leather. It is probable that AS. thwang has the same origin, as we find thwack answering to whack, as thwang to whang, So also we have the synonyms whart and thwart, whittle and thwittle. Wharf. The G. werfen, to cast (aufwerfen, to cast up), is doubtless the origin of Pl. D. warf, a mound of earth on which houses are placed for protection against inundation, or a raised place by the waterside where ships are built and re- paired; also a wharf or shore secured with timber.-Brem. Wtb. IDa. werf, a raised place on which a house is built; scheepswe)f, timmerwerf, Sw. skepphvaf, a dockyard, shipyard. -- Bomhoff. Holstein warf, wor, warve, weift, a raised mound on which a house stands.-Schatze. E. Fris. warf, weyf, raised ground on which a house, church, or windmill is placed. -Wiarda. Wheal. See Wale. Wheat. AS. hvete, Goth. hvaitei. The name is conjectured to be derived from Goth. hveits, white. Wheatear. A bird with a white rump, formerly called whittail, from whence wheatear appears to be corrupted. Fr. blanculet, a whittail, or bird of her bigness that is very fat and good eating.-Cot. To Wheedle. To persuade by coaxing or flattery. From G. wedeln, to wag the tail. In Fab. et Contes, III. 58, the dog says Je vois apres et si couete Por avoir aucune chosete. Coueter, to wag the tail. Dan. logre, to wag the tail, to flatter, wheedle; ON.fladra, to wag the tail, blanditiis fallere, to wheedle. Wheel. AS. hweol, ON. 461, heel, anything circular, a wheel. W. chwyl, a turn, a course; chwylfa, an orbit. Du. wiel, a wheel, a whirlpool, the whorl of a spindle; wielbrood, 212 482 WHEEL. WHELM. a twist, bread twisted in a spiral form. Lane. wheel, wheelpit, a whirlpool. To Wheeze. AS. kweosan, to breathe with difficulty, to breathe audibly. ON. hvcesa, Dan. hvcese, to wheeze, to hiss. Yorksh. whazle, to wheeze. Bret. c'houiza, to breathe, blow, puff, swell. Whelk. 1. AS. weoluc, weole, a welk, wilk, shellfish. 2. A whelk is also a blow, a fall, and thence a mark, stripe, pimple. Whelker, a thump or blow; whelking, very large.- Hal. A modification of the word whack, representing the sound of a blow. Whacking, thumping, bouncing, strapping, are analogous expressions, conveying the sense of magnitude. To Whelm, Whelve. To whelm or whemble, to cover a thing by turning some vessel over it. " Whelm that dish over them currants."-Mrs Baker. To whawm, to overwhelm.- Hal. To wabble, and with the nasal, wamble, is to move to and fro, up and down, to roll about; Sc. whammle, to turn round. Wi' her tail in her teeth she wlammeled it roun Till a braid star drapt frae the lift aboon. Du. wemelen, to palpitate, whirl, turn round.-Kil. Sc. womel, whummil, quhemle, NE. whemmle, to turn upside. And schyll Triton with his wyndy hornme Over whemlyt all the flowand ocean. Bellenden in Jam. From wkemmle to whelm we pass by an inversion of consonantal sounds that is very frequent in imitative forms. Thus we have G. schwappeln, parallel with Swiss schwalpen, to splash; and E. wabble is synonymous with wallop; potwobbler and pot- walloper are used indifferently. Again the same kind of inversion leads from our original wabble to OHG. walbQn, to roll, to turn round; whence var- walbnussi, subversion, turning upside down; sinwelbe, spherical, round; AS. hwealf, convex; Dan. hvcevle, to arch, vault, turn bottom upwards; Sw. hwadfwa, to roll, turn, change, vault; ON. heelfa, hvafa, to turn over, to vault. In Staffordshire WHELM. WHIFF. 483 to wharve is to turn a vessel upside down in order to cover something. To whave, to cover or hang over.-Hal. Whelp. ON. hkelpr, OHG. vey, MHG. welf, the young of dogs, lions, bears, &c. Welfen, to bear young. Weckerlein ist auf das bett gesprungen, Hat darauf gewalft seine jungen. Hans Sachs in Schm. Perhaps the noun may be from the verb, and not vice versa. G. werfen, to cast, is used in the special sense of casting young. Die hiindinn hat geworfen, sie hat sechs junge geworfen : the bitch has whelped.-Kiittn. Towarp in the S. of England is to cast a foal; in NE. to warp eggs, to lay eggs. The same interchange of r and I is seen in the parallel forms of AS. hwearfian and hweala, to turn. Wherkened. Choked. To wherk, to breathe with difficulty, properly to make a noise in breathing. ON. kverk, throat; Dan. kvcerke, to choke. Wherret. 1. A box on the ear; something to make the ear whirr. 2. To wherret, to harass, to tease. Perhaps like whartle, whartwhartle, to cross, to tease (Hal.), a development of Prov. E. whart, thwart, cross. Overwhart, overthwart, across. -Forby. Wart, to overturn, to plow land across. -Hal. To Whet. ON. hAvass, hvatr, Ober D. wass, wets, sharp; ON. heetja, G. wetzen, Du. wetten, to whet, to sharpen. OHG. wasso sehan, to look sharp; wassida, sharpness, edge. Whether. Goth. hvathar, AS. hwcether, which of two, from hva, which, who. Whey. AS. hwwg, Du. wey. Which. Goth. Avileiks, what-like; as such from sveleiks, so-like. OFris. hwelik, hulk, hwek, huk, hoek, which. Whiff. A breath of air, a word like puf, huff, fif, formed in imitation of the sound of blowing. W. chwaff, a quick gust; chwifo, to puff, whiff, hiss; chwyth, a puff, blast, breath. See Waft. 484 WHIFFLE. WHILE.

To Whiffle. 1. Properly to blow in whiffs, to blow unsteadily, to veer about, to trifle. "Two days before this storm began the wind wh#f/ed about to the south, and back again to the east, and blew very faintly." Dampier in RI. "Versatile wivikings and dodgings."-Barrow. Du. weyfelen fluctuare, inconstantem esse, omni vento ver- sari; weyfeler homo inconstans, versatilis, levis.-K. NE. wvh"ffle-iwhaffie, nonsense.-lHal. 2. To whi e is also explained by Bailey, to play on a pipe, whence whigfer, properly a piper or fifer, then applied to the attendants in a procession. "The whiJers were generally pipers and hornblowers who headed a procession and cleared the way for it."-lIal. Which like a mighty whffier fore the King Seems to prepare his way.-Hen. V. W. chwib, chwibol, a pipe; chwiban, a whistle ; chwibanwr, a whistler, a piper. Sc. fiqf, to blow intermittently; fujfars, bellows; NE. faff, to blow in puffs. Galla, afufa, to blow, to blow a musical instrument. Magy. fuvallni, to blow gently; fuv6, a bellows; fucola, a flute. Whig. 1. A drink prepared from fermented whey. W. chwig, fermented, sour; whey fermented with sweet herbs.- Spurrell. 2. A bun. Bay. wegg, wegk, week, a wedge, a wedge of butter or of dough, a roll. Du. wvegghe, wviggke, a wedge, thence a mass, an oblong cake of bread or of butter.-Kil. While. Goth. hveila, hour, time; heeilan, to rest, to cease; gahveilans, repose, rest. ON , hvila, to rest; hvila, W. gwely, a bed. OFris. lvila, to remain, delay. AS. on daeges hwile, in a day's space; tha hwile, the while, so long as. Du. wiie, a moment, space of time, leisure, vacant time. Lett. talla, leisure, space of time, respite, permission. TVallas deena, a vacant day; wallas sirgs, an unoccupied or resting horse; man nawa wallas, I have no time. Lith. walanda, a while, an hour, time. It would seem from the foregoing that the sense 'of a space WHILE. WHIM. 485 of time springs from the notion of repose or rest, but a differ, ent origin is suggested by W. chwyl, a turn, a course, an event, a while, and as an adverb, while, as long as. Chwylfa, an orbit; chwylo, to turn, revolve, run a course. Boh. chwile, time, leisure; Pol. chwila, a moment, time. Whilon. AS. hwilon, hwilurm, some time, for a time. Du. w len, w /ilent,G. weiland, formerly, sometime. Whim, 1. Whims, Wim, Wimble. Whim, wim, a drum or capstan drawn by horses for winding ore out of a mine; Swhims, a windlas; wimble, an auger. A windlas or capstan and an auger are all implements that produce their effect by turning round. Bayv. wimme, wimmeln, wamszeln, wimszeln, wumszeln, to stir, to be in multifarious movement. Du. wemelen, to palpitate, vibrate, be in quick and light movement, to drive round, turn round, thence to bore with an auger; weme, a wimble or auger. Parallel forms are Fr. gimbelet, Langued. jhimbelet, a gimlet; jhimbla, to twist. The syllables w ip, qul, swip represent a smart stroke, a light quick turn or movement. Thus we have Dan. vippe, to seesaw, rock, tilt up; Du. wippen, to skip, to twinkle, totter, kick suddenly up; wip, a swing, a lift, a trice, the swipe of a well; E. whip, to strike with a rod, to do anything with a quick and nimble movement, to draw up by means of a pulley; W. chwip, a quick turn; chwipyn, a sudden turn, an instant; chwipio, to'whip, to move briskly. Then with a nasalization of the root, G. wvimpern, Du. wuimnpoogen, to wink or blink the eyes; G. augenwimper, the eyelid; W. chwimp, chwimpyn, a quick turn. The final mute is then lost, leaving an m as the representative of the original p. Thus we arrive at ON. hcim, a quick movement; at hvima augunom, to move the eyes about; Dan. vimse, to skip to and fro; W. chwim, motion, impulse; chwimio, chwimlo, to move round quickly; Du. wemelen, to palpitate, twinkle, whirl, turn.-Kil. Whim, 2. Whimsey. Whim, a maggoty fancy or conceit, a freakish humour.-B. Properly an impulse proceeding from some internal buzzing or stirring in the. brain that 486 WHIM. WHINGE. absorbs the attention of the agent and renders him deaf to rational inducements. G. wimmen, wimmein, to stir; OSw. hwimnla, to wriggle, stir, or crawl; thet hwimlar i hufwiudet, my head is dizzy, I have a buzzing in my brain; hwimska, folly. Prov. Dan. hvimle, to have a swimming in the head; hvimmel- hovedet, hvims, giddy, dizzy. Swiss wimseln, to be in a state of multitudinous movement; wimselsinnig, crackbrained, whim- sical. Dan. vimse, to skip to and fro. ON. hvim, a light movement. "Gad, my head begins to whim it about-why dost thou not speak? thou art both as drunk and as mute as a fish."-Congreve in R. But I forget my business, I thank ye, Monsieurs, I have a thousand whimseys in my brain now. A B. & F. in R. To Whimper. G. wimmern, Bay. wimszeln, to cry in a sub- dued way. Prov. E. wipping, the chirping of birds, weeping, crying.--Hal. Fin. wipuli, crying, weeping. A high-pitched cry is represented by the syllables cheep, peep, weep. The lapwing is called weep from its plaintive cry. Sc. wheep, to squeak, to give a sharp whistle; to wheeple, to whistle in an inefficient manner. Prov. Dan. hveppe, hvuppe, wuppe, to yelp; hevippe, to chirp. Whin. Properly waste growth, weeds, but now appropri- ated to gorse or furze. Whinnes or hethe, bruyere.-Palsgr. Bret. c'ouennma, to hoe, to weed, and fig. to choose. W. chwyno, to weed; chwyn, weeds. To Whine. Goth. quainon, ON. keeina, kveinka, to weep, lament; Bay. quenern, quenken, quenkeln, to whimper; Dan. heine, to whistle as the wind; G. weinen, Du. weenen, to weep, to cry; Sc. hune, to emit a querulous sound, as children in ill humour. W. cwyno, to complain, bewail. Fin. wlinista, to whistle as the wind; winkua, to whimper; Esthon. wingunma, wingma, to whimper, whine, creak. To Whinge. To whine, to sob.-Hal. A whinging blow, a sounding blow. Hence a whinger, a weapon, something large and strong. "I have heard it in Suffolk," says Moor, "as WHINGE. WHIR. 4S7 well in the sense given [a weapon] as of other large strong things, a girl particularly-and swinger also." To swinge, to beat; swinging, great, tremendous, as a swinging lie, a swinging frost. Swinger, anything large and heavy. From whinger in the sense of a sword, when the radical sense was obscured, were probably developed both hanger and whiniard. Whiniard. See last Article. Whinny, Whinner. To neigh. Lat. hinnire. To Whip. A light, quick movement is widely represented by the syllables whip, wip, swp, as a heavier blow by the force of the broad vowel in whap, swap. To whip is to do anything by a rapid swing of the arm or any quick, short movement, and the term is thence applied to reciprocating or circular movement. Du. wippen, to dangle, swing, skip, do anything in a hurry, seesaw; to twinkle, to flog-Kil.; wT, a trice, a moment; wippe, a whip, the swipe of a well; wipsteert, a wagtail; wipplank, a seesaw; wipbrug, a drawbridge; Sw. wippkarra, a tumbrel; Dan. jippe, to seesaw, bob, rock, wag. P1. D. wippen, wuppen, to move up and down; wuppe, any contrivance for letting up and down, a crane, a tumbrel; wuppeln, wppern, wippern, to set a swinging; wips! quick! ON. hvipp, a quick movement. Prov. Dan. hvibber, quick; hvibbre, to turn to and fro, to whip a child. Fin. wippera, quick; wippota, to whirl round; wipu, a crane. W. chwip, a quick flirt or turn; quick, instantly; chwipio, to whip, to move briskly; chwipyn, an instant. Gael. cuip, a whip or lash, a trick. Then with an initial sibilant, ON. slipa, to whip, move quickly, do anything rapidly; to waver; svipall, unsteady, movable; svipan, svipr, a rapid movement, an instant; svipta, to whip out or in, to snatch; Prov. Dan. svippe, to move hastily; svip, an instant, a moment; Prov. E. swipper, nimble, quick; swippo, supple; swipe, the handle of a pump, the lever by which a bucket is let up and down into a well. To Whir, Whur, Whirl, Whorl- The syllables whirr, whur, 488 WHIR. WHISK. hurr, swir, are used to represent- a humming noise, as of a wheel in rapid movement, the rising of partridges or pheas- ants in the air, the snarling of a dog, &c. Then from representing the sound the word is used to signify the motion by which the sound is produced; whirling, turning rapidly round. The final 1 only indicates continuance or action without altering the sense. We may cite OE. " hurron' or bombon as bees: bombizo." -Pr. Pm. "I hurle, I make a noise as the wind doth: Je bruis."-Palsgr. Sw. hurra, to whirl; surra, to hum, buzz, whizz; swirra, to whistle; Dan. uurre, surre, to buzz, hum,; svire, to whirl; Prov. Dan. Ivirrelsyg, giddy, dizzy; bvirrel- trind, completely round; hvirrelwind, a whirlwind. Fris. harre, herre, horre, to turn about; Prov. Dan. hverre, to turn, to change; P1. D. hverresteen, a grindstone. Prov. E. swir, to whirl about; swirl, a whirling motion.. Fr. virer, to turn round; IRouchi virer, to roll. Esthon. wirroma, Pol. wiro- wad, to whirl; uwir, a whirlpool, eddy. W. chwyrmu, to whizz, to snore, to snarl, to move with rapidity; chwyrnell, a whirl, a whirligig. As the representative syllable is strengthened by a final n in W. chwyrn, it takes a final labial in Sw. hwirfla, to beat a roll on the drum, to whirl; hwirfwel, a roll on the drum, a whirlwind, whirlpool; Du. werwel, worwel, G. wirbel, vertex, vortex, gyrus, turbo, repagulum (Kil.), what turns to and fro, or turns round; wervelen, to whirl. In Lat. vertere, to turn, the root takes a final t. Whisk, Whisp. The syllable whisk or whisp, like G. watsch !i witsch! wutsch ! wisch ! husch ! ritsch! (Sanders), represents the sound of a light or fine body moving rapidly through the air. Witsch! fiel es mir aus den hinden: Wutsch! waren sic fort. Hence witschen, wischen, and E. whisk, to do anything with a light quick movement. Wischen, davon wischen, to slip, to whisk away; wischen, to whisk or wipe; iisch, a bunch of something for whisking or wiping. Sw. wiska, to whisk, wipe, dust, to wag the tail; wiska, a duster, a whisk, WHISK. WHIST. 489 a wisp of straw. Fin. kuiska, a whisk, duster; huiskata, to run to and fro; huiskuttaa, to vibrate, to shake as a dog his tail, to sprinkle water. The equivalence of the sounds whisk and whisp in representing sounds made by the motion of the air is shown by E. whisper, compared with ON. hviskra, Sw. hwiska, to whisper. The radical syllable represents the sound of switching through the air in Du. wispelen, kwispelen, to swish or switch, to scourge with rods, to wag the tail, to rub with a brush; kwispel, a switch, a tuft, a tassel; Sw. wispa, to whip, to whip cream; wispaktig, inconstant; Swiss wispeln, to move to and fro, to be in constant motion. G. w~pps'! interj. representing quick movement. " Wipps ! hat er's weg." Wipsen, to whisk, slip away. A whisp or wisp of straw is then a parallel form with whisk, and signifies a handful of straw for whisking or wiping. Whiskers. Bushy tufts of hair on the cheeks of a man. See Whisk. Whisper. The sound made by a light movement of the air is represented in various syllables in which the sibilant is the principal element ; G. flispern, fispeln, lispeln, pispern, zispern, to whisper. "I T is, wis, wis! wispelt immer hin und machet kein wort."-Schm. Bay. wispeln, wispern, to hiss, whistle, whisper; wisperle, a light breath of air. Whist. The interjection commanding silence was written st ! by the Romans. In It. it is zitto !; and pissi pissi! is used for the same purpose; Fr. chut! G. st! hist! bst!' pst! bsch! ps! The original intention of the utterance is to represent a slight sound, such as that of something stirring, or the breathing or whispering of some one approaching. Something stirs! Listen! Be still. It. non fare un zitto, not to make the slightest noise; non sentirse un zitto, not to hear a leaf stir. Pissi-pissi, hst! hsht! still! also a low whispering; pissipissare, to psh, to husht, also to buzz or whisper very low. That Fr. chut ! represents a similar sound is shown by the verb chuchotter, to whisper, to mutter. Sc. whisk, whush, 490 WHIST. WHIT. a rushing or whizzing sound; to whisk, to hush. AS. hwces- tran, Prov. E. whister, to whisper. The game of whist is so called from the silent attention which it requires. Whistle. The sound made by the rushing of air is represented by the syllables whis, whisp, whisk, whist, &c. AS. kweosan, ON. hvcesa, Bret. c'houeza, to wheeze, breathe audibly, to blow, to hiss. Sw. hwissla, to hiss, to whistle. See Whist, Whisper. Whit. A small part.-B. AS. wih, wuht, uht, a creature, animal, thing; Goth. vaiht, a thing; nivaiht, OHG. niowiht, nought, nothing; 011G. iowiht, MHG. ieht, iM, ought; OHG. wihtir, animals. The use of whit in the sense of an atom or least bit is in accordance with several other instances where words in the first instance representing a slight sound are applied to a slight movement, and then to a small bodily object. Thus from G. muck, signifying in the first instance a sound barely audi- ble, is formed mucken, to mutter, to utter a slight sound, also to stir, to make the least movement. The representative syllable takes the form of mick or kick in Du. noch micken noch kicken, not to utter a sound. Thence passing to the idea of movement it forms Du. micken, to wink; Lat. micare, to vibrate, twinkle, glitter. The analogy is then carried a step further, and the sense of a slight movement is made a stepping-stone to the signification of a material atom, a small bodily object. Hence Lat. and It. mica, Sp. miga, Fr. mie, a crum, a little bit, and It. cica, Fr. chic, a little bit, Sp. chico, small. The use of the syllables mot or tot to represent the least sound is exemplified in E. mutter, to utter low broken sounds, and in the It. expression non fare ne motto ne totto, not to utter a syllable. Hence Fr. mot, a word, a particle of speech, and (passing to the sense of bodily substance) E. mote, an atom or particle of body; Du. mot, dust, fragments; It. motta, Fr. motte, a lump of earth. In like manner from Prov. E. whitter, to murmur, grumble, WHIT. WHITTLE. 491 complain (Mrs Baker), wkitterwhatter, to whisper (Hal.), Sc. whitter, qzitter, to warble, chatter, and thence to vibrate or quiver as the tongue of an adder,-we pass to iwitters, fragments-Hal., to whitter, to fritter away.-Jam. Sup. Again, we have twitter, to chirp, to giggle-Mrs Baker; twittle twattle, twit cumt twat, chatter, idle talk-Hal.; twit, the short inter- mittent chirp of a bird-iMrs Baker; to twitter, to tremble, to shiver; twitters, shivers, fragments. White. Goth. hveits, ON. hvitr, G. weiss, Sanscr. Vvita. Whitlow. The true form of the word is probably preserved in NE. whickflaw, a flaw or sore about the quick of the nail. TWhick, quick, alive; whit, quick.-Hal. The intermediate form whitflaw is found in Holland and Wiseman. "They cure whitflawes, risings and partings of the flesh and skin about the naile roots." - Holland, Pliny in R. "Parony- chia-is a small swelling about the nails and ends of the fingers -; by the vulgar people amongst us it is generally called a whitflaw."-Wiseman. Whitsunday. Dominica in albis, so called from the admis- sion of the catechumens clothed in white robes to the sacrament of baptism on the eve of this festival:--Bailey. To Whittle, White, Thwite. NE. to white or thwite, to cut away by bits, "He has thwitten a mill-post to a pudding-prick."-Ray. "I thwyte a stycke, or I cutte lytell peces from a thynge."-Palsgr. AS. sponas thweotan, to cut chips. To whittle is the frequentative form of the foregoing, and is used in the same sense. "The Pierce administra- tion, which came into power with a majority of eighty, has now been whittled down to ten."-Bartlett. To whittle sticks, to cut sticks for amusement. A saddle which pinches the shoulder whittles the skin; a shoe working against a stocking whittles a hole in it. - Mrs Baker. TVWhittle, thwittle, a knife. The radical meaning of the word is to reduce a thing to whits or bits, to fritter it away. Sc. whitter, to lessen by taking away small portions.-Jam. Sup. The 492 WHITTLE. WHORT. double form of whittle and thwittle is explained by the fact that both whitters and twitters are provincially used in the sense of fragments.-Hal. See Whit. Whittle. A blanket, or large shawl, named, like the word blanket itself, from being made of white or undyed wool. Whizz. A word like fizz or hiss, formed from the sound it is intended to represent. Who. Goth. hvas, hvo, hva, who, what; hvadre, whither; hear, where; hvaia, how; hean, when. Sanscr. kas, who ? Lat. quis, qui, who; W. pwy, who, what; pa ? what ? how ? Whole. Entire, unbroken, sound, in good health. See Hale, To Whoop. Fr. houper, to whoop unto or call afar off. A representation of a clear high-pitched cry, such as is heard in the whooping or hooping cough. From a cry of this nature we have Goth. vopjan, to call, to cry out; AS. wop, cry, lamentation; Illyrian vap, call; vapiti, to cry out; Russ. vopl, cry; voplit', to cry, make an outcry, lament; vopit', to call out, to cry. The initial w is lost in ON. op, cry; mpa, to shout, showing the origin of Gr. o , voice, and Erco, to say. The change from a labial to a guttural final, according to the usual genitis of the language, gives Lat. voco, to call, and vox, voice. Whore. AS. hure, commonly explained from AS. hyran, Du. hueren, to hire, in accordance with Lat. meretrix, from mereor, to earn. But a more lively figure would be afforded by comparison with animal life, as the names of the dog, bitch, vixen or she- fox, hog, pig, mule, ass, are used to indicate varieties of human character. In like manner the name of whore may perhaps be taken from the habits of domestic fowls, where one male frequents a number of females. Pol. kur, a cock; kura, a hen; kurwa, a prostitute; kurestwo, fornication. The term callet, a prostitute, seems to be the -dim. of Fr. caille, a quail. Whort, Whortleberry. AS. 'eortberg (hart-berry), the bilberry. In Devonshire they are called hurts. WHY. WICKET. 493 Why. AS. wi, the instrumental case of kva, what. or 1vwi, for what [reason]. In the same way for thi was for that reason, on that account. Agayne hym thai ware all irows: Forthi thai set thame hym to ta Intil Perth, or than hym sla.-Wyntown. ANochtforthi, nevertheless. Wick. The analogy of ON. kveikr, wick, kveiija, to kindle, quicken, set light to, would seem to justify the explanation of wick as the part of the candle which quickens into life. Prov. E. whick, alive. Lith. wykis, life. But the word has a more general meaning, seeming radically to signify a tuft or bunch of some fibrous material. Du. wiecke, a wick, a tent for a wound; G. wicke, lint, scraped linen to put into a wound; wicklein, a tent. Bay. wicke, the hair of the head; wickel, a handful, bunch of flax, so much as is wound (gewickeit) on the distaff at once; wickel, familiarly, a wig. Ain wikhel oder zachen, a wick. Swab. wicken, wick. G. wickeln, to wrap up. In like manner Fr. mache signifies as well a wick as a lock of hair. Pol., Bohem. knot, a wick, a match, a tent for a wound, may probably be explained as a knot of fibrous material. Wicked. The origin of this word, which has no equivalent in the cognate languages, seems preserved in Esthon. wigga, wikka, spot, fault, injury; Fin. wika, a bodily defect, then a moral fault. Wikainen, faulty, guilty; wiatoin, innocent. Lap. wikke, fault, cause; wikkalats, guilty; wikketebme, innocent. I1 le wikka, there is no fault in him. Wicker. From Dan. veg, provincially vdg, pliant, are formed vge, v6gger, vegre, a pliant rod, a withy, whence 'vgekurv, vegrekurv, a wicker basket; veger, 'cegger, a willow. Dan. vegne, to bend; vegne et snm, to clinch a nail. Sw. wika, to pleat, to fold. See Weak. Another derivative from the same source is the following. Wicket. Da . wiket, winket, Fr. guichet, a little door within 494 WICKET. WIFE. a gate, for the convenience of easier opening. Wykett or lytylle wyndowe, fenestra, fenestrella.-Pr. Pm. Doubtless from the notion of rapid movement to and fro. The wicket at the game of cricket is a narrow frame of rods stuck in the ground, which is constantly being bowled over and set up again. A short quick movement is represented by the syllables wik, whick, quick. ON. hvika, to totter, waver ; hvikeygdr, having an unsteady glance; hvikull, unsteady, flighty; vik, a start, a slight movement; Du. wicken, vibrare-Kil.; wikken, to weigh in the hand, i. e. to move up and down. Wink, a vibration of the eyelid, is a nasalized form of the same root. Wide. AS. wid, G. weit, ON. widr, broad, ample, spacious; Fr. vuide, empty. See Void. Widow. AS. wuduwa, a widower; wuduwe, Goth. viduvo, G. wittwe, Lat. vidua, a widow. Sanscr. vidhavda, a widow, is explained from vi, without, and dhava, a husband. So sadhav&, a woman whose husband is living. On the other hand, from W. gwedd, a yoke or pair, we have dyweddio, to yoke together, to espouse; gweddawg, couipled, yoked, wedded; gweddw, fit to be connected, marriageable, single, solitary; eidion gweddw, an ox without a fellow; gwas gweddw, a single man; dyn weddw, a single person; dynes weddw, a single woman; giwr gweddw, a widower; gwraig weddw, a widow. Wield. Goth. caldan, AS. wealdan, ON. valda, Dan. volde, Lith. valdyti, Illyrian vladati, Russ. vladjet', to rule, dispose of. Wife, Woman. AS., ON. wif, OHG. wib, wip, G. weib, woman, wife. The two sexes were distinguished in AS. as tapned-man, weaponed, and wifman. Wwpned-bearn, wcepned- cild, a male child; wfcild, a female child. God big geworhte, wwpned and wimmamn: God created them male and female.- Mark 10. 6. Gebletsode metod alwihta w/f and wcepned: the WIFE. WILD. 495 lord of all things blessed female and male.-Cedm. 10. 131. And as the sword and the distaff were taken on the continent as the type of the two sexes, it was supposed that the weapon was here sed in the same sense, while wife was explained from weaving taken as the characteristic function of the female. But in AS. wcepned, the weapon is certainly metaphorical. Veretrum, wepen-gecynd.-1Elfr. Veretrum, teors ; calamus, teors, thcet wepen.-AS. Vocab. in Nat. Antiq. It was to be expected that the distinctive names of man and woman should be taken in the first instance from their physical con- struction. The woman would be viewed as the child-bearing, and the word wife would be satisfactorily explained if it could be identified with womb, Goth. vamba, Sc. wame, the belly, womb, bowels. Now Lap. ,aimo is the heart (originally perhaps the belly in general, as W. calon, the heart, womb-Richards) ; wuolle-waimo (wuolle, lower), the groin, genitals (in male or female), while Fin. watmo is a woman, wife. Sanscr. vama, an udder, a woman. Bret. gwamm, wife. From AS. wifman it was an easy corruption to wimman, wirninon, woman.

