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Documentof y ) The World Bank
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Report No. 9794-ANG
STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT
ANGOLA Public Disclosure Authorized LOBITO BENGUELA URBAN ENVIRONMENTALREHABILITATION PROJECT
NOVEMBER 27, 1991 Public Disclosure Authorized
South-Centraland Indian Ocean Department Public Disclosure Authorized InfrastructureOperations Division Africa Region
Thi document ha a roficted dltdbidtlon myo be used by rdpkntsondy In tbepeformauia of their officeaddutoe Its cottes way not oherwise be disosed wthout Wofid Bank anthozaton. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS
Currency nitew Kwnza Mar.91-Nov.91 US$1.00 NKz6O From Nov.16, 1991 US$1.00 NKz9O Base Ratel/
If Applicableto petroleumand diamondexports, official financialtransactions and five basic consumer imports. Other rates apply as follows: NKz18Ofor raw materialsand selected other consumer imports; and NKz55Ofor remainingexports and imports. Individualtransactions may be conductedthrough the commercialbanks at parallel market rates (NKz780 as of Nov. 25, 1991).
MEASURES AND EQUIVALENTS 1 Meter (m) 3.28 Feet 1 Kilometer 0.625 Miles 1 Square Meter (mi)- 10.76 Square Feet 1 Hectare 10,000 ni2 or 2.47 Acres 1 Liter 0.264 Gallons (0.22 Imp. Gal.) 30 Liters per day 7.92 Gallonsper day 1 m3 (1,000 Liters) 264 Gallons (220 Imp. Gal.) 1 rn3 per hour 6,336 Gallons per day
ABBREVIATIONSAND ACRONYMS
AfDB African DevelopmentBank CFB = BenguelaRailway Company DNPT = National Directorateof Territorial Planning DPS ProvincialDirectorate of Health DPSC ProvincialDirectorate of Commun ty Services EPAB ProvincialWater Companyof Benguela GIS GeographicInformation System GPB ProvincialGovernment of Benguela GPP ProvincialPlanning Office ICB InternationalCompetitive Bidding INPF National Instituteof PhysicalPlanning KAP KnowledgeAttitude Practice Survey LARGIS Land RegistrationGeographic Information System LCA Lobito Corridor Authority LCB Local CompetitiveBidding MINFIN Ministry of Finance MINPLAN Ministry of Planning NA Not Applicable NORAD NorwegianAgency for DevelopmentCooperation ORT Oral RehydrationTherapy PPF Project PreparationFacility SADCC SouthernAfrica DevelopmentCoordination Conference SATCC Southern Africa Transport & CommunicationsCommission SEUHA State Sec tariat for Urbanism, Housingand Water SIDA Swedishinternational Development Authority TA TechnicalAssistance UNDP United Nations DevelopmentProgram UNV United NationsVolunteers
FISCAL YEAR January 1- December31 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
ANGOLA LOBrTO BENGUELAURBAN ENVIRONMENTALREHABILITATION PROJECT
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No CREDIT AND PROJECT SUMMARY i-v
I. BACKGROUND A. Introduction I B. Sectoral Context 2 C. Sectoral Issues 2 D. Rationale for Bank Group Involvement S
II. THE PROJECT A. Project Objectives 5 B. Project Description 5 Environmental Sanitation 6 Low IncomeSanitation 8 Institutional Development 9 Studies 11 C. Project Costs 12 D. Project Financing Plan 14
HI. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION A. Institutional Arrangements 14 B. Project Implementation Staff 15 C. Action Plan 16 D. Procurement 19 E. Disbursements 21 F. Project Accounting, Auditing, and Reporting 21 G. Key Indicators 22 H. Mid-Term Review 22
IV. FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS A. Empresa Provincial de Aguas de Benguela (EPAB) 23 B. Cost Recovery 24 C. Private Sector Development 25 D. Project Benefits 25 E. Project Justification 26 F. Project Risks 26 G. Lessons Learned 27
V. AGREEMENTS, CONDITIONSAND RECOMMENDATION A. Agreenents Prior to Negotiations 28 B. AgreementsReached at Negotiations 28 C. Conditions of Credit Effectiveness 29 D. Conditions of Disbursement 29 E. Recommendation 29
This report is based on the findingsof an apptaisal missionto Angola in May, 1991, consistingof Mr. R. Chavez (senior urban planner and missionleader), Ms. T. Genta-Fons(senior counsel), and consultantsMessrs./Mesdames B. Brandberg(sanitation specialist), E. Echeverria(engineer and planner), J. Ladd (financialanalyst), M. Lar-Resnde (ecologicalplanner), M. Pamer (geographer), and G. Tannerfeldt(architect planner, SIDA). Messrs. B. Menezesand R. Beardmorewere the poer reviewers for the project. Mr. M. Blancand Mr. F. Aguirre-Sacasaarm the managingdivision chief and director respectivelyfor the operation.
This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their oMficiolduties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosedwithout WorldBank authorization. .jj, Tableof Contents(Cont'd)
ANNEXES
PROJECT-RELATED I PreliminaryEnvironmental Assessment 2 Water, Sewer, and Storm DrainageRehabilitation 3 Low Income Sanitation 4 Solid Waste Management 5 ImplementationPlan and Key Indicators 6 Detailed Project Costs 7 Financial Analysis 8 GeographicalInformation System
TERMS OF REFERENCE 9 Water and Sewer Tariff and InstitutionalReorganization Study 10 EnvironmentalManagement and MonitoringStudy 11 Land RegistrationStudy 12 GPP Key Staff
BACKGROUND 13 SelectedDocuments Available in the Project File
MAPS IBRD No. 23181 Angola - Project LocationMap IBRD No. 23182 Lobito Benguela- Project ComponentMap -iii-
ANGOLA
LOBITO BENGUELA URBAN ENVIRONMENTALREHABILITATION PROJECT
CREDIT AND PROJECT SUMMARY
Borrower: People's Republicof Angola
Beneficiary: Provincial Govemmentof Benguela(GPB)
Amount: SDR 33.6 million (US$45.58 million equival.nt).
Tenns: StandardIDA Terms with 40 years maturity.
Co-Financing: Norway (NORAD)and Sweden (SIDA)
Project Objectives: The project is a free-standingenvironmental project whosemain objectivesare to: (a) restoie the water supply and failed sanitary services in order to help eliminate life-threatening epidemics,improve the health of the population,and halt the degradationof the physical environment;(b) improve living conditionsin the squatter settlementsby providingaccess to clean water and improvedlatrines; (c) strengthenthe institutionsresponsible for project managementand for operation, management,and control of urban servicesand the environmentby providing technicalassistance, logisticalsupport, and training;and (d) assist in policy reform through water and sewer tariff, land registration, and environmentalstudies.
Project Description: The project consistsof the followingcomponents:
a) Environmental Sanitation - rehabilitationand expansionof the water supply and distributionand sanitary sewer systems; rehabilitationof the solid waste managementsystem; and rehabilitationof the storm drainage and erosion control network;
b) Low Income Sanitation - provision of clean urban water to all unplanned settlementsvia a network of 500 standpipesand laundry facilities; a massiveimproved latrine and sanitary- environmentaleducation program; and a modest urban revegetationprogram in the unplanned settlements;
c) Istitutional Development - consistingof technicalassistance and training, and logistical and administrativesupport for the ProvincialWater Company (EPAB);for the Provincial CommunityServices Department (DPSC); and for the ProvincialPlanning Office (GPP) to manage and monitor the project as a whole.
d) Studies - to assist the Govermmentto reorganizethe ProvincialWater Company and set economicwater and sewer tariffs; to define policy issuesand action plans for environmental managementand monitoring;and to developa geographicinformation system and land registrationpilot program. The project would also financethe detailed engineeringdesign and supervisionof the water, sewer, and storm drainage components;and studies for the preparationof follow-upprojects in the infrastructuresector identifiedduring project implementation. -iv-
Benrits and Risks:
While justified on health and tnvironmental concernsalone, the proposed project would facilitatethe developmentof the larger LobitoCorridor rehabilitationprogram. Major direct benefits of the project would be measuredin terms of improvedhealth of the population, and in particular of womenand children; alleviationof poverty among the lowest income groups in the squatteTsettlements; increased productivity of the urban population;positive impactson the physical and socidl envirornment;and increasedefficiency of key institutionsserving the cities of Lobito and Benguela. The risks inherentin the proposedproject are due to institutionaland technicalweaknesses which may cause delays in project implementationand lead to further environmentaland economicdeterioration. There is a potentialrisk that the govermmentmay interfere in the administrativeautonomy of the provincial water companythereby hindering reorganizationefforts and the cost recovery objectivesof the project. Unfamiliaritywith Bank procedures,problems with communications,and a potentiallyunstable politicalenvironment could lead to significantdelays as well. Delays in the overall urban rehabilitationeffort could affect the rehabilitationof the Lobito corridor, once it gets underway. Technicalassistance, training, and logisticalsupport, initiatedduring project preparation, are intended to minimize these risks.
Project Cost:
The total cost of the project is estimatedat US$58.88million equivalentwith foreign costs of US$49.20 million which represent 84 percent. The detailed cost estimatesin prices as of July 1991 are shown below.
Project Cost Estimates (USS million) Percent Local Foreign Totat Totat Foreign 1. EIVIRONNENTALSANITATION S4.94 $21.24 126.18 45X 81X A. WaterRehabilitation 1.44 8.16 9.60 16 85 B. Sewer Rehabititation 1.18 6.70 7.88 13 85 C. StormDrainage Works 1.74 4.06 5.80 10 70 D. SolidWaste Collection & Disposal 0.58 2.32 2.90 5 80 11. LOWINCOhE SANITATION $1.55 $2.37 $3.92 7X 601 A. ImprovedLatrines 1.08 1.72 2.80 5 61 B. Sanitary-EnvironmentalEducation 0.15 0.48 0.63 1 77 C. UrbanRevegetation 0.32 0.18 0.50 1 35 III.INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT $0.59 S8.08 58.67 15S 931 A. TechnicalAssistance 0.31 5.45 5.76 10 95 B. Training 0.04 0.34 0.38 1 90 C. Aclninistrative/LogisticalSupport 0.25 2.29 2.54 4 90 IV. STUDIES $0.16 S6.13 56.29 11X 97X A. Engineering Design & Supervision - 3.49 3.49 6 100 B. Water& SewerTariff & Reorganiz,Study 0.67 0.67 1 100 C. GIS/LandRegistration Study 0.08 0.31 0.39 1 80 D. EnvironmentatMgt& MonitoringStudy 0.08 0.70 0.78 1 90 E. OtherStudies - 0.95 0.95 2 100 V. TOTALBASE COST $7.24 $37.83 $45.06 77X 84K PhysicalContingencies 0.99 3.81 4.80 8 79 PriceContingencies 1.45 7.56 9.01 15 84 VI.TOTAL PROJECT COST $9.68 S49.20 S58.88 1001 841 Pricecontingencies are basedon estimatedinternational inflation over the lifeof the project,averaging 3.9X p.a. per recentIDA guidelInes. Basecosts include taxes on locallyprocured goods estimated at USS1.3million equivalent,financed entirely by Government. Financing Plan: (US m;llion) Percent Locat Foreign Total of Total IDACredit $3.38 $42.20 $45.58 77K NORADCo-Financing - 3.50 3.50 6Z SIDA Co-Financing - 3.50 3.50 6X
Goverirwent 6.30 - $6.30 11X Total $9.68 $49.20 $58.88 100l
Estimated Disbursenents: (USMzillion) FY93 FY94 FY95 FY96 FY97 FY98 Total Co-Financing 4.92 2.08 - - - 7.00 IDA - 5.81 10.52 13.14 7.89 8.23 45.58 Govermrient 0.63 0.94 1.26 1.57 0.95 0.95 6.30 Total 5.55 8.83 11.78 14.72 8.83 9.17 58.88 Percent 9% 15% 20% 25% 15% 16X 100X IDACueulative - 5.81 16.32 29.47 37.35 45.58 Percent of Total - 13X 36K 65X 82 100S
Economic Rate of Return: Not applicable
Staff Appraisal Report: Angola-LobitoBenguela Urban EnvironmentalRehabilitation Project Report No. 9794-ANG
Maps: IBRD No. 23181 AngolaProject LocationMap IBRD No. 23182 LobitoBenguela Project ComponentMap I. BACKGROUND
A. Introduction
1.1 Angola is one of the richest countries in Africa in land and mineral endowment. In the years since Independencein 1975, however, the economyhas becomehighly distorted because of the rass exodus of skilled manpower,a debilitatingcivil war, war-inducedrationing and ill-designedeconomic policies. The oil industry, developedas an enclave, has grown rapidly and represents about half of GDP. In contrast, non-oil sectors have performedpoorly; growth has been negative and output is significantlyless today than in the early 1970s. Manufacturingindustries are crippled by lack of raw materials,spare parts, and maintenance. Commerceis atrophied by rationing, state ownership, and rigid govermmentcontrols. Personal incentivesare a pervasivecasualty, reflected in low wages, high absenteeism,and flourishinginformal markets. The foreign exchangemarkets provide a measureof the distortionwith a street rate, NKz800,thirteen times the official rate of NKz6Oper US$1.00. Agriculturalproduction and distributionhave been severely curtailed by the disruptivecivil war in the countryside. Prior to IndependenceAngola was an importantnet exporter of agriculturalproducts, but in recent yeara has become increasinglydependent on food imports, includingfood aid, to supply urban populations,which have burgeonedbecause of the civil war.
1.2 The Port of Lobito heads the major transportationroute of central Angola, the Lobito transportationcorridor, serving 99 market towns, one-thirdof Angola's populationof about 10 million, and the neighboringcountries of Zaire and Zambia. Prior to Independencethe Port of Lobito was one of the most important shippingterminals of South-CentralAfrica. By 1973port traffic exceededthree million tons, more than half Angola's shippingtonnage; and exports were more than half the total. Agriculturalexports accounted for about 20% of total tonnage; and trans-shipmentof minerals from Zaire and Zambia, especiallycopper, magnesium,zinc, and cobalt, represented35% of port traffic.
1.3 Caminhos de Ferro de Ben&uela (CFB), Angola's only internationalrailway, links the port of Lobito and the provincial capital, Benguela,33 kilometersdown the coast, with the mineral belts of Zaire and Zambia, traversing a total distanceof 1,336 kilometers (see Map IBRD No. 23181). Freight rail activity has been severely curtailed since Independencebecause of the civil war. The rai way is closed to internationaltraffic; and national traffic, mostly within Benguelaprovince, has fallen by about 70%. With the signing of the peace accord on May 31, 1991, a major objectiveof the Governmentis to reactivate the flow of goods along the route served by CFB. IDA and other donors are actively involved in the preparationof a rehabilitationprogram of the Lobito transportationcorridor
1.4 Lobito and Beneuela, twin cities on the coast of central Angola, reflect the problems which afflict the country. The populationof Lobitoand Benguelahas nearly quadrupledto 800,000 since Independence,but the deliveryof basic services, especiallyclean water, has diminishedby as much as two-thirds. The problems brought on during the civil war have led to a breakdownof the water, sewer and waste collectionsystems in the face of rapidlygrowing populations. The cities now face public health and environmentalcrises of major proportions. Lack of water and basic sanitationhave led to chronic outbreaks of cholera, typhoid and yellow fever. Child mortalityis reported at 325 per thousand, exceedingthe Angolannational average, 292 per thousand,and more than twice the rate for Sub-SaharanAfrica (157 per thousand). Morbidityrates, i.e., the incidenceof debilitatingdisease, are in excess of 35%. Environmentaldegradation is manifestedby other factors, includingincipient desertification,erosion, and pollution of wetlands. 2
1.5 The proposed urban rehabilitationproject was first identifiedat the Southem Africa Transport and CommunicationCommission (SATCC) Coordinating Conference held in Luanda in January 1989 to review the 10 Year DevelopmentPlan for the Lobito Transport Systemof the Lobito Corridor Authority (LCA), SADCC ProjectG-CE-1. The Swedishand Norwegiandelegations expressed interest in the rehabilitationof Lobito and proposed that the World Bank, as executingagent, undertakeproject preparationand appraisal. A Bank identificationmission in June 1989 included both Lobito and Benggwlabecause the two cities form an enviicnmvuialmicroregion and socio-economicconurbation. In April 1990 the SwedishInternational Development Agency (SIDA) and the Norwegian Agencyfor DevelopmentCooperation (NORAD) created a Project Preparation Trust Fund of SwedishKroners (SEK)6.8 million (US$1.2 million) to support the project. SIDA also provided an Emergency EquipmentFund of SEK 10 million (US$1.8 million) to provide short-termsupport to the water and seweragesystems. In May, 1990 the Bank approved an advanceunder the Project PreparationFacility of $750,000to completethe preparationprocess.
