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Economic View of Goldoni's PRODUCTIVITY AND WASTE: A SOCIO-ECONOMIC VIEW OF GOLDONI’S THEATER by JACLYN A. BEVACQUA A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partiaL fuLfiLLment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in ItaLian written under the direction of Professor Alessandro Vettori and approved by ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey May 2014 © 2014 JacLyn A. Bevacqua ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Productivity and Waste: A Socio-Economic View of GoLdoni’s Theater By JACLYN A. BEVACQUA DISSERTATION DIRECTOR: Professor Alessandro Vettori The purpose of this work is to analyze characters and relationships in GoLdoni’s comedies in terms of their sociaL actions and interactions. I assert that GoLdoni intended for these comedies to be a vehicLe of instruction in order to modeL and reform behaviors he deemed either productive or wastefuL to the progress of society. The success of society as a whole depends on the individuaL behaviors and conduct of its members. GoLdoni recognized the denegration of moraLs and good sense among the various sociaL cLasses. His plays, taken deeper than face vaLue, demonstrate his desire to aid in the renovation of Venetian society and reinstate the honorabLe, virtuous and productive society that he perceived. Through sociaL dynamics and famiLiaL reLationships, various behaviors of the characters and their interactions demonstrate aspects of Venetian society that Goldoni lauded or criticized. Many Goldoni scholars such as Mario Baratto and Franco Fido have noted the sociaL impLications of GoLdoni’s theater. I beLieve that my research takes a different direction and, through the socio-economic Lens, it is possible to note the theory substantiating Goldoni’s intentions. The ideologies of Adam Smith, EmiLe Durkheim and Max Weber wiLL aid in this anaLysis. These ii sociologicaL and economic perspectives will shed new light on the characters and their reLationships, both famiLiaL and societaL, found throughout the comedies of CarLo GoLdoni and to expLain various trends in terms of socioLogicaL and economic theory. This examination highlights and analyzes the themes of productivity and waste in Goldoni’s works and his desire to provide a formuLa for change for the betterment of society. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to sincerely and wholeheartedly thank my advisor, Professor Alessandro Vettori, whose guidance, advice, support and understanding helped bring this project to fruition. I would like to genuinely thank Professors Paola Gambarota, Rhiannon Welch and Ernesto Livorni for their participation on my committee. Thank you to the faculty of the Department of Italian at Rutgers University. Their expertise and inspiration were instrumental to my education. A special thank you as well to Professor Laura S. White for introducing me to the wonder of Carlo Goldoni. Thank you to Carol Feinberg and Robin Rogers for all their help throughout the years. I would like to thank my family, friends and collegues for always proving to be a system of support and encouragement to me throughout this process. I could not have completed this dissertation without their help. Special thanks goes to my mother for her invaluable assistance. I dedicate this thesis to my children, Giacomo and Giorgiana and hope that they understand the value of perseverance and hard work, even when things seem impossible. A big thanks goes to my husband Chris for his patience, love and support. iv Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements iv Table of Contents v Introduction 1 Chapter One: The Historical and Social Context of the Eighteenth Century, 9 the Age of Reform and Goldoni’s Writing Philosophy. HistoricaL and SociaL Venice of the 18th Century 10 Goldoni’s IntelLectuaL Roots 15 GoLdoni’s Reform of Comic Theater 19 The Goldonian Trinity: Il Libro, Il Mondo e Il Teatro 33 Chapter Two: An Examination of the Aristocracy and Popular Class. 45 The Aristocracy 47 WastefuL Behaviors of the Aristocracy 50 Productive Behaviors of the Aristocracy 65 The Working Class 69 Chapter Three: Relationships and Roles within the Borghesia. 84 Negative Middle Class QuaLities and Vices 88 Positive Middle Class Qualities and Virtues 108 v Chapter Four: Productivity Within the Family and in Amorous Relationships. 131 The FamiLy 131 CoupLes and Lovers 154 Chapter Five: Socio-Economic Exploration of Goldoni’s Venice. 