The king hire wende to As wapmnon scolde to wimmon do. Layamon II. 376. Wight, 1. Wighty, Wigger. Active, swift, strong. Vyte (wyght) or deliver, agilis, velox,.-Pr. Pm. Y schalle gyf the two grehowndys As wyghte as any roo.-MS. in Hal. Sw. -wig, wiger, nimble, active, quick. Wig at swara, ready to answer. Wara wiger i miln, to be supple of mouth, ready of speech. Wigt, nimbly. Prov. Dan.'vgger, a pliable rod. G. wacker, brisk, agile, stirring, vigorous. Wight, 2. A creature, a man. Du. wicht, a child. G. base- wilcht, a wicked man. See Whit. Wild, Will. ON. villr, wandering at large; villa, error; villa, to mislead; villask, to lose one's way, to miss; villurad, VOL. III. 2 K 496 496WILD. WILE. bewildering counsel; villtra, false belief..iDan. vild, wild, savage; ilide, to mislead; fare vild, to go astray; tale elt, to talk wildly. Sc. will, confused, bewildered, at a loss; to go will, to go astray; I'm will what to do, I am at a loss. Wil of rede, at a loss for counsel; will of wane, at a loss what to look to, what course to take (from ON. Van, von, expectation, hope), and not, as Jamieson explains it, t a loss for a habit-- ation. Ff71ll, desert, trackless. OE. wylgate or wrong gate, deviacio.-Pr. Pm. W. gwill, one that strays about, a vagabond; gwillmer, a pirate. Lap. willet, to wander. Russ. whet', to turn, whirl, turn aside, turn hither ard thither not keep the straight course. A rational origin may be found in Sw. wller-waller, confu- sionl, disorder, embroglio, tumult, medley, probably from the figure of boiling water; willa, perplexity, confusion, distrac- tion of mind, illusion, error; g ti willa, not to know what one is about, to wander about. G. wallen, to wallop, bubble up, boil, be in violent motion. Let. willa, wilt to deceive; wiltas, fraud, treachery, deceit. Wile. OE. wigele, wihele, trick. Ygerne wes mid ohilde by Uther kinge Al thurh Merlines wigel.-Layamon IL. 384. "His wigeles and his wrenches."-Acren Ri. A.Wig hian, to juggle, divine, soothsay; wigeleore, a conjurer, soothsayer, wizard. The radical signification seems to be to deceive the eyes by sleight of hand, to dazzle by rapid movement. Movement to and fro is represented by the expressions wiggle- waggle, widdle-waddle, P1. AD wigeiwagein, to waver to* and fro. " and wigeleth as vordrunken mon that haveth imuint to vallen."-Ancr. IRiwle, To diddle is explained by Jam. to shake, to jog, and to diddle one out of a thing is to trick him- out of it. To widdle, to wriggle, to move to and fro, then to diddle or wile. Its Antichrist his pipes arid fiddles, And other tools wherwith he widldles Poor caitiffs into dark confusions.-Cleland in Jam. WILE. WIN.49 497

W. chwid, a quick turn; ckw ido, to make a quick move, to juggle; ekwlidog, a conjurer. Lith. wlus, deceit, guile; willa, iilli, to deceive; tvilloti to entice, beguile, deceive; Let. wilt, to deceive; wlitU, trick, cun ning, deceit. In like manner Bav. gigkeln, to quiver, to move rapidly to and fro, shows the origin of P1. D. gigein, legigehi, Du. be- guicheleu, begoochelen, beghillen, to delude, beguile, bewitch. Will. Goth. viJan, 011G. w111?, G. w/len, ON. cija, Gr. jovhokoat, Lat. volo, relc, to have will, to be desirous of. Lith. weliti, to have rather, to wish; Olay. voliti, to will, iRuss mOIja, will, wish, consent. Willow. AS. welig, wvilig, P1. ID.i/ge, wiclel, a willow. Wimble. 1. An auger. See Whim 1. 2. Active, agile. He was so vimbze and so Wight From bough to bough he leaped light. Sheph. Calendar, From the same expression of rapid movement to and fro or round about, as in the former sense. Wimple. Wynlpyl, peplum.-Pr. Pm. Fr. guinpe, gtimle, a wrapper with which the nuls covered their chiu and neck. Du. wvimpel, velum, velamen; impelen, involvere, implicare velare, velo operire.IKil. Winmpel is. also a streamer, a pennant. The radical idea is that of rapid movement to and fro, whirling about., winding round. Thius to wvhtp is- wed for a smart short movement and also for winding round. The nasalization of the root gives Du. wimp-oogen, to wink the eyes; wimnpbrauwe, an eyelid, and hence must be explained wviMpelen, to wrap, as well as wvimpe4, a flag, a streamer wavering in the wind. The radical image in G.twibbein, 'iurwin, to swarnm, is multifario-as movement, the movement of a mass of creatures in a variety of directions.. See Whiml. To \Vim. Pu. winnen, to gain, get, conqu'er, earn, to cub- tivate,. till the ground, to procreate children. ON. vinna, to 2K 2 498 WIN. WIND. perform work, to do something for an end, to labour, get, earn. AS. winnan, to struggle, strive, contend, labour, toil, get by labour, win, gain. To Wince, Winch. 1. To kick. "I ync)ihe, as a horse doth: je regimbe."- Palsgr. 2. Tinch, a crank, a water wheel. "I wykche or wynde np with a wyndlasse: je guinde."-Palsgr. 'The syllables woick, quick, whick, or with 'the nasal, wink, quink, which probably in the first instance represent a sharp short cry, are used to signify a start or short sudden movement. Du. quicken, vibrare; librare, agitare, movere, mobili- tare; quincken, micare, motitare.-Kil. ON. iik, a start, a slight movement aside; vik fa, to set in 'motion, to turn aside, turn round; hvika, to totter. Sw. wicka, hwicka, hwinka, motitare, vacillare.-Ihre. Du. woicken, vibrare-Kil.; winken, to nod, to wink; to make a slight movement with the head or eyelid., W. going, a sudden motion, as a wince or wink of the eye; gzoingo, to spurn, fling, kick, struggle, wriggle; goingdin, the wagtail. Bret. gwinka, to kick; Fr. guenchir, guincher, to start, shrink, winch or wrench aside, to wriggle.- Cot. Swiss twinggen, to sprawl with hands and feet; wingsen, woinxen, wingsten, to kick. As a body in turning round when viewed from one instant to another is seen moving in opposite directions, words signifying vibratory or reciprocating movement are frequently diverted to the sense of circular motion. Thus Lat. vibrare has the sense of twist or turn round, in vibrati crines, curled hair. From Du. wiikken, to move, we pass to wikkelen, to wrap up, enfold. WVemelen is explained by Kilian to palpitate, be in light and frequent motion, and also to whirl or turn round. And in the same way in the case of winch, the notion of turning on an axis is developed from that of a short rapid movement. To Wind. Goth. vildan, ON. eida, to wind, wrap round, twist; rindr, crooked, wry; cenda, to turn, to twist. Sw. whilda med ogoneni, to squint; tind, oblique, askew. Russ. wint', a screw; intit', to screw. Lith. wynoti, to wrap. WIND.- 499

This appears t( be one of the cases mentioned under Winch, in which the idea of turning round springs from that of moving to andl. fro. We use the interjectional expression widdle-addle to signify a ngmovement to and fro. To waddle, to sway to and fro in walking, and provincially, to roll up and down in a disoirderly way, to fold up, to entwine.--Hal. OIfG. wadalon, to waver, wander, fluctuate; wadalunga, ventilationem.-Graff. MHG. wadelen, to flutter, sway to and fro, fluctuate. Sc. widdil, to waddle, wriggle, writhe, winch. Then with the nasalization of the vowel, OHG. wantaldn, ventilare, volvere, volutare, fluctuare, mutare; It. centaglio, a fan; G. wandeln, to go to and fro, to change; wandehnuth, inconstant mind, to be compared with MHGi wadel, variable, inconstant. "Sin herze was als6 wadel." Sc. windle-stiae, a dry stem of grass wavering to and fro. Branchis brattling and blaiknyt schew the brayis, With hirstis harsk of waggand wyndilstraes. ID. V. 202. 29. But she's as dweble (feeble) as a windlestrae. Ross' Helenore. Windle bears the same relation to waddle that win ple does to wabble. OHG. wintwanto, ventilabrum; wintdn, ventilare; winda, winta, flabrum, ventilabrum.-,Schmn. Bay. wuindel, swathings; AS. windel (what is twined), a basket; It. gain- dolare, to wind silk; guindola, a reel; ghindare, to draw up; Bret. gwinta, to tilt up, to hoist; porsgwint, Sw. windbro, pons versatilis, a drawbridge. Parallel with gwinta is gwinka, to kick, W. gwingo, to kick, wince, wink. The train of thought is constantly a start or sudden movement, a change of direction, movement in different directions, turning round. The formation of the root wind in the latter sense may perhaps be illustrated in the clearest manner by the series, W. gwid, a quick whirl or twirl; chwid, a quick turn; chwido, to quirk, to juggle, to make a quick move; Sc. qaluid, whid, whud, to whisk, to move nimbly; then with the addition of 500 WIND. WINK. the nasal and a sibilant initial, Pl. D. wind, G. geselwind, quick; schwindeln, to turn round, to be dizzy. Wind. Goth. vinds, ON, vindr, W. gwynt, Lat. ventus, wind; ventilare, to swing or brandish in the air, to move to and fro, to fan. We need not suppose that ventilare is derived from ventus! on the ocontrary it appears to me that ventilare corresponds to OHG. wantaldn, mentioned in the last article, which exhibits the idea in an earlier stage of development, signifying to sway to and fro, The name of the wind could not be -taken from a more striking characteristic than its proverbial inconstancy and mobility. A re- duplicative form like Er pitapat, pinledepantledy, or 011G. trintwanto, ventilabrum (Schm. 4. 110), is always a sign of the feeling of direct representation. Winniwunt, aura; win- itn, ventilare; winta, winda, flabrum, ventilabrum. So from the unnasalized root wadalon, fluctuare, ventilare, seem to be formed OHG. giwaida, ventus; gizado, afflatu, flatu aure; giwada, spiritum; Bay. gew-iden, schneegewaden, a snowdrift. Window. ON. cindciuga, Dan. vindue, a window, literally wind-eye, an opening to admit the air; ON. auga, eye. Windrow. Hay or grass raked up into rows, in order to be dried by the wind before cocking up. Sc. winraw, hay or peats put together in long thin heaps for the purpose of being more easily dried. Probably the latter half of the word is an accommodation. Pu. winddrooge, wind-dried, vento aliquan- tulum siccatus. Pi. P. windr-g, iminddrbg (of linen), half- dried. Wine. Gr. o1Vog, Lat. vinurn, Goth. vein. Wing. ON. Vngr, Sw. winge, Fris. winge, swinge (Outzen), a wing. Doubtless from the vibratory action which is its characteristic function. !V. ig6, to kick, spring, fling, struggle; ON. vingsa, to swing, to dangle; Sw. suwmnga, to wave, brandish, swing. In the same way from ris. ujweide, to swing, wjueck, wjuweke, a wing; vyickjen, to fly.--.Epkema. Du. wicken, vibrare (Ril.), wiek, wiecke, a wing. Wink. The sound of a high-pitched note is represented by WINK. WIPE. 501

the syllables peep, queek, tweet, and the like, the effect of which is not altered by the introduction of a nasal. We may cite W. gwick, a squeak or shrill noise; G. quicken, quietschen, to squeak, creak; Prov. E. quinch, to make a noise-Hal.; Du. quinken, quinckelen, to warble; Prov. E. whink, a sharp cry. The syllable representing a sharp note is then applied to signify a sharp short movement, a start, jerk. Thus we have Du. quicken, to vibrate, stir, move, weigh; quinken, to vibrate, twinkle; quikstaart, a wagtail; Prov. E. quinch, to stir, twitch, jerk; whick, quick, lively; E. quick, rapid, agile, living; ON. hvika, to waver, shiver ; vik, a start or flinch; Du. wicken, to vibrate, to weigh in the hands; W. gwing, a sudden motion, as a wince or wink of the eye, a motion, turn, or shake made with a spring; gidindi. (tin, tail), the wagtail; Fr. guenchir, to flinch or start aside; Du. wicket, or wincket, a wicket or little movable door; Sw. woinka, to make a sign with the hand, head, or eye. To Winnow. AS, windwilan, Bay. inden, Lat. vannare, to winnow; OHG. wintdn, ventilare; wintwanto, ventilabrum; Bay. windel, It. ventaglio, a fan. See Wind. Winter. Goth. vintus, ON, vete, winter. Perhaps connected with Pol. wiatr, Boh. wjtr, wind; G. wetter, storm, tempest, weather. To Wipe. To sweep over a surface for the purpose of cleansing. P1. D. wiep, a whisp of straw; afenwiep, a straw besom to sweep out an oven. Wipe is a modification of the root wip, whip signifying a short quick movement, as sweep is of the root swp, of the same signification with wip. Du. sweepen, to whip, to flog; ON. scipr, a short movement, twinkling of an eye, instant. The same train of thought is seen in G. wischen, to whisk or move with a quick and transitory motion; hinweg wischen, to whip off, to whisk away. Wischen is then to wipe, to rub; strohwoisch, a whisp of straw, a handful of straw for rubbing down a horse. The E. whisp has the same relation to Swiss wispeln, to move to and fro. Dan. rips! pop! expresses a momentary sound or move- 02 WIPE. WISE. ment. Westerwald wisbeln, to bustle about, to be in constant movement. "Wische," says the Westerwald Idioticon, "expresses a quick movement connected with a whizzing or swishing sound." G. witsch! on a sudden, in a giffy. Bay. watsch! smack! representing the sound of a blow. Pl. D. wits! wips! quick. Wits! ware he weg: pop! he was off. 1pp-wapp, a seesaw. Wire. ON. vir, virr, P1. D. wire, wierdraad, wire. ON. at draga i virinn, to wiredraw, to protract, to be niggardly; viravirki, filigree. Prov. Dan. vire, something twisted together, a twisted wire. From Sw. wira, to twist; Dan. virre, Du. wieren, to whirl, turn, twist. Wise. 1. G. weise, way, method, fashion, way or manner of proceeding, course.-Kiittn. Fr. guise, manner, fashion, custom, usage; W. gtwis, mode, custom; Bret. giz, kiz, manner, fashion, usage. Esthon., Fin. wiisi, wise, manner. The original meaning of the word would seem to be way, track, footsteps; of which sense traces are to be found in Bret. mond war 1~ giz, to go on his footsteps or on his traces, to turn back; kiza, to return, It will be observed that we use way in the same sense as wise. In no way, in no wise... From the sense of track or way also may be explained OHG. wisgan, to show, guide, teach; G. weisen, to point out, to show. Jemanden zureelht weisen, to show one the right way. Swiss wisen, to guide, to govern; ON. visi, a leader, governor. It may be however that these forms are to be explained from the sense of making to see. Etwas weis werden, to be apprized of a thing, to get knowledge of it. Einem etwas weis machen, to make one believe a thing. Goth. vitan, to look, observe, perceive. Wise, 2. Wit. Goth. vitan, pret. vissa, AS. witan, pret. wiste, wisse, G. wissen, ON. vita, to know. Goth. unvits, unweis, unwise, foolish; unviss, uncertain; hintarveis, cunning; unfaurveis, unforeseen. E. wit, wot, to know. E. wits, the senses, faculties of perception; ON. vitr, WISE. WITE. 503 knowing, eitugr, viskr (for vitskr), AS. vita, wise, coun- sellor. W. gwydd, a state of recognition or knowledge, presence; dos o' mngwydd! go from my presence, get out ofmy sight; gwyddfa, a place of presence; gzoyddiad, a knowing; gwyddwg, knowledge, perception; Gael. fos, intelligence, knowledge, notice; thoir flos, to give notice, equivalent to G. weis machen. The fact most completely known is what takes place before our eyes; according to the proverb, Seeing is believing. Hence the connection between words signifying knowledge and seeing. Lat. videre, visum, to see; Gr. ELbCO, tco, see, perceive, know; Boh. vidjeti, to see; tjedjeti, to know ; Sanscr. vid, know. Wish. ON. osk, wish, desire; ceskja, yslka, AS. wiscan, to wish; G. wunsce, wish ; wiinschen, Dan. 5nske, Boh. wins- sowati, to wish; Pol. winszowa, to congratulate, wish joy. Witch. AS. wicce, Fris. wi/kke, a 'witch. Du., P1 D. wikken, to soothsay, divine. Si wiikken Wlaten, to have one's fortune told. Wikker, wilckkerske, a male or female soothsayer. The radical sense is shown in Du. wikken, to weigh in the hand, and thence to consider, conjecture. "'Tis eene zaak die gy wel behoort te wikken eer gy ze aanvaard: " it is a thing you ought well to consider before you answer.-Halma. Wik, weighing, weight. To Wite. To reproach. AS. witan, to perceive, to know, then to ascribe to, impute, blame; are witan, to honour. Goth. vitan, to look; idveit, blame. OHG. wizan, to impute, reproach, blame. MHG. wizzen, to reproach, find fault, punish. "Was hast du mir gewizzen daz du min kint erslagen hast:" what fault hast thou found in me that thou hast slain my child.? Comp. Lat. animadvertere,to perceive, and thence to punish. Dan. kjende, mark, sign; tage kjende paa, to take note of; kjende, to know, to pass sentence on. So also Fr. savoir bon gre, G. dan/c wissen, to take a thing kindly, to im- .pute it to him as an obligation. 504 WITH. WITHY.