B. Sectoral Context
1.6 The Bank's Introductory Economic Review (Rerort No. 8906-ANG)indicates Ont Angr!&_s estimatedurban populationrose from 15% in 1970 to 23 % in 1985. Urban growthhas been most dramatic in the relativelysecure cities along the Atlanticcoast. Despite lack of census data it is estimatedthat the populationof Luanda, the capital city, tripled from 450,000 to 1.3 million in the ten years followingIndependence in 1975, and that the Lobito-Benguelaconurbation grew from about 200,000 at Independenceto more than 800,000 today.
1.7 Lobito and Benguelano longer stand alone as they did a few years ago. The intensivewar- induced urbanizationbrought a proliferationof small communitiesaround the cities and rapid, unplannedsettlement in the low hills parallel to the coast (see Map IBRD No. 23182). The alluvial plain between the hills and coast is well irrigated and intenselycultivated with sugar cane and vegetables,providing work, food and head-loadedwater for many. The railway, unable to ply its cross-countryroute, provides the prncipal means of tra sportation betweenLobito and Benguelafor the urban poor. CFB shutdes over four million passengersper year, averagingfour round trips daily. Though somewhatsmaller than Lobito, Benguelais the provincial capital and has an airport which serves the two cities.
C. Sectoral Issues
1.8 Environmental Deradation. Environmentaldegradation in Lobito and Benguelastems from the intensity of the urbanizationprocess and the deteriorationof urban infrastructureand services. The populationhas quadrupledsince 1975, due in part to the destabilizingeffects of the war, while the deliveryof urban services has fallen sharply. Negativeenvironmental impacts include coastal, surface and groundwaterpollution, soil erosion and depletionof arable land, changes in surface water regimes and aquatic ecosystems, deforestationand incipientdesertification around the conurbation. The adverse impactsof the degradationof the environmenton land and water resources, and in tum on human health and economicpotential, have reachedcritical proportions.
1.9 Infrastructureand Services. The newer urban populationhas severely over-burdenedthe infrastructureand public utility systems. There has been a significantdecline in service and coverage from levels prior to Independence. With limited investment,severe shortages of replacement equipmentand spare parts, and inadequatemaintenance, the basic urban servicesof water supply, sewerage, sanitation, and refuse collectionare now in a critical state. The CatumbelaRiver basin and aquifer serving Lobito hold an abundanceof water year round; however, the Catumbelawehfield and pumpingequipment are badly deteriorated. Many older wells have been abandonedand of the four water pumps serving Lobito and Catumbelaten years ago, only two are now in operation. The BenguelaweUlfield is likewise totally inadequate. Nearly 80% of the urban populationof Lobito- Benguelareceive no piped municipalwater whatsoever. These people use grey water in the streets and 3 canals or rely on private trucks selling water at exorbitantprices to meet minimumdaily needs. The price of trucked water is NKz5Ofor 30 liters or more than 50 4imesthe base rate (see para 1.15).
1.10 Sanitation. The sanitary sewer networksof the central residentialareas ate inadequateand largely inoperativedue to lack of rnaintenance. Their reconstructionwill serve only 42,000 people in Lobito and 34,000 in Benguela,about 10%of the present urban population. Hence, Were is an urgent need for a massive sanitary latrineprogram to counter observedhealth and environmentalhazards. The managementof increased volumesof solid waste is well beyondthe municipalities'present capacity. The vehicle fleet, 80% non-operational,is obsolete and has been largely cannibalizedfor spare parts. Consequently,there are numerousspontaneous garbage dumps along roadsides,in gullies and vacant lots within the urban area.
1.11 Improvedsanitation is critical to hygiene, health and general living conditionsin any developingcountry. This is especially true in the cities of Lobito and Benguelaand their environs. Even the casual visitor to the unplannedsettlements of the Lobito-Benguelaconurbation will be shocked at the lack of water and sanitation, and especiallyby the open fields of human faeces. Cholera, often reaching epidemicproportions, has been the most recent killer with a faecal-oralcycle of transmission, but other diarrhoeal diseasesalong with malaria and schistosomiasispoint to the urgent need for imnprovementin basic sanitationand sanitary-environmentaleducation. Morbidityrates average 35 % in the urban area; child mortality in the Province is reported at 325 per thousand, among the -;;hest in the world, exceedingthe national average, 292 per thousand,and more than twice the average for Sub- SaharanAfrica (157 per thousand).
1.12 HousiLg. While the urban expansionon the peripheryof Lobito is characterizedby unservicedsquatter settlements,the housing stock in the consol;datedareas, includinghigh-rise apartment buildings, is severely deterioratedfrom lack of maintenance. Some buildingswith broken pipes and plumbinghave becomealmost uninhabitable. In general the housing stock of the peripheryis of fair standard: a common house type is two room adobe or cement block. Traditional roofing material is no longer available, and most houses are covered with corrugatedsheet metal, which offers little insulation. In addition, there are pockets of grass-thatchedshelters throughoutthe spontaneous settlements. The unplannedlayout of settlementswill further complicateeventual upgrading. The main problem, however, is the almost total lack of services and infrastructure.
1.13 During project preparationIDA and SIDA initiated investigationsinto the housing situation with a view to possible inclusionof housing componentsin the project. The investigationsrevealed many serious protbems, includinga general housing shortage; acute shortages of building materials; outdated maps and cadastralinformation; lack of socioeconomicinformation; non-existence of a housing policy; lack of clear ownershipstatus of buildings and land; and lack of a housing finance system. The conclusionduring appraisalwas that the problemsof the housing sector are of a magnitudeand complexitythat will require a concertedeffort by governmentand donors commencing with policy reform at the national level.
1.14 Institutions. The ProvincialGovermment of Benguelaovershadows the municipal and local governmentswhich are weak. As is the case throughoutthe country, administrativebodies at all levels were depletedof qualifiedhuman resources after independence. The main problems continue to be lack of managersand techniciansat all levels, lack of equipmentand spare parts, low salaries, and excessive absenteeism. Among institutionsthere are conflictsin jurisdiction, overlappingresponsibility and authority. A system of 'dupla suborcdLao", or double subordinationto central ministriesand provincial government,prevails althoughthere is a trend toward decentralization. The Director of the ProvincialPlanning Office, for example,reports both to the ProvincialGovernor and to the Ministry of Planningin Luanda. Until March, 1990 the water and electricalauthorities were provincial branchesof national parastatals;today they are provincialauthorities. 4
1.15 Financial Constraints: Low Rents and Tariffs. Rents, tariffs, uses charges and taxes are totally inadequate. For example, monthlyrunts of state-ownedapartments and houses are fixed at NKz2000for a two bedroomhouse or apartmentwith a living room, kitchen and bath, and NKz2S00 for a three bedroomunit. These figures represent US$33 and US$42per mon'that the official rate (NKz60per US$), and a nominalrent of only US$2-3per month at the parallel market rate (NKz800 per USS). Many tenants opt to pay twelve monthsrent at a time as a matterof convenience. Water tariffs are fixed at the rate of NKz1Oper cubic meter of estimatedconsumption. Proposalsare pending to double or triple the water rate to NKz2Oor NKz3Oper cubic meter, US$0.33-0.50at the official exchange rate, but only US$0.03-0.04at the parallel market rate. There is apparent willingnessto address the problem of inadequaterents and tariffs in the Government'sfinancial and economic adjustmentplans. A tariff study to determine economnicwater and eeweragetariffs is included in the project.
1.16 Financial Constraints: Control of Loal Resources. The state of disrepair of local infrastructureis partially explainedby the centralizedbudgetaiy and financialmanagement system in effect in recent years. Local revenueswere ehannelledentirely to the central governmentwhich made partial budgetary allocationsto local service providers. Althoughthere is movementtoward decentralizationin some sectors, housing rents continue to accrue to the central budget. The allocationto the SecretariadoProvincial de Habitacao,Urbanismo e Aguas (SEUHA), the agency charged with managementof the state-ownedhousing stock, has averagedabout 20% of rents collected, sufficientto meet payroll and administrativeoverheads but inadequatefor even rudimentary maintenance.
1.17 International Aid. Several foreign governmentsand many private non-governmental organizationshave active aid programs in Angola. Prominent among these are Sweden, Norway, Portugal, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Canada. The United Nationsgroup has a large presence in Angola ranging from military observers of the cease fire agreement to numerouseconomic, social and humanitarianassistance programs. The UNDP, for example, has identifiedover 100 projects which it is fundingor promotingto other donors. The African DevelopmentBank (AfDB)is also active in Angolawith projects planned in infrastructureand productivesectors.
1.18 Angolajoined the World BankGroup in September1989. Bank lendingstrategy is in three parts. The initial focus is on technicalassistance and pre-investmentoperations, which has led to the first two IDA credits: the EconomicManagement Capacity Building Project (US$23.0 million) and an InfrastructureRehabilitation Engineering Project (US$42.0). These projects will help formulate economicpolicy strategiesand recommendations,and provide studies for the rehabilitationof key transportand urban infrastructuresystems. A secondpart of Bank lending strategy is assistancein the rehabilitationof key infrastructures. The proposedLobito Benguela Urban Environmental Rehabilitation Project is the first of these. Other projects in the social services, transport (including the Lobito/Benguelarail corridcr), and electric power sectors are in preparation. Finally, the Bank may consider financialsupport for the Government'seconomic adjustment program, once the authorities have demonstrateda commitmentto reform and made sufficientprogress in adoptingkey policy measures emanatingfrom the studies financedin this and other Bank supportedprojects.
1.19 Sectoral Obiectives - The Government'smain objectivesfor the sector are:
a) Rehabilitationof basic urban services; b) Provisionof water and basic urban servicesto the lower incomepopulation; C) Decentralizationof managementand control of public utilitiesserving principal municipalities; d) Gradual divestitureof public enterprisesresponsible for manufactureand distribution of building materials; e) The gradual divestitureof the publiclyowned housing atock; and 5
f) Introuuctionof cost recovery principlesthrough economnic rents, tariffs, and user charger.
D. Rationale for Bank Group Involvement
1.20 The Bank's IntroductoryEconomic Review identifiedrehabilitation of urban infrastructureand services as one area vital to the renewedeconomic viabilityof the country. In this case, the project would help reverse the environmentaldegradation which has reached crisis proportionsand threatens tho sustaineddevelopment of one of the country's key urban areas, It would also have a major impact on public health and make a significantcontribution to the alleviationof poverty. Experiencegained from the project, and the studies financedby the project, will deepenthe Bank's '-nowledgeof the urban sector and of related environmentalissues, thereby contributingto the dev ;lopmentof Bank- supportedinfrastructure projects in other urban centers. The project will also lay the foundationfor urban policy reforms, includingcost recovery. In addition, by taking the lead in this project, with the supportof Sweden and Norway, the Bank will better be able to coordinatethe contributionsof numerous donors in the large projects emanatingfrom the Lobito Corridor DevelopmentProgram, estimatedat nearly a billion dollars over the next 15 years.
II THE PROJECT
A. Project Objectives
2.1 Environmentalimprovements were a major focus of project preparationwhich led to its classificationas a CategoryD EnvironmentalProject under the guidelinesof OperationalDirective 4.00, Annex A on EnvironmentalAssessments. The main objectivesof the project are: (a) to eliminate life-threateningepidemics, improve the health of the population,and halt the degradationof the physical environmentby restoring the water supply and failed sanitary services; (b) to improve living conditionsin the squatter settlementsby providing clean wLer, improvedlatrines, and a revegetation program; (c) to strer ,then the institutionsrespr. -ble for current operation, management,and control of urban services and the environmentby prov.. X technical ass.stance, logisticalsupport, and training; and (d) assist in policy reform througii water and sewer tariff, land registration, and environmentalstudies.
2.2 Worldwideexperience documents a high rate of falure of sanitationprograms and projects when focus on the technologydisregards socio-economic, cultural, religious, and politicalfactors. Therefore, the low cost sanitationcomponent includes a major sanitary-environmentaleducation program designedon the interests, needs and knowledgelevel of communityparticipants, identified through intensivedialogue. Initial talks with communityleaders in the squatter settlements,the director and staff of the ProvincialMinistry of Health, and the director of public health of the Universityof Luanda show a high level of concern for emergencymeasures, and a deep commitmentto long-term developmentof a successfulsanitary-environmental education program. Elements under consideration include emergencymeasures, studies, education and training, describedbelow.
B. Project Description
2.3 The project would consist of the followingfour basic components(detailed analysis of each of the componenesis shown in the respectiveannexes):
a) Environmental Sanitation, includingrehabilitation of the water and sanitary sewerage networks; the solid waste managementsystems; and the storm drainage networks; 6 b) Low lncomeSanitation, includingmajor improvedlatrine and sanitary-enviromental educationprograms and a small urban revegetationcomponent;
c) Institutional Development, includingtechnical assistanceand training for Provincial ,enlementing agencies responsiblerespectively for the operationand maintenanceof the provincial water and sewer systems(EPAB); solid waste management;low cost sanitation,and sanitary- environmentaleducation programs (DPSC); and overall planning, project management,and monitoring (GPP). Administrativeand logisticalsupport to the project includesacquisition of vehicles, telecomnmunicationand office equipment,supplies, and spare parts for project use.
d) Studihf, includingdetailed engineeringdesign and supervisionof the water, sewer, and storm drainagecomponents; and the followingarea-specific studies: a water and sewer tariff and institutionalreorganization study; an environmentalmnanagement and monitoringstudy; and a geographicinformation system and land registrationstudy. The project would also financeannual audits of project accounts,and studies for the design and preparationof follow-upprojects in the infrastructuresector, identifiedduring project implementation.
Environmental Sanitation
2.4 Water Supply - Lobito. The objectivesof this componentare to rehabilitatethe present networks, to double the water supply in both cities, and to extend the municipalwater supply to the entire urban area, via public standpipesin all squatter settlements,nearly 400,000 people, or half the urban population. Expecteddemand for water at the standpipesin both cities is estimatedat about 20% of the total urban demand (10,000 m3 of the combinednew capacityof 48,000 m3 per day). In Lobito installedcapacity will be increased from 300 m3 (nominal600 n3) to 1,000 m3 per hour (24,000 m3 per day) with the rehabilitationof the existing wellfieldand the installationof a new wellfieldof six new wells along the Catumbelariver; a new chlorinationstation; and a new 500 mm transmissionmain feeding the existing 500 mm main to Lobito, Bela Vista, and Alto Liro. Pumping stations and reservoirs will be refurbishedto provide storage capacity of over 50% of daily production. The rehabilitatednetwork is designedto supply about 100 liters per capita per day to those with house connections. A network of 300 standpipeswill provide 25-30 liters per capita daily to other settlements. Each standpipewith four taps and laundry facilitieswould serve about 150 families (800- 1,000 persons)within a maximumwalking distanceof 200 meters. Each standpipewill be equipped with a securely lockedwater meter set into the standpipe. The main commercialand industrial enterprises,apartment buildings,and residentialareas will be connectedwith new water meters that will remain the property of EPAB. The estimatedcost of the Lobito water supply rehabilitationis US$5.4 million.
2.5 Water Supply - Beneuela. In Benguelathe existingwellfield is surroundedby residentialand industrial buildingswith no room for expansion. Present capacity is a nominal470 m3 per hour; however current output is estimatedat less than one-third, or about 150 m3 per hour. Water demand in Benguelain 1990 is calculatedat 760 m3 per hour. The increasedwater productionto 1,000 n3 per hour correspondsto projected demand for Benguelain the year 2000. Nine non-functioningwells will be abandonedwhile three will be rehabilitatedby cleaning,video inspection, repairs, well head improvements,testing, and disinfection. In addition, a new wellfieldwould be constructedalong the Cavaco River aquifer consistingof six new wells. The new wellfieldhas been designedfor a peak flow of 500 m3per hour. The treatmentplant has a present capacityof 500 m 3 per hour and is designedto remove iron and manganesefrom the water. Water quality in terms of bacteria count is satisfactorywith no harmful pathogens;therefore, the project does not includeexpansion of the treatment plant. A network of 200 standpipesand wash basins would be providedfor the squatter settlementson the peripheryof Benguelain a pattern similar to the Alto Liro and Bela Vista programs describedabove. As in Lobito, the standpipeswould be equippedwith water meters; and the main commercialand industrialusers and larger apartment buildingswould also be metered. The estimated cost of the Benguelawater supply rehabilitationis US$4.2 mnillion. 7
2.6 SantrSE~rs - Lobito. The present network, serving the main commercialarea and low- rise aparment buildings, is clogged in at least half its length, while in the other half raw sewage drains directly into the tidal lagoon - a habitat of the pink and white flamingos. A new gravity networkwould be provided with two lift stations and a force mainconnected to the Cornpao system. The Compao networkand lift stationswere virtuallycomplete in 1975;however, since Independence,no work has been done. The gravity lines have becomechoked and the abandonedpumping station filled with debris and sludge. This networkwould be rehabilitatedalong wish the house connections. Two lift stations would be rehabilitatedand equippedwith new pumps and controls, and a third would be equipped with a force main to a series of oxidationponds two kilometerssouth of the city. The ponds will be located on what is waste land today. The treated effluent would be used to irrigate fruit trees and a tree nursery to close the cycle. The estimatedcost of Lobito sewer rehabilitationis US$3.9 million.