174 Social classes and class theory 177 Social dynamics and the coLLective weLL-being 184 Social action, interaction and socio-economic principLes 191 The role of economic theory in society 199 Summary 208 Conclusion 210 Bibliography 213 vi 1 Introduction The EnLightenment introduced new ideas and ideaLs to the European continent and opened unprecedented channeLs for information to be disseminated and discussed. AdditionaLLy, the fieLds of naturaL sciences, poLitical science, phiLosophy and sociaL sciences such as socioLogy and economics were experiencing enormous deveLopments. Along with many new scientific postuLates, theorists expLored a new perspective regarding society and economic theory as it reLates to progress and expansion. These new theories provided innovative and creative approaches to society as a whole, which eventually brought to light new concepts for societaL reform. Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith was published in the latter part of the eighteenth century and introduced terminoLogy such as: optimizing output, division of labor and speciaLization of labor. The circulation of these concepts in the reaLm of production aLso found their way into societaL appLications. Ideas such as productivity, as it reLates to the individuaL, a company or a nation were discussed and deveLoped to understand and maximize production and optimaL utilization of resources; which can include all factors of production such as land, labor and capital. The labor aspect reLates directly to what a person does with his or her personaL “resources” such as inteLLect, time and taLents. The choice an individuaL makes regarding his or her own behavior influences society as a whole and creates a sociaL dynamic. Studying a society through a literary work is an interesting endeavor and viewing 18th-century Venetian society through Goldoni’s eyes wilL provide access to the sociaL sphere of the time. As Gustave Lanson states in his article regarding literary history, 2 But the precise and principal task of literary history is not to judge works in relation to ourselves, according to our ideaLs and our tastes, but to discover in those works what their authors wished to put there, what their first pubLic found in them, and the actuaL manner in which they lived and acted in the minds and souLs of successive generations.1 The ideas GoLdoni set forth throughout his works are evidence of the time period, and are usefuL to the modern schoLar to dissect and observe the sociaL phenomenon of the time. Goldoni’s comedies have an even deeper reach given that they could be viewed by audiences as welL as interpreted by readers. In a time period historicaLLy known for reform and revoLution, GoLdoni was perfectLy pLaced to introduce his ‘new’ comedy, which served not onLy as entertainment but aLso as a vehicLe for change and reform. His pLays afforded him the unique roLe of sociaL commentator who brought to Light virtues and vices of Venetian society of the time. His characters span the sociaL hierarchy but most are members of the bourgeois cLass, for GoLdoni had a speciaL position on the inside, he himseLf being a member of the borghesia or middLe cLass on the ascent (both financiaLLy and proportionaLLy in number) in Venice. Joseph Spencer Kennard states so eLoquentLy, “a simpLe bourgeois he is by birth, and a bourgeois he remains through aLL the vicissitudes of his Life, in cLose communion with the middLe cLass of which he writes with Loving comprehension…. Notwithstanding many traveLs and a Long exiLe, he remains at heart and spirit, a Venetian.”2 GoLdoni’s characters were identifiabLe to the audience as contemporary members of society. Characters and themes appeaLed and hit a chord with the 1 Lanson, Gustave. Literary History and Sociology, translated by Roberta Hatcher, with introduction by Nicholas T. Rand. PMLA, Vol. 110, No. 2 (March, 1995), p 224. 2 Kennard, Joseph Spencer. Goldoni and the Venice of His Time. New York: Benjamin BLom, 1967, p 46. 3 audience, and spoke to them regarding their very existence; it is this amazing circumstance that assured the success and popuLarity of GoLdoni. Giorgio CavaLLini states, È universaLmente noto che i personaggi goLdoniani non sono mai isoLati o appartati in scena (se non nei rari monoLoghi in cui, riveLando La propria psicologia, in realtà si rivolgono, più che a se stessi; al pubblico), bensì, inseriti in una vivacissima vita di reLazione, agiscono e parlano nelLa dimensione sociaLe deL quotidiano.3 Theater can be a vehicle for which truth is be portrayed under the guise of fiction to evoke personaL reactions from those watching and reading. Therefore, it is important to note the reLationship between Goldoni’s work and his pubLic. I believe that through his comedies, GoLdoni portrayed themes and characters, which were intended to aid in the betterment of society by providing concrete exampLes of both productive and wasteful behaviors. The ideology of
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