With. AS. with, ON. vid, Dan. ved, against, opposite, towards, near. AS. wither, ON. vidr, against, opposite; G. wider, against; wieder, again. Perhaps the radical idea may be looking at, facing, in face. W. gwydd, presence; yngwydd, before or in presence. To Wither. NFris. waddern, G. wittern, to dry by ex- posure to sun and air, to weather. Now the consequence of drying a thing like hay is to wither up and shrivel. But a different line of descent seems indicated by W. gwidd, what is dried or withered; gwiddon, small particles of what is dried or rotted, mites; gwiddoni, to dry up, wither, rot; gwiddaw, a witch or hag; Pol. wiednad, to fade, to wither; wiedma, a hag; It. guizzo, vizzo, faded, withered. Withers. The shoulders of a horse. Withy, Withe. ON. vidir, Dan. vidie, vie, AS. withig, G. weide, wiede, an osier, willow ; ON. vidia, Sc. widdie, woodie, Bay. wid, widen, widlein (wi', wi'n, wid, wi'l), a band of twisted twigs; OHG. wid, retorta. The Craven Gloss. explains widdy, twigs of willows or hazles dried partially in the fire and then twisted into wreaths for many agricultural purposes. SLap. wedde, a tough twig of root for making baskets; weddet, to bind. Goth. gavidan, to bind together; OHG. wettan, wetian, giwetan, to join, to bind. The final d of the root is lost in Lat. viere, to weave or plait, and thence vimen, a pliant twig or osier. Lith. cyjia, vyti, to twist, wind; wytis, a withe, a hoop for a cask; Lett. wiju, wiht, to twine, plait, pleach; wihtes, a hopbine; wihtols, a willow; Pol. wi, to wind, twine, twist, wreathe; wi6, an osier twig; witwa, witwina, osier, wicker. The ultimate origin is probably the representation of a whizzing sound, which is then applied to rapid movement through the air, rushing, whirling, twisting, turning in and out. Prov. E. whither, to whizz-Hal.; AS. hweotheran, to murmur; Sc. quhidder, quhethir, to whizz, to rush; ON. hvidra, to rush; Prov. E. whidder, to quake, to shiver; Sc. WITHY. WITTOL. 505 widdill, to wriggle, writhe, winch; E. twiddle, to twist or move to" and fro between the fingers; quhid, tvhid, a quick movement; in a whid, in a moment; W. gwid, a quick turn or whirl; czwid, a quick turn; ch iido, to quirk, to juggle, to make a quick movement; chwidro, to move giddily. See Wattle, Wind. Witness. From AS. witean, to perceive, have experience of, know, we have gewivta, a witness, one who has actual experience of a fact; witnesse, gewitnys, 0HG. gewiznesse, ON. vitni, experience, and thence testimony, evidence; nitna, Dan. vidne, to give evidence, to depose; ON. vitnesl'a, intelligence, notice, warning. See Wit. Wittol, Witwall, Wodewale. The name of witwall or wood- male was loosely given to various birds of a yellow or green- ish yellow colour, as the green woodpecker, yellowhammer, oriole, &c. Du. weedewael, geelgorse, galgulus, galbula, chlorion, icterus, avis lurida, vulgo oriolus et widewallus; avis lutei coloris, Germ. wittewal, widdewael, Ang. widdewol. -Kil. The synonym geelgorse is explained by Kil. em- beriza flava, galgulus, curruca, the last of which was used as a term for a cuckold. Carruca est avis vel ille qui cum credat nutrire filios suos nutrit alienos.-Dief. Supp. Cutrru- ca, adulterse maritus.-K-Xil. in v. Hanne. The origin of this designation is undoubtedly from the fact that the bird known under the name of curruca is one of those in the nest of which the cuckoo drops its egg. Now although with us the nest of the hedge-sparrow is most usually selected for that purpose, yet the yellowhammer and the greenfinch are mentioned by Bewicke as foster-nurses of the cuckoo's egg. A slovenly pronunciation converted witwal into wittal or wittol. " Goclano, a wittal or woodwale."-Fl. Wittal, like 1VMicl. Lat. curruca, was then used in the sense of a cuckold, especially one who winked at his wife's offence. Wittal, becco contento.-Torriano. When the use of the word as the name of a bird became obsolete, it was supposed to be derived from AS. witol, wittol, sciens, sapiens, as intimating that the 506 WITTOL. WIZEN. husband was witting of his own disgrace. Nor was it only in English that the name of the bird, in whose nest the cuckoo was supposed to lay, became a term of reproach. The Fr. oriole or oriot is rendered by Cot. a heighaw or witwall, the first of which is obviously identical with Picard huyau (verdon), a yellowhammer or greenfinch, and huyau, like wittal, was used in the sense of cuckold. Ici git Nicolas Thuyau Qui de trois femmes fut huyau.-Hicart. I have little doubt that the G. kahnrei, which is quite unexplained, will be found to be a local name of the hedge-sparrow or some such bird. The yellow colour of the bird is indicated by the first half of the name, Du.weede, glastum, isatis, luteum.-Kil. It. guado, woad to dye blue with: some use it for' dyer's weed, some possibly call it wad, any greening weed to dye yellow with.-Fl. Fr. gaude, the stalk of a plant wherewith dyers make their clothes .yellow; dyer's weed, greening weed. -Cot. Wizard. A conjurer or diviner is called among the vulgar the wise or the cunning man, and in like manner from Gadel. fos (radically identical with E. wise), knowledge, is fiosack, skilful; fosachd, sorcery, divination, fortune-telling. Russ. vjedat', to know; vjedan', a soothsayer. Wizen. Shrivelled, dried up. ON. visinn, Dan. wissen, Sw. wisten, wissnad, dried up, withered; wistna, wissna, to fade, lose freshness. The word is to be explained from ON. vera (anciently vesa or visa-Jonsson), to endure, remain, be, as signifying what has past its time, what has been too long kept, in accordance with Fr. passer, to go by, also to fade, decay or wither. G. wesen, existence; verwesen (properly to pass away, to wear away), to moulder away, to decay; verwesen, verweset, rotten, decayed. Sanser. vas, to dwell, continue what has continued too long, stale. Goth. visan, to be, to dwell. "Inuh thamma garda visaith : in illa domo manete."- WIZEN. WO. 507 Luc. 10. 7. From the primary form visan or visa is formed ON. vist, residence, continuance in a place; heimvist, dura- tion of life, continuance in the world; Sw. hemwist, dwelling-place; wistande, residence, sojourn; wistas, to sojourn or reside; woisten, faded, withered. Wo! Woh! An interjection used to make horses stop, whence wo, stop, check; "there is no wo in him," "he knows no wo." In the same way ho! was used as an interjection to make one stop, as well in Fr. as in E., and afterwards in the sense of stop or limit: out of all ho, there is no ho with him, he is not to be restrained.-Nares. "Some be interjections be- tokening warnyng to cease. lo ! as, Ho! de par le diable ho ! and, Iola !, c'est assez."-Palsgr. Why woh ! or ho ! should be used for the foregoing purpose may perhaps be explained by Fin. woh! used to represent the sound of panting. Woh ! woh! vox moleste anhe- lantis wohhata, wohkaella, vocem woh edo, inde moleste anhelo. The sense of coming to rest cannot better be signified than by imitating the panting of one who is out of breath from violent exertion. Fin. hohoa, to blow; hohotella, hohdella, hoikata, to pant; huowata, to groan, sigh, pant, take breath, rest from labour. Wo, Woe. The deep-drawn breath of severe pain is represented by an interjection which is written in Gr. ovab, ot, Lat. vce, vah, hei, hen, Illyrian vai, Let. wai, Magy. jca, W. gwae, It. guai, ON. ,ei, G. web, wehe, AS. wa. The interjection was frequently joined with the personal pronoun, as in Lat. hei mihi! Gr. oqot ! Let. waniman ! Illyr. rainme! OE. wnume! "Wumme! lefdi quath he tha wa is me mine lifes! "-Cockayne, St Marherite, 47. b. 21. Again, the same principle which leads us to imitate the cry of a cow or a sheep, when we wish to make our hearer think of those animals, or, in other words, the principle which leads us to signify a cow or a sheep by a representation of their cry, leads also to an imitation of the groan of pain when we wish to make our hearer think of a person in pain, which 508 WO. WOMB. is the first step towards the conception of pain in the abstract. Hence the almost universal use of the interjection representing a groan, with or without grammatical additions, in the sense of pain, suffering, whether bodily or mental, sorrow, grief. Thus we have Let. wai! alas; waida, pain, sorrow. Illyrian vai, Magy. jaj, W. gwae, AS. wa, are used not only as interjections but also in the sense of pain, sorrow, misfortune, woe. G. kopfuwe, zahnwe], headache, toothache; we/he tuan, to cause pain; wehmuth, pain, sorrow, anguish. Woad. OHG.weit, G. waido, It. guado, Fr. guesde. Wold. A down or champian ground, hilly and void of wood.-B. The proper meaning seems to be the grassy surface of the ground. ON. 5611r, ground, earth, field; ODan. cold, field; now, mound, rampart, dike; Sw. wall, rampart, dike, field, grassy surface of the ground, pasture; walla sig, to become covered with turf; walla, g i wall, to lead cattle to pasture; wigwall, field of battle; kirkiawall, churchyard. WE. velling, getting turf up for burning.-Hal. " The green welle :" greensward.-Sir Gawaine. Sc.fail, turf; Gael.fil, a wall, hedge, sod. Wolf. Goth. vaulfs, ON. uf', Lat. i pus. Then with a final k instead of p, Lith. wilkas, Slav. wilk, wulk, Serv. vuk, Gr, AvKOY. Woman. See Wife. Womb. Goth. vamba, AS. wamb, ON. v6mb, belly, womb. The name seems applicable in the first instance to any hanging or swagging part of the body, as a dewlap, the belly, the udder, from MHG. wappen, G. schwappen, to wag or swag; Du. wapperen, pendere-Kil.; E. wvabble, wamble. Thus we have M1IIG. wappe, wamme, palear; Bay. wamben, wampen, wampl, the belly of beasts, ana contemptuously, of man; G. wampe, wamme, dewlap, double-chin, paunch; wampig, gor- bellied; moswampen, a quag or quaking moss; OHG.milich- wappel, milichwrnpel (Schm.), VIMHG. mnilchwempel, the udder; wembel, ON. vembill, the belly. Sanscr. vaima, an udder. WOMB. WOOL. 509

In like manner from Swab. watscheln, to waddle, swag; watschel, a person with a hanging belly. Wonder. ON. undra, AS. wndrian, OH1G. wunteron, G. wundern. To Won, Wont. AS. wuian, Du. wonen, G. wohnen, to dwell, persist, continue. ON. cani, Dan. Vane, custom, use; ON. vanr, Dan. ran, vant, used or accustomed to, wonned to, wont. To Woo. To seek a wife. AS. wogan, to woo, to marry. From wi'f; wife, the NFris. forms wtwwen, to lie with a woman, to cohabit (beiliegen, beiwohnen).-Bendsen, Nord Fr. Spr. 323. The word even in E, seems formerly to have been used in the coarser sense. Wytte is trecherie Love is lecherie Play is vilenie And holyday is gloterie Old man is skorned Yonge woman is wowed. Epigram, Reliq. Antiq. p. 58. Wood. ON. victr, Sw. ved, AS. wudu, OHG.witu, Bay. witt, wit, wood. W. gwydd, trees, shrubs, what is made of wood; in composition, of the woods, wild. Woof. The weft or cross threads in weaving. OHG.weban, pret. wab, to weave. ON. vefa, Wbf or 6f, to weave, twine. Wool. Goth. wulla, ON. ull, Fris. wille, Fin. willa, Russ. wvolna, W. gwlan, Gael. olana, wool. Lith. wilna, Let. 'willa, wilna, Illyr. vuna, Lat. villus, a lock; vellus, a fleece; Gr. ovXo, woolly; Esthon. wil, wool; willane, wildne, woollen, woolly. To Wool or Woold. In nautical language, to wind a rope round a mast or spar in a place where it has been fished or scarfed, to wrap a yard round in order to prevent it chafing. East E. woulders, bandages.-Moor. Du. woelen, to move to and fro, to toss or tumble in bed, flutter, struggle, to wind, wrap.-Bomhoff. "De mast kreeg een krak en most gewoeld 510' WOOL. WORM. worden:" the mast got a crack and must be woolled or woolded. NFris. wollin, Swiss willen, to wrap round. Our word is probably a contracted form from the type widdle- waddle, signifying motion to and fro, from whence in so many cases we pass to the sense of twisting, winding. To waddle is to sway to and fro in walking; G. wadeln, wedeln, to wag, waver; Silesian wudeln, verwudeln, to crumple, tumble, as a tablecloth. Deutsch. Mundart. vi. 191. Hanover, wudeln, to boil, to swarm; Bav. wiideln, wiiteln (wue'ln, wou'ln), to move to and fro, to stir, to swarm. Northampton wooddled, muffled, wrapped up about the head and neck. The rudi- ment of the lost d remains in the h of G. wiihlen, to move in a confused manner, to root in: the ground. Word. Goth. vaurd (G. wort), word; andavaurd,answer; gavaurdi, speech, conversation. Lith. wardas, name; Lett. wdrds, name, word. Work, Wright. Goth. vaurkjan, vaurhta, to work, make, do; lianduvaurhts, handmade ; vaurstv, work; vaursita, a worker. AS. weorc, work, labour, grief, pain; wyrcan, pret. workte, to work (pret. wrought); OHG. wurcho, wurhto, a labourer; AS. wyrhta, E. wright, an artificer; Gr. Cpyov, work. World. AS. werold, worold, weorold, Du. wereld, Fris. warl, wrdl, wrdld, wrdd, Dan. verden, G. welt, world. ON. verold, the universe, world, worldly life, properly the age or life of man, from 1d, age, lifetime, course of time; and ver, Goth. vair, AS. wer, Lat. vir, man. In the same way Lat. sceculum, age, generation, period, was used for the world, a worldly life. Worm. AS. wyrm, G. wurm, Lat. vermis, worm; Goth. vaurms, serpent; ON. ormr, serpent, worm. Sanscr. krmi, a worm; Lith. kirmis, kirminis, kirmele, worm, caterpillar; kirmiti, to breed worms; Let. zirmis, maggot, worm. The origin, like that of weevil, lies in the idea of swarming, being in finultifarious movement, crawling. P1. D. kribbeln, krub- beln, kremelen, krimmeln, krinmmeln, to be in multifarious WORM. WORT, 511 movement, to swarm, boil. "Idt was daar so vull, dat idt kremelde un wemelde:" it was so full that it swarmed. Up kribbeln (Hanover krimmeln) laten: to let the water boil up. Du. wremelen, to creep; Dan. vrimle, to swarm; vrimmel, a swarm. In accordance with the derivation it was written wrim in early English- Of fis, of fugel, of wrim, of der. Story of Genesis (Early E. Text Soc.), 299. Thorfore hem cam wrimkin [creep-kind, worm-kind] among That hem wel biterlike stong.-Ib. 3895. Wormwood. AS. wormwyrt, wormwort, from being good against worms. To Worry. Du. worghen, to strangle, choke; worghpeyren, chokepears. G. wiirgen, to choke, thence to kill, to slaughter. When a dog worries sheep he seizes them by the throat and throttles them. The word is derived from a representation of the gurgling sound made in the throat by a choking person. Fris. wrigia, to rattle in the throat. "Werther emmant dulget in sin hals thet he wrigiande gunge:" whoso wounds any one in the throat so that he goes rattling. P1. D. worghalsen, Hanov. quurkhalsen, to choke; Prov. E. querk, to grunt, to moan, wherk, to breathe with difficulty; querken, wherken, to choke. Worse, Worst. Goth. vairs, ON. verri, OFris. virra, verra, OHG. wirs, wirsiro, worse. Diefenbach suggests an origin from the idea of turning aside, twisting, as in the case of Lat. perversus, depraved, bad, and of E. wrong. Lith. wertu, werczu, wersti, to bend, turn; wirsti, to fall down, to change; Let. vertit, to turn, to change. Worsted. So named from a village near Norwich where worsted stuffs were made. Wort. 1. AS. wyrt, ON. virtr, P1. D. w6rt, G. wiirze, the decoction of barley of which beer is made. VOL. III. 2 L 512 512WORT. WORTH.

2. 011G. wvurz, herba, gramen, olus; ON. urtfrrt, a plant; Goth. vaurts, a root; aurtigards, ON. jartagcdr, MHG. wurzgarle, a kitchen garden. Chaucer calls a cabbage bed a bed of wvoris. Both senses of the word may be explained from the notion of boiling. Lith. werra or iverdi, virli, to boil ;ala wirti, to brew ale;, wirlas, boiled, cooked.-Russ. cant' Pol. wanzy6, to boil, to brew; W. berwi, to boil; berwedd, a boiling; berweddu, to make a decoction, to brew. The sense of potherbs, vegetables, may be explained from the same source, as signifying what may be boiled for food. Thus from Pol. warzy3, to boil, is formed warzywo, potherbs; ogrod warzywniy, a kitchen garden. Illyr. 'arili, to boil, to brew beer; vanivo, vegetable, any garden produce that can be boiled for food. So also Nagy. fjzni, to boil; fizelek, vegetables. The ultimate origin of this Slavonic root expressing boiling is doubtless to be found in the sound of boiling. Pol. gwarzyc' to buzz, hum, chatter; warczy6, to snarl, growl; wrzec, to boil; wnzawva, uproar, din, hubbub. Lith. alais 9virnimas, brewing of ale; juni wiriinas, the roaring of the sea. Worth, Worship. AS. weorth, price, value, honour, dignity. "Geseald to miclum wynte" sold for a great' price. Gildan Wunrth : to pay the price. To wuthe, in honorem. Weorliscipe, worthiness, dignity, honour, glory, worship. Biscoplic wunthiiepe, episcopal dignity. J'Teorthsc~pes wlyrthe: worthy of honour. Goth. vairths, worth,. price, worthy; vainthon, to value. 011G. wend, worthy, estimable; wverd6n, to value, to worship, venerate.. ON. vend;ct inch, worth, price, money; verctr, worth, of -value; virdtig, valuation, honour, respect. W. gwventh, price, sale, value; gwerlhit, to sell. Bret. gwerz, sale,- commerce, retribution, fee. Lith. wventas, worth, worthy, just. 'Illyrian e~rdan, worth, of value; vrediti, to be worth; Vrevdno, worthy, fitting. Fin. werta, worth, equivalent, comparable with in value, size, quantity,,' WORTH. WRAP. 513

Riksin werta jywia : a rix-dollar's worth of corn. Sen werta, so much; minka werta, how much. Kouran werta rahaa: (koura, the open hand), a handful of money. iE sen wertaa ole: nemo ei equalis est; wertainen, par, oequalis. On sen wertainen, est ei par. Werratoin, unequal, incomparable, excellent. .Wertaan,werrata ; wertailen, werrailla, to compare one thing with another. 241( koiraa hewoiseen wertaa: do not compare- a dog with a horse. Wertaus, eomparison, parable, allegory. Esthon. wacart, worth; se wlart ollema, to be of such a value. Wound. AS. wund, ON. and, a wound; Goth. vunds, wounded, Wrack. Crash, ruin. It. fracasso, any manner of rumbling noise, as it were the falling of houses, trees, thunder- claps, any ruinous destruction, wrack, havoc, hurlyburly, breaking to pieces; fracassare,fraccare,to ruin, wrack, havoc, make a rumbling and ruinous noise.-Fl. Fr. fracas, viblent breaches, wracks, destruction, havoc, hurlyburly.-Cot. See Rack. Wrack, Seawrack. See Wreak. To Wrangle. Dan. rangle, to rattle, gingle; ON. hrang, hraung, noise, disturbance, altercation; hraungl, noise. N. rangla, to wrangle, dispute. To Wrap, Whap, Hap. NFris. wrappe, to wrap; ON. at reifa barn, to swathe an infant. OE. wrappynge or hyllynge, coopercio, involucio; wappyn or wyndyn abowte yn clothys, involvo; wappynge, happynge or hyllynge, coopertura, coope- ricio.-Pr. Pm. Goth. bivaibjan, to wrap round. Expres- sions for the idea of turning or winding round are commonly applied in the first instance to motion to and fro. Thus we have waddle, to sway to and fro, and in Devon, to fold up, to entwine-Hal.; wooddled, muffled up, wrapped up-Mrs Baker; swaddle, swathe, to wrap round. In the same way E. wabble, to roll about, MHG. waberen, to move to and fro, Du. wapperen, to dangle, are connected with Goth. bivailjan, and E. wap above-mentioned; while Sc. wrabil, warble, warple, 2L2 514 WRAP. WREAK. to twist or crawl about, to wriggle, P1. D. wribbeln, to twist between one's fingers (Danneil), lead to Hereford wrobble, to wrap up. In like relation we have Prov. Dan. vrappe, to waddle like a duck, to struggle along, compared with E. wrap. Wrath. AS. w)reth, wrath, sharp, bitter, fierce, angry. FWrathre thonne wermnod: bitterer than wormwood; wrathe ongeald, dearly pay. Du. wreed, sharp of taste, rough, hard, sour, unfeeling, violent. TVieede wyin, rough, harsh wine. En wreede dood, a violent death. P1. D. wreed, bitter, austere, fierce. Sw. wrede, wrath; Dan. cred, angry. We speak of bitter feelings, of being embittered against a person with whom we are angry. The word seems to be taken from the writhing or twisting of the mouth under the influence of a harsh astringent taste, as Du. wrang, sharp, sour, astringent, harsh, from wringen, to twist. Sw. wrida pah m uInnen, to make a wry mouth. To Wreak. Goth. vrikan, to pursue; gavrikan, to punish, to revenge; AS. wrecan, to give effect to, to exert, and elliptically, to revenge, punish. Torn wrecan, to wreak his anger. He gewrecan thohte, he thought to punish. The primitive meaning is to drive, in a physical sense. OSw. wr&ka, to drive, as to drive sheep. Ma'ka fra'n sig, to cast away from him; wraka usfru bort, to put away his wife. Wrika, in an intransitive sense, to drive or wander about. Even in OE. wreke is used in the physical sense. In the directions for keeping the Passover in the Story of Genesis and Exodus, 3148, the Jews are charged to

- eten it bred, and non bon breken, And nogt thor of ut huse wreken.