2.7 Sanitary Sewers - Benouela. The sanitary sewage network, serving only a small portion of the center of Benguela,is partially broken and clogged. Part of the raw sewage eventuallyleaks onto the beaches in front of the city. Most of the buildingshave septic tanks that overflow into hallways, back patios and streets. This conditionis one of the main sources of cholera in Benguela. The central area of Benguelaincluding all buildingsabove two stories will be connectedto a new gravity network. An interceptorsewer will pick up the open sewer pipes that dump raw sewage into the Coringe storm drainae channel. Two sewage pumpingstations would be providedalong with a force main of four kilometers that will connect to a series of oxidationponds to the south of the city, where there is adequatecapacity for future needs. As in Lobito, the treated effluentwould irrigate fruit trees and a tree nursery to close the cycle. The estimatedcost of Benguelasewer rehabilitationis US$3.98 million.
2.8 Storn DrainaFe - Beng_uela. The Vala do Coringe drains a major portion of the city of Benguelaand has a drainagebasin of 60 square kilometersextending inland about 18 kilometers. Over the years the four kilometerchannel that traversesthe urban area has becomechoked with garbage, raw sewage and vegetation. With the scarcity of fresh water, slum dwellershave dug mud holes amongst the debris to wash their clothing. The mud holes attract childrenwho play in the dirty water, thus turning the Vala into a rzajor source of disease and a health hazard to the city. The project would provide a 3.8 kilometerdressed open channelthat follows the present alignmentand gradientto a sea outfall. Lateral storm drains with large inlets on the south side have been included to reduce the flash floods in adjacent neighborhoods(bairros). To lower peak flows an earthen retentionpond has been designedeast of the airport to provide a five to six hour retentionof about 600,000 cubic meters capacity. In additioneight small velocity check dams of 2.5 to 3.0 meters in height, using gabions, would be built upstreamaand downstreamof the main dam as well as the parallel tributary. Trees would be plantedalong both sides of the chasnel to provide a canopy of shade. The estimatedcost of Benguelastorm drainage rehabilitationis US$3.18 million.
2.9 Stor-mDrainage - Lobito. The sevenmajor storm drainage gullies in the bairros of Alto Liro, Bela Vista, and Vila de Catumbela,overlooking the port and industrialarea, have become heavily eroded as squattershave occupied the slopes, cutting the vegetationand notcbing small ledges to build their huts. Many have built in the bottoms of the gullies, The April rains this year demolishedmany huts and caused fourteen deaths. Before Independencethe Portuguesebuilt a few erosion control dams. Most of these are now filled with debris and sedimentbut do functionas velocitycheck dams. The project would provide a series of retention/velocitycheck dams in each of the seven drainage basins. A prototypicaldesign using gabionshas been preparedwith heights of dam between three and four meters. A total of fifty such dams would be provided, set 300 to 400 meters apart. The estimatedcost of Lobito storm drainage rehabilitationis US$2.56 million,
2.10 Solid _WsteMananemnt. While some equipmenthas been acquired recently to improve the capacityof the DPSC to managesolid waste, only about 15%of urban waste is now collected, primarily in the downtownareas, and only part of that is disposedin the garbage dumps of Lobito and 8 Benguela. Service to the peripheral settlementsis hamperedby lack of equipmentand poor road conditionswhich in turn contribute to the breakdownof vehicles. As a result, spontaneousdumps have proliferatedalong the main roads and in vacant areas in the low income settlements,where pigs and chickensfeed and children scavengefor recyclablematerials. Due to the lack of latrines, the dumps have a high content of human faeces. The situation results from lack of resources for equipmentand spare parts (85% of the recurrent budget is dedicatedto salaries), low technicalcapacity, inefficient organizationand weak management. Not surprisingly,the work force is poorly motivated and productivityis very low.
2.11 The solid waste managementcomponent would respond to this situation with a two phaseplan providing the municipalauthorities of Lobito and Benguelawith vehicles, tools and equipment, technical assistanceand training. The first phase would consist of the urgent removalof the spontaneousdumps from the peripheral settlements,while beginningto establisha system of 2.5 m3 and 10 m3 containers in these areas, and repair of the municipal vehicle maintenance workshops, accompaniedby techhicalassistance and the sani-.ry-environmentaleducation campaign described below. The second phase would completethe distributionof containers in the periphery and introduce the use of 800 liter containersin the built-up downtownareas of Lobito, Benguelaand Catumbela. Provisionof equipmentfor shop rehabilitation,vehicle maintenance,and enclosureand managementof the dumps would be concludedin the second phase. Technicalassistance would develop the strategic plan for solid waste managementand train staff at the various levels. Completionof the program is scheduledtwo years after the arrival of the managementadvisors (see institutionaldevelopment below) and the first part of the tools, materialsand equipment. The estimatedcost of the solid waste managementcomponent for Lobito and Benguelais US$2.9 million.
Low Income Sanitation
2.12 Improved Latrines. This componentconsists of the disseminationof a low cost sanitation technology,based on the productionand sale of a dome-shapedimproved latrine slab. The slab incorporatesimportant features for hygiene and child safety, and can be easily installedon the top of a simple pit (1.10 meters in diameter). During project preparationa pilot program was launched,in which over 1,0(X)latrine slabs were built, to test the design, methodsof production,and acceptability of the improvedlatrine. DPSC has organizedcentralized materials storage and productionin Lobito and Benguelain order to control quality and the use of cement. As a consequence,trucks will be required to transport buildingmaterials to productioncenters in Lobito and Benguela,and finishedslabs to distributioncenters throughoutthe urban area. The latrine slabs are sold for cash (NKz3000in July 1991) directly to beneficiaries,with free advice on proper ways to prepare pits for installation. Local cart transport will deliver the slabs from the point of sale to the latrine building sites. While trucks will be imported, the hand-pushedcarts will be produced locally. The improvedlatrine program aims to install 100,000 units by 1998 representingnearly 90% of the estimatedrequirements of the low income population.
2.13 A vigorous promotionalcampaign is necessary to support the program, as use of latrines is not yet customary. Particular attentionwill be given to the active involvementand training of community leaders who will conduct the bulk of the promotionalprogram using a wide range of media, including conventionalsanitary-environmental education, drama and festivals, communitysports competitions, leadershiptraining and commercialstratagems. Promotionalmaterials include T-shirts, caps, ball-point pens, stickers, etc., featuring hygiene and the use of improvedlatrines. The goal of the promotional componentis to create a strong sustaineddemand for latrines. On-the-jobtraining will be supervised by the resident sanitationadviser with the assistanceof two United NationsValunteers, an instructor in sanitary-environmentaleducation and a constructionsupervisor. In addition, draft manuals have been prepared on managementof the program, constructionof improvedlatrines, promotion, sanitary education, and how to work with people. Study tours will be arranged to visit similar programs in other Africancountries (e.g., Mozambiqueand Zimbabwe),to exchangeexperience and encourage conmmitmentto the project. The estimatedcost of the improvedlatrine componentis US$2.80 million. 9
2.14 Sanitarv-Environmental Education. The low income sanitationprogram includesa major element in sanitary-environmentaleducation, designedto safeguardthe investmentin improved infrastructure(water and sewerage),and to improve the health of the population. Initial talks with communityleaders in the squatter settlements(musseques), with the director and staff of the Provincial Ministry of Health, and the director of public health of the Universityof Luanda show a high level of concem and deep commitmentto long-termdevelopment of a successfulsanitary-environmental education program. Elementsunder considerationinclude emergency measures, studies, educationand training. Current disease patterns highlightwater-borne and water-washeddisease transmission, especially cholera and diarrhoeal diseases. While teachingoral rehydration therapy (ORT) and personal hygiene, health workers should also emphasizethe basic links betweenhealth, water and sanitation. As the ORT program is enhanced,a sanitary-environmentaleducation componentcan easily be introduced in a way that concern about diseaseswould lead to increaseduse of latrines.
2.15 Base-linestudies would be carried out in selectedpilot areas to help determine the actual environmentalhealth profile of the musseques.The studies would be undertakenwith the assistanceof public health studentsof the Universityof Angola, and should includea knowledge,attitude, 'nd practice survey (KAP-study)covering such specificsas water, sanitation, personalhygiene, faecal-oral disease transmission,and latrine use. There are various channels for community-basededucation which can successfullyreach the targetedpopulation. Officialchannels would include sanitary-envirommental educationelements in the broader program of health educationand in the schools. As in the latrine program, leadershiptraining is crucial to the success of sanitary-environmentaleducation; and communityreligious, political, and cultural leaders would receive maximumsupport from the project. Educationaltechniques include radio, television,posters, music, theater, puppets, and promotional material. Several radio interviewshave already been aired; selectedmusicians and artists have shown interest in developingpopular materialto amplifythe community-basededucation focus. The estimated cost of the sanitary-environmentaleducation component is US$0.63 million.
2.16 Urban Revenetation,including trees, shrubs, and grasses, will improve soil fertilityand the microclimateand provide an important measure of erosion control. The program is divided in two parts, revegetationof poor neighborhoods,linked to the latrine program; and erosion control on the beaches and major storm water channels. A tree plantingprogram started in March 1991by the GPP and DPSC, followingguidelines provided during project preparation, met with good initial acceptance. The program would be extended to all standpipe-washbasin stations; to the Vala do Coringe in Benguela;and to escarpmentslopes and drainage channelssuffering major erosion in Lobito. To strengthenthe program the project would provide three water trucks, cacimbas(open wells) with pumps, and other tools and equipmentto developthe capacityof DPSC nurseries to produce and distributethe required stock and assist the communitiesin planting, care, and maintenance. Trees distributedby the latrine program would be irrigatedwith domesticwastewater. Benefits include increasingthe life span of latrines and decreasingstagnant water in backyards, streets and common areas. The estimatedcost of the urban revegetationcomponent is US$0.5 million.
Institutional Development
2.17 Technical Assistance. An importantaspect of project preparationhas been the assessmentof the capacity and work load of the implementingagencies: GPP, DPSC, and EPAB. All three agencies are staffed with a nucleus of dedicatedand capable people. Each agency, however, is faced with multiple tasks and responsibilities,in additionto the project. It was therefore deemedessential to support the existing structureswith importantinputs of technicalassistance in order to ensure timely implementationand to meet the institutionalimprovement objectives of the project. With this in mind teams have been designedto support each implementingagency with long- and short-term consultants, includingtwo United Nations Volunteers. A conditionof credit effectivenessis appointmentof the key staff of GPP, including confirmationof the Director as Project Manager, and employmentof the project technical coordinator, the financialcontroller, and the procurementadvisor, on terms satisfactoryto IDA. Terms of Reference for GPP Key Staff are included at Annex 12. 10
2.18 The proposedDPSC consultingsupport is in two parts: a) the solid waste management component, comprisingtwo long-termresident engineersto organize and operate solid waste collection and disposaland to organize the vehicle and equipmentmaintenance workshops; and b) the low income sanitationprogram, consistingof a long-termresident sanitationadvisor, assistedby two United Nations Volunteers,for sanitary-environmentaleducation, and for constructionsupervision. The proposed technical assistance for EPAHconsists of three resident long term nanagers, an operations manager, a mechanicalengineer, and a financial manager. Terms of reference for technicalassistance to EPAB would be defined during the EPAB institutionalreorganization studies (para 2.24). Consultantswill be hired through experiencedfirms insofar as possible in order to ensure team integrityand responsibility, and to minimizeBank supervisionrequirements. All consultants,firms and individuals,will be contractedin accordancewith the Bank's Guidelines:Use of Consultantsby World Bank Borrowersand bv World Bank as Executina Agency, dated August, 1981. The budget for Terhnical Assistance, in Annex 6 Detailed Project Costs, covers the cost of ten long term resident advisors, includingtwo United Nations Volunteers,at 36 monthseach (360 months), and three short term advisors (30 months), a total of 390 man monthsat an average monthly cost of about US$15,000. The estimated cost of technical assistanceis US$5.76 million.
2.19 Training. The principal form of training in the proposed project is on-the-job trainingwhich is a direct benefit of the technicalassistance inputs describedabove. A limited amount of overseas training would supplementon-the-job training, a total of US$375,000for GPP, DPSC, and EPAB staff. GPP overseas training includes six man/monthsof seninars for the project director and key staff in project management,six man/monthsof training for specialistsin the GeographicalInformation System, and three man/monthsin environmentalissues. DPSC overseas training anticipatestwelve man/monthsin municipalmanagement, solid waste management,and low cost sanitation. EPAB overseas training would be formulatedin the Water and Sewer studies describedin parm2.24 below. The educationbudget for sanitary-environtental educationand promotionof improvedlatrines, described above, is US$625,000. Thus, the total estimatedcost of the trainingbudget is US$1.0 million.
2.20 Adninistrative and Logistical Support. The project contains a substantialadministrative equipmentbudget of US$2.54 million to support the implementingagencies and their respective consultingteams. Need for administrativeand logisticalsupport has been clearly establishedduring project preparationand confirmedat appraisal; it is a consequenceof the poor condition of equipment and scarcityof suppliesas a result of the civil war. The largest item, US$850,000,is budgetedfor office repair and equipmentfor GPP, DPSC, and EPAB, including furniture, computers,printers and software, photocopiers,and drafting and reproductionequipment. US$500,000is budgetedfor project vehicles, allowing one each for the use of long-termresident foreign consultantsand their local counterparts. The telecomrmunicationsequipment budget, US$250,000,provides for small networks of Walkie Talkie type equipmentfor key emnployeesof the implementingagencies, and a dedicated telecommunicationssystem for direct communicationswith Luanda, not now possible becauseof the obsolete, mostly inoperative,phone system in place. Finally, there is provision in the project for US$150,000to purchase furnitureand appliancesfor the housing of long-termexpatriate consultants, US$15,000 for each of ten households. The balance of the administrativeand logistical support budget is for spare parts (15%), and office supplies(10% per annum for three years).
2.21 For its part the ProvincialGovernment provided assurances during negotiationsthat it would provide counterpartpersonnel and adequateoffice facilities for the technical, administrative,and consultingstaffs of GPP, EPAB, and DPSC. The project would finance the repair of office facilities for GPP, EPAB, and DPSC, and the Governmentwould be responsiblefor ongoingmaintenance and operationof these facilities. The Governmentwould be responsiblefor the provision, necessary repair, and maintenanceof appropriatehousing for each of the long-termconsultants. In addition, the Governmentwould pay all costs of vehicle operation and maintenance,including fuel costs, insurance, and repair services of the vehiclespurchased by the project for the use of staff and consultants. 12
ecologicalbaseline for the area. The action plan will assist local authoritiesresponsible for enviromnentalmanagement and economicdevelopment within the region. The findingsand recommendationsof the environmentalstudies will provide the comerstone for environmental rehabilitationand sustainablemanagement of the area's resources and ensure proper monitoringof the impacts of the project. The studieswill organize environmentalinformation in an applied form to permit direct use by local decisionmakers and to assist local governmentbuild a capacity for environmentalrehabilitation, planning, management and monitoringwithin the Lobito-Benguelaregion and the Province. In addition, specific monitoringstudies will complementdata collected for the diagnostic, thus contributingto the implementationof all major componentsof the project. The environmentalstudies will be carried out by GPP to ensure adequateconsideration at an approprIate level of governmentin the context of overall economicand social planning. This work will be complementedby the sanitary-environmentaleducation program, which will provide the educationand training necessary to introduceand ensure enviromnentalmanagement at the communityand individual levels. The studies call for a total of 33 man/monthsof effort, includinga project manager/environmentaladvisor in residence for 21 months. The proposedstudies are scheduled to commencein March 1992 and have a duration of 21 months, until December 1993. An interim report will be completedby December 1992 in anticipationof the project mid-term review. Total cost of the environmentalstudies is estimatedat US$783,000.
2.2, Land Reaistration Study (Annex 11). The cadastral informationsystem in Lobito Benguela covers only part of the built up downtownareas and has not been updated since Independence. There is essentiallyno socio-economicor geographicdata for 80% of the present urbanizedareas. Cost recovery, or any other measures of control requiring basic spatial and economicinformation, are virtually impossible. The Land RegistrationGIS (LARGIS)is a simplifiedcomputer-based land registrationsystem which will make it possible to identifyall taxable property. User charges and property taxes would be assessableand levied for the first time, thereby recoveringcosts and generatingfinancial resources for the provisionof improvedurban services. The objectiveof the proposed two-yearstudy is to utilize the GIS componentof the project to develop a Land Registration G3IS(LARGIS) application and pilot program. While the specificuse of LARGISis to support taxation managementfor project cost recovery, a more general use of LARGISextends to overall project management. The tasks of physicaladdressing, land registration, and popular participationwould require substantialfieldwork in the pilot study areas, involvinglocal staff and local training. Study implementationis programmedover nine calendarmonths and would involve 13.5 man/monthsof expatriate effort, two-thirdson site, and 27 mnan/monthsof local input. The budget for the land registrationstudy is estimatedat US$393,000.
C. Project Costs
2.27 Total Project Costs are estimatedat US$58.88 million of which US$49.20 million is foreign and US$9.68 million local expenditure. The Detailed Cost Tables are set forth in Annex 6 and summarizedin Tables 2.1 and 2.2 below. Base cost estimates are in constantprices as of July 1991. The cost of civil works was estimatedbased on the consultant'sfinal designs and recent bid prices or quotations for similar works or equipment. Importedgoods and equipmentwould be free of customs duties and internal taxes. Taxes on locally procured goods, mainly fuel, are estimatedat 15 percent of local costs, or US$1.287 million, and have been included. These would be financed entirely by counterpartfunds. Physical contingenciesof 15% have been added to the base cost of civil works and equipment,since the final cost of rehabilitationof the water and sewer systemswill not be known until the networks are cleaned and tested. No physical contingencieshave been allowed for technical assistance, training and education, studies, or other consultingservices. 11
2.22 GeonamuhicalInforMation System. The GeographicInformation System (GIS) is a user friendly, low cost, desktop conmputingfacility for processing, using and printing digital maps and images. Preparation of the GIS componentstarted followingthe June 1989 identificationmission, when it was discoveredthat the most recent mnapswhere almost twenty years old. The work thus far includes installationof equipment,spatial data acquisitionand processing, developmentof appropriatetools and methods,training, hardcopy imagemapproduction, and documentation. The two primary tasks of the GIS are: a) to design and implementa Land RegistrationGIS system (LARGIS)in support of tax managamentfor overall project cost recovery; and b) to provide technicalsupport for the environmental and low income sanitationcomponents, and mappingfor the environmentalmanagement and monitoring studies. The budigetto completedevelopment of the GIS is US$336,000,of which US$135,000is for short term consultancy;US$79,000 is for computer equipment,site preparation, and supplies;and US$57,000is for overseas training. The balance, US$65,000, is the value assigned to local salaries, the responsibilityof the ProvincialGovernment. The GIS technology,progress to date, and program, including the Termnsof Reference for the consultant,are describedin Annex 8.
Studies
2.23 The studies budget for the proposedproject is US$6.29 million includingUS$3.49 million for engineeringdesign and supervisionand US$1.85 for three studies agreed during appraisal: a) Water and Sewer Tariff and ReorganizationStudies; b) EnvironmentalManagement and MonitoringStudies; and c) a Land RegistrationStudy. In addition, US$750,000is includedto prepare follow-upprojects to be agreed during implementation;and US$200,000is reserved for annual audits of project accounts during the six-year life of the project. The studies agreed during appraisal, along with draft Terms of Reference, are describedbriefly in the followingparagraphs and in detail in the respective Annexes.
2.24 Water & Sewer Tariff and Reorganization Studies (Annex 9). The water and sewer studies are integral componentsof the proposed project. The objectiveof the tariff study is to assist the ProvincialGovernment to define and implementeconomic rates for water and sewer services so that the full costs of investment,operation, maintenance,and replacementof the rehabilitatedsystems can be recovered without recourse to subsidy. The purpose of the institutionalreorganization study is to assist the ProvincialGovernment in the establishmentof an autonomousand efficientservice company capable of assumingoperating responsibilityfor the rehabilitatednetworks. To this end the institutional reorganizationstudy wili assist provincial authoritiesin the design of the reorganizedentity, in an analysis of alternativeownership and operating arrangements,and in the selectionof appropriate manAagemenAt,technical assistance, and training inputs. In addition, the stuOyteam will design and monitor a Rilotvrogram to test selected methodsof organization,billing and collectionof water sold at standpipesin Lobito and Benguela(pam 3.15). It is anticipatedthat one firm will be awarded a contract to undertakethe water and sewer tariff and institutionalreorganization studies and to organize and monitor the standpipepilot program. The studies would involve a total of 30 man/monthsof consultantinputs. Contract signature,scheduled for March 1992, is a conditionof effectivenessof the IDA Credit. Mobilizationof the consultingteam will begin immediatelythereafter, and the first of three visits to Lobito and Benguelais scheduledfor May 1992. All studieswould be completedby lanuary 31, 199?. The findingsand recommendationsof the reorganizationand tariff studies constitute important inputs into the decision-makingprocess incorporatedin the annual water and sewer tariff review (pam 4.7) and the project mid-term review (pam 3.38). Startup of civil works on rehabilitation of the water and sanitary sewerage networksis scheduled for July 1992;and the mid-term review is scheduledto begin in September, 1993. Thus the consultant'sfinal reports and recommendations would be available for review by the ProvincialGovernment and the World Bank approximatelyeight monthsprior to the mid-term review. The estimatedcost of the water and sewer institutional reorganizationand tariff studies is US$670,000.
2.25 Environmental ManaWaMentand Monitoring Studies (Annex 10). The primary objectiveof the shudiesis to prepar an enviromnentaldiagnostic and action plan for the Lobito-Benguela microregion. The diagnosticwill complementthe preliminaryenvironmental assessment and set the 13 Table 2.1 Project Cost Estimates (USS million) Percent Locat Foreign Total Total Foreign 1. EWVIROWIENTALSANITATION $4.94 $21.24 $26.18 45X 81 A. WaterRehabilitation 1.44 8.16 9.60 16 85 B. SewerRehabititation 1.18 6.70 7.88 13 85 C. StormDrainage Works 1.74 4.06 5.80 10 70 D. SolidWaste Collection & Disposal 0.58 2.32 2.90 5 80 II. LOW INCOMESANITATION $1.55 $2.37 $3.92 72 60 A. ImprovedLatrines 1.08 1.72 2.80 5 61 B. Sanitary-Environmentaleducation 0.15 0.48 0.63 1 77 C. UrbanRevegetation 0.32 0.18 0.50 1 35 111. INSTITUTIONALDEVELOPNENT $0.59 $8.08 $8.67 15X 93 A. TechnicalAssistance 0.31 5.45 5.76 10 95 B. Training 0.04 0.34 0.38 1 90 C. Administrative/LogisticalSupport 0.25 2.29 2.54 4 90 IV. STUDIES $0.16 $6.13 $6.29 11X 97 A. EngineeringDesign & Supervision(15%) - 3.49 3.49 6 100 B. Water& SewerTariff & Reorganiz.Study - 0.67 0.67 1 100 C. GIS/LandRegistration Study 0.08 0.31 0.39 1 80 D. EnvironmentalMgt & MonitoringStudy 0.08 0.70 0.78 1 90 E. OtherStudies * 0.95 0.95 2 100 V. TOTALBASE COST $7.24 $37.E3 $45.06 77X 842 PhysicalContingencies (15%) 0.99 3.81 4.80 8 79 PriceContingencies 1.45 7.56 9.01 15 84 VI. TOTALPROJECT COST $9.68 $49.20 $58.88 lOO1 84X Pricecontingencies are basedon estimatedinternationaL inflation over the lifeof the project,averaging 3.9% p.a.per recentIDA guidelines. Base costsinclude taxes on Locallyprocured goods estimated at US$1.3million equivalent,financed entirely by Government.
Table 2.2 Prqject Cost Summaryby Type of Expenditure CUSSMillion) Percent Local Foreign Total TotalForeign Works $5.77 $18.92 $24.69 42% 77X Goods 0.82 6.50 7.32 12X 89X TechnicaLAssistance 0.31 5.45 5.76 10% 95X Design,Supervision, Studies 0.16 5.38 5.54 9X 97X Training 0.18 0.82 1.00 21 82% TotalBase Costs $7.24 $37.07 S44.31 75x 842 PhysicalContingencies 0.99 3.81 4.80 8% 791 PriceContingencies 1.45 7.56 9.01 151 84K Refinancingof PPF - 0.75 0.75 2% 100X Total Project Costs $9.68 $49.20 $58.88 10X2 84(
2.28 Price Contingencieshave been added to base costs plus physical contingencies. Lnsumuchas there is no index of domestic inflationin Angola (underlyinginflation is esti-natedat 20% per annum), local and foreign costs are calculatedin dollars, and all price contingenciesare based on recent estimates of intemationalinflation. Followingcurrent IDA guidelinesan averageannual rate of inflationof 3.9% is assumed for the years of projected disbursement,Fiscal Years 1993-1998. Price contingenciesso calculatedare estimatedat US$9.01 million, or 19.99% of total base costs (including the Project Preparation Facility). 14
D. Project Financing Plan
2.29 IDA, together with the Swedishand Norwegianaid agencies, would finance 100% of the foreign exchangecosts of the project and 90% of the total cost of the erosion control and low income sanitation components. The Governmentwould financeapproximately 65% of local currency expenditures,primarily in the form of locally procuredlabor and building materials. The Swedishand Norwegian Governmentshave expressedinterest in participatingvia project grants in the amount of US$7.0 million. These grants would be administeredby IDA. Thus the Financing Plan in the table below shows IDA's participationat US$45.58million, the Government'sparticipation at US$6.30 million, and co-financingof US$7.0 million, representing77%, 11 %, and 12% respectivelyof total project costs.
Table 2.3 Project Financing Plan CUS$sit I ion) Percent Locat Foreign Total of Total IDA Credit $3.38 S42.20 $45.58 77X NORADGrant - 3.50 3.50 6X SIDA Grant - 3.50 3.50 6X Goverrunent 6.30 $6.30 11% Total $9.68 $49.20 $58.88 100X
III. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
A. Institutional Arrangements
3.1 Gabinete Provincial do Piano (GPP . Overall responsibilityfor project implementation resides with the Director of GPP, who reports directly to the ProvincialGovernor and, under the systemof "doublesubordination", to the Ministry of Planningin Luanda. In additionto its role as chief planningoffice, GPP enjoys broad executivepowers and is generally well regarded in the Province. An importantaspect of project preparationhas been to obtain assurancesfrom the Central Governmentof adequateprovincial autonomy for project implementation. At negotiationsthe Governmenthas furnishedIDA with: (i) a MinisterialDecree signed by the Ministries of Planningand Finance, empoweringthe ProvincialGovernment of Benguela,represented by its Planning Office, GPP, to act as project executingagency; and (ii) ImplementationAgreements, acceptable to IDA, between GPP and EPAB and between GPP and DPSC, for the implementationof the respectiveproject components. The draft documentswere prepared and submittedto the Associationduring the appraisal mission.
3.2 Emgresa Provincial de Aguas de Benguela (EPAB). EPAB is the provincial water company,with a common Director, but separateoperating personnel, for Benguelaand Lobito, which are, in effect, subsidiariesof the Provincialholding company. The present conditionof the water companiesin both Lobito and Benguelareflects the uncertainmandate, lack of resources, and deteriorationof physical plant during the years since Independence. During project preparationIDA and the local authoritieshave confirmedthat the water companiesare indeed in bad shape. Officeand technical facilitiesare inadequa-te;there is no masterplan of water supply and distributionfor the cities or the province, and except for the proposed IDA supportedproject, there are no investmentprograms. Human resources are inadequatein nearly all key positions, includingfinancial management. The financialorganization of EPAB is analyzedin the followingcihapter, Financial and Economic Analysis. 15
3.3 The local authoritieshave been willing to address EPAB's shortcomingsfrankly and have assured IDA they are ready to take the necessarysteps to build efficient organizations. IDA strategy is to begin as soon as possible the water and sewer tariff and reorganizationstudies to effect an in-depth analysis of technicaland administrativeproblems, as well as alternativesof operation and ownership. The studies would develop and recommenda program of action, to be agreed upon at mid-term, during the period when rehabilitationand constructiontake place. In addition, the project would finance technicalassistance to EPAB to reorganizethe accountingsystem (see pam 4.2), and to operate and maintainthe water and sewer networksupon completionof rehabilitationwork supervisedby the consultingengineer.
3.4 Direcao Provincial de Servicos Comunitarios (DPSC). DPSC's mandatecovers a broad spectrumof municipal services, includingsolid waste collectionand disposal, urban road maintenance, licensingand collectionof fees for public market operations, cemeteries, parks, gardens, and sport facilities. DPSC faces problems of inefficiencyand reorganizationsimilar to those of EPAB. The ProvincialGovernment is aware of DPSC's problems, and with budgetary support of the Central Govermmenthas contractedlong-term expatriate consultants to assist in the reorganizationeffort. IDA's strategy is to support this effort with additionaltechnical assistance, logisticaland administrative support, directed specificallyto the relevant project components,i.e., solid waste management,and the low incomesanitation and revegetationprograms, describedin paras 2.17-2.22 above.
3.5 DPSC will implementthe solid waste managementand low incomesanitation programs, includingthe sanitary-environmentaleducation component, in conjunctionwith the DiretoriaProvincial de Saude (DPS), the ProvincialDirectorate of Health. Technicalassistance under the project would include developingand coordinatingthe sanitary-environmentaleducation component, one of the principaltasks of the resident sanitationadviser, who will coordinateand train local staff in the implementationof the program.
B. Project Implementation Staff
3.6 GPP would have overall managementresponsibility for the project, including contract managementand coordinationof the various componentsthrough the implementingagencies, EPAB and DPSC. The Director of GPP would be the project manager, supportedby a project technical coordinator, a financialcontroller, and a procurementadvisor, as key support staff, financedby the prK,ectunder the program of technical assistanceoutlined in paras 2.17-2.22 Institutional Development above. The appointmentof the key staff of GPP, includingconfirmation of the Director as Project Manager, and employmentof the project technicalcoordinator, the financialcontroller, and the procurementadvisor, on terms satisfactoryto the Association,would be a conditionof gdi Efftivenes (para 5.3). Tenrs of Reference of GPP Key Staff are includedin Annex 12.
3.7 The project manager would be responsibiefor coordinatingand monitoring all managerialand technical aspects of project implementation. His duties would include liaison of project activitieswith central, provincial, and local governmentauthorities; compliance with the provisionsof the ImplementationAgreements, annual action programs, and implementationschedules for the respective project components;supervision of procurementarrangements; timely contracting and overall performanceof the technical assistanceand studies providedfor in the project; ensuring and maintainingappropriate counterpart staff during project implementation;prompt allocationof housing and office space for project consultants;supervision of project financialaccounts; and timely compliancewith the reporting and auditingobligations of the project.
3.8 The project technical coordinator,supported by appropriatelocal counterpartstaff, would assist the project manager in the supervisionand monitoringof all work and study contracts under the project; and jointly with the financialcontroller, would develop and maintainbudgets and systems of 16 cost control, critical path, and physical and financialperformance indicators for each project component.
3.9 The financialcontroller, supportedby appropriatelocal counterpartaccounting staff, would keep financialaccounts for all project components;ensure appropriatecompilation and maintenanceof project documentationand files; and prepare and maintainconsolidated accounts of expenditure, quarterly reports, annual financialplans and reports, and internal audits, in sufficient detail and format satisfactoryto IDA.
3.10 The procurementadvisor would carry out, in close coordinationwith the project manager, the technical coordinator,and the financialcontroller, all procurementarrangements for project implementation,including packaging lots for consultants'services; purchaseof vehicles, equipment, and material, computer systems, hardware and software, printed material, office equipmentand supplies;and housing repair and acquisitionof furnitureand appliancesto meet the housing needs of long-termconsultants, to be financed under the project.
3.11 In order to ensure timely project implementationa key objectiveof the project would be to provide each of the three executingagencies with ample technical and logisticalsupport as describedin Jntitutional Development (paras 2.17-2.22) above. The organizationof the project is outlinedin the Project Coordination Arrangements Chart 3.1, and in the Action Plan set forth below.