-and cast nought thereof out of the house. ON. reka, to cast, to drive, to pursue; to drive a nail, drive before the wind, drive into exile; reka aptr, to repudi- ate, reject; reka rettar sins, to pursue his rights; rekca arma sinna, to wreak his wrongs. Reki, a driver; rekatre, re- WREAK. WRECKLING. 515 kavictr, driftwood. From this last must probably be explained E. wrack, wreke (Hal.), seawrack, Fr. vrac, varech, what is driven up by the sea, seaweed cast on the shore, seaweed. Wreath. See Writhe. Wreck. Shipwreck, properly shipwrack, Lat. naufragium, is the breach or destruction of a ship upon the rocks. Du. wracke, shipwreck, fragments of wreck.-Kili See Wrack. Wreckling, Writling. Wreckling, an unhealthy feeble child.-Brocket, Buckling, the least of a brood; wretchock, the least of a brood of fowls.-Hal. Wraglands [wraglings], misgrown trees that will never prove timber.-B The least pig of a brood is also often called a writling. "Besides it causith it to seem scortched and full of knots, yea and to grow like a dwarf or w'reckling."-Holland, Pliny in R.. Prov. Dan. vraag, vrcegling, nris.wr k, wr ker, an ill-formed, undergrown person. Fris. wrigge, a monster; wijlde wrigge (Sw. raggen, OE.ragman), the devil.-Epkema. P1. D. wrak, a poor contemptible creature, either in body or mind; wruuk, a short, knotty block of wood, an ill-grown, dwarfish creature or plant. The radical meaning may possibly be explained from Pl. D. wraken, wroken, to reject, pronounce bad of its kind; wrak, refuse, faulty. But the more likely origin of the metaphor seems to be from what is shrivelled or wrinkled, as E. shrimp, something small of its kind, from G. schriimpfen, to shrink. So ruckling or wreckling may be explained from ruckle, to rumple; wrockled, wrinkled-Hal.; ON. hrokkva, to pucker, curl; Fris. wracken, wrecken, wricken, wrickje, to twist.-Outzen. The form wrilling may be explained from Prov. E. writhled, withered, properly wrinkled, shrivelled. Fris. wriiten, to turn, twist, wrap.-Kil. Cotgrave explains Fr. grugeons, "the smallest or most writhen fruit on a tree, writlings." They are provincially called crinchlings or crinklings in English, from crinkle, to shrink, to rumple. From the same root, crink, a very small child, a crumpling apple.- Hal- On the same principle Prov. Dan. rremnp, a small boy, may be ex- 516 WRECKLING. WRESTLE. plained from Du. wrempen, to twist the mouth, E. wrimple, wrinkle. Wren. AS. .wrenna, Gael. dreadhan, Ir. drean. Wrench. A sudden twist, a sprain; to wrench, to force by twisting. " wrenche with the bodye, I tourne my bodye asyde; Je me guinche. I wrenche my foot, I put it out of joynt."-Palsgr. OE. wrench, wrenck, a trick, properly a sharp turn. Du. rancken, rencken, to bend, turn aside; rancke, bending, trick, deceit-Kil. ; ranken, to twine. A nasalized form of the same root with wriggle. Pl D. wrikken, wrikkeln, to move to and fro, to shake, joggle; Du. verwrikken, to sprain the foot; G. ricken, to shove, move; verriicken, to dislocate, displace, put out of order. Fris. wriga, wrigian, to twist.-Japycx in Outzen. Du. wreycken wt de handen, to wrench out of one's hands.-Kil. See Wring, Wriggle. To Wrest, Wrist. To wrest, to twist, turn aside, to force away by twisting. Fris. wridde, wrisse, to writhe, twist- Outzen; Dan. vride, to wring, wrest, writhe; vriste, to wrest, wrench. OFris. wriust, riust, wirst, hondwriust, NFris. wraast, Prov. G. riest, riester, wrist, the joint on which the hand turns; OFris. fotwriust, Dan. vrist, ancle, the joint on which the foot turns. See Writhe. To Wrestle. AS. wrcestlian, wraxlian, Fris. wraegsiljen, wrakse jen, wragsele, wrassele, Du. wrastelen, wratselen, worstelen, Devon wraxle, Somerset wrassly, to wrestle, to contend by tugging and twisting each other about. The first of the foregoing forms is connected with AS. wrwsten, to twist, and E. writhe, wrest, while the second belongs to the same radical form with P1L. D. wraggeln, wrackeln, wriggeln, to work a thing loose by pulling to and fro, to keep in constant movement; wrikken, wrikkeln, to move to and fro, shake, joggle; wruk- keln, to waggle, totter; Fris. wreka, wretsa, to use fQrce to, to wrench. "Ief emmen dysse sylen op breck, ief dora op wretst : " if any one breaks up this sluice or wrenches up the WRESTLE. WRIMAPLE. 517 door.--Richthofen. OE. rug, to tug, to shake; Prov. E. ruckle, to struggle.-Hal. See Wriggle. Wretch, Wretched. AS. wrwcca, wrecca, an exile, and thence a wretch, a miserable man. ineleas wrcecca, a friendless exile. Swithe earme wreccan: very miserable exiles. The same train of thought is seen in G. elend, a foreign land, exile, and thence misery, wretchedness. See Wreak. To Wriggle. P1. D. wraggeln, wriggeln, wrackein (Danneil), wrikken, wrikkeln, rikkrakken (Brem. Wtb.), to work a thing loose by wriggling or shaking to and fro; wrikken, to scull a boat. "Du bist jo'n wriggel-wraggel, you are never still." ---Danneil. Prov. E. to wraggle on, to struggle with difficulties. The table wrigs; the child's allus wrigging about. -Mrs Baker. OE. roggyn or mevyn, agito.-Pr. Pm. Prov. E. to roggle, rogge, to shake; to ruggle about, to stir about. Sc. rug, a rough hasty pull. Bay. rogel, roglich, loose, shaking. Der zaln wird rogel, the tooth is loose; rigeln, to stir, to shake; rigelsam, stirring, active. G. regen, to move, to stir. N. rugga, Dan. rokke, to rock or vacillate. The idea of broken movement is commonly expressed by the representation of sound of analogous character. The origin of the foregoing expressions may accordingly be sought in forms like Prov. E. ruggle, a child's rattle; racket, importunate, broken noise; rackle, rucket, to rattle; Sw. rockla, N. ruka, G. richeln, to rattle in the throat; or Fr. fracas, noise, disturbance. In like manner E. rattle indicates the origin of forms like Swiss rotteln, rodeln, to waggle, shake, stir; roden, to stir; rottlich, loose, shaking. And see Wrimple. Wright. An artificer. AS.7 wyrcean, worhte, to work; wyrhta, a maker, worker. Ealra gesceafta wyrhta, the Creator of all things. Se wyrhta ys wyrthe hys metys, the labourer is worthy of his hire. Wrimple. "Rider, to wrinkle or to wrimple; rides, crum- ples, wrimples, folds, plaits."--Cot. Du. wrempen, wrimpen (Kil.), G. riimnpfen, to wry the mouth; Bayv. rimpfen, to 518 WRIMPLE. WRINKLE. twist as a worm, to shrink or crumple. Cumberland wramp, a sprain; Prov. Dan. vrimp, a little boy (a shrimp); AS. hrympelle, Du. rimpe, rimpel, rompel (Kil.), a wrinkle, fold; E. rimple, rumple, to wrinkle, tumble, throw into irregular folds. It is a common train of thought to apply a root representing rattling or rumbling sound to signify jolting or rolling movement, and thence a rugged or wrinkled surface. Thus we refer the present word to forms like Du. rabbelen, G. rap- peln, to rattle; rumpeln, rummeln, Du. rammeln, to rumble, rattle. See Rumple. To Wring. To press or squeeze hard, to pinch or gripe, to put to pain.-B. AS. win wringan, to press wine; E. cheese- wring, a cheese-press. The proper sense is to twist. P1. D. sik wringen as een wurm, to twist like a worm; wringen im live, pains in the bowels. Dan. vringel, twisting; vringle, to twist, tangle; vrcange,' to twist. G. ringen, to wring, wriggle, wrest, twist, wrestle. Sich wie ein wurm ringen, to wriggle like a worm. A nasalized form corresponding to wrig, wriggle, as G. wankeln to E. waggle, or as wamble, to wabble, &c. Wrinkle. Du. wronck, wronckel, a twisting, a wreath, a wrinkle; wronckelen, wrinckelen, to twist, curl, wrinkle; kronckelen, to curl, twist, crook, bend; kronckel-wronckel, sinuous, twisting, curly-whirly. Formed in the manner explained under Wrimple, from a somewhat different representation of a rattling or clattering sound. Dan. rangle, to rattle; E. wrangle, to jangle or keep making an importunate noise; ON. hr ngl, noise, rumbling; hrang, wrangling, altercation; hringla, to tinkle. Then passing from sound to movement, Prov. Dan. vrangle, vringle, vrtengle, to go unevenly, to move in a halting or hobbling way; vringlet, crooked, twisted, crabbed in disposition. Sw. runka, to vacillate, jog, shake; rynke, a pleat, pucker, fold, wrinkle. The same relation between a broken sound and a rugged or WRINKLE. WRITHE. 519 wrinkled surface is shown in Prov. E. rackle, rucket, to rattle; ruggle, a child's rattle; N. rukla, G. rcheln, to rattle in the throat, and ON. hrucka, a pleat, wrinkle; hruckottr, rugged, wrinlded; Prov. E. wrockled, wrinkled. To Writhe, Wry. Dan. vride, vrie, Sw. wrida, to wring or twist; wrida ur led, to dislocate a joint. Dan. vridig, pliable; Ditm. wriddel (Brem. Wtb.), a wreath of clouts; Dan. vrilde, vrid, vrile, a whisp of hay, so much as is twisted up iogether; vreden, half sour, turned, of wine or beer. Du. wreed, sour, harsh, rough. The train of thought is probably, as in so many other cases, to rattle, to move to and fro, then to turn round, to twist. Swiss rodeln, rotteln, to be loose and shaky, to stir liquids; roden, to stir, to move; Bay. rodeln, rudeln, to shake, stir, roll; raden, reden, to riddle or sieve; reiden, to turn, twist, plait; ridel, a wreath, tress, plait, whisp; Prov. E. rudder, riddle, a sieve, an implement worked by shaking to and fro. Bret. rodella, to roll, to curl. Du. wraddel, a dewlap, from its swaying to and fro. Fris. wridde, wrisse, to rub or turn to and fro, to twist, to crook. It is remarkable that the groups of words expressing ideas connected with vacillating or rolling movement, clustered round the forms wabble, waddle, waggle, are mostly accompanied by parallel forms in which an r is inserted after the initial w. Thus in the first class are E. wrap and wrobble as well as wap, to envelop or cover up; Pl. D. wribbeln, to rub between the fingers, to twiddle, parallel with G. wibbeln, wiebeln, to be in multifarious movement, to crawl; Dan. vrimle, with G. wimmeln, to swarm; Du. wry en, G. reiben, to rub, with E. wipe. In the second class are Du. wraddel, a dewlap, the dangling skin under the throat of an ox, parallel with E. waddles or wattles, the dangling flesh under the throat of a cock, and probably with G. wade, the calf or fleshy part of the leg; E. writhe, Dan. vride, parallel with Goth. vidan, vithan, to bind, Sc. widdle, to move in and out, E. widdy-waddy [moving to 520 WRITHE. YACHT. and fro], trifling, insignificant-Hal.; Dan. vridig, pliant, parallel with E. wuithy, a pliant rod. In the third class we have Pl. D. wrigel-wragel as well as wigel-wagel, expressing vacillation; E. wriggle, parallel with wiggle, to reel or stagger-Hal.; vrench and winch, to twist, to turn aside. To Write. ON. writa, to write; rista, Dan. riste, ridse, to score, cut, scratch. iHann ristr mikla ristu, he scratched a deep score; rista runir, stafi, to carve runes, letters. Sw. rita, ritsa, to draw, trace, design; rista, to score, engrave. P1. D. riten, to draw, to make strokes, to tear, to split. That Lat. scribere also takes its meaning from the notion of scratching is shown by Gael. sgriobh, write; sgriob, scrape, scratch, draw lines; sgriobair, a graving tool. So also Let. rakt, to engrave, to carve; rakstiht, to write, to draw; Lith. raszyti, to write; re"szti, to cut, score, tear. The ultimate origin is a representation of the sound made in scratching or tearing. P1. D. ritsch! ratsch imitation of the sound a thing makes in tearing.--Danneil. Wrong. What is wrung or turned aside from the right or straight way to the desired end. Moral right and wrong are the right or wrong means to satisfy the conscience. Dan. vrcenge, to twist; vrang, wrong; ON. rangr, wry, crooked, unjust. In like manner Fr. droit (directus), straight, right'; tort (from tordre, to twist), wrong. W. cam, crooked, wrong, false. Wry. A degraded form of writhe. The Dan. vride, to writhe, is pronounced vrie (Bosworth), and the participle vreden (of ale), sourish, turned, vreien.-Molbech.

Y. Yacht. Du. jaght-schip, jaghte, a light ship, fit to give chase with, from jaght, chase; jaghten, to chase, to hurry, hasten; jaghtigh, venaticus, valde celer, festinus; jaghen, to hunt, and met. to hasten.-Kil. YARD. YEA. 521

Yard. 1. AS. geard, gyrd, G. gerte, a rod, wand, switch, a pole or perch, a measuring rod; bindgerte, an osier or withy; Bay. gart, garten, a twig, rod; ettergarten, rods for hedging; birkene garin, a birch rod; gert, a rod or pole, a measure for land. Du. gaerde, gheerde, virga, flagrum, scipio, stimulus.- Kil. Lith. karte, kartis, a pole, rod; apwyn karte, a hop-pole. Boh. ierd, Pol. zerdi, Russ. erd', pole. Goth. gazds, a goad. See Gad. 2. In the next place, probably from rods or wattlework affording the readiest means of making fences, ON. gardr, gerde, a fence, hedge, anything inclosed within a fence, a house, yard, court, garden; gerda, girda, to inclose, to fence. Dan. gjerde, a fence; gaard, a house, a farm. AS. geard, an inclosure; NE. garth, a yard, small field or inclosure, orchard, garden. Bay. holzgarten, the woodyard; hopfen- garten, hop-garden; weingarten, vineyard. Bret. garz, a hedge, a garden; W. gardd, a yard, garden. Illyr. graditi,to fence, wall, build; gradina, a hedge, garden. Yare. Ready, quick, expeditious.-B. AS. gearo, gearw, ready, prepared; G. gar, ready, complete, altogether. Der fisch ist gar, the fish is done enough, is cooked. Das leder gar machen, to prepare leather, to tan. Yarn. ON., G. garn, Du. garen, gaeren, yarn, thread. To Yawl. To cry, to howl.-Hal. Prov. G. julen, jolen, jaueln, Swiss jaulen, jauren, jauseln, to lament, wail, whimper; ON. g6la, to howl. Illyr. jao! alas; jaokati, to cry jao!, to lament. Lat. heu! eu! alas; ejulare, to cry en, eheu, to lament. Yawl. Gael. geola, a ship's boat; Sw. jdulle, Dan. jolle, a yawl, jolly boat; jolle, to row. To Yawn. AS. geonian, gynian, OHG.gindn, gein6n, ON. gina, Gr. Xao, Xawvo, to gape, yawn. Yea, Yes. AS. gea, and (in composition with se) gese, yea, yes, as ne, nese, nay, no. Goth., G., Du. ja, yes. Illyr. je, is. The meaning of yea would seem to be, it is so. 522 YEAN. YELK.

To Yean, Ean. AS. eanian, of a sheep, to bring forth young, to lamb. Gael. uan, Manx eayn, a lamb. Year. Goth. jer, G. jahr, ON. ar. To Yearn, Earn. Properly to shiver with desire or other emotion, as a dog may be seen to do when he is intently watching his master eating, and yearns for a morsel of the coveted food. " Frissoner, to tremble, shiver, earn through cold or fear."-Cot. Torriano explains to earn (within), sviscerarsi, tremar di freddo, raccapricciarsi (to shiver with cold, the hair to stand on end) ; to yearn, arricciarsi; a yearn- ing (through sudden fear), arricciamento. ON. giarn, desirous; girna, to desire. "A child is said to girn when it becomes peevish from earnest desire of any object."-Jam. Sophocles has EqpL' Epor, I shivered with love. Alban. XaXrapL, I shiver, tremble, earnestly desire. Yeast. The froth in the working of new beer.-B. Swiss jast, G. gaischt, froth of beer, yeast. Swiss jiisen, G. gischen, to froth or foam, to lather. Beer gascht when it ferments or frets, but still more when it is poured into a glass and raises a hissing froth.-Kittn. From the hissing noise of fer- mentation yeast is called sizzing in the S. of E.-Ray. And the word yeast probably arises from an imitation of the same sound. ON. jastr, the rustling of leaves, sound of trees in a storm (Haldorsen), yeast, scum on sour milk (Jonsson); gjosa, to spirt, gush forth with a whizzing noise; AS. gist, a blast of wind, yeast; yst, a, tempest, storm. Micel yst windes, a great storm of wind.-Mark 4. 37. Ystig, stormy, may be compared with Shakespear's " yesty waves." Yell. AS. gyllan, giellan, ON. gella, gjalla, to yell, shriek, ring, resound; Du. ghillen, to creak, squeak, scream; ghil- linge van de sage, the creaking of a saw.-Kil. G. gellen, to tingle; Sw. galla, to resound. To Yelp. ON. gjalfr, noise, yelping of dogs, dashing of waves; gjalpa, to roar like the waves, to dash; Fr. glapir, to bark like a dog, yelp, yawl, brawl.-Cot. Yelk, Yolk. AS. geolca, gioleca, the yellow of an egg. YELK. YOKE. b)23

Bohem. ldty, yellow; lautek, yolk; ?autenice, jaundice, the yellow disease; Pol. olly, yellow; oltek, yolk. Yellow. AS. gelew, geoluwe, G. gelb, ON. guir, Lat. galbus, gilbus, gilcus, helvus, falous, flavus, It. giallo, Sp. jalde, Ptg. jalde, jale, Fr. jaune, Pol. olty, Boh. luty, yellow. There can be little doubt that the word is connected with Gold, Gall, Yellk or Yolk. Boh. zlato, Pol. zioto, gold; Boh. klud, Gr. XoXy, gall, bile. Lat. fe, gall, may be compared with flavus, fuleus. Russ. zelt', yellow; zelch', gall, bile; ieltok, yelk of an egg. Yeoman. Rightly explained by Spelman from Goth. gai, OHG. gewi, gouwi, G. gau, gai, ge, Fris. gao, gae, district, country, place, village, whence OHG. goulih, gawise, rural, rustic. The primary meaning of the word would thus be a countryman. Fris. gaeman, gaemnon, villager, village inhabitants; gaekercke, village church; gaelioed, gaefolc, parishioners, village people.-Richthofen. The word is then quite uncon- nected with the gam of G. braiiigam, or with AS. guma, a man. Yes. See Yea. Yesterday. AS. gyrstandceg, gestrandeg, geosterlic, yesterday; Du. gister, gisteren, G. gestern, yesterday; Lat. heri, hesternus; Gr. XOE3, xCog, Sanscr. hyas, hyastana. Yet. AS. gyt, W. etto, yet, still, again. Gr. EnT,yet. Yew. Pl. D. ibe, ice, G. eibe, Fr. if, W. yw, Sw. id. To Yield. AS. gyldan, geldan, to restore, repay, pay, give back, give up. Sw. g'dda, to compensate, pay, satisfy; g~ld, debt. ON. gjalda, to pay; gjald, gjold, payment, satisfaction. Goth. gildan, to recompense, requite. See Guilt. Yoke. Goth. juk, ON. ok, G. jock, Lith. jungas, the yoke or implement by which a pair of oxen are joined together for the purpose of drawing a plough or waggon. The name is taken from the verb signifying to join. Thus Sanser. ytu, join; yuga, a yoke, a pair; Gr. CEVyVVEw, to join; Cvyov, evyos-, a yoke; Lat. Jungere, to join, jugum, Fr. joug, a yoke. ,524 YON. YULE.