Chart 3.1 Project Coordination Arrangements
C.DAretor
bOther Depteb t Gnh o rocurementte, Thea echt nicalro ormentatl GPP Control Advisor Coordination Advisor staffUwouldnexpediteiportcernooUnit
Superyisory _ _ _ _ _ Consulting _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~Engineer |Accountin Stafffl
|Tchrial Technia|
C. Action Plan
3.12 Water Rehabilitation. GPP will be responsible for contracting the major civil works through ICB & LCB. Cost controls and rnanagement would be provided by the supervising engineering consultants. The implementation schedule of the ICB civil works of water and sanitary sewage would be coordinlated by the GPP project management team, headed by the technicai coordinatorwith the assistance of the financial controller and procurement advisor, who, with the assistance of OPP local staff would expedite port clearance of the many items of material and equipment that the contractor 17 must import in a timely manner. Detailedcoordination of constructionand cost control would be providedby the supervisoryengineering consultant.
3.13 The start-up in July 1992, in both cities, is scheduledthree monthsafter the contracts are signed as shown in the attached Scheduleof Works in Annex 5 Key Indicators and Schedule of Works. The rehabilitationof the Catumbelawellfield and the eight wells in the Benguelawellfield would start simultaneously. Well rehabilitationin Lobito and Benguelawould be completenine months after start-up, along with eight of the twelvewells in Lobito and all six new wells in Benguela. Thus, the increased supply could be delivered to the completedportions of the standpipesin both cities by mid-1993.
3.14 The schedulefor standpipesand washbasinsis based on one work brigade installingone unit per week. With six brigades ICB contractor would completethe 300 units in Lobito (in the neighborhoodsof Alto Liro, Bela Vista and Vila da Catumbela)in one year. The installationof the 63 mm and 75 mm distributionlines would be undertakenby different constructionteams who would coordinatetheir work to connectthe lines as the standpipesand washbasinsare completed. For Benguelathe 200 standpipesand washbasinswould be installedby four work brigades in the same twelve month period as in Lobito. Each standpipewill be equipped with a recessedwater meter inside a locked steel box, installedby the ICB contractor. The 300 water meters for commercial, industrial, and apartment building users in Lobito, and a similar number in Benguela,will be installed,owned, and maintainedby EPAB.
3.15 For each of the 500 standpipeand washbasin facilitiesDPSC would organize groups of approximately150 families. The communitieswould participate in maintenanceof the washbasins, periodic cleaningof the sandtrap,and in tree planting. Various schemesfor collectingwater tariffs at the standpipeswere consideredduring project preparation. At negotiationsagreement was reached on the preferred method of organization,billing, and collectionof water sold at the standpipes. EPAB will franchise private individuals,similar to gas station concessionaires,who would resell water to individualconsumers at agreed prices and margins. EPABwould make periodicvisits to ensure proper maintenanceand to read the water meter for purposes of billing and collection. This approachhas been used successfullyin other projects in the region and would be tested in a Rilotprogram as part of the water and sewer tariff and institutionalreorganization studies describedin para 2.24 and in Annex 9. The interim water tariff would take into account cost recovery, affordability, and cross subsidy considerationsdiscussed in the followingchapter, Financial and Economic Analysis (paras 4.4-4.7).
3.16 Sewer Rehabilitation. Constructionof the sanitary sewers for both cities has been coordinatedto ensure that the gravitynetworks and pumpingstation are in place and connectedto the force mains and completedsanitary sewagelagoons before the full supply of water is turned on. This is a necessary precautionto prevent sewagebackup and overflow. Sewagemanagement functions are being transferred from DPSC to EPABunder the project. Operationand maintenanceof the oxidation ponds would also be the responsibilityof EPAB; whereasmanagement and usage of the treated effluent would be controlledby DPSC.
3.17 For Lobito, the rehabilitationof the Compaogravity networkwill start simultaneouslywith the start of the water supply works three monthsafter contract signature. At the same time work on the new gravity sewer networks and pumpingstation for the CommercialZone and Capontewill start as noted on the schedule. The work is scheduled for completionin one year to coincidewith the completionof the full water supply hook up. Two emergencypower generators are providedat the key pumping stations to eliminatesewage overflowsin the networks.
3.18 For Bengiela, the task is easier since the city drains toward the beach. Only one pumping station and short force main are required within the city center. The major portion of the network will flow by gravity to the main pumpingstation on the south sides of the Vala dy Coringe, 2.70m below the present grade. This main gravity sewer must be built before the concretelining machine for the 18 channel reaches this locationat the bridge to Baia Farta. The demolitionof the bridge must Alsobe coordinatedand the bridge completedbefore the gravity main is installed. While these are simple tasks, they require careful coordination. 3.19 Valado CoringeStorm Drainage Channel. The sixmonths construction schedule for the Vala do Coringe Channel must be first coordinatedwith the rainy season which ends in April and begins in October. If the Coringe Channelcannot start in May '92, due to delays in effectiveness,it must be re-scheduledto May '93. This would not affect the sanitary sewer schedule, but would mean that the people of Benguelawould suffer another year with the Vala do Coringe's unsanitarycondition.
3.20 The manpowerrequirement of each of the civil works componentshas been analyzedto ensure that constructionactivity employs appropriatelabor-intensive construction methods using small pre-st or cast-in-placecomponents. A careful accountingof employmentgeneration would be maintainedand fully reported by the contractorand supervisingengineer during project implementation. GPP would assemblethis informationin quarterly employmentreports as part of its normal reporting responsibility.
3.21 The project implementationschedule of major civil works is planned over a two-and-a-half- year period with some of the storm drainage dams, latrine program, and lines of credit for building materialsextending to six years. The contractapproval proceduresof the major works have been packagedto reduce processingtime to the minimum. GPP and the project technicalcoordinator would monitor the progress of each componentand coordinatethe overall project. A series of action plans have been developedfor the various componentswhich would be updated for the mid-term review. For each municipalitywork scheduleswould be overlaid to determine the criteria for implementationof the project as follows:
Table 3.1 Sunmary Work Schedule
PHASE DETAILED EXECUTION ENGINEERING& BID OF WORKS DOCUMENTS
E.lm
I Water Supply-Rehab& Expansion 05/91 - 09/91 07/92 - 7/94
II Sanitary Sewers 05/91 - 09/91 07/92 - 7/94
III Vala do Coringe DrainageChannel 05/91 - 09/91 05/92 - 12/92
IV Storm DrainageWorks 04/92 - 10/92 07/92 - 12/97
V Latrine Program 02/91 - 07/91 05/91 - 12/97
VI Solid Waste Collection& Disposal 03/91 - 07/91 07/92 - 12/94 MunicipalServices Support
3.22 Plans I & II, Water Supply& Sanitary Sewers, would be phased to ensure early deliveryof water to the first completedsections of standpipesand water networksin the two cities and to coordinate the rehabilitationof the utility networksand installationwith the surface and sub-surface drainage works. Effectivenessis expectedin March, 1992 and the completiondate for these works would be July 1994. The 24 month schedule for major civil works is consideredrealistic in view of the urgent need for water supply and sanitary sewerage, the close attention paid to the packagingof the 19
project, and the combinedmanagement skills of GPP and the supervisingengineers. Completiondate for the Storm DrainageWorks (Plan IV) and the Latrine Program (Plan V) would be December 1997. The completionof the project is scheduled for March 31, 1998, with the closing date Se-ptember30, 1998. The project implementationperiod of approximatelysix years is comparableto that of a similar larger project in Mozambiqueand seven years generally for urban projects supportedby the Bank.
1. Procurement
3.23 Contractsfor works and goods valued greater than US$500,000would be awardedunder procedures for InternationalCornpetitive Bidding (ICB), as set forth in Guidelinesfor Procurement under IBRD Loans RodIDA Credit, publishedby the Bank in May 1985. Contractsfor works and goods less than US$500,000would be awardedon the basis of local competitivebidding (LCB), under procedures satisfactoryto the Association. Accordingly,contracts for the major civil works (US$27.92 million)would be awarded, after prequalification,on the basis of ICB. The works would be packaged into two contracts includingsupply, installationand commissionof a) water supply and distribution, and b) sanitary sewerageand storm drainage. Contractsfor lesser works such as repair of the municipal vehicle maintenanceshops and other offices, and constructionof the small erosion-control retention dams (aggregatevalue of about US$4.63 million)would be awarded th:ough Local CompetitiveBidding (LCB). as these are labor-intensivesmaller contracts unlikelyto attract foreign bidders. These LCB contracts would, nevertheless,be open to foreign bidders, following local proceduresthat are being revised with IDA's assistance(see para 3.24 below). Minor works, including the fabricationof improvedlatrine slabs, sold at cost, and the revegetationprogram, scattered throughoutthe project area and spread over time, would be carried out through force accountby the DPSC. The aggregate amount of works carried out under force accountwould not exceed US$S(.8 million.
3.24 Contracts for the acquisitionof vehiclesand equipment(US$ 4.56) for the solid waste managementand low incomesanitation components would be awardedon the basis of ICB, in accordancewith Bank guidelinescited above. Other logisticalsupport, includingproject management vehicles, office and telecommunicationsequipment, furniture and supplies, with an aggregate value of US$3.11 million would be purchasedin several lots (up to US$500,000each) through LCB because of the variety of goods and the need to have servicerepresentatives in the country, especially for computersand office equipment. Finally, local constructionmaterials and seedlingsfor revegetation, with an aggre.gatevalue of US$2.22 million, would be purchasedthrough LCB as defined in the procurementguidelines, as these are locally availableat competitiveprices.
3.25 Consultantswould be selectedin accordancewith the Bank's Guidelines:Use of Consultants by World Bank Borrowers and by The World Bank as ExecutingAgency, dated August, 1981, for technical assistance (US$6.91million), detaileddesign and supervision(US$3.44 million), studies (US$3.35million) and training (US$1.2 million). Technicalassistance would be provided to OPP, the main implementingagency responsiblefor carrying out all procurementunder the project, except the force accountworks carried out by DPSC. GPP's procurementcapacity would be strengthenedby employingan experiencedprocurement expert, a financialcomptroller and a technicalcoordinator. This team would also be responsiblefor training local counterpartstaff throughoutthe life of the project (see para 2.19).
3.26 Under the EconomicManagement Capacity Building project (CR 2274-ANG),the Borrower's procurementregulations and procedureswill be reviewedand streamlined,including the design of standardbidding documentsand contracts. For the purposes of the proposedproject the Borrowerhas agreed to apply the Bank's guidelinesand proceduresset forth in Guidelinesfor Procurementunder IBRD Loans and IDA Credits, May 1985. Localcompetitive bidding procedureswould be reviewedby the Bank prior to application;these will includelocal advertising,public opening of bids, clarity in evaluation criteria, award to the lowest bidder, and non-exclusionof foreign bidders. 20 3.27 To encouragean early start up of project implementation,the followingconditions have been introducedin the project implementationschedule: a) completionof the draft bidding documents satisfactoryto the Associationfor the major civil works, prior to negotiations;and b) employmentof key technical assistancestaff satisfactoryto the Associationas a conditionof effectiveness(para 5.3).
3.28 During project supervision,all works contracts above a thresholdof US$ 200,000 would be subject to IDA's prior review procedures.The review process would cover about 95% of total works value procured through ICB and LCB ( 100% ICB and 70% LCB). Goods contracts above US$ ! 100,000would also be subjectto prior review, covering about 80% of total value of goods financedby i the Project. All consultant'scontracts would also be subject to prior IDA review.
3.29 Procurementinformation will be collectedand recorded as follows:a) comprehensivequarterly reports will be prepared by GPP, indicatingi) revised cost estimatesfor individualcontracts and the total project, includingbest estimates of physical and price contingencies;ii) revised timing of procurementactions includingadvertising, bidding, contract award, and contract completiontimes.; and, b) a completionreport prepared by GPP within three months of the closing date.
3.30 Table 3.2 summarizesthe procurementprocedures to be applied to the various components. Table 3.2 Procurement Arrangenents (USSmillion) Percent of Project Elements ICa LCB Other KA Totat Totat 1 WORKS a) WaterRehabilitation 12.96 12.96 (11.02) (11.02) 21X t; Sewer& StormDrainage 14.96 14.96 (12.07) (12.07) 23X c) RetentionDams 3.51 3.51 (3.14) (3.14) 6X cl BuildingRepair (1) 1.12 1.12 (1.00) (1.00) 2X e) low IncomeSanitation (2) 0.79 0.79 (0.71) (0.71) 1X 2 G(.0S a 'thictes& Equipment 4.56 1.00 5.56 (4.56) (1.00) (5.56) 11X b) S4aterials 2.22 2.22 (1.99) (1.99) 4X c) Lo ,aticalSupport 2.11 2.11 (2.11) (2.11) 4X 3 CONSUL(ANTS a) Tachnical Assistance 6.91 6.91 (6.54) (6.54) 122 b) Design& Supervision 3.44 3.44 (3.44) (3.44) 72 c) Studies 3.35 3.35 (3.17) (3.17) 6X 4 TRAINING 1.20 1.20 (1.08) (1.08) 2X 5 REFINANCINGOF PPF 0.75 0.75 (0.75) (0.75) 1X TOTAL $32.47 $9.96 $15.70 $0.75 $58.88 ($27.64)($9.25) ($14.94) (0.75)($52.58) 100X 54% 162 282 1X 1002 Notes: (1) Repairof DPSC workshopsand GPP, DPSC,and EPABoffices. (2) Fabricationof improvedlatrine stabs and urban revegetationby DPSC forceaccount. (3) Figuresin parenthesesare amountsto be financedby IDAand Co-Financing. (4) Cost figuresinclude contingencies. 21
E. Disbursements
3.31 Disbutrsementsunder the IDA credit are proposedat the rate of 100% against eligible foreign expendituresaJ 90% of total expendituresof selectedcategories. All disbursementswould be net of taxes and duties. Amountsto be disbursedby IDA are indicatedin Table 3.3 Disbursement Arrangements. Disbursementsagainst Statementsof Expenditure(SOEs) would be made for contracts for works, goods, and services valued at less than $20,000. Documentationin support of the SOEs would be retained by the executingagencies for inspectionby IDA's supervisionmissions.
Table 3.3 Disbursement Arrangements (USSMiltion) Percentage of Amount Expeditures Category Allocated to be Financed 1 Works S17.95 a) WaterRehabilitation $7.07 100Xof Foreign b) Sewer& StormDrainage Rehab 7.75 100%of Foreign c) RetentionDams 2.03 90X of Total d) BuildingRepair 0.64 90X of Total e) Low IncomeSanitation 0.46 90X of Total 2 Goods $6.21 a) Vehicles& Equipment $3.57 100Xof Foreign b) Materials 1.28 901 of Total c) LogisticalSupport 1.36 100Xof Total 3 Consultants $9.40 a) TechnicalAssistance $4.73 100Xof Foreign b) Design& Supervision 2.38 100X of Foreign c) Studies 2.29 100Xof Foreign 4 Training $0.78 901 of Total 5 Refinancingof PPF $0.75 AmountDue 6 Unatlocated $10.50 Total $45.58
3.32 In order to accelerate disbursementsand project implementation,a SNecialAccount would be establishedin a commercialbank to serve all project components. In addition, the Governmentwould establish a Project Accountin US dollars for counterpartfunds. The Financial Controllerin the Provincial PlanningOffice would approve all paymentsfrom the Special Accountand would be responsiblefor record keeping, aggregationof documents,and reconciliationof bank statementsas required by IDA, and for preparationof applicationsfor replenishmentfor signatureby authorized officials. Assuranceson disbursementarrangements were obtained from the GovernmentMa negotiations.
3.33 Conditionsof Disbursementof specificcomponents would be: a) confirmationof the availabilityof SIDA and NORADco-financing for the project; and b) proof of ownership or non- existenceof encumbrancesof the lands occupied by the proposednew wellfields,the oxidationponds, and the pumpingstations for the water supply and sanitary sewer civil works. The Closing Date for the Credit is September30, 1998.
P. Project Accounting, Auditing, and Reporting
3.34 GPP will maintainconsolidated accounts in dollars and in kwanzas for the entire project. Responsibilityfor detailed accountingfor all provincialwater and sewer works would be with the 22
EPAB, with separateaggregation for Lobito and Benguela. DPSC would maintainseparate detailed accounts in dollars and in kwanzasfor the solid waste component,the storm drainage works, and the latrineprogram.
3.35 At neeotiati the Governmentprovided assurances that audited financialstatements for GPP, EPAB, and DPSC, includingoperating statements,comparative balance sheets, and funds flow statemente,acceptable to IDA, would be submittedto IDA within six monthsof the end of each fiscal year. Statementsof Expenditure(SOEs) would be included in the audit and specificallyaddressed in the audit report. The studies budget includesUS$200,000 to cover the costs of annual audits over the life of the project (para 2.23).