Yon, Yonder. AS. geond, thither, beyond, yonder. Iider and geond, hither and thither. Geond feowertig daga, after forty days. Geond drige stowa, through dry places. Goth. jains, he ; jainar, there ; jaind, jaindvairths,jaindre, thither; jainthro, from thence; ON. enn, inn, hinn, that one, the; Du. ginds, ginder, yon, yonder. Yore. Heretofore, anciently.-B. AS. geara, gearwe, gere, formerly, for a long time; geara nu, jamdudum; gearagewuned, long used, inveterate; geardaga, ancient days, days of yore. Geara was also used in the sense of thoroughly, perfectly. Hi wiston geare (Luk. 20. 6), they be persuaded. Gearwe cuthe, I well knew. In the latter sense, at least, it is impossible to doubt that the word is identical with G. gar, OHG. garo, garawo, thoroughly, altogether, complete. Caro ni wiz- zanto, penitus ignorantes. Now the G. adverb is from OHG. garo, garaw, AS. gearo, gearu, yare, ready, while the idea of readiness passes easily into that of complete, accomplished, passed, long gone by. Es sind noch nicht gar vier wochen: it is not full four weeks, four weeks are not yet completely gQne since, &c. Gar selten, quite seldom. The notion of readiness is in like manner used to signify time completely passed in the adverb already. Where it is said in the Acts that "sailing was now dangerous because the fast was now already past," it means that the fast was some time past. And precisely as now is joined in the foregoing passage with already, the AS. geo, now, was joined with geara; geo cer, geo geara, geo hwilum, now already, long ago. Young, Youth. Goth. juggs, comparative jukiza, young; yunda, youth; AS. geong, G. jung, young ; geogothe, G. jugend, youth. Sanscr. yuvan, Lat. juvenis, Lith. jaunas, W. ieuaneg, young. Yule. The name of the Christmas festival among the Scandinavians and connected races; ON. j61, Fin. joulu, lEsthon. joulo. In English the name is nearly confined to Scotland and the Northern counties, where the language was chiefly open to Scandinavian influences. The ON. j61 signi- YULE. ZENITII. 525 fled not merely the Christmas festival but a feast in general. Hugins j6l, sklkynis j61, the crow's, wolf's feast; battle, slaughter. It is however doubtful whether the name of the principal feast of the year has been generalized, or whether the word once signifying feast in general has been in course of time restricted to the Midwinter festival On the sup- position that the primary signification is a feast it has been connected with W. gwyll, Bret. gouil, a feast. Bede seems to regard the name of Yule as equivalent to G. sonnenwende (sunturn), the winter solstice, when the sun turns from the shortening to the lengthening of the day. In the AS. calendar the months of December and January, on either side of the solstice, were called cerre-geola and ceftera-geola, the former and the latter Yule, and of these Bede says, " Menses Giulia conversione solis in auctum diei, quia unus corum precedit, alius subsequitur, nomina acceperunt."-De temporum ra- tione, c. 13. The author of the Menologium Anglosaxonicum takes a similar view, "Duo sunt menses qui uno nomine gau- dent; alter Geola prior, alter posterior est. Iterum enim alter praecedit solem priusquam convertat se ad longitudinemn diei, alter subsequitur." The connection between the AS. geo6hol and the sense of turning is not apparent to us, but it has been explained from W. chwyl, a turn; AS. hwiol, ON. ijul, a wheel.

Zany. Zane, the name of John in some parts of Lombardy, but commonly taken for a silly John, or foolish clown in a play, as a Jack-pudding at the dancing of the ropes.-Fl. Zenith. Said to be a corruption of Arab. semi, quarter; region; semt-ar-ris, Turk. semt-i-resst, the head region, the zenith; semt-i-kadem, the foot region, the nadir. The word nadir signifies what is opposite (viz. to the zenith), from Arab. nazar, look. A circle from the zenith to the horizon was in Arab. called alsemt, the zenith circle, whence our Azimuth. Dict. Etym. 526 ZERO. ZIGZAG.

Zero. There is little doubt that this word must have come to us with the Arabic notation, of which it is the characteristic feature. In Arabic however it is marked by a dot or dash, and not by a circle. It is in vain to attempt to identify it with cypher, as is often done. Possibly it may be the Arabic zar' (or if we mark the ain by an o, zaro), a seed, as we speak of the pips or dots by which the numbers are marked on dice. Zest. Fr. zest, the inner skin of a walnut, which is taken as a type of a worthless trifle. Il ne vaut pas un zest, he is not worth a rush. Possibly the second may be the primary meaning of the word. Zest is also used to express the sound made by a jert, yark, stripe, thwack, &c.-Cot. In E. it signified a piece of lemon-peel put in to flavour drink, and thence was used for relish, flavour. Lat. ciccum, the soft skin surrounding the pips of a pomegranate; met. a trifle. Zigzag. G. zikzack, Fr. zigzag, Pol. ?ygzag. Commonly called an onomatopceia, and rightly so if by that name is meant an attempt directly to represent the thing signified by means of the voice. But we need not suppose that it is an imitation of the sound made by any zigzag action, as it may be a case of mere analogy between the effort of utterance and the kind of effort in zigzag action. It is peculiar to the mutes b, d, g, p, t, k, that the breath is completely stopped in their utterance, whence they are called by Max Mialler, checks. Hence a short syllable ending in one of these con- sonants is frequently used to represent a sharp movement abruptly checked. Thus we have dig, dag, jig, jag, jogy, Fr. sag-oter, to jog; sac-cade, a rough and sudden jerk or check -Sadler, Fr. Dict.; choc, a shock; P1. D. suk, a syllable by which is expressed a jog or jolt in riding or driving, and which (says the Brem. Wtb.) expresses by the sound the thing itself. Of a ride on a jolting horse it is said, dat geit jummer suksuk! that goes suk! suk! Sukkeln, suksen, to go jolting along. In zig! zag! each syllable represents a sharp movement abruptly checked, while the change of vowel ZIGAG. 527 from i to a indicates the change in the direction of the movement. Of course no one pretends that the mere utterance would be sufficient to convey so much meaning to a person who heard it for the first time, but the utterance would in the first instance be accompanied and explained by a zigzag movement of the hand.

VOL. III. 2 i CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS.

To Abet. From Fr. abetter, to incite, also to deceive; Prov. abet, deceit, trick; abetar, to deceive, beguile. Lui ne peut-il mie guiler Ni engigner ni abeter.-Fab. et Contes, II. 366. Both the foregoing senses will be explained if the word is derived from Norm. abet, bait for fish; Guernsey bette, bait; biter, to bait the hook. - Hericher, Gloss. Norm. The purpose of the bait is to beguile the animal to his destruction. And compare to allure from Fr. leurre, G. loder, bait. See Bait. Adaw. To abate, to quell. The resemblance to Swiss adaukir, to soften, is probably accidental. It is more likely to be from Bay. dauken, to press; nachdauken, to "push behind a carriage; niederdauhen, to press down; einen dauhen, to get the better of one by force, to master him. "Des lichamen gelusti beduchan (comprimere)."-Willeram. Far- duhit pim, opprimor.-Schm. To Addle. To earn, to thrive. ON. dlaz, to get, also, naturaliter procedere, to run its course, to grow, increase. Henni ocladist sottin : the sickness increased. Sw. odla, to till, to cultivate the soil, the sciences, the memory. To earn is to get by cultivation or labour. ON. odli, edli, adal, nature, origin; AS. ethel, native place, country. AFFORD. ALGEBRA. 529

To Afford. The explanation given in the text, as Mr Marsh shows, cannot be maintained, but neither has the word any connection with worth. It seems to be formed from the adv. forth, as to utter from out, signifying to put forth, bring forwards, offer. "I forde as a man dothe his chaffer, je vends, and j'offers a vendre. I can forde it no better cheape. What do you forde it him for? Pour combien le lui offrez vous a vendre ? "-Palsgr. And thereof was Piers proud, And putte hem to werke, And yaf hem mete as he myghte aforthe, And mesurable hyre.-P. P. 4193. "For thei hadden possessions wher of thei myghten miche more avorthi into almes than thei that hadden litil."-Pecock, Repressor 377, in Marsh. Agee. Jee, to turn or move to one side, crooked, awry.- Hal. " To jee, to move, to stir. ' He wadna jee.' To move to one side. In this sense it is used with respect to horses or cattle in draught."-Jam. From Gee! an exclamation used in driving. Agnail, Angnail. A swelled gland. It. ghiandole, agnels, glandules, wartles or kernels in the flesh or throat, in the groin or armpits.-F1. Fr. agassin, a corne or agnele in the foot.-Cot. A false etymology seems to have caused the name to be applied also to a sore between the finger and nail. The real origin is It. anguinaglia (Lat. inguemn), the groin, also a botch or blain in that place; Fr. angonailles, botches or sores.-Cot. Algebra. From Arab. el jabr, putting together. The complete designation was eljabr wa el mogdbala, the putting together of parts and equation. From a corruption of these words algebraic calculation is called the game of Algebra and almucgrabala in a poem of the 13th century cited by Demorgan in N. & Q. Sed quia de ludis fiebat sermo, quid illo Pulcrior esse potest exercitio numerorum, 2M 2 530 ALGEBRA. ASHLAR.

Quo divinantur numeri plerique per unum Ignoti notum, sicut ludunt apud Indos, Ludum dicentes Algebrv almucgrabalrqgue.-De Vetula.

Mogabala, opposition, comparison, equality.-Catafogo. To Alight. Dan. lette, Du. ligten (from let, ligt, light), signify to lift, to make light or raise into the air. At lette noget fra jorden, to lift something from the ground. At lette een af sadelen'; Du. jemand uit den zadel ligten, to lift one from the saddle. To alight indicates the completion of the action thus described; to be brought by lifting down to the ground; to lift oneself down from the saddle, from out of the air. Almanach. The word seems originally to have been applied to a plan of the movements of the heavenly bodies. "Sed hoe tabule vocantur Almanach vel Tallignum, in quibus sunt omnes motus ccelorum certificati ' principio mundi usque in finem-ut homo posset inspicere omnia que in ccelo sunt omni die, sicut nos in calendario inspicimus omnia festa Sanctorum."-Roger Bacon, Opus Tertium, p. 36. Arab. al mandkh, climate or temperature. To Aneal, Anele. To give the last unction. Ianeele a sick man, J'enhuille.-Palsgr. Fr. huille, oil. To Anneal. To fire glass in order to melt and fix the vitreous colours with which it is painted. And like a picture shone in glass annealed.-Dryden in Worcester. I aneel a potte of erthe or suche like with a coloure, Je plomme.-Palsgr. Also to temper glass or metals in a gradually increasing heat. It. focare, to fire or set on fire, also to neal metals.-F1. From AS. celan, oncelan, to set on fire, burn, bake. The expression cocti lateris of the Vulgate, Is. xvi. 7, 11, is rendered anelid tyil in the earlier Wickliffite version, and bakun tiffin the later.-Marsh. Ashlar. Hewn stone. OFr. aiseler, Sc. aislair. "Entur le temple-fud un murs de treiz estruiz de aiselers qui bien ASHLAR. ,AVERAGE. 531 furent polis :"-tribus ordinibus lapidum politorum.-Livre des Rois. "A mason cannocht hew ain evin aislair without directioun of his rewill."-Jam. Fr. "bouttice, an ashlar or binding-stone in building."-Cot. Fr. aiseler seems to be derived from aisselle (Lat. axilla), the hollow beneath the arm or between a branch and the stem of a tree, applied to the angle between a rafter and the wall on which it rests, or between two members of a compound beam in centering. Aisselier, then, or esselier, in carpentry, is the bracket which supports a beam, or the quartering-piece which clamps a rafter to the wall (piece de bois qu'on assemble dans un chevron et dans la rainure, pour cintrer des quartiers (Gattel) ; pour former les quartiers dans une charpente a lambris; qui sert a former les cintres, ou qui soutient par les bouts les entrans ou tirans.-Trevoux). From thus serving to unite the segments of a compound beam the name seems to have been transferred to a binding- stone in masonry, and thence to any hewn and squared stone mixed with rubblestone in building. Auburn. Now applied to a rich red-brown colour of hair, but originally it probably designated what we now call flaxen hair. The meaning of the word is simply whitish. It. alburno, the white or sapwood of timber, "also that whitish colour of women's hair called an aburn-colour." - Fl. "[Cometa] splendoris alburni radium producens." -Due. Avast. The reference to It. basta is probably erroneous. Old Cant, a waste, away; bing a waste, go you hence.- Rogue's Dict. in Modern Slang. Probably waste has here the sense of empty, void: avoid thee, begone into empty space. Avalanche. A fall of snow sliding down from higher ground in the Alps. Mid. Lat. avalantia, a slope, declivity, descent, from Fr. avaler, to let down.-Carp. Average. Average, with its continental representatives, Fr. avaris, avarie, It., Sp. avaria, Du. haverie, averie, G. 532 AVERAGE. haferey, haverey, averey, is a purely mercantile expression, and the first question is, whether we are to look for its origin to the shores of the Baltic or the Mediterranean. Now according to Mr Marsh the word does not occur in any of the old Scandinavian or Teutonic sea-codes, even in the chapters containing provisions for apportioning the loss by throwing goods overboard. On the other hand, it is of very old standing in the Mediterranean, occurring in the Assises de Jerusalem, cxlv., Assises de la Baisse Court. "Et sachies que celui aver qui est gete ne doit estre conte fors tant com il cousta o toutes ses averies:" and know that any goods that are thrown overboard shall only be reckoned at what it cost with all charges. The old Venetian version gives as the equivalent of averies, dazii e spese. The derivation from ON. haf, the sea, or from haven, must then be given up. The general meaning of the word is damage by accident or incidental expenses incurred by ship or cargo during the voyage. Fr. grosses avaries, loss by tempest, shipwreck, capture, or ransom; menues avaries, expenses incurred on entering or leaving port, harbour duties, tonnage, pilotage, &c. In a secondary sense avarie is applied to the waste or leakage of goods in keeping, the wear and tear of a machine, &c.-Gattel. S'avarier, to suffer avarie, to become damaged. In the Consulado del Mar of the middle of the 13th century the notary is authorized to take pledges from every shipper for the value of "lo nolit e les avaries:" the freight and charges. Marsh gives other instances of Spanish and Catalonian where the word is used in the sense of Government duties and charges. "Lo receptor de les haueries de les compositions que fa la RIegia Cort, y lo receptor dels salaris dels Doctors de la Real Audiencia," &c.-Drets de Catalunya, A.D. 1584. In the Genoese annals of the year 1413, quoted by Muratori, it is said that the Guelphs enjoyed the honours and benefices of the city, " secundum ipsorum numerum, et illud quod in publicis solutionibus, quee Averice dicuntur, expendunt." Marsh is inclined to agree with Santa Rosa in deriving the AVERAGE. BAFFLE. 533

word from the Turkish avania, properly signifying aid, help, but used in the sense of a government exaction, a very frequent word in the Levant. But if the word really comes from the Levant a much more satisfactory origin may be found in Arab. "awr, a defect or flaw, which is the technical term corresponding to Fr. avarie. Kazomirski renders it "vice, defaut," and adds an example of its use with "marchandise qui a des defauts." The primary meaning of the word would thus be that which is understood by grosses avaries, charges for accidental damage, from whence it might easily pass to other charges. B. To Baffle. To bafle, to foil or render ineffectual the efforts of another, must be distinguished from Fr. bafouer, OE. bafful, to treat ignominiously. Bqffle, in the former sense, is one of a series of similar forms, bafjle, fafle, hafjle, mafle, famble, signifying in the first instance imperfect speaking, stammering, then imperfect action of other kinds, trifling, doing something without settled purpose or decisive effect. We may cite, faifle, to stutter, stammer, to fumble, saunter, trifle; haffle, to stammer, falter; maffle, to stammer, to mum- ble; the term seems to be applied to any action suffering from impediments.-Hal. To hugfle, to speak thick and in- articulately, to handle clumsily.-Forby. Swiss baffeln, mafeln, to chatter, talk idly; Rouchi baflier, to slobber, stammer, talk idly. We pass from the notion of imperfect speech to that of imperfect, ineffectual action, when we speak of light baffling winds, changeable winds not serving the purpose of navi- gation. "For hours previously the ill-fated ship was seen bafling with a gale from the N.W.:" i. e. struggling ineffectually with it.-Times, Feb. 27, 1860. "To what purpose can it be to juggle and bafle for a time:'" to trifle.- Barrow. Finally, in a factitive sense, it signifies to cause another to 534 BAFFLE. BAIT. act in an ineffectual manner, to foil his efforts. To boffle, to stammer, to change, to vary, to prevent any one from doing a thing.-Hal. In the same way, to maffle or muffle, to speak indistinctly, speak imperfectly like a child, to moffle, to do anything ineffectually (Hal.) ; to muffle, to impede the action of the eyes or ears. Baggage. The citations of Mr Marsh are strongly in favour of Diez' derivation from Prov. Sp. baga, the rope by which the load is fastened on a beast of burden; Cat. baga, a noose, tie, knot. From baga seems to have been formed OFr. baguer, to truss or tuck up (Cot.), to tie on the load. "Ils firent trousser et baguer leur tresor et richesses sur chevaulx et mules, chameoulx et dromadaires." "Apres ce qu'ils eurent bagu6 leurs bagues."-Gilion de Trasignies. "A la premiere fois chacun troussera, baguera et se armera de menues pieces."-Ordinance of Charles of Burgundy, A.D. 1473, in Carp. Trousser et baguer, to pack up bag and baggage.-Cot. From baguer we pass regularly to Fr. bagage, the carriage of an army as it was called, the collective goods carried with an army, or the beasts of burden which carry them, or even a single beast of burden. The connection with bagues, goods, valuables, would seem to be merely accident. Bait. The senses may all be explained from the notion of biting. ON. beita, Sw. bet, bete, AS. bat (Ettmfiller), a bait for fish, is what the fish bites at, or what causes him to bite. ON. beita, AS. batan, to bait a hook. Du. bete, a bit, a mouthful. ON. bita, to bite, is specially applied to the grazing of cattle, whence beit, Sw. bet, bete, pasture, herbage; ON. beita, Sw. beta, to drive to pasture. In English the word is not confined to the food of cattle. Bait-poke, a bag to carry provisions in; bait, food, pasture.-lHal. Sw. beta, to bait on a journey, is to feed the horses, in accordance with Fr. repaitre, to feed, to bait. SON. beita, Sw. beta, G. beitzen, to hunt with hawk or hare, BAIT. BALLAST. 535 must be understood as signifying to set on the hawk or hound to bite the prey. ON. beita einn hundum, to cause one to be worried by dogs, to set his dogs on one. To bait a bear or a bull is to set the dogs on to bite it. The ON. beita, Sw. beta, to harness oxen to a sledge, or horses to a carriage, must probably be explained from AS. bcete, N. bit, the bit of a bridle taken as the type of harness in general. Ongan tha his esolas btan: he then began to saddle his asses.-Caedm., p. 173. 25. Balcony. It. balco, balcone, an outjutting corner of a house, by-window, bulk or stall of a shop; palco, palcone, palcora, any stage or scaffold, roof, floor, or ceiling; palcare, to plank, stage, scaffold.-F1. The radical idea seems to be what is supported on balks or beams. Ballast. Mr Marsh objects to the derivation from Dan. bagces, backloading, in the first place, that homeward-bound ships do not in general sail without cargo or in ballast, more frequently than outward-bound, and therefore that backloading is not an appropriate designation for the heavy material which is employed to steady seagoing vessels. But how appropriate the designation would really be, may be judged by the following illustration from practical life. "The object of the company is to provide the excellent ore of the southern counties as a return cargo for the colliers of the North. By this means the colliers will ensure an additional profit by carrying a ballast for which they will receive some freight- age."-Mining Journal, Sept. 1, 1860. And Kil. explains ballast, inutilis sarcina, inutile onus, a useless load. SA more serious objection is that the word in earlier Danish is always barlast, as it still is in Sweden and Norway. But because baglast is not found in the written documents, it by no means follows that it was not always locally current. And it is certain that barlast could never have passed into baglast by mere corruption, while it would be an easy transition from baglast through ballast to barlast. Mr Marsh even calls in question whether the last syllable 536 BALLAST. BETEEM. is the Du. last, a load. But Fr. lester is to load a ship as well as to ballast it.-Cot. Lest, like Teutonic last, was used for a load or definite weight of goods (Roquef.), and Mid. Lat. lastagium signified not only ballast, but loadage, a duty on goods sold in the markets, paid for the right of carriage. To Behove, Behoof. -The expression seems to be taken from the figure of throwing at a mark. To heave a stone is used in vulgar language for throwing it. N. hevja, to lift, to heave; hevja, h6ve, to cast or throw.; Jr a, to hit the mark, to meet, adjust, adapt, to be suitable oibecoming; hovast, to meet, to fit. Sw. kbfwa, the distance within which one can strike an object or attain a certain end, fig. measure, bounds, moderation. Det er ofwer er ftofwa, cela est audessus de votre portee, that is above your capacity; where it will be observed that the Fr. employs the same metaphor in the term portle, range, distance to which a piece will carry. In the middle voice h;fwas, to be required for a certain purpose, to befit, behove. Det hofdes en annan til at utratta slikt, it behoved another kind of man to do such things. ON. wcefa, to hit the mark; h fi, aim, reach, fitness, proportion. To Beray. To dirty. "I beraye, I fyle with ashes. I araye, or fyle with myre, J'emboue. I marre a thyng, I soyle it or arage it."-Palsgr. From OFr. ray, dirt. "Hic fimus, fens; et hic limus, ray."-Commentary on Neccham in Nat. Antiq., p. 113. Wall. ariler, to dirty. Esthon. roe, Fin. roju, dirt, dung; roj*i, roisto, rubbish, sweepings, dust; rojaktaa, to rattle down, fallwith sound. So ropakka, mud, dirt; ropahtaa, to fall with noise. To Beteem, to Teem. To vouchsafe, deign, afford, deem suitable, find in one's heart. Yet could he not beteem (dignetur) The shape of other bird than eagle for to seem. Golding's Ovid in R. "Ah, said he, thou hast confessed and bewrayed all, I could teem it to rend thee in pieces."-Dialogue on Witches, Percy Soc. x. 88. In a like sense ON. tima, P1. D. taemen, tamen, Ober D. BETEEM. BEWRAY. 537 zemen. ON. Tima eigi at lata eit, not to have the heart to give up a thing. P1. D. Ik tame mi dat nig; I do not allow myself that. He tdmet sik een good glas wien: he allows himself a good glass of wine. Bay. Mich zimet, gezimet eines dinges, I approve of a thing, find it good. Goth. gatiman, G. ziemen, geziemnen, Du. taeinen, betaemen, to beseem, become, be fitting or suitable. The sense of being fitting or suitable springs from ON. tima, to happen, to fall to one's lot, in the same way that schicklich, suitable, springs from schicken, to appoint, order, dispose (whence schicksal, fate, lot). On the same principle ON. fallinn, fitting, suitable, as one would have it fall, from falla, to fall, to happen. To Bewray. Goth. vrohjan, Fris. wrogia, ruogia, wreia, G. rigen, to accuse, i. e. to bring an offence to the notice of the authorities. Sw. roja, to discover, make manifest. Dit tun- gomal rb/er dig, thy speech bewrayeth thee, i. e. makes it manifest that thou art a Galilean. Det rojer sig sjelft, it be- wrays itself, gives some sign of existence which attracts notice. Now the stirring of an object is the way in which it generally catches our attention. Hence G. regen, to stir, is used for the last evidence of life. Regt kein leben mehr in dir, are there no signs of life in you ? Die liebe reget sich bei ihm, love begins to stir in him, shows the first signs of life in him. P1. D. wrogen, ragen (in Altmark rbjen), to stir. "Hiranne tho handelende nah wroginge 6hrer conscientien:" herein to deal according to the stirring of their conscience.-Brem. Wtb. He rogt un bagt sik nig, he is stock still. Upr6gen, to stir up; beragen, sik beragen, to move, to stir.-Schitze. The train of thought is then, to stir, to give signs of life, make manifest his presence, to make evident, bring under notice, reveal, discover, accuse. " Thy tongue bewrayeth thee:" thy tongue makes thy Galilean birth to stir as it were before the eyes, le fait sauter aux yeux (according" to the Fr. metaphor), makes it evident to sense, convicts thee of being a Galilean. 538 BEWRAY. BOGGLE.

Prov. E. rogge, roggle, P1. D. wraggeln, to shake. See Wriggle. To Blissom. Of sheep, to desire the male. N. blesme, ON. blesman, to blissom, from bicer, a ram.-Egillson. Blowzy. Blowze, a fat, red-faced, bloted wench, or one whose head is dressed like a slattern.-B. The proper meaning seems to be one with disordered hair, from P1. D. plusen, to disorder, especially with respect to the hair; sik plusen (of fowls), to plume themselves with their beak; sik upplus- tern, the feathers of a bird to stare from bad health or anger; plusig, plustig, towsed, disordered; plustrig (of birds), having the feathers staring or disordered; (of men) having a swollen bloated face or disordered hair.-Danneil. To Boggle. The derivation from bogle is, I believe, erroneous. The meaning of the word is not to take fright, but to hesitate, stumble, make difficulties over a matter. It is applied to bodily vacillation in the Sc. expression hogglin' and bogglin', unsteady, moving backwards and forwards (Jam. Supp.), with reference to which it will be observed that in England also haggling is used as nearly synonymous with boggling, for making difficulties about a thing. The primary meaning, as in the case of most words signifying stumbling, seems to be to stammer or stutter. The broken efforts of the voice in stuttering, or the abrupt movements of a vacillating body, are represented by the syllable gag or gog, in Bret. gag, Ptg. gago, stuttering; Bret. gagei, gagoula, .Ptg. gaguejar, to stammer, stutter; gagoula, to jabber; and in E. gog-mire, a shaking mire, a quagmire; to goggle, to roll, to be unsteady. The use of the syllable bag or bog for the same purpose is shown in Piedm. bagaje, Fr. bdegayer, Wall. (of Mons) beguer, Magy. bakogni, to stutter; bakazikni, to stumble; in OG. bochken (" titubare, stameln vel bochken" -Vocab. A.D. 1430, in Deutsch. Mundart. 4. 304), to stammer, stutter; Fr. bagouler, to jabber, gabble, and in Gael. bog, wag, bob, shake; in E. bog, a quag or shaking mire, and in boggle, to stumble, waver, or hesitate. BOGGLE. BUFFOON. 539

In like manner Sc. tartle, to boggle as a horse, to hesitate from doubt, scruple, or dislike, may be identified with It. tar- tagliare, Sp. tartajear,to stammer, stutter; tartalear, to stagger, to be at a loss in speaking. Boose. A stall for cattle.-Hal. Boos, bose, netis stall.- Pr. Pm. AS. bosig, bosg, bosih, ON. bas. Apparently from OW. boutig, W. beudy, cow-house. "Boutig, stabulum" Ox. Gl. in Philolog. Trans., 1860, p. 230. W. bu, cow, and ty, Gael. tigh, house. Bore. The flow of the tide in a single large wave up certain estuaries. ON. bdira, N. baara, a wave or swell; bera, kvitbaera, to surge. Buckram. The reference to It. bucherare is fallacious. The word is written in MLat. boquerannus, and is explained by MIiller (MHG. Wtb.) as signifying made of goat's hair. It is always mentioned as a fine material. "Una coltre di bucherame Cipriana bianchissima."-Boccacio. "Una cittd che ha nome Arzinga dove si fa il miglior bucherame del mondo."-Marco Polo. Bud, Bus. Behoves. "I bus goe tyll bedde." "And this sacrament bus have three thyngis."-Hal. This expression may probably be explained by N. bod, bo, message, call; bo, need. " Du ha inkje bo te gjera da:" you have no need, no call, no business to do that. Budge. The dressed fur of lambs; a material no doubt early supplied by the pastoral nations of Slavonic race, with whom it is still much in use. Russ. push', fur, skins; pushit', to line with fur. Buffoon. It. buffa, a puff, a blast or a blurt with the mouth made at one in scorn; buffare, to jest or sport.-Fl. A puff with the mouth is probably indicative of contempt, as emblematically making light of an object. "And who minds Dick? Dick's nobody! Whoo! He blew a slight contemptuous breath as if he blew himself away."-David Copperfield. A Staffordshire artisan giving an account of one who had been slighted said, "They rether puffed at him." 540 BULL. CALIVER.

Bull. Lith. bullus, W. bwla, ON. bolli, bauli, a bull; baula, a cow, from baula, NFris. bolli, to bellow. Bullfinch. Probably a corruption of bud-finch, from the destruction which it causes among the buds of fruit trees, on account of which it is called btd-bird or bud-biter in some parts of England, and brom-beisser in Switzerland. Bumboat. A boat in which provisions are brought for sale alongside a ship. Du. bum-boot, a very wide boat used by fishers in S. Holland and Flanders, also for taking a pilot to a ship.-Roding, Marine Dict. Probably for bun-boot, a boat fitted with a bu. or receptacle for keeping fish alive.

C. Calibre. Sp. calibre, diameter of a ball, of a column, of the bore of a firearm; met. quality. Ser de buen o mal calibre, to be of a good or bad quality. The word, says Marsh, first occurs in Sp., and as it seems to be now established that the Moors of Spain introduced fire- arms into Europe, he supports the derivation from Arab. galab (kalib-Catafogo), a form, model, or mould. Fr. calibre in marine architecture is used for the model of a ship to be constructed..-Trev. Caliver. A harquebuss or handgun. The old etymologers supported their theories by very bold assertions, on which it is not always safe to place implicit faith. Sir John Smith in Grose, Mil. Antiq. i. 156 (quoted by Marsh), thus accounts for the origin of the word. "It is supposed by many that the weapon called a caliver is another thing than a harquebuse, whereas in troth it is not, but is only a harquebuse, saving that it is of greater circuite or bullet than the other is; wherefore the Frenchman doth call it a piece de calibre, which is as much as to say, a piece of bigger circuite." But it is hard to suppose that E. caliver or caliever can be distinct from ODu. koluvre, klover, colubrina bombarda, sclopus. - Kil. "Catapulta, donderbuchs, donrebusse vel clover." - Dief. Supp. Now these Du. forms must be traced to Lat. coluber, CALIVER. CARFAX. .541

Fr. couleuvre, an adder; whence couleuvrine, coulevrine, E. cul- verin, a kind of cannon, and sometimes a handgun. "Slange, serpens, coluber, et bombarda longior, vulgo serpentina, colubrina, colubrum."-Kil. " Colurine, licht stuk geschut, colubraria canna, fistula."-Biglotton. The adder or poison- ous serpent seems to have been considered as a fire-spitting animal, and therefore it lent its name to several kinds of fire- arms. Among these were the drake (Bailey), and dragon, the last of which has left its memory in Du. dragonder,E. dragoon, a soldier who originally carried that kind of weapon. Calvered Salmon. Properly calver-salmon, the fish dressed as soon as caught, is probably only a corruption of Sc. callour or caller-salmon. "Take calwar-samon and seethe it in lewe water."-Form of Cury in Notes to Pr. Pm. Cannel Coal. Coal burning with much bright flame, like a torch or candle. N. kyndel, kynnel, a torch. Carboy. Mr Marsh points out that Gr. caraboyia (Turk. karaboya, black dye), from whence the word is derived in the text, signifies copperas or green vitriol, a solid body, and not sulphuric acid or vitriol in the vulgar senise of the word, and consequently could never have been packed in bottles. There is no doubt that the name comes from the East. Thus Kmmpfer (Amen. Exot. p. 379) describes vessels for containing wine made at Shiraz," Vasa vitrea, alia sunt majora, ampullacea et circumdato scirpo tunicata, que vocant karab." From the same source are Sicil. carabba, a bottle with big belly and narrow neck; It. caraffa, Sp. garafa, Fr. carafe, decanter, wine-bottle. Carfax. A place where four roads meet. Mid. Lat. quadrifurcufi from quatuor farce (Burguy), as quadrivium from quatuor vice. OFr. carrefourg, quarrefour, the part of a town where four streets meet at a head.-Cot. A 1'entree de Luxembourg Lieu n'y avoit ni carrefourg Dont 1'en n'eust veu venir les gens.-Rom. de Parthenay. Translated in MS. Trin. Coll. 542 4,CAFAX. CEILING.

No place there had, neither carfoukes none But peple shold-se ther come many one. W. W. Skeat, in N. & Q., Sept. 8, 1866. " Thei enbusshed hem agein a carfowgh of six weyes."-Merlin, p. 273. Carouse. The derivation from kroes, a drinking cup, is erroneous, and there is no doubt that the old explanation from G. gar aus ! all out! is correct. "The custom," says Motley (United Neth. 2. 94), "was then prevalent at ban- quets for the revellers to pledge each other in rotation, each draining a great ctup and exacting the same feat from his neighbour, who then emptied his goblet as a challenge to his next comrade." When the goblet was emptied it probably would be turned upside down with the exclamation gar aus ! This was what was called drinking carouse.

The tippling sots, at midnight which To quaf carouse do use, Will hate thee if at any time To pledge them thou refuse.-Drant in R. Sp. carduz, cardos, act of drinking a full bumper to one's health.-Neum. "Ein narr schiittet sein herz gar aus :" a fool empties his heart completely out. The derivation is made completely certain by the use of all out in the same sense. I quaught, I drink all out, Je bois d'autant.-Pasgr. Alluz (G. all aus), all out, or a carouse fully drunk up.-Cot. Rabelais uses boire carrous et alluz. Ceiling. The It. cielo, Fr. ciel, heaven, sky, were met. applied to a canopy, the testern of a bed, the inner roof of a room of state.-Cot. In the same way G. himmel, heaven, is applied to a canopy, the roof of a coach, or of a bed. The importation of Fr. ciel into English without translation gave cele, seele, a canopy. "In this wise the King shall ride opyn heded undre a seele of cloth of gold baudekyn with four staves gilt."-Rutland papers, Cam. Soc. pp. 5, 7, &c. "The chammer was hanged of red and of blew, and in it was a cyll of state of cloth of gold, but the Kyng was not under for that sam day."-Marriage of James CEILING. 543

IV. in Jam. The name was extended to the seat of dignity with its canopy over. "And seik to your soverane, semely on syll."-Gawan and Gol. in Jam. From the noun was formed the verb to cele or sile, to canopy; sied, canopied, hung, " All the tente within was syled wyth clothe of gold and blew velvet"-Hall, H. VIII. p. 32 ; sylure, selure, selar, cellar, cyling (W. Wore. in Hal.), a canopy, tester of a bed, ceiling.

The kynge to souper is set, served in halle Under a siller of silk, dayntily dight. Sir Gawaine & Sir Gol. Cellar for a bedde, ciel de lit.-Palsgr. "A celler to hange in the chamber."-Ordinances and Reg. in Hal. As the canopy or covering of a bed or tent would not only be stretched overhead, but hang around at the sides, it was natural that the same name should be -given both to the roof and the side hangings. Thus silyng is found in the sense of tapestry. "The French kyng caused the lorde of Countay to stande secretly behynde a silyng or a hangyng in his chamber."-- Hall, E. IV. p. 43. And as tapestry and wainscoting served the same purpose of hiding the bareness of the walls ,and shutting out the draught, it was an easy step to the sense of wainscoting, which is still known by the name of ceiling in Craven. To seele a room, lambrisser une chambre; seeling, lambris, menuiserie.-Sherwood. The sense of roofing, and all conscious reference to the notion of the heaven or sky being now completely lost, and the main object of the wainscoting being to shut out draughts, it is probable that the word was confounded with sealing ii the sense of closing, and it was even applied to the planking of the floor. "Plancher, to plank or floor with planks, to seele or close with boards;3plancher, a boarded floor, also a seeling of boards."-Cot. The ceiling was called the tpper ceiling, Fr. sus-lambris, to distinguish it from the wainscot or seeling of the walls. VOL. III. 2 N 544 CEILING. CHAP.

The line of descent from Fr. ciel is so unbroken, that, unless we separate the sense of canopy or hangings from that of wainscoting, the ground is cut away from Aufrecht's derivation from AS. thil, thel, thelu, a log, beam, rafter, plank, board; thiling, a planking or boarding; thilian, to plank; ON. thil, thili, thilja, a board, plank, wainscot; thiular (in pl.), the deck of a ship; at thilia, to panel or wainscot; MIHG. dil, dille, a plank, wall, ceiling, flooring; E. deal, a fir-plank. Aufrecht identifies with the foregoing, AS. syl, a log, post, column; E. sill in window-sill, door-sill; Sc. sill, a log, syle, a beam. And it is certainly possible that syling in the sense of planking or ceiling may have come from this source. " The olde syling that was once faste joyned together with nailes will begin to cling, and then to gape."-Z. Boyd in Jam. In the N. of E. thill, a shaft, is in some places called sill; a tliill horse and a sill horse, a shaft horse.- Craven G1. To seel or close the eyes, Sc. sile, syll, to blindfold, and thence to conceal, is totally distinct from the foregoing, being taken from Fr. ciller, cillier, siller les yeu, to seele or sew up the eyelids; (and thence also) to hoodwink, blind, keep in darkness.-Cot. It. cigliare, to twinkle with the eyes, to seal a pigeon's eye, or any bird's.-F1. Fr. cil, It. ciglio, Lat. cilium, an eyelash, eyelid. The term properly signifies the sewing up the eyelid of a hawk for the purpose of taming it. "And he must take wyth hym nedyll and threde, to ensile the haukes that ben taken.-Take the nedyll and threde, and put it through the over eyelydde, and so of that other, and make them faste und the becke that she se not, and then she is ensilecl as she ought to be."-Book of St Albans, in Marsh. Chap. A fellow. Probably from chap, cheek, jaw. Dan. kiceft, jaw, muzzle, chaps, is vulgarly used in the sense of individual.-Molbech. And N. kiceft aswell as kjakge, a jaw, is used in the same sense; kvar k/weften, every man Jack; CHAP. CHURCH. 545 inli'e ein kjceft,--7jaakaa, not a soul.-Aasen. In Lincoln cheek is used in the same way for person or fellow. Charcoal. The reference of charcoal to Du. krikkolen must be given up, as the latter word signifies only small, poor charcoal. Mr Marsh would derive the word from a mixture of Fr. charbon and E. coal, when the introduction of mineral coal made a distinction necessary. But it is hard to imagine how such a hybrid could ever have been formed. It sup- poses an antecedent form charbon coal. But the name of charcoalmust have come upwards from the cluss which dealt with the material,-and not downwards from the class familiar with French. Cheat. Cheat in the old canting language of beggars and rogues was a thing of any kind. Thus grunting-chete was a pig ; crashing-chetes, teeth; prattling-chete,the tongue, &c., and, from the frequency probably with which the word occurred, a cheater was equivalent to canter, a rogue or person who used the canting language. Hence to cheat, to act as a rogue.-Modern Slang. It. truffa, any cheating, canting or crossbiting trick; trufatore, a cheater, cozener, a canting knave.-F1. Chevaux de frise. The name of Vriesse ruyters (Frisian horsemen) was given in Dutch to long beams stuck round with points and placed in the road to prevent the attack of cavalry. It would seem to have been a device of the Frisian peasants to supply the want of cavalry in their struggle for independence. To 0hop logick. Du.kappen (to chop), in thieves' language signified to speak. Borgoens happen, to cant, to speak thieves' slang.-P. Marin. Church. The derivation from KVpKLov, the Lord's house, has been impugned because it is not understood how a Greek term should have made its way among Gothic nations. It is certain however that KVPtlKOV was used in the sense of church. The canon of the sixth Council prescribes,-"1rt ov e yv 2 N 2 546 CHURCH. COCKLE.

TO9 KvpLtKOLS, 7 EU TatS EKKX?)OLaLS TgtS'aXEyOlEvS aya7ras OE. And Zonaras in commenting on the passage says that the name of KvpLaK1 is frequently found in the sense of a church, although only this canon directly distinguishes EKKXI7oLa and KvptaKo, "but I think," he adds, "that the q is not there used disjunctively, but by way of explanation."-Quoted by Max Miller in Times Newsp. As AS. cyrice is confessedly the very form which would have sprung from KvptKtop, it is carrying scruples to an extravagant length to doubt the identity of the two words, because we do not know how the Greek name came to be employed instead of the Latin equivalent dominicum, whence Ir. domhnach, a church. Churn. ON. kjarni, G. kern, the kernel, pith, marrow, flower, or choice part of a thing; whence ON. kirna, Fris. kernjen, to churn, i. e. to separate the kernel of the milk, or, as Epkema explains it, to cause the milk to grain, to form grains of butter.- Prov. Dan. kibrne, to separate the grains of barley from the chaff. Cockahoop. Elated in spirits. A metaphor taken from the sport of cock-throwing used on festive occasions, when a cock was set on an eminence to be thrown at by the guests. Now I am a frisker, all men on me look, What should I do but set cock on the hoop? Camden in Todd. "I have good cause to set the cocke on the hope and make gaudye chere." "We may make our tryumphe, i. e. kepe our gaudyes, or let us sette the cocke on the hope and make good chere within doores."-Palsgr. Acolastus in Hal. Du. hoop, heap. Cockle. A shell, shellfish; cocklesnail, a snail with a shell. Snailshells are called in Northampton cocks, in Lincoln gogs, in Oxf. gaggles or guggleshells, in Herts. conks, and Suffolk conkers. Lat. cochlea, concha, Gr. xoxo, snail, snailshell, shellfish. The original sense is probably an eggshell, which to a COCKLE. .COWL. 547 people in possession of poultry would offer a type peculiarly easy of designation. Thus the Swab. gacken, to cluck as a hen, gives rise to gackele (in nursery language), in Swiss gaggi, gaggi, an egg. In Craven goggy is used in the same way. So also we have Basque kokoratz, clucking of a hen; koko (nursery), an egg; Magy. kokoritni, to crow; gugg, kuko (nurs.), an egg; It. coccolare, to cluck; cocco, eucco (nurs.), an egg; Fr. coqueter, to cackle, to chuck; coque, an eggshell, shell, cockle, and the dim. coqtille, the shell of an egg, nut, snail, fish.-Cot. Cocoa-nut. Called cco by the Portuguese in India on account of the monkey-like face at the base of the nut, from coco, a bugbear, an ugly mask to frighten children.-De Barros, Asia, Dec. III. Bk. III. c. vii. Codfish. From its large club-shaped head (Flem. kodde, a club), as in It. mazzo, a codfish; mazza, a club. It is also called testuto, Fr. testu, from teste, a head.-Cot. Coward. The real origin of the word is a metaphor from the proverbial timidity of a hare, which was called couard from its short tail. " If eny [of your houndes] fynde of hym [the hare] where he hath ben, Rycher or Bemond, ye shall say, Oiez a Bemond le vayllaunt que quide trover le couard, ou le court cow."-Le Venery de Twety in Reliq. Antiq. p. 153. " Kuwaerd, lepus, vulgo cuardus, ignavus, imbellis, timidus."--Kil.

Myd word he threteneth muche, and lute dethe in dede, Hys mouth ys as a leon, hys herte arne as an hare.-R. G. 457.