3.36 In addition to their annual accountingand audit reportingresponsibilities, the GPP would prepare auarterly progress reports which shall includephysical, financial,and employmentbudget indicatorsfor each component,showing actual and projected expenditures,disbursements by category, and performance. These quarterly reports shall be the responsibilityof the implementingagencies, EPAB and DPSC, reporting to GPP, and of the project technical coordinatorand financialcontroller, who will compile the consolidatedreport. Quarterlyreports would be due within one month of the close of each quarter. GPP will also provide a project completionreport in a format stipulatedby IDA within six monthsof the Closing Date of the Credit.
G. Key Indicators
3.37 A detailed timetableand scheduleof physical works for each of the major componentsof the project is set forth in Annex 5 Implementation Plan Key Indicators and Schedule of Works. Other monitoringcriteria would include data on employmentgeneration attributable to the project and basic indicatorsof public health and sanitationdeveloped by the project with the assistance of the low income sanitationadvisor (para 2.15 above) and the environmentaladvisor as outputs of the environmental managementand monitoring studies (paras 24-32 of Annex 1). In addition, the Project Implementation Schedulesets forth target dates for importantproject milestones,including the contractingof consultants,major works, and studies financed by the project, with expectedcompletion and delivery dates of interim and final reports.
H. Mid-Tenn Review
3.38 During negotiationsagreement was reachedto hold a mid-term review approximately18 months after the date of credit effectiveness. The purpose of the mid-term review is to assess progress achievedin: i) project implementationbased on the agreed key indicatorsfor each component; ii) reorganizationof EPAB and implementationof economicwater and sewer rates based on the findings and recommendationsof the water and sewer reorganizationand tariff studies; iii) cost recovery of the golidwaste and improved latrines programs; iv) implementationof the environmentalaction plan, based on the environmentalstudies; and, v) implementationof the land registrationpilot program based on the land registrationstudies. The rmd-termreview would result in a revised implementationprogram, includingan action plan and timetablefor: i) revisionof water and sewer tariffs; ii) the institutional reorganizationof the water authority; and iii) applicationof cost recoverymechanisms for the project components. The mid-term review would also result in a revised list of Key Indicators, including criteria for monitoring the performanceof EPAB and DPSC. 23
IV. FINANCIALAND ECONOMICANALYSIS
A. Empresa Provincial de Aguas de Benguela (EPAB)
4.1 OQraniation. During the Portuguese colonialregime the Water Service of Benguelawas one of the multiple Departmentsof the extinct MunicipalCouncil (Camara Municipal)of Benguela. In 1976 the ProvincialWater Central (CentralProvincial de Aguas), the predecessorof EPAB, was created as a dependencyof the Ministry of Construction. In 1980 the Water Central was transferredto the Secretaryof State for Urbanism,Housing, and Waters (SEUHA), which administersstate owned housing property. In March 1990 operatingcontrol of the local water companiesand water authorities was transferredto the provincialgovernments by decision of the Council of Ministers. The intentof this decision is to decentralizethe operation of the local water companies;however, appropriate corporate charters, by-laws, and regulationsto ensure local autonomy are not yet in place. These and other important issues would be addressedand clarified in the water and sewer reorganizationan.; tariff studies financedby the project, includingthe power to set tariffs, and questions of title, ownershlp,and organizationalstructure. A logical structurewould includea provincialholding companyand operating subsidiariesfor the municipalitiesof Lobito, Benguelaand oiher towns in the interior of the province.
4.2 Financial Accounting. Meaningfulfinancial information is not available owing to weak financialmanagement and the absence of accrual accountingsystems. Bookkeepingis essentiallycash accountingwhich is very deficient. There are no annual reports, no inventories,or depreciation,and no funds flow statements. The income and expense statementsinclude a mix of unreconciledcurrent and capital accounts. Charges from the sale of water are mixed with subsidiesand grants from central govemment,advances and sales of materialto other provinces, sales of basic food stocks to employees, and loan repaymentsof employees. Expenseitems includesalaries and loans to employees, expendituresfor repair and for purchaseof equipment. Furthermore,accounting treatment is inconsistentfrom year to year making comparisonshazardous. Difficultiesof financialanalysis are compoundedby the foreign exchangevaluation structurewhich may make translationsinto dollars quite misleading. For example, EPAB Benguelareceived annual subsidiesof NKz12.0 and NKzl5.1 million in 1989 and 1990 for investments,worth US$400,000and US$500,000respectively at the then prevailingofficial rate of Kz3Oto the dollar. If valued at the unofficialmarket rate (NKz800 to the dollar), similar kwanza amounts would yield only about US$15,000and US$19,000. Not surprisingly, there has been no attempt to consolidatethe accounts of Lobito, Benguela,and the other municipalities of the province. A priority of the technicalassistance to EPAB will be the establishmentof coherent accrual accountingsystems in Lobito and Benguela.
4.3 Financial Projections. The objectiveof the Financial Projections (Annex 7) is to determine a range of rates from breakevento an economiclevel of full cost recovery of the rehabilitatedand expandedwater and sewer networks. The financialprojections start from a number of key assumptions: a) in the absence of balance sheets, funds flow and income statementsonly the investmentsof the project are considered;in other words the project investmentis viewed as zero-based or standingalone; b) only incrementalwater is considered;c) productionis assumed at 85% of marginalcapacity; d) consumptionis taken at 75 % of marginalproduction; e) the annual cost of operation and maintenanceis assumed at 7.5% of initial investment,based on experiencein other countries. Thus a breakevenoperating tariff for the rehabilitatedand expandedwater and sewer 3 networks works out in the projections to about US$0.28 per i . Full cost recovery requires an additional return on investment. A combinedwater and sewer tariff of US$0.44 would provide an annual return on investment(ROI) of about 10%, sufficientto allow for depreciationand eventual replacementof plant and equipment. 24
4.4 Affordability. These values seem high when comparedto present or proposed tariffs of the water company. They are, in fact, conservativewhen comparedto the prevailing prices of vendor- distributedwater at free market rates, as shown in Annex 7 Financial Analysis (Page 3). A family of six may p.irchase today only 60 liters per day (10 liters per person), or 1.8 m3/monthto meet sub- minimal householdneeds, paying NKz3000per monthat vendor rates, equivalentto US$3.75 at the parallel rate of NKz800per US$. After completionof the new standpipeprogram, the same family would be able to purchase the design standard,30 liters per person per day, or 5.4 m3 per monthat the suggested'economic rate* of US$0.44 (NKz352)per m3, costing NKz1900(US$2.37) - three times the volume for 63 % of the price. Thus, despitethe lack of reliable socio-economicsurvey data, there is little doubt based on observedconsumption patterns that suggestedeconomic rates are affordableto much of the population.
4.5 Residentsin outlyingareas and squatter settlementswould not benefit directly from the rehabilitatedsewer networkand, contrary to current practice, should pay less for water than residents in the inner city. The water and sewer tariff and reorganizationstudies would make appropriate allowancefor these importantdifferences in benefits in recommendingan economicallysound rate structure incorporatinggenerally acceptedprinciples of equity and cross-subsidization.
B. Cost Recovery
4.6 Cost recoveryis a major issue addressedby the project. The problem is manifestedin the low tariff levels prevailing in the water sector, the absence of user charges for the sewer network;and the extremely low rents paid by occupants of state-ownedhousing. The problem is exacerbatedby the overvalued, artificialexchange rate. The project proposes to address the problem of cost recovery through cost accountingin both dollars and kwanzas, and through studies and agreements. The maincenanceof all project accountsin dollars will provide a useful benchmarkfor cost recovery objectives.
4.7 Water and Sewer Tariffs. A proposal has been pending for over one year to double the 3 prtsent rate to NKz20 per m . Preliminary indicationsfrom the financialprojections, however, are that the proposed rate increase, based on the official rate of exchange, is artificial and quite inadequate. During negotiationsa Water and SewerTariffs Action Plan was agreed, which is attached to the Terms ot Reference.for the Water and Sewer Tariff and ReorganizationStudies (Annex 9, Appendix 1). The agreed underlyingprinciple is that tariffs will be revised annually to reflect the true economiccost: a) of the cxistingwater networks;and b) of the rehabilitatedand expandedwater and sewer networks. True economiccosts are defined as full costs of operation, maintenance,and replacement,converted at a realistic exchange rate. The exchangerate, in tum, is defined as a ReferenceValue taken as the approximateaverage of the official and unofficialexchange rates (NK400as of October 1991). Based on these principles, a first interim water tariff of NK53 per m3 was agreed, which is 5.3 times the present rate, to become effectiveJanuary 1, 1992 upon ratificationby the ProvincialPrice Commission and the ProvincialGovernment. The agreementcalls for a second interim water tariff, at least equal to 80% of the breakevencost at the prevailingReference Value for the dollar, to become effectiveno later than January 1, 1993, based on the findingsof the studies financedunder the credit (para 2.24). Subsequenttariff reviewswould be scheduledduring the mid-term project review to take place approximately18 months after the date of credit effectiveness(para 3.38).
4.8 Solid Waste Collectionand Disposal. Cost recoverywould be achievedthrough the gradual introductionof garbage collectionfees and charges for emptyingof septic tanks and for the disposalof waste at the municipal garbage dumps. Beginningin January 1991, the DPSC began to charge a fee for garbage collectionin the served downtownareas. The nominal fee of 100 NKz is collectedtogether with apartment rental paymentsat the local branches of the BancoPopular de Angola. The technical assistancefor the solid waste managementcomponent will includea study to determine an appropriate fee structure and methodsof collectionfor the different levels and types of service provided, with the 25 objectiveof covering recurrent expendituresof the system. The proposedrate structure will be agreed upon during the mid-term review.
4.9 Improved Latrines will be sold at cost plus a small charge for overheads to eligible beneficiaries. Costs would be maintainedin both Kwanzasand U.S. dollars. The mechanismfor price setting was agreed during negotiations.
C. Private Sector Development
4.10 After fifteen years of a highly centralizedeconomic system, Angola is beginningto move towards a market economy. The provincialgovernment has begun to divest some real estate and a number of businesses,including small scale industriesand fishing enterprises. The proposedproject will stimulatelocal private sector initiativesat various levels. The informal sector will play i significantrole in the low cost sanitationprogram, by transportinglatrine slabs, and providing local materialssuch as sand and gravel. Repairs of municipalbuildings and offices, as well as the constructionof small erosion-controlretention dams, will provide opportunitiesfor small contractors. Finally, the study for the reorganizationof the w'ter company, EPAB, will consider a range of options from managementcontracts to full privatization. After rehabilitationof the solid waste management system a similar approach would be considered.
D. Project Benefits
4.11 Major benefits of the project would be measuredin terms of improvedhealth of the population,positive impactson the physical and social environmentand increasedproductivity of the urban population. These are summarizedas follows:
Realthand Environmental Benefits:
a) Expansionof the water supplywill bring clean water for the first time to 80% of the largely low incomepopulation, thus elimninatingthe single most important cause of disease and directly contributingto a reduction in the criticallyhigh rates of infant mortalityand morbidity;
b) Rehabilitationof the existing water distributionnetwork of Lobito and Benguelawill help reduce water lossesdue to leakage, currently in excess of 50%;
c) Rehabilitationand extensionof the sewage networkwill divert sewage from the city streets, squatter settlements,wetlands, and bays to oxidation ponds where the treated efflut'ntcan be usefully recycled;
d) Storm water control will decrease peak flows, thus diminishingerosion and associated flood hazards in the major natural and man made storm water channels; rehabilitationof the Vala do Coringe will clean up one of Benguela's major sources of disease;
e) Solid waste managementwill improvesanitary conditionsby providing daily waste collectionin most neighborhoods,thus eliminatingthe accumulationof waste throughoutthe urban area;
f) The improvedlatrine program will introducenew technologyto bring affordablypriced sanitationto 80% of the mostly low incomepopulation in the project area beyond the reach of the sanitary sewer networks;
g) The sanitary-environmentaleducation component will design, promote and implement intensive education in public health and hygiene, control of water-bornediseases, and water- soil conservation;and 26
h) Neighborhoodrevegetation will help improve the microclimate,soil fertility, erosion control, and nutrition, thus contributingto the ecological,scenic, health and recreational conditionof the Lobito-Benguelaconurbation.
Economic and Social Benet:
a) The entire populationwill benefit economicallyfrom access to affordableclean water and improvedsanitation, which are expectedto reduce morbidityrates measurably,enabling more of the populationto work productivelymore of the time;
b) Women and childrenwill be the biggest beneficiariesof ready access to urban water inasmuchas they are primarily responsiblefor householdwater suppliesand now spend inordinateamounts of time and energy hauling water at great distances;
c) Abundantwater in the low income settlementsfor the first time will permit important increasesin gardening and productionof edible vegetablesfor home consumptionthus helping reduce the real cost of living of the urban poor; and
d) The project will create an estimated2,800 man-yearsof employmentfrom the construction of the rehabilitatedwater and sewer networks, the storm drainage works, the solid waste managementprogram, and the low cost sanitationprogram, includingthe improvedlatrine, sanitary-environmentaleducation, and urban revegetationcomponents.
Institutional Benefits:
The proposed project will help establishsound institutionsresponsible for water supply and sewage and solid waste management. By establishingappropriate cost recovery mechanisms, the project will enable these institutionsto operate and maintain the rehabilitatedinfrastructure.
B. Project Justification
4.12 The proposed project is justified on the health, environmental,social, economic, and institutionalbenefits outlinedabove. The fact that over half a million people are presentlywithout water lends urgency to the justification. In additionthe project would facilitate the developmentof the larger Lobito Corridor RehabilitationProgram. Bank experiencein similar cases shows that dealing with the urban problems a posteriori can result in costly delays. No EconomicRate of Return has been calculatedowing to the difficultiesin quantifyingthe major benefits of the project. While justified on health and environmentalconcerns alone, the proposedproject would facilitate the developmentof the larger Lobito Corridor rebabilitationprogram. Major direct benefits of the project would be measured in terms of improvedhealth of the population,and in particularof women and children; aleviation of poverty among the lowest incomegroups in the squatter settlements;increased productivity of the urban population;positive impacts on the physical and social environment;and increasedeconomic efficiency of the cities of Lobito and Benguela. The project involvesmostly rehabilitationof existing infrastructure. Althoughthe Governmenthas not yet been able to formulatea public investment program, the proposed investmentis clearly a top priority in the reconstructionof Angola's war- ravaged economy.
F. ]Project Risks
4.13 The risks inherent in the proposedproject ate due to institutionaland technicalweaknesses which may cause delays in project implementationand lead to further environmentaland economic deterioration. There is a potential risk that the governmentmay interfere in the administrative autonomyof the provincialwater companythereby hinderingreorganization efforts and the cost 27 recovery objectivesof the project. Unfamiliaritywith Bankprocedures, problems with communications,and a potentiallyunstable political environment could lead to significantdelays as well. Delays in the overall urban rehabilitationeffort could affect the rehabilitationof the Lobito corridor, once it gets underway. Other minor risks involvethe effectivenessof some of the environmentalrehabilitation efforts such as the revegetationcomponent. Technicalassistance, training, and logisticalsupport, initiatedduring project preparation, are intended to minimizethese risks.
0. Lssons Learned
4.14 Applyinga lesson leamed during preparation, the Bofrowerhas agreed to delegate to the Provincial Governmentfull authority to execute the project and manageproject funds, thus avoidingthe costly delaysof central governmentinvolvement in project management. The proposed project is the first investmentproject supportedby IDA in Angola, and there are no implementationlessons yet to draw from Bank experience. Nevertheless,Angola presents institutionaland technical weaknessesthat make it comparableto other African countries,and in particular to the Portuguese-speakingnations that share a commoncolonial heritage and gained Independenceat the same time. One of the main sources of lessons learned is Mozambique. In particularthe MozambiqueUrban Rehabilitationproject (Cr. MOZ 1949) which became effectivein January, 1989, has componentsand methodsof implementationsimilar to those in the proposedproject.
4.15 A number of these lessons have been applied to the project concept. The project has been scaled down from its original design and now involvesfewer components,fewer agencies, and more realistic objectivesand expectations. With regard to implementation,the use of an ad hoc Project ImplementationUnit has been abandonedin favor of strengtheningexisting institutionalstructures. In Mozambiquethe role of the implementingagency has been successfullydefined to that of contract M.nnuementfor civil works, supervision,and technicalassistance. This managementapproach, rather than attemptingto perform implementationtasks directly, is being applied in the proposed project. In order to avoid time-consumingcontract review, the Borrowerhas agreed to use standardbidding documentsand Bank ICB contracts for works and technicalassistance.
4.16 The technicaldesign of two project componentshas also benefitted from the Mozambique experience. Both the solid waste managementand the improvedlatrine programs are designedafter successful, wel tested programs in Mozambique,and some early flaws have been avoided. The improved latrine design, which uses no structural reinforcementother than its slightly conical shape, was perfected in Mozambique. Through completionof over 1,000 slabs during project preparation, IDA has effectivelytransferred a successfullow cost technology. 28
V. AGREEMENTS, CONDITIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Agreements Prior to Negotiations
5.1 Prior to negotiationsthe Governmentfurnished IDA with:
a) a Joint MinisterialDecree, satisfactoryto IDA, signed by the Ministriesof Planningand Finance, empowering the ProvincialGovernment of Benguela,represented by its Planning Office, GPP, to act as project executingagency (para 3.1);
b) ImplementationAgreements, satisfactory to IDA, betweenGPP and EPABand between GPP and DPSC, for the implementationof the respectiveproject components(para 3.1);
c) draft tender documents,satisfactory to IDA, for the water and sewer reorganizationand tariff study includingterms of reference, draft contract, proposedshort list of firms, and letters of invitation, prepared by GPP and approved by the Ministriesof Planningand Finance (para 2.24); and
d) draft bidding documentssatisfactory to the Associationfor the major civil works, i.e., the water, sewer, and storm drainage rehabilitation(para 3.27).
B. Agreements Reached at Negotiations
5.2 During negotiationsassurances were obtained from the Governmenton the followingmatters:
a) terms of reference and a timetableof employmentof key project consultants(pam 2.17);
b) a Water and Sewer Tariffs Action Plan (para 4.7 and Annex 9, Appendix 1);
c) a mid-term review to be carried out 18 monthsafter the date of credit effectiveness(para 3.38), to monitor progress achievedin:
i) project implementationbased on the agreed key indicatorsfor each component (parm 3.37);
ii) cost recovery of the water and sewer systems and of the solid waste and improved latrine programs (paras 4.6 - 4.9);
iii) implementationof the environmentalaction plan, based on the environmental studies (para 2.25); and,
iv) implementationof the land registrationpilot program based on the land registration studies (para 2.26).
d) in conjunctionwith the mid-term review, agreementon an implementationprogram, includingan action plan and timetable, for: i) revision of water and sewer tariffs; ii) the institutionalreorganization of the water authority basedon the findingsand recommendations of the water and sewer reorganizationand tariff studies (para 2.24); and iii) applicationof cost recovery mechanismsfor the project components(paras 4.6-4.9);
e) the establishmentand maintenanceof a SpecialAccount in U.S. dollars for IDA funds and a Project Accountin U.S. dollars for Governmentcounterpart funds (pam 3.32); 29 f) adoption of accountingand reportingprocedures, satisfactory to IDA, includingmaintenance of all project accountingin dollars and in kwanzas(para 3.34); the timely preparationand submissionof quarterly and annual financialreports (paras 3.35-3.36); and of external audits within six months of the end of each fiscal year (pam 3.35); and
g) appointmentof project counterpartstaff and provisionof adequateoffice space for the technical, administrativeand consultingstaffs of GPP, EPAB, and DPSC; provision of adequatetransportation for all project consultants;and appropriatehousing for long-term consultants(para 2.20-2.21); C. Conditionsof Credit Effectiveness
5.3 Conditionsof Effectivenesswould be:
a) appointmentof the key staff of GPP, includingconfirmation of the Director as Project Manager, and employmentof the project technicalcoordinator, the financialcontroller, and the procurementadvisor, on terms satisfactoryto the Association(paras 2.17 and 3.25); and
b) signatureof the contract for the water and sewer institutionalreorganization and tariff studies on terms satisfactoryto the Association(para 2.24); and
c) approval by the ProvincialGovernment of Benguelaof the Water and Sewer Tariffs Action Plan and implementationof the first interim water tariff increase, agreed at negotiations(paras 4.7 and 5.2 (b) and Annex 9, Appendix 1).
D. Conditions of Disbursement
5.4 Confirmationof the availabilityof SIDA and NORADco-financing for the project would be a conditionof disbursementfor specificitems under the project (para 3.33).
5.5 Proof of ownershipor non-existenceof encumbrancesof the followinglands occupiedby the proposed new wellfields,the oxidationponds, and the pumpingstations would be a conditionof disbursementfor the water supply and sanitary sewer civil works:
(i) the new wellfield, 150 by 1000 meters (15 hectares), on the west bank of the Catumbela River, approximatelythree kilometersupstream from the existing well field (pam 2.4);
(ii) the new wellfield, 150 by 1000 meters (15 hectares), on the south bank of the Cavaco River, approximately1.3 kilometersupstream from the existingwell field (parm2.5);
(iii) sanitary sewer pumpingstations located in: (1) the Lobito CommercialZone; (2) Caponte; (3) the Benguelacentral area; and (4) adjacent to the Coringe Channel, as located on the consultant'sdrawings (paras 2.6-2.8); and
(iv) sanitary sewage oxidationponds of four hectareseach for the Lobito lagoon, located on the waste land approximatelytwo kilometerssouth of the Bairro Cabata, and the Beaguela lagoon, located approximatelytwo kilometerssouthwest of the airport (paras 2.6 and 2.7).
E. Recommendation
5.5 On the basis of the above actions, conditions, and agreements, the proposed project would be suitable for an IDA credit of US$45.58 million. TABLE OF ANNEXES
PROJECT-RELATED 1 Preliminary EnvironmentalAssessment 2 Water, Sewer, and Storm DrainageRehabilitation 3 Low Income Sanitation 4 Solid Waste Management 5 ImplementationPlan and Key Indicators 6 DetailedProject Costs 7 Financial Analysis 8 GeographicalInformation System
TERMS OF REFERENCE 9 Water and Sewer Tariff and InstitutionalReorganization Study 10 EnvironmentalManagement and MonitoringStudy 11 Land RegistrationStudy 12 GPP Key Staff
BACKGROUND 13 SelectedDocwments Available in the Project File
MAPS IBRD No. 23181 Angola- Project LocationMap IBRD No. 23182 Lobito Benguela Project ComponentMap AnnxI Page I of 18
LOBITO-BENGUELAURBAN ENVIRONMENTALREHABILITATION PROJECT
THE LOBITO-BENGUELACONURBATION
PRELIMINARY ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT
I. INTRODUCTION
1. This annex containsa brief environmentalanalysis of the Lobito-BenguelaConurbation (LBC). It provides a first understandingof the LBC's natural environmentand its interactionwith the social, technologicaland economicconditions of the region; identifiesthe features and characteristicsof the Conurbationleading to or undergoingenvironmental degradation, and the possiblecauses of such degradation;and outlines the potential environmentalimpact of planned or proposedprojects.
2. The data available for the area is limitedand the existing socio-enviromnentalinteractions are complex. Therefore, this report introducesthe issues as a first step for further action. The information outlinedbelow is restricted to identifyingmost immediateissues, and raising questions about the needs and potentials of the Lobito-BenguelaConurbation in relation to the present Project. The information reviewedprovides a minimumbase for identifyingthe need for specificenvironmental impact statements,and for establishingthe data necessary for ecologicallybased planning and management within the Conurbation. Specificcomponents and actionsnecessary to reverse environmental degradationand prevent or mitigatefurther negativeimpacts in the project area are identified, and monitoringof project componentsis proposed to guaranteeproper attention to potentialor unforeseen negative impacts. The analysiswill be complementedby the environmentalstudies componentof the Project, and followedby preparationof a medium-termenvironmental action plan.
3. The environmentalissues in the Lobito-BenguelaConurbation reflect conditionswithin and beyond its urban limits and need to be consideredwithin the context of a larger region. These conditionsresult largely from lack of infrastructre and basic services, and the destabilizingeffects of the war, which have caused massive in-migrationinto the area. The resulting environmental degradationaffects land, water, and human resources beyondthe Lobito-BenguelaConurbation.
I. REGIONAL SETTING
4. The BenguelaProvince. The Lobito-BenguelaConurbation is located on the coast of the BenguelaProvince, on the Southwestof Angola. With a territory of 32,927 kn2, the Province holds around 1.2 million inhabitants,some of the higher populationdensities in the country, and Angola's secondmost important industrialcenter. The Province's major economic activitiesare agriculture, fisheries,industry, and port and railroad tansport, all concentratedwithin the Lobito-Benguela Conurbationand Baia Farta, about 23 km south of Benguela. At present, these activitiesare significandybelow potentiallevels as a result of both difficultiesfollowing independence and the war. Nonetheless,they continue to play a major role in the developmentof the Angolan economy. The BenguelaProvince's industrial developmentis responsiblefor approximately35% of the country's industrialcomplex. Fish catch accounts for roughly 40% of the Angolan total catch. The Province provides sonm of the major export agriculturd products, and raw materialfor the Lobito-Benguela
1 Annal Page 2 of 18
Conurbation'sagro-industries. 'rotal agriculturl productionis difficult to assess since production, except for state-ownedagriculture, is largely in the subsistencesector, and surplus is traded in the parallel market, for which statisticsare not available.
S. The BenguelaProvince las three climaticareas varying from desert to humid tropical, with an averageof 230C and a rainfall ranging from 100-1000mm/yr. About half the Provinceis identifiedas inappropriatefor agriculture due to poor soils; only 1/10 of it presentsgood agriculturalpotential. Patches of alluvial soils, however, are spread throughoutthe poor soils region allowing localizedhigh value agriculturaldevelopment. The coastal plain holds the Province's best agricultural soils (calcareos pardos and arildicospardos), and the two largest patches of alluvial deposits. The BenguelaProvince 2 has two river basins, the Catumbelaand Coporolo, with a total catchmentarea of 28,010 km. The surface water potentialof both rivers is low due to the watersheds' high rates of soil absorptionand high evaporation(1300-1500 mm), and low precipitation. The water table is generally 5 metrs deep.
6. The Province's flora and fauna are diverse, albeit poorly managed. The vegetationvaries on an eastwardaxis from the coastal plain, changingfrom steppes to forests, open forests, and savannas nixed with shrubs. The rate of regenerationfor the natural forests where wood has an economic importau-e is reported at 846 m31yr,and the rate of sustainableexploitation at 750 m3/yr. Current 3 wood demand largely exceeds supply, and the Province's deficitis estimatedat 45,390 m /yr. The rate of deforestationis high due to clearings for cash crop cultivation,use of wood as fuel and construction material, and war activities. The area currently cut specificallyfor wood exploitationadds to 700 ba/yr. Reforestationis limited and the only plantationssomewhat managed are those belonging to the paper industry. These plantationsare generally of exotic species, mostly eucalyptusspp. and pints spp. The Benguelarailroad owns the country's largest eucalyptusplanttion. The Provinceis tich in land and aquatic fauna. TLe meetingof the cold and warm sea currents of Benguelaand Agulhas provide optimumconditions for sardine and horse mackerel, Angola's main commercialspecies. Tropical species predominateoff the coast of the Province, which is rich in fish, as well as mollusks and cretaceans. Coastal wetlandsprovide habitat and resting areas for land and aquatic species, especiallybirds and fish. Hunting as currently practiced has a certain economicimportance within the Province, and is considereda major potentialattraction in the developmentof a tourist industry. The Provincehas two nature reserves (Chimolaveraand Buffalo)about 45 km from Benguela. The BonguelaProvince's wildlife and tourist potential, and coastal and marine resources remain largely untapped. On going proposaisrecommend implementation of a wetland reserve in the Lobito coast, and rehabilitationof the ChimolaveraReserve.
7. The infrastructureand the economicand socio-culturalframework of the BenguelaProvincoe is damagedpartly as a result of the war. Its coastal area, however, is relativelysecure which accountsin part for the currently high populationrates and the Province's high participationin the country's agicultural and industral performance. m. THE LOBITO-BENGUELACONURBATION 8. Physical d ClimaticSetting. The Lobito-BnguelaConurbation lies on the northwestcosal plainsof the BenguolaProvince. It has a tropical,dry, semi-desertclimate, with a precipitationof 100D-300mm/yr. The rainfallis distributedin a six monthseason rnning fromOctober to April,and often consistsof intensestorms. lTe averageevaporation rate is 1300mm/yr. The soilsthroughout the Conurhationare alluvialdeposits on quaternarybedrock. In the surroundingregion, the soilsarm mostly calcakos pardos and aridicospardos of cretaceousand tertiary formation. The native
2 Ana@xU Page 3 of 18
vegetationisformacao de estepes (steppes). Two major rivers, the Catumbelaand Cavaco, provide the Conurbationwith rich estuary ecosystems. On the alluvial depressionsof the Catumbelaand Cavaco rivers, the we er table is at 0.5-4 meters. The chemical compositionof well water is that of naturally potable water.
9. Lobito and lBenguelaare connectedby a railroadand a parallel paved road cutting southward through the coastalplain. The Lobito-BenguelaConurbation is limitedby the Atlantic ocean on the west and a escarpmenton the east, and presents the most fertile land of thABenguela Province. The Conurbation'scoastal plain is currently cultivated,the main crop being sugar cane. Lobito and Catumbelaare locatedjust beyond the border of the coastal plain and the central plateau.
10. Ih LUrbanSetting. The urban areas of Lobito and Benguelaare 33 km apart. There is however an overlap of the current land use and environental conditionsof both cities and the region connectingthem. The area linking Lobito to Benguelais presentlytaken by almost continuous spontaneoussettlements; only Damba Maria and Catumbelaare planned towns. The 1990 populationof the Conurbationis estimatedat around 800,000 p.ople, over half the total for the BenguelaProvince and roughly 89%of Angola's total population. The LBC is located in the Province's highest density area, which reached 95-111people/km 2 by 1989, and is the major determinantof the urban infrastructureof the BenguelaProvince.
11. The spatialpattem of the LBC results from insecure conditionsof the rural areas rather than from opportunitiesprovided by the urban setting. The Angolan state of war has taken a toll on the Province's natural and human resources, setting forth migrationout of the inland agriculturalareas. The Lobito-Benguelaregion provide one of the few pockets in the country with relativelystable economicactivities and safety. This has led to a rapid increasein the Conurbation'spopulation and resulted in overburdeningthe area's already meager infrastructure. Most of the populationexpansion occurred in squatter areas with no basic infrastructure.Urbanization of the incomingpopulation is restricted to urban clusterswith no access to agriculturalland. The massive presenceof urban- unskilledwar immigrantscomplicates planning and policy making for the area's development. There is no local consensuson whether the migrantpopulation will return to agriculturalland following establishmentof peace. The most commonassumption seems to be that the majoritywill return, but part of the younger generationmay remain in the cities.
12. The Coastal-UrbanContext. Benguelais the center for the Province's administrationand has one of Angola's main airports. Lobito providesa transportationnetwork combitiinga coastal outlet directly connected to the east-west railroad axis, which links Lobito and Zaire; it is a natural port and a major export outlet. It is believedlocally that Lobito's privilegednatural characteristics,complemented by its connectionto the TransAfricanPathway, the Benguelarailroad, and the new Catumbelaairport six kilometerssouth of Lobito will lend it regionaland intemationalimportance. These charderistcs of the Conurbationat the same time provide a base for the region's economicdevelopment, and set the frameworkfor degradationof its coastal zone and marine resources.
13. Lobito: The city of Lobito has a populationof approximately415,000 people, while the Municipalityof Lobito reaches 545,700 people (See Figure 1). Only about 1/5 of this populationlives in the former Portuguesecity area, and the major neighborhoodsare the Restinga, Compao,Caponto and Bela Vista. The rest of the populationinhabits mostly spontaneoussettlements (musseqtu) on the hill slopes beyond the city limits, above the port and towards Catumbela,around Bela Vista, and on the plateau Alto Liro. Lobito is characterizedby the NE hills, the SW plains and the Peninsula do Lobito
3 Annex 1 Page 4 of 18
(Restinga),five kilometerslong and 200-300meters wide. The city's environment is complementedby the Mousld.o do Lito bay, about1-2 km wideand 35 ms deep, the coastalwetlands and salt Sede(Lobito Sed 410.000 ponds. The peninsulaprovides a Jomb* 326 naturalbreakwater to the portand holds Hlan Noun 4,600 one of the majorresidential areas, with Hot" PrA_ buildingsof two and three colonial Cauumbcla Vila Caum 98,21 stories. Lobito holds the largest SiopioAucareIo 931 industrialdevelopment within the LBC. Lanlo 569 Angola'sfishing industry is partlybased -- in Lobito, Benguelaand Baia Farta. Biopio Biopio 3,90 - Estimatesfor Lobito'sannual population Canjala C4jala 5$22 growthvary from 7% to 10%. C..nd 986 - Sat lnon 2,417---- 14. Benguela:Benguela has about 300,000inhabitants. The city has a EgPoPa Egit Pf i multi-storecentral core concentrated betweenthe railroadstation and the sea, Priat dehinl 322C.- and houxsesabout 60,000 people. The 27"MOwr 328 centralcore is surroundedby one and two-floorplanned residentialareas and Toal Population 5455729 spontaneoussettlements. The Source:ConaaadodoLobito, Lobito,Jasuaz i991. Municipalityof Benguelais formed of -aver54 bairrosover 4(neighborhoods). barros(neigborhods)Tie TFe 1 Populationof tbo LobitoMunicipality. industrialarea of Benguelalies mostly betweenthe Cavaco river, the railroad and the Benguela-Lobitoroad. Most fish processingindustries are along the coast. Benguelaenjoys no natural harbor as such; its roadsteadis used chiefly for fishing boats, and the city has Angola's second largest fleet of artisanalfishing boats. Benguela'sannual growth is roughly 7 %.