Cowl, Cloak. These are modified forms from the same root, signifying a mantle with hood that can be drawn over the head, like a cock's comb over the head of the bird. Bavy. gogk-el, a cock, a cock's comb. Es steigt einem der gogkel, gickel, his crest rises, he is enraged. Gugel, kugel, a cape or cowl. Illyrian kukmina, kukmitza, kuklfitza, a cock's comb, tuft on a bird's head, also a cowl or hooded cloak; kukulj, a cowl. Boh. chochol, tuft, crest; kukla, a hood. The transposition 548 COWL. CRAWL. of the liquid leads to Walach. gl g, a hood or hooded cloak, Boh. klok, a woman's mantle, and E. cloak. Crab. There is little doubt that the animal is named from its great claws. W. crafangc, a claw, talon, a crab-fish. OE. craple, Bret. kraban, a claw. The ultimate origin is a representation of the sound of scraping or scratching, the primary office of claws, although those of the crab are not used for that purpose. Bret. krabisa, to scratch; Du. krabben, to scratch or scrape; Sp. carpir (with inversion of the liquid), to tear, scrape, scratch. To Crawl, Crall. The primary signification is to swarm or move about in an intricate manner like ants or maggots. Norman crauler, Fr. grouiller, to move, stir, scrall, to swarm, abound, or break out confusedly in great numbers.-Cot. I crawle, I styrre with my lymmes as a yonge chylde or any beest that styrreth and cannot move the bodye: je crosle. It is a strange sight to se a chycken how it cralleth first out of the shell:-comment il crosle premierement hors de l'escale. -Palsgr. To crawl, to abound.--Hal. Du. krielen, krioelen, grielen, to swarm, to turn or stir about. The ultimate origin is the representation of a confused sound, from whence in so many other cases is taken the expression of a confused intricate movement. Thus Fr. groul- ler, grouiller, signifies to rumble as well as to stir; P1. D. graal,a confused noise; gralen, to vociferate; N. gryla, to grumble; Dan. gryle, to swarm, crawl. E. crawl, croll, crool, to rumble, mutter. My guts they yawl, crawl, and all my belly rumbleth. Gammer Gurton, ii. 1. Fr. croller, to murmur; crosler, crouler, to shake; grougouler, to rumble; It. gorgogliare, to gurgle as boiling water, also to breed or become vermin; N. kry, to simmer, also to swarm; ON. kru, gru, a swarm or moving mass of insects. In the same way Dii. schrollen, to grumble, mutter, indicates the origin of E. scrall, to swarm or abound. See Weevil. CRIB. CRUM. 5494

Crib. Properly a hayrack, a receptacle for hay, consisting of rods or parallel bars, like the teeth of a comb or rake, through which the cattle pull the hay. From W. crib, a comb, cribin, a rake, as G. raije, a ripple or large comb for plucking off the heads of flax, as well as a rack for hay. In the same way Lat. rastellum, a rake, leads to Bret. rastel, Fr. rastelier, a hayrack. Crimp. One who entraps sailors and keeps them till he can dispose of them to skippers. From Du. krimpe, a stew, a confined place in which fish are kept alive until wanted for use. Crottles. As Fr. crottes, the ordure of sheep, goats, hares, conies, &c. (Cot.); that is, of animals whose dung falls pattering down in little lumps. Gr. KpoTraov, a rattle; KpoTrEO, to rattle; Prov. crotlar, crollar, to shake; OFr. crodler, crosler, croler, to shake, to come rattling down, to fall in ruins.--- Roquef. Prov. E. crottling, friable; crottles, crums. Crum, Crumble. G. krume, Du. kruime, crum; kruimelen, P1. D. krimen, krmelen, to crumble. Central Fr. gremiller, to crumble; gremille, gremillon, groumillon, crum, little lump ; grume, grime, single grain of a bunch. Fr. grumeau,.a clot, lump. It is probable that the notion of a cram or small bit arises from that of crumbling away, and not vice versa, although the former word is the more simple in form. The idea of falling to pieces is easily expressed by a representation of the rattling sound of the falling fragments. Thus Sw. ramla, to rattle, signifies also, as E. rammel, to fall in ruins, to moulder in pieces; while Sw. rammel, rattle, clatter, is identical with E. rammel, rubble, rubbish. In the same way it is probable that Fr. gremiller and E. crumble are essentially the same with grommeler, to mutter or grumble. So also we pass through Fr. greziller, to crackle, gresiller, to hail, to drizzle, G. grieseln, to fall into small bits and pieces, to break into small pieces, to gries, chips of stone, gravel, grains, Lesachthal griesel, a morsel, a grain of sand.--D. M. ii. 348. See Dredge. 550 CRUMPLE. CUE.

Crumple. It is shown under Rumple that the representation of a rumbling sound is used to express, first a jolting or irregular movement, then a disturbed, disordered surface, thrown into irregularities and projections. It is probable that the same development of signification has taken place in the case of crumple, proceeding from a form like that assumed in the last article as the origin of crumble, which would not essentially differ from G. grammeln, grommeln, grummeln, or E. grumble. To rumble and grumble are used indifferently in many cases, as for the sound of thunder or of wind in the bowels, while the two corresponding forms, rumple and crumple, arising from the- use of spirants instead of sonants, are applied to the disturbance of a surface or texture. Analogous to crumple, as compared with rumple, or grumble with rumble, stands Let. grubbali, broken fragments of walls, as compared with E. rubble, rubbish. Let. grumbt, to wrinkle, crumple. Cucking-stool. The name is doubtless taken from the crouching attitude of a person at stool, and ultimately probably from the clucking of a brooding hen. The term for squatting or crouching is connected with the clucking of a hen in languages widely separated from each other. It. chiocco, a brood or cluck-hen, by met. squatting or cowering down; coccolare, to cluck; accoccolare, to cower; coccolone, squattingly on the ground, as women on their heels.--F1. Magy. gugg, an egg (Dankovsky), also crouching or cowering down; Basque kukoratz, crowing of a cock; kukorika, to cower, crouch. Magy. kukorIk, the crowing of a cock; kukoritni, to crow; kukorogni, to cower down. And probably W. cwrc, squatting, may belong to the same class of words. Cue. From the letter Q by which it was marked. "Q, a note of entrance for actors, because it is the first letter of quando, when, showing when to enter and speak."-C. Butler, Eng. Gram., 1634, in N. and Q., Aug. 5, 1865. Minshen explains it somewhat differently. "A qu, a term used among stage-players, ' Lat. qualis, i. e. at what manner of word the CUE. CURL. 551 actors are to begin to speak, one after another hath done his speech." Buckingham. Had you not come upon your Q, my lord, William Lord Hastings had pronounced your part. Rich. III. The Fr. term is replique. Cupboard. Originally a board or shelf for cups, as Du. glasenberd (bdrd, board), a receptacle for glasses.-Kil. Curd, To Curdle. The obsolete spelling crud, cruddle, is probably the more true to the origin. To curdle or cruddle may be explained to become shaky or gelatinous, from the root shown in Lat. crotalum, a rattle; Prov. crotlar, OFr. crodler, crosler, croler, to shake. In the same way we pass from Du. kiateren, to-rattle, to klotermelck, coagulated milk; from Westerwald lappern, Swab. loppern, to shake, wabble, flap, to E. loppered, coagulated; or from Swiss hottern, to shake, to jog, to Du. hot, hotte, curds, hotten, to curdle, Sc. hattit cream, clotted cream. Curl. Formerly written crull, croule, croll, in accordance with Du. krol, krolle, N. krull. The sense of a vibratory or rolling movement, and thence of a spiral or twisted form, is commonly expressed by forms representing in the first instance a rattling or rumbling sound. Thus It. rotolare, to roll along, is essentially the same with E. rattle; G. kollern, to rumble, is also used in the sense of rolling along, and the word roll itself is equally familiar in both senses. We speak of the roll of a drum, the rolling of thunder, as well as the rolling of a carriage ora roll of paper. It seems certain that when the form rol appears in the Romance languages it is a contraction from a fuller form like It. rotolare, equivalent to our rattle; but in other cases the syllable may have been framed as it stands to represent a rumbling or murmuring sound, as in Illyrian ruliti, to bellow, Swiss rollen, for the rushing sound of a brook. In like manner the form crol or croul, expressing vibratory sound, and thence vibratory movement, may be a contraction 552 CURL. CURRY. from forms like Gr. KpoTaXov, a rattle, Prov. crotlar, crollar, to shake; or in other cases the root may have been framed as it stands as a direct representation of the sound it is intended to express, as in Illyr. kruliti, to growl, to rumble (like the bowels); G. grollen, to rumble like thunder; Fr. grougouler, groiller, to rumble; Prov. E. crool, to mutter, murmur; crawl, crozwl, croll, to grumble, rumble like the bowels; crule, Ditmarsh krulen (Outzen), to shiver. For the connection between c;uivering and curling compare Lat. vibrati crines, curled hair. Again, from the crackling sound of things fry- ing we have Fr. graller, groller, G. krollen (in kroll-erbsen, carlings or parched peas), to parch or fry; from whence we pass to the sense of curling, on the same principle on which E. frizzle signifies both to fry in grease and also to curl. Fr. greziller, to crackle as salted flesh on coals, also to curl, twirl, frizzle hair.--Cot. Each separate element of the crackling sound represents to the mind an abrupt movement of some element of the crackling body, which is brought into a. contorted shape by the aggregate action to which it is subjected. To Curry, Currier. I have no doubt that the verb to curry is correctly explained in the text, but it seems clear that before the use of currier in the sense of one who curries leather, the leather-dresser or tanner was called coriour, from Lat. coriarius, OFr. corier, properly a skinner, from corium, a hide. In the Wickliffite version of Acts ix. 43, Simon the tanner is called a coriour, corresponding to coriarius of the Vulgate form, whence the translation was taken, and the word coriour (as Mr Marsh points out) is glossed "or tawier," as if the word were new. Coryowre, coriarius, cerdo.-Pr. Pm. Coriarius, corrarius, coreator, leder-maker, -- zouwer, -- gerber, lederer, schuochmacher.-Dief. Sup. Coriarius, seu calceamentorum sutor.-Vita Sti Emmer. in Carp. The PIiedmontese still uses corior for a tanner or leather-dresser, corresponding to It. cuojaro, from cuojo, a hide. In Fr. as well as E. the original corier, coriour, a skinner, CURRY. DALLY. 553 were afterwards supplanted by corroyeur, currier, one who curries, which would convey their own meaning to those who were acquainted with the verb corroyer, to curry. Curst. Ill-tempered, cross-grained. "Kate the curst." OE. crus, wrathful.-Havelok, 1966. The familiar crusty, ill-tempered, may perhaps be a metaphor from the rugged surface of crust, but it is by no means certain that it is not an offshoot from the stem to which belong OE. crus, curst, Fr. courrouX, It. corruccio, cruccio, wrath. In a passage of the treatise called "Deadly Sins," cited by Mr R. Morris, the earlier version, the Cursor Mundi, has crustful, which is replaced by irefitl in the later version. Custard. Probably a corruption of the obsolete crustade, a dish which appears in the bills of fare of the 14th century, and was composed of some kind of stew served up in a raised crust. In a bill of fare of a century later mention is made of a blauncke custade.- Wright, Hist. of Domestic Man- ners, 355.

D. To Dally. Properly to talk imperfectly like a child, to tattle, twattle, then to behave like 'achild, to play, trifle, toy. Dalyyn or talkyn, fabulor, colloquor.-Pr. Pm. G. dallen, dahlen, to stammer, chatter, tattle, trifle. "Wer lernt demn Psittacuni unser wort dallen ? "-Sanders. "Die tunge lallt und tallt."-Deutsch. Mundart. 4. 188. Swiss dalen, talen, to speak imperfectly, to drawl. Westphal. dalen, to speak or act childishly, to trifle, dawdle. "Alte leute muss man dalen lassen."-Schm. Pl. D. dwalen, to jest, sport, act irrationally; dwalse, a simnpleton.' To dwallee or dwaule, to talk incoherently. -Exmoor scolding. SThe word seems to arise from a mocking imitation of senseless chatter, by syllables without meaning, like fal-lal-la! or ta-la-la ! fiddle-de-dee ! tilly vally ! dilly dally! G. larifari! Fr. tarare! Lang. ta-ta-ta! interjections intimating one' s 554 DALLY. DEMIJOHN. contempt for what is said. "Tilly fally! Sir John, never tell me." In parts of Germany people jeer the childish behaviour of a grown person by rigmaroles beginning with tall-tall, tille- talle, or tilam-tallun.-Deutsch. Mund. 3. 418. Bay. dille- delle, dellemelle, a simpleton. To Deave. To stupify with noise. N. dyrja, to hum, buzz, sound hollow. Dc dyve fyre Syraa, it sings in my ears. Debonnair. The metaphorical sense of air in debonnair is erroneously explained as having reference to the medical theory of humours and vapours. It probably signifies the atmosphere a person carries with him, by which his peculiar odour is wafted to those around him. It is the same metaphor as when we speak of dying in the odour of sanctity, of being in good or bad odour with such a one. " Bringst with thee airs from heaven or blasts from hell ?" Air is then taken for the impression which the disposition or conduct of a person makes upon the spectator, or for the good or bad quality of such disposition or conduct. To give oneself great airs is to behave with a view to give an impression of one's own grandeur. It is in this sense that the term is to be understood in the Prov. and OFr. de bon aire, de mal aire, de put aire. -Li baron de mal aire Que tot jorn fan lo mal e'1 be non gaire. -the barons of bad disposition who every day do evil and seldom good.-Rayn. "Les benignes et aquells de bon ayre hereditaran la terra".' -Ib. So in OIt. " Il di bon aire buon signore nostro."- Ib. "La dona ridendo e di buona aria."-Boccacio. Demijohn. The Fr. dame-jeanne is riherely another corruption of the same class with the E. word. The name has been imported from the East, and is at the present day in universal use throughout the Levant and in Arabia for a carboy or large glass bottle. It is called damagan in Egypt. -Marsh. DINE. DOUGH. 555

Dine, Dinner. The old explanation of It. desinare as a corruption of dis"ejunare is preferable to that of Diez. But the suggestion of Trollope of a derivation from Lat. desinere, as signifying the cessation of labour, carries more conviction. " The Angelus," he says, "is recognized as the welcome call to rest from labour and to cessation from almost every occupation. It is the hour of the desinare, of the leaving off, as is the characteristic signification of the phrase which has become the popular name of the noontide meal." Trollope, Gemma I. 4. Perhaps the use of the word in the sense of dinner may have driven it out of use in the radical sense of cessation. 7Divan. Pers. diw'n, a collection of writings, a register, account-book; a board of accounts, custom-house (It. dogana, Fr. douane), council, senate; council chamber, raised seat. Doom, To Deem. Lith. dumb, Let. dohma, mind, thought, opinion; Lith. dum6ti, Let. dohmaht, Russ. dumat', to think, to be of opinion. Gr. Ovpo, breath, life, soul, mind, thought, resolve. The ultimate meaning is doubtless the breath, from Russ. dut', Illyr. duti, duhati, duvati, to blow, to breathe; Gr. Ovo), properly to blow or breathe, then to storm, to rage, to rush, to breathe out odours, to sacrifice; Magy. fini, to blow, to snort. Dough. A soft wet material moulded by the hands. The ultimate origin is shown in E. daggle, Salzburg taggin, Bay. tegelen, to dabble, dawb, smear; or with the nasal, Siles. tengeln, betengeln, to bedaggle, Swiss tanggen, tanggeln, tanscheln (as well as teiggen, teiggelen), to knead, to work in paste; tang, tanggig, soft, clammy. From daggle or tegeln we pass to Bay. tegel, tahel, taken, tal, clay, loam, and thence earthen vessel; OHG. daha, ta/a, clay, loam; ON. deigr, Swiss teig (Schmidt, Id. Bern.), wet, soft; Goth. deigan, to mould in plastic materials; gadikis (OHG. tegel), the thing moulded, an earthen vessel. "Mq Epet ro 7rhaoa orwrao-avrt" in Goth. "ibai quithith gadikis du thamma digandin:" shall the thing moulded say to him who moulded it. A like con- 556 DOUGH. EMBEZZLE. nection between expressions for dabbling in the wet and working in plastic material may be observed in E. plash compared with Gr. 7Xo-a-co, to form. See Plaster. Professor Aufrecht points out that the ordinary rule of consonantal change shown in Lat. fores, Gr. Ovpa, door; in rqlfus, Gr. EpvOpos, red; uber (for fer), Gr. ovOap, udder, would render the Lat. Jingere, to form, and fgulus, a potter, the exact equivalents of Goth. deigan, digands. For other examples of the same change, see Fool. Drum. An evening party, from the figure of a recruiting sergeant enlisting by sound of drum. "Lady Cowper is to have a magnificent lighting up of her fine room on the 9th. She has beat the drum, and volunteers will flock in, though she seemed distressed for want of Macaronies."-Mrs Delany, 2nd Series, II. p. 156, A.D. 1775. Dud. A rag; duds, clothing; dod, a rag of cloth.-Hal. It is shown under Hater that the term for a rag is commonly taken from the image of something hanging or shaking in the wind. So from Bay. tateren, to shiver, we have tater- man, a scarecrow, a figure dressed in shaking rags, E. tatter, a rag; from Swiss lodelen, to shake, to be loose, loden, a rag; from hadeln, to waver, dangle, hutdel, a rag; from Fr. driller, to twinkle, drilles, tatters. In like manner we pass from E. dodder, ddder, to tremble, shiver (Hal.), to dod or dud, a rag. And as an initial d and j frequently interchange, we have WE. jouder, to chatter with cold, jouds, rags. G. zote (provincially zode), a lock, rag, tatter. "Hans in sener zode." Hans in his rags. -Deutsch. Mund. I. 408. P1. D. tadder, taddel, zadder, rags.-Danneil.

E. To Embezzle. Properly to conceal, then to make away with property entrusted to a servant by his master. "I concele, I embesyll a thynge, I kepe a thynge secret.- I embesell, I hyde or consoyle, Je cele. I embesyll a thynge, or put it out of the way, Je substrays. Hle that embesylleth EMBEZZLE. "EYRY. 557 a thyng intendeth to steale it if he can convoye it clenly."- Palsgr. It cannot have anything to do with OFr. besiller, to overturn, destroy. Espalier. Originally applied to trees- or plants trained with their backs to a wall or trellis, from It. spalla, Sp. espalda, shoulder. In English gardening confined to trees trained against stakes or paling. Sp. espaldar, place where one puts his back to rest against, piece of tapestry against which the back of the chair rests, espalier in gardens; espal- dera, wall-trees. It. spalliera, any place or thing to lean against with one's shoulders, any hedgerow of trees, privet, ivy, v-ines, or any verdure growing up against any wall.-F. Fr. espalier, fruit-trees trained against a wall, either by nail- ing, or by a framework of laths or stakes.-Trevoux. Eyry. An eagle's nest, erroneously explained in the text as if from eggery, a collection of eggs. It is from Fr. aire, an airie or nest of haukes-Cot., which, it must be observed, is masculine, and so distinguished from aire, Lat. area, a flat place, floor, plot of ground, &c., which is feminine. The two were confounded when aire was latinized in the form of area, "Ayes rapaces-exspectant se invicem aliquando prope nidum suum consuetum, qui a quibusdam area dicitur."-Fredericus II., de Venatu in Duc. It may be probably conjectured that aire in the foregoing sense is a special application of Prov. aire (a masc. noun), signifying first air, then probably climate, and thence country, residence, family. L'amors, don ieu sui mostraire, Nasquet en un gentil aire. Love, of whom I am the expositor, was born in a gentle birthplace.--- Rayn. Qu'el mon non es crestias de nul aire Que siens liges, o dels parens non fos: That in the world there is not a Christian of any family that was not the liegeman of him or his parents.-Ib. 558 FAIN. FURBELOW.

Fain. To be fain to do a thing is not to be explained from AS. faegen, glad, but from OFr. fain for faim, hunger, vehe- ment desire. "Et avoient aucun si grant desir et si grant fain de euls occire, que ilse feroient en l'iaue apres euls jusqu'au col."-Annales de St Louis in Roquef. "I lyste, I have a great wyll or desyre to do a thynge: j'ai fain."- Palsgr. Where our version says that the Prodigal Son " was fain to fill his belly with the husks that the swine did eat of," Wiclif has: "and he coveited to fille his wombe" et cupiebat implere ventrem. Fit. A sudden attack of illness; a short period. The G. interjection ft ! fit! expresses sudden disappearance. Ft weg war el! It is also used as an interj. of pain.-Sanders. Witsch! wa tsch ! wutsch ! express an instantaneous movement. Witsch! war mir der wagen schon aus den gesicht. Fleam. Mid. Lat.febotomunm (hbXEx,-Eo 3 , vein, and roo, cutting), fleotomnumm,febum, fetum, MHG. clieceme, fliedm, flietemen (G. fliede, fliete), Du. vlieme, Fr. flamme, flammette, a lancet. Flush. P1. D. flugs, fliuks, directly, flyingly; flugt, the direction of a straight line in a building; Dan. flugt, a continued unbroken line; ifiugt med, in a line with, flush with. Fribble. Fr. faribole, an idle tale ; conteur de fariboles, homme vain, frivole et leger qui n'a que des fadaises A la bouche.-Dict. du bas langage. Funnel. The funnel of a'chimney probably takes its name from its resemblance to the pipe of a funnel for pouring. It will be observed that tunnel also is used in the two senses. Tonnell, to fill wine with, antonnoir. Tonnell of a chymney, tuyau.-Palsgr. Furbelow. Fr. falbalas, Sp. farfalb, a flounce or loose appendage to a gown, a fluttering ornament. Lyonnese farbela, fringe, flounce, rag; farbelousa, woman in rags. From Fr. barivoler, friboler, to flutter; des rubans baricolans; une FURBELOW. GENTOO. 559 robe qui barivole; fribler, to tremble.-Jaubert. From the same source It. faifalla, a butterfly, on account of its fluttering flight. Fuse, Fusee. It. fisata, Fr. fuse, a spindleful, also a squib or rocket, a firework containing gunpowder in a hollow pipe or case. Probably not from direct resemblance in form to a loaded spindle, but from the idea of hollowing out a pipe by a whirling tool. It. fusare, to spin round; f!solare, to twirl a spindle, to bore through, as ordnance or musquets, or as trees to make conduit-pipes, also to make or cast long flying squibs or fiery rockets.-F1. It is curious that one name of these fireworks is taken from a spindle, and another, rocket, from the companion implement, a rock or distaff. See Rocket.

G. Garlick. AS. garleac, ON. geirlaukr, from AS. gar, ON. geirr, OHG. ger, a spear. Sva-var minn Sigurdr hji sonum Gjuka Semn vveri geirlaukr or grasi vaxinn. - so was my Sigurd among the sons of Gjuki as a garlick sprung up above the grass.-Edda cited by Aufrecht. Gazetteer. A geographical dictionary was published by Echard, 1703, under the name of The Gazetteer's or News- man's Interpreter, being a Geographical index, &c.-Sir P. S. Carey in N. & Q. Gentoo. The pagan natives, as well of India as of America, were called by the Portuguese Genti6, a word explained by Fonseca, gentile, pagan, idolatrous, savage. Hence the Brahmins who were first made known to us by the Por- tuguese were called Gentoos, as if it had been the proper name of the people themselves. "The Indians of the interior still remaining in the savage state are called by the Brazilians Indios or Genti6s (Heathens)."-Bates, Naturalist on the Amazons, I. 77. VOL. III. 2 o 560 GIRD. HARANGUE.

To Gird, Girdle. ON. gardr, gerdi, a fence or hedge; geract, gircta, to inclose or surround with a fence (Jonsson), to gird (Hald.) Girda siq sverdi, to gird on a sword. Girti, a hoop, band; girding, hedge, inclosure, girdle, belt. Golf. A Scotch game in which a ball is driven by blows of a club. Du. icolf, a club; speelkolf, a bat to drive a ball; kolfball, a ball used in such a game. Grig. A word only known in ordinary speech in the proverb, As merry as a grig. It is used provincially in the sense of a grasshopper or cricket. Tennyson in ' The Brook' speaks of "high-elbowed grigs that leap in summer grass." And this is undoubtedly the sense which the word bears in the proverb, the cricket or grasshopper from their lively chirp having always been taken by the writers of fable as the type of a careless, joyous life. "Up bounded the long line of Otando men to the rescue, laden with provisions and as merry as crickets."-Du Chaillu, Ashango, p. 154. Grig, like the first syllable of cricket, represents the creaking sound of the chirp. Grouse. Otherwise called the grey-hen. From Fr. griais, griesclie, speckled, grey. Poule griesche, a moor-hen, the hen of the grice or moor-game.-Cot. To Grovel, Groof. A probable origin may be found in It. grufolare, to grunt, and thence, as gruffare, grofolare, gruf- fignare, to grub as a swine with his nose in the ground. The Da. expression is at ligge, sidde paa gru, to lie or sit with the head bent downwards, while provincially at grue (of a ploughshare) is to dig its nose into the ground. "Skaret gruer for meget-gruer ikke nok;" the share has its point bent too much or not sufficiently downwards.

H. Harangue. The explanation in the text must be given up in favour of the old derivation from the ring or audience addressed in a solemn discourse. Consedere duces, et vulgi stante corona-. The MHG. ring was applied to the lists or HARANGUE. HITIGRE. 561 inclosure for a combat, or to the space cleared for a combat, just as with us the ring is the technical term for the inclosure in a fight with fists. The term was also applied to the audience in a court of justice, to the circle of witnesses in a solemn betrothal- Zarncke II. 707. From the first of these senses must be explained It. aringo, arringo, a list or tilt yard; from the second, arringare, to arrange or set in array [properly to make a ring, to place the audience for hearing], also to make an oration or set speech in public, to address a ring, [and thence] aringa, arenga, arringa,a public set speech or declaration, an harangue; arringo, arringhiera,a pulpit or chair wherein orations are made, a balcony.-Fl. The derivation from ring explains the double sense of It. aringo, which would remain unaccounted for if arringare,to harangue, were identical with E. arraign, OFr. ai-egnier, araisner, Mid. Lat. adrationare, as supposed in the text. The syllable ha in Fr. harangue represents the It in OHG. hring, as the ha in hanap, the h in OHG. lknapf; or the ca in canif,the k in knife. To Harp or Hark back. To return to an old subject. The waggoners' cry to make horses back is in Devonshire haap ! or haap back ! To ha-ape, to stop or keep back.-Hal. The cry in Prov. Dan. is hop dig ! At hoppe en 'ogn, to back a waggon. In Holstein hoppen or happen, iorgge huppen. In Westerwald the cry is hiif! and thence houfe, to turn back; gehoitf, going backwards. When to haap back was used in a metaphorical sense among people who were ignorant of the waggoners' cry, a meaning was given to it as if it was a metaphor from harping on an old string, or listening to the hounds that have struck the scent behind Us. "What is the use of tormenting yourself by constantly harping back to old days."-Dumbleton Common. 1867; I. p. 156. Hawbuck. A Johnny-raw, a silly clown. Swiss holzbock, homo stupidus, incogitans. - Idioticon Bern. in Deutsch. Mundart. Higre. From ON. AzEgir the seagod, the sea itself. .zEgja, to frighten ; cegir, terrifler. 2o02 562 HOVE. ICICLE.

To Hove. To h f, hIfe, how, hove, is explained by Jam. to halt, to stay, to remain. It is probably identical with E. huff, to blow, G. hauchen, to blow, to breathe, whence we pass on the one hand to the idea of puffing up and swelling, on the other to that of taking breath, reposing, ceasing from action. See Huff, Pause. The word "may generally be rendered, pause. Morcar erl of Gloucestre myd ys ost byside In ane valleye hovede the endyne vor to abyde.-R. G. 218.

Before Pilate and other people in the place he ioved.--P. P. Da. whoen, puffed up, swelled. See Wo! Hovel. A shed open at the sides or roof, supported on posts. It is used by W. Wyrc. for a canopy over the head of a statue, according to Halliwell, in which sense it would exactly correspond to Mid. Lat. capella (see Chapel), and may be explained from Du. huff, huive, a hood, the tilt of a waggon. In like manner E. hut is related to OG. hot, W. hotan, hotyn, a cap, a hood. To Hover. Properly, of a hawk, to keep itself stationary in the air by a quivering movement of the wings. Du. hugg- heren, huyveren, kuyveren, to quiver, shiver.-Kil. Bailey has to hover, to shiver for cold. It is probably from the figure of shivering that the word is used in the sense of standing in expectation. "The landlord will no longer covenant with him, for that he daily looketh after change, and hovereth in expectation of new worlds."-Spenser in Todd. Du. huiverigheid, shivering; fig. irresolution, hesita- •tion.-Bomhoff.

I. Icicle. Profr. Aufrecht impugns the connection of AS. ises gicel, Du. ijksegel, sJskekel, E.-icicle with jag or cog in the sense of a projection, and maintains that the element gicel is simply ON. jokull (for jakuls), ice-mountain, mass of ice; which together with juki, a lump of ice, are formations from ICICLE. LAMPOON. 563 the same stock with OIr. aig; Gael. eigh, W. id (for lag), ice, Bret. yen (for ye-in, yagin), cold. It will be observed that AS. gicel is used in poetical expressions such as hildegicel, the icicle of war, for blood, just as we have in ON. bodvar jokull, ice of battle, a sword; munzndikull, ice of the hand, silver. On this theory of the origin of the word we must suppose that G. kegel, a ninepin, a cone, is named fro. its resemblance to an icicle.

K. Knacker. A saddler and harness-maker. -Forby. One that makes collars and other furniture for cart-horses.-Ray S. and .Rcountry words. Doubtless from ON. knackr, a saddle. At the present day the name of knacker is chiefly known as signifying one whose business it isto slaughter old worn-out horses, an office analogous to that of the German Sciinder or Abdecker, the flayer, who had to dispose of the bodies of dead animals, and of course first stripped off their skin, the only part of any value. It would seem that in England this office fell to the Knacker or coarse harness-maker, as the person who would have the best opportunity of making the skins available.

L. Lampoon. The syllables taterletat, tanterlantant,representing sound without sense, are used in P1. D. as interjections, like fiddlededee! expressing contempt for what a person says. T terletdt, a toy trumpet, or the noise which it makes; ene olde tterlettt, an old tattlebasket; tanterlantant,trifles; tan- tern, to tattle, to trifle. An equivalent expression in Fr. is lanturelu! lanturlu! fudge! stuff! (Spiers), nonsense (Tarver), of which the prominent syllable, lant (as tcant in G.), has been made the basis of verbs signifying to talk nonsense, to trifle; lantiberner, to weary with idle stories (Dict. bas lang.); lanterner, to talk nonsense, trifle with, to fool (Spiers); lanti. 564- LAMPOON. MARQUE. ponner, to talk nonsense, to trifle (harceler quelqu'un en te tiraillant-Trevoux), and lanponner, explained by Cot. as synonymous with lanterner, to dally or play the fool with, to cog, foist, fib. The primary meaning of lampoon then would be a piece of foolery or nonsense, making fun of a person, and incidentally a satirical attack. Logwood. "Whereas of late years there hath been brought into this realm of England a certain kind of ware or stuff called Logwood, alias Blockwood."-Stat. 23 Eliz. c. ix.

NMarque, Letters of. The genuine form is Marque and not mart, as supposed in the Text. Mid. Lat. marcl/a, Fr. marque, is commonly explained as an authority given by a prince to any of his subjects, who have been wronged by those of a neighbouring sovereign, and have not been able to obtain justice at his hands, to pass the narches or boundaries of his states and do themselves right upon any of his subjects or their property. Perhaps this may not have been the exact mode in which the expression has arisen, but there is little doubt that it is connected with the notion of marches or bor- ders. Marca or inarchatio may have been an elliptical expression for a borderers' quarrel, in which sense the term seems to be used in a letter of James of Aragon to Philip le Bel, A.D. 1310. "Cupientes attamen, ut semper fecimus, evi- tare pro posse, ne inter nostros et vestros subditos, marcha- tiones que scandali ac dissentionis possent materiam suscitare, aliquatenus orirentur."-Carp. By a similar ellipse varcare seems to be taken for the right of pasturing in a contermin- ous forest. Sciendum quod in nemore de Lantagio non pote- runt dicti fratres marcare.-Carp. Marchagium or droit de mnarchage in Auvergne was the right of pasturage in the opposite marches. Marcare or marchiare then may easily have come to signify to exercise border right, to do oneself right in a border-quarrel by seizing the property or the persons 6f countrymen of the wrong-doer. "Lesquels habitans MARQUE. MORGANATIC. 565 n'ayant voulu tenir et payer ledit accord, le prestre s'en retourna aux Anglois, et fit par iceulx Anglois marquer, piller et prendre prisonniers les bonnes gens et habitans de ladite paroisse St Victor."-Lit. Remiss. A.D. 1389, in Carp. Mildew. Aufrecht asserts that milcheo is not a true Gaelic word, but was imposed on the Diet. of the Highland Society as a clumsy'attempt to transform mildew into a Celtic word. But we find mileeo, mildew, in O'Brien's Irish Dict., 1768, and in M'Alpine's Gael. Dict., and millckea, mildew, in Cregan's Manx Diet. It must be admitted however that the difficulty of sup- posing a Gaelic origin for a'word common to G., AS., and Dan. is greater than the transference of a name of the honey- dew even to so widely different a phenomenon as mildew. The AS. meledeaw is honey-dew. Moor, Morass. The reference to the black colour of the soil is probably erroneous. The Du. modder, moder, moeyer, moer, more, mud (Kil.), shows that moor is a contracted form. It may be explained from Pl. D. maddern, to dabble or paddle (Danneil), smudden, smuddeln, smuddern, to dawb or dirty (Brem. Wtb.); Du. moddelen, to grub in the mud or earth; E. muddle, to dabble like ducks with their bill in the wet, to disturb beer or water.--Ioor. Morganatic. It was the privilege of the feudatory, among the Lombards and other branches of Teutonic race, to endow his wife on the morrow of the wedding with a limited portion of his fortune, without the assent of his heir, under the name of morgengabe or morning gift:-" quod unusquisque militaris ordinis sum uxori, sine heredum assensu, nomine dotis erogare valet, antequam cum e' ad prandium discubu- erit."-Sachsenspiegel in Due. The word was variously Latinised under the forms morgan- aticum, imurganale, murgitatio. The first of these forms is used in the contract of Leopold of Austria with Catherine of Savoy, A.D. 1310, where he engages "sepe dicts Catherinae miorganatictum assignare ad nostrum arbitrium: de quo mor- 566 MORGANATIC. NUMBLES. ganatico ordinare et disponere poterit."-Cited from Heinec- cius, Elementa Juris Germ. in N. & Q., July 16, 1864. Carp. also gives an instance of the use of the word in the same sense. At a subsequent period the name of matrimonium ad morganaticam or morganatic marriage was given to a second marriage between a man of rank and a woman of inferior position, in which it was stipulated that she should only have claim to the fortune bestowed on her by morgengabe, without partaking in the rank, or transmitting to her children any further right to the inheritance, of her husband. The word is thus clearly explained in the section, "De filiis natis ex matrimonio ad morganaticamcontracto," cited in Due. Henschel. " Quidam habens filium ex nobili conjuge, post mortem ejus non valens continere, aliam minus nobilem duxit: qui nolens existere in peccato, eam desponsavit ea lege ut nec ipsa nee flii ejus amplius habeant de bonis paternis quam dixerit tempore sponsaliorum : verbi gratia, decem libras, vel quantum voluerit dare quando earn desponsavit, quod Medio- lanenses dicunt accipere uxorem ad morganaticam."

Nescock. A more probable derivation than that suggested in the text is from the peeping cry of a young bird. G. quack, quackel, nestgucck, a young unfledged bird, and fig. a child of one's old age. From quaken, to cry. Der kinder gequek; ein jammervoll gequeck. Numbles, Umbles. The old derivation from umbilicus appears to me to be the true one. The numbles of a deer comprised various parts of the inwards of the animal from the "avanters" of the neck to the bight of the thighs. Noumbles of a dere or beest, entrailles.-Palsgr. Pracordia, the numbles, as the hart, the spleene, the lunges and liver.-Elyot. In Sir Gawaine and the Green Knight however, v. 1340, where the cutting out the numbles is elaborately but not very comprehensibly described, they do not include the liver and NUMBLES. NURSE. 567 lungs. It is natural that a portion consisting of the soft parts about the belly should take its name from the navel. And accordingly we find the word in various forms, nunblicus (evidently from umbilicus), numbile, numbulus, numblus. "De bove mortuo, pectus; de porco mortuo, nunblicum."- Due. "In quolibet porco a carnifice occiso ad vendendum, les numbles, et de quolibet bove-pectus solvere tenebuntur." -Charta, A.D. 1239, in Due. A strong confirmation of this derivation appears in the double form of the word, numbles and umbles, with and without a prosthetic n, precisely corresponding to Fr. nombril and Prov. ombrilk from umbilicus. It is true that the word seems sometimes to be confounded with lumbulus or lumbellus in the charters, but this in general is applied to the loin, a different joint. Lumbulus, lentipratin.-Dief. Supp. "Quicunque de eodem castro occi- dit porcum ad tollam praestat lumbellum qui communiter et vulgariter dicitur filectum (the filet), curie dicti castri."- Charta, A.D. 1270, in Carp. Nurse. Lat. nutrire is to be explained from Bay. schnauden, to snuff, pant, blow; schnoddeln, to snift; ON. snudda, snudra, N. snutra, snusla, Dan. snuse, P1. D. snussein, to sniff, to search about, especially for food, E. snoozle, nuzzle, nuddle, to creep closely or snugly as an infant in the bosom of its mother.- Mrs Baker. Dat kind snusselt an den titte, the child nuzzles or snoozles up to the breast. - Brem. Wtb. Then con- versely, to nuzzle, to press the babe to the bosom, to caress, nourish, bring up. Mothers who to nousle up their babes Thought nought too curious.-Pericles. Old men long nozzled (nursed) in corruption.-Sidney in Todd. Here we pass from the notion of sniffing after food, snug- gling up to the breast, to that of pressing the infant to the breast or nursing it, and precisely the same step brings us from N. snutra to Lat. nutrire. 568 OAKUJM. *POTATOE#

0. Oakum. AS. acuInbi, deembi, OHG. 4canbi, stoppa, tow; XIHG. Ianef-cdamb, the combings or hards of hemp, tow, what is combed out in dressing it; as aswine, the refuse Swcingled out in dressing flax. Stuppa pectitur ferreis hamis, donec omnis membrana decorticatur.-Pliny xxix. 1. 3. cited by Aufrecht in Phil. Trans.

P. To Pay a Vessel. Certainly from OFr. empoier, to daub a vessel with pitch. "Et ne sont pas empoides, car ils n'ont pas de pois."-Marco Polo, Pautier's ed., p. 535, cited by Marsh. Pet. To pet a child is to indulge it in its pets or fits of ill-humour, and thence a pet child, an indulged child. From pet ! pyt! an exclamation of displeasure. Pickle. A, mess. "You are in a pretty pickle." Hence a pickle is a child apt to get into a mess, or into scrapes, a mischievous boy. From P1.. PD.ick'l, a pig. Pick'l, pick'l! a cry to pigs, Pick'1 is then used as a reproach to a child who has got himself dirtied: you little pig!-Danneil. Dirtying the clothes then becomes the type of youthful scrapes in general. SPirate. Gr. 7TEpar, Lat. pirata,have no intrinsic meaning in those languages. But possibly the word may have been borrowed from a Celtic stock, in which case it might be explained from Bret. preiz, prey, booty; whence preiza, to rob; preizer, a pirate. Poodle. Du. poedele, to paddle in the water, whence poedel-hond, a poodle or rough water-dog.-Overyssel Al- manach. Potatoe. Peter Martyr speaks positively as to the name being native in HIaiti. He says (Dec. 2. c. 9.) "Effodiunt etiam e tellure suapte naturA nascentes radices (indigence Batatas appellant) quas ut vidi, insubres napos existimavi POTATOE. QUIN T AIN. 569 aut magna terrve tubera." Navagerio, who was in the Indies at the same time, writes in 1526, "Io ho vedute molte cose dell' India ed ho avuto di quelle radice che chiamano batatas e le ho mangiate : sono di sapor di castagno." Doubt- less these were sweet potatoes, called batatas in Spanish. Pursy. OE. Purcyfe, short-winded or stuffed about the stomach, pourcif.-Palsgr. It is singular that the more modern forms poulsif, poussif, should be truer to the origin, Lat. pulsare, Fr. poulser, pousser, to beat or thrust. There is so much analogy between the action of the lungs and the pulse of the heart that we need not be surprised at finding Prov. polsar used in the sense of breathe or pant.-Raym. Hence Fr. pousse (in horses), broken wind, choke-damp in mines; poussif, short-winded. Putty. A name given to certain pasty or pultaceous masses occurring in different trades, mentioned in the text. It is a parallel but more way-worn form than poultice, from Lat. puls,pultis, pap. It. poltiglia, Milan. poltla, pap, poultice, batter, mud, slime; It. spoltiglia, Milan. spolt'u " (as Fr. pote d'emeril), the pasty residue of grease and emery from the grinding of precious stones. Spoltij is also the mud that comes from the grindstone. Milan. poltia would easily pass into Fr. pote'e and E. putty,

Quintain. A game in which the fun was to see the player tumbled off his horse. "At last they agreed to set up a quinten which is a crossbar turning upon a pole having a broad board at the one end and a bag full of sand at the other. Now he that ran at it with the lance, if he hit not the board, was laughed to scorn; and if he hit it full and rid not the faster, he would have such a blow with the sand- bag on the back as would sometimes beat them off their horses."-Essex Champion (1690), in Nares. "The special- ity of the sport was to see how sum for his slakness had a good bob with the bag, and sum for his haste to toppl doun 570 QUINTAIN.1 SIR. right, and cum tumbling to the post."-Kenilworth Illus- trated, in N. Lang. tintaino, tinteino, a similar game, in which persons tilted against each other, placed on a bowsprit at the end of boats, from which the least shock precipitated them into the water; ce qui est le principal divertissement de ces sortes de fetes. Fa la tintaino, chanceler, perdre l'equilibre et culbuter dans l'eau. Fr. tintin, the ringing of a bell; It. tentennare, to ding dong, dingle; tingle, jangle, gingle, also to vacillate, stagger, waver. In Florence boys tilt at a gourd hung to a string and call it tintana.-Vanzoni.

Rare. Raw, underdone.-Hal. In the U.S., according to Lowell, rare or raredone is the ordinary term used in that sense. It is well explained by that author (Biglow Papers, II. Series, xxxi.), as a contraction from rather, signifying too quickly done, too soon taken from the fire. The same form is seen in rare ripe, early ripe. Devon, rare, early.-Hal. The elision of th between vowels is very common, as in wche'r for whether, smore from smother, or (G. oder), from other, &c. Rocket. It. rocca, a rock or distaff; rocchello, rochetto, a rocket or bobbin to wind silk on; also the wheel about which the cord of.a clock or jack goeth; also any kind of rocket or squib of wildfire.-F1. The distaff was commonly made of reed, and with its 'clothing of flax offered a familiar resemblance to a barrel- wheel with the cord of the jack round it, or to a quill or bobbin wound round with silk. From these the appellation is transferred to a firework contained in a hollow case or cylinder.

S. Sir, Sire. There is no ground for the doub t expressed as to the derivation of Sir and Sire from Lat. senior, It. signore. The gn of the latter form is softened down in the N. of Italy SIR. WITTERING. 571 to a y, so that at Ravenna I have heard it pronounced Siyore, and in Florentine and Parmesan it becomes Si6r. From hence to Fr. Sieur, Sire, 21Messire, It. Messer, is an easy gradation. In early French messire and monseigneur are used indifferently in the same sentence, "Messires Nicolas Pol qui peres Mon- seigneur Marc estoit."-Transl. Marco Polo, cited by Marsh. The word, as Marsh observes, has been singularly liable to corruption. In Italy it has become signor, sior, gnor, scio, ser, si, as Si Pepe, the Neapolitan name for Garibaldi. In Catalonian we find Mossen, .En, or before a vowel simply N, as En Pere, Nanfos, for Sehor Pedro, Selor Afonso. Sure. Fr. shir, OFr. segur, seur, Lat. securus. To Swear. The radical meaning seems to be to certify, to assure, to declare as true, from OHG. wsr, G. wahr, certain, assured, true. Ze t6d ,vwdr, as sure as death. "Ez ist mir wdrez gewizzen:" it is known to me for certain. Vdr machen, to make sure, to prove by documents.-Schmeller. Pl. D. waren, to certify, to prove by witnesses or documents. TWaren up den hilligen: to take his corporal oath, to swear by the holy relicks.-Brem. Wtb. See Ware.

W. Wittering. A hint or notice of a thing. ON. vita, to wit, to have notice or knowledge of; vitr, having knowledge or understanding, wise; vitra, to give notice of, to reveal, display; N. vitr, warning or sign of an event; vitra, vittre, to give warning or notice of, to let one know; vitring, warning, information, knowledge.

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