15. The housing stock of the Lobito-BenguelaConurbation is made up of mostly adobe. Thatched roofs are rare, and most older constructionshave roof tile. These original materialsare being replaced by cement and roof sheets, either corrugatedasbestos-cement or tin sheets. The replacementresults from the current inaccessibilityto wood suppliesfor roof structuring, lack of roofing leaves and grass, lower prices of the new roofing sheets, and a belief that adobe is both of inferior quality to cement and an inferior technique.The roofing cement-asbestosand metal sheets have raised dissatisfactiondue to microcimatic discomfortand a perceived increasein health problemsaffecting young children. A number of old adobe buildingswithin the cities are dilapidatedor near collapse, threateningthe region's colonial architecturalheritage.
16. Industry in Lobito-Benguelais largely agro-industry,responsible for 29 % of the Province's labor. Industrialactivities are often located next to the water on the coast or the river edge. The major fish-packingindustries are in Baia Farta. Along the coast, from Benguelato the Namibe desert, there are several small fishingcommunities and a few former Portuguesetourist developments.
4 Anex 1 Page 5 of 18
17. The Lobito-BenguelaConurbation suffers from a general lack of infrastructureand basic services, particularlyof sanitation,water, low cost energy, and waste management. The LBC also lacks the institutionalcapability, technical skills and financialability necessary towards the environmentalrecovery, planning, implementationand managementof its coastal zone resources.
IV. MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
18. Environmentaldegradation resulting from man's activitieswithin the Lobito-Benguela Conurbationis manifestedboth within and beyond the Conurbation'slimits. Water and land resources are affected, in turn degrading human health and potentialeconomic resources. Negative impacts include coastal, surface and groundwaterdegradation; soil erosion; changes in aquatic ecosystems;and desertification.l/ Lack of adequateinfrastructure and services, and the poverty conditions of the war refugeesare major contributorsto the current environmentaldegradation. This degradation, followed by depletion of usable resources --particularlycontamination of water and food sources-- increasesthe vulnerabilityof the poor further stressing the scant socio-economicconditions of the Conurbation. Followingis a brief discussionon the status of some of the major current problems.
Water Resources
19. The impact of the Lobito-BenguelaConurbation on the region's water resources currently relates to decrease in water quality, rather than quantity. This results from lack of adequatewater supply for both urban use and irrigation. Nonetheless,the lack of water conservationpolicies, the state of degradationof the water distributionnetwork, and the lack of water-savingtechniques and devices, have lead to high water waste. Water losses in the existing water distributionsystem of both cities is conservativelyestimated at 50%. Further unaccountedlosses occur in the local open-surfacedaylight irrigation system which is inefficientin use and conservationof water. Washingstreets to keep down the dust is a common sight where water is available. It is crucial that increasesin water supply be precededby an awarenessprogram to avoid escalationof water waste.
20. Water Supplyand Demand. Estimates of supply and demand within the Conurbationare complicatedby lack of data, as well as by uncertaintiesconcerning the future of the region's refugee population. Deteriorationof the existing water supply systemsand monitoringequipment results in that there are no actual estimates of the amount of either surface or groundwaterwithdrawn for urban use. Estimatesof consumptionare at best shaky.
21. Consideringcurrent populationtrends, estimates of water demand for the Lobito-Benguela Conurbationby 1995 add to 51,500 m3/day. Lobito's pumpingcapacity is about 7,000 m3/day,and Benguela's roughly 10,000m 3/day. The Water and Sewerageproject would increasepumping capacity to 24,000 m3/day each for Lobito and Benguela.This will supply the populationof the urban core of both cities with in-house piped water, and provide standpipesfor most of the Conurbation'ssettlements at a maximumdistance of 200ms for each and all residences. The rural settlementsof Damba Maria and Praia Bonita, in the Municipio of Lobito, will not be servicedby the project. Project estimates indicate that both short and medium-tern water demand(up to the year 2020) within the Lobito- BenguelaConurbation can be met throughexploitation of the region's groundwaterresources. Water
I/ Informationon desertificationaround the project ares is not available.lTis reportdeals onlywith the causesof existingdesertification (man-induced desentiztion) as identifiedduing proect prepartion, and by the local commnuitiesand authorties.
5 Annex I Page 6 of 18
losses will be minimizedand monitoredin the proposedsystems. Overall water conservation,however will depend on both policy developmentand irmplementation,and user awareness(See par. 19).
22. Lone-TermWater Supplvand Demand. Plans to increasewater supply for the region include the constructionof a medium-sizedan on the Catumbelariver and a series of small dams upstreamfor cattle and agriculturaluse. There are to date no official proposalsor feasibilitystudies for the above plans; small dams and ponds for agriculturaland cattle use are currently built on an ad hoc individual basis. It is recommendedthat an environmentaland resources analysis shouldbe incorporatedat the first stage of the above plans, since they may negativelyaffect downstreamwater quality and quantity, eventuallyaffecting the Lobito-BenguelaConurbation and its coastal resources.These projects -as well as future projects for industrial, residentialand agricultual water use- shouldbe analyzed for their possiblenegative impact on the water .,sources of the region.
Water Oualitv. Sanitationand PublicHealth
23. The majority of the Conurbation'spopulation inhabits squatter areas lacldng water supply and latrines. The few existing public standpipes(cwfarizes) have intermittentor no water, the few communallatrines are out of service, and the local governmentdoes not have enoughtrucks to provide water delivery on a regular basis. It is estimatedthat Benguelaproduces 60 tons of solid waste/day, and Lobito-Catumbela90 tons/day. Both cities lack the equipmentand financingto provide for waste collection,so most of the solid waste accumulatesin the streets. The portion collected is dumped in open sites (lixeiras)which are inappropriatelylocated, close to residentialareas, water sources and environmentallysensitive areas. Waste collectedfrom septic tanks is dumped on abandoned agriculturalsites belonging to the sugar cane plantationin Lobito, and in the BenguelalUxera.
24. Most settlementsbetween Lobito and Catumbelaare relativelyclean, as consumptionis very limited and householdwaste is usually burnt or buried either in commonpiles or near the houses. Household,commercial, and industrialwaste within the cities are all combined. Where available, industrial garbage collectionand disposalis inappropriateand further exposes workers and the public to contamination.
25. Fecal matter, frequentlydisposed of with the garbage, is present throughoutLobito's and Benguela' streets exacerbatinghealth problems. Wastewaterdrips from broken sewage and water pipes in multi-storebuildings, and sewageseeps onto the cities' streets and sidewalks,providing play ares for children. Existing sewageand drainage channelsare often open, and Lobito's major drainag channelsare cloggedby trash and silt. Faeces are found next to and inside irrigation and drainage channelsthroughout the Lobito-Benguelaroad. In unpavedsettlements, literal accumulationof faeces clearly indicatesproduction has long surpassed the soils capacityto recycle organic waste. Breeding sites for mosquitoesand rats abound, closing a cycle of environmentalcontamination and disoase.
26. These conditionspose furter health hazard in areas subject to floodingduring the rain season, and are complicatedby the regular use of wastewater by the populationin areas lacling watr supply. In Lobito, water from drainagechannels and stagnantpools is used for householdcores especially in Alto Liro, Bela Vista and Consta. Wells dug next to and even inside the sewage/stormwater outlet Vala do Coringe provide water to neighboringpopulation; and the irrigation-dainage channelparallel to the Lobito-Benguelaroad provides a major source of water for washingand bathing for nearby populations. Sewage and storm water are used to prepare adobe blocks.
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27. The combinedlack of sanitationand adequatewater and food increasesvulnerability to diseasesspread by air, contaminatedwater and faeces. Lack of water leads to inadequatehygiene fosteringinfections. Use of contaminatedwater for washing or cleaning hands and food related utensils lead to increasedrisks of typhoid, cholera, diarrhoea and hepatitis. Stagnantwater provides habitat for mosquito,s increasingincidence of malaria. Infectiousdiseases are rampant, and five out of the eight most reported diseasesin the Provinceare water related. Table I lists major diseasesin the Benguela Prvince, their relationshipto water supply and quality, their rank in the Province's mortalityand morbidity rates for 1989, and Angola's infant and child motality rates. Cholera and typhoid often reach epidemicproportions. Diarrhoea is a major cause of malnutrition,which in turn increases vulnerabilityto diarrhoea. Diarrhoea, malaria and mralnutritionare among the six major causes of infnt and child deaths in Angola. The 1990 morbidity ates for the municiplosof Benguela,Lobito and Baia Farta are 59.2%, 18.1% and 45.4% respectively. Mortality for the saue period is 6.6/1000, 1.3/1000, and 4.5/1000 respectively. Table II ranks the major causes of morbidityand mortalityfor diseaes in the three municipiosand the BenguelaProvince in 1990. The actual figures may be more alarming, consideringthat existing statisticsdo not estimateunreported cases.
Table 1: Maior Diseasesof the BenruelaProvince
DISEASE WATER 1989 RATES polluted inad. inapprop. most. morb. supply storap
typhoid x x 12 cholera x x 6 8 diarrhoea x x 1 2 hepatiis x 8 6 bilhardizia x 4 nularia x 2 1
infan 16911000 child 325/1000
Sources: Adaptedfrom WB/UNDP(1989) in Camposand Ramos, 1990. 4 Stuwacoda Saudeer. Angola'. Draft. ps. 40, 41/Tab. 5-2, 424Tab.5-3.
Table H: Rankinz of Maior Diseasesin the Benmela Provincefor 1990
diseas Lobito Benguela Bais Farta BenpuelaPrvince * .. e *. a ** a a
diarrhoea 1 2 1 2 1 2 12 malaria 3 1 2 1 3 1 31 cholera 5 S 4 5 4 7 5 8 hepatitis 7 7 7 4 6 6 7 6 bilhardizia 6 10 10 5 11 4 typhoid 10 16 1118 12 17
mnortality rate ** morbidity rate
Source:lffonnacao Anuai, 1990. Quadrosno. 3 a 4. DelegacaoProvinial da Saude, Benguela,1990.
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28. 'The situation is worse where settlementsare concentrated. However, the consequencesof this environmentaldegradation reaches beyond the urban-corridorlimits. The resulting diseasesspread throughoutthe countrysidethrough direct and indirect means, and the conditionsdescribed lead to contaminationof coastal, surface and groundwateraffecting existing and potentialwater supplyand water related activities. Bacterial contaminationof groundwaterposes especialproblems in the lower area of Lobito, where the water table is high; groundwaterfrom the well field of Catumbelais contaminatedfrom periodicflooding of the adjacent river. Surfacewater contaminationaffects daily activities such as washingand bathing. At major risk are those in direct contact with the river, irrigation water and irrigation canals. Childrenprovide the highest risk group due to their constant exposure to water through either playing or carrying on householdtasks, and their higher vulnerability to diseases.
29. The industrial complexof the Lobito-BenguelaConurbation is formed by heavy, medium, light, and a number of cottage industries. No records are available for either water or air pollutiondue to industrial activitieswithin the LBC, and it is generally reported that the existing industries manage their own wastes. Lobito employsabout 30,000 industrialworkers. Benguela's industrialdevelopment includes 262 light and 26 heavy industries; and '8 fish and derivatives,24 food processing, and 24 constructionindustries, employingabout 25,000 people.
30. Most industries are operatingbelow capacity, and pollution is thus held relatively low. However, the existing industrieshave high pollutingpotential indoors as well as outdoors. Water pollutionposes a threat, along with human exposure to fumes and wastes. The most direct environmentalimpacts of the existing industriesresult from their productionof liquid and solid wastes, and the consequentpollution of the area's water resources. Their effluenttypically includehigh BODs (biologicaloxygen demand), SS (suspendedsolid contents), organic matter (which results in high BOD and SS), organic wastes (highly putrescentand with high bacterial population),relatively high pH, and toxic chemicals. Some industries regularly dispose of waste and wastewaterinto the streets or neighboringrivers. Africatextil(textiles) releases wastewaterdirectly into the Cavaco river; children are seen playing in blackwaterstreams in the surroundingsof EmbalagensD'Angola (packaging)and other smaller industries. Changes in wind patterns often lead dust from Lupral (cement)to the residential area of Morro da Quileva.
Coasta Resources
31. The Lobito-BenguelaConurbation's coastal resources are affected by water pollution and lack of coastal zone management. Wetlands,bays and estuaries are degraded,with a consequentdecline in the products and functions of these systems. Lobito's coast is lined with salt ponds and marshes. Shallowdepressions along the north side of the bay provide a natural area for salt extraction. The coasta wedands play a dual role in maintainingthe coastal zone. First, they support aquatic and semi- aquatic species at different levels of the food-chain,and provide habitat for economicallyand aestheticallyimportant species. Second, they provide storm protectionfor inland areas. Aside from their importancein maining such goods and services, coastal wetlandsas well as bays provide major potential for recreation and touristdevelopment. The salines are exploitedby fishermen's families, providingdirect (salt) and indirect (salted/driedfish) income especially to the Alto Liro's population. About 56% of the fish consumedand 24% of fish landing in Angola is salted/dried exclusivelyby hand and mostly by women. This labor intensiveoperation provides a long-lasting,easy storage and light weight product ideal for a domestic market in search of increasingprotein availability, and Lobitohas the only salt refining factory in the country. Present production is 4,000 tons, with potec ial for greatly increasing, consideringthe instaled capacity of 80,000 tons.
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32. Lobito's wetlands, however, are heavilypolluted. Few patches of mangrovesare left, between Conata and Compao. The wetlandsare used for dumpingwastes and are further contaminatedby urban and storm water runoff mixed with sewage. The salt flats are degraded due to wastepollution and lack of maintenance. There is a proposal that the wetlandshousing the pink flamingosbecome a protected area; other wetlandshowever are consideredto interfere with port maintenanceand urban expansion, and are supposed to be filled; similarly, the salt flats are seen as hinderingurban order. Lackinga working sewerage network, some of residentsof the Compaoare installing their own private sewage outlets into the lagoons. Lobito's bay is pollutedby sewageand waste from surroundingresidential areas, untreated liquid and solid waste from industries located at the edge of the bay, and untreated waste and oil leaks from the ships. Faeces, garbage and trash mixes in with the sand and water at the bay's beaches.
33. The rich tropical waters of the Benguelacoast provide Angola with one of its major fishing territories, and the base for two of the Conurbation'smost promisingeconomic activities, fisheries and its related industry. The BenguelaProvince owns the second largest fleet of artisanal fishingboats, and the country's only sNltrefining factory. Fish consumptionin the coastal provinces of Angola is 44.5 kg/capita; the nationalaverage is 21 kg/capita. Domesticconsumption is expectedto reach 23.2 kg/capita by 1995. Consumptionat Angola's hinterlands -currently at a low of 2.7 kg/capitadue to the war- should increase followingimproved security and food distribution, further strengtheningthe fisheries sector. This economicimportance is complementedby the fact that fish provides 40% of the animal protein consumedby the Angolan population,and provides the basic -and often the only- food source for the poor along the coast. Fisheries are recognizedas one of the major resources for potential developmentin the BenguelaProvince. Existing data show official fish landingsin Benguela add to 31.4% of the nationaltotal. It is estimatedthat current local catch will more than double by the year 2000.
34. Demand for high quality species provided by artisanal and coastal fishing is increasingrapidly. This has led the Angolan governmentto adopt a strategy towards increasedsupport for artisanal and coastal fisheries, which are especiallyimportant in generatingemployment for the local population. Artisanalfishing is importantespecially in Benguela.However, this promising economicactivity as well as all related industrialdevelopment could be threatenedby pollutionof the BenguelaProvince's coastal waters. Experience from other countries show localized pollutiondue to urban runoff and sewage, wetlandspollution, and coastal erosion affects coastal fishingresources through changes in habitat and food chain; and regular use of ports for oil transportingincreases the potential for coastal water pollution due to oil leaks and waste. Demersalspecies and crustaceans,of major importanceto artisanal fishing, are especiallyvulnerable to water pollution.2/ Contaminationof shellfishcan lead to health hazards, posing specialproblems in the presence of cholera. Studies on the status of Angola's coastal fisheries are limited, and informationon catch declinesare limited to the effects of over-fishing. Fishermen throughoutthe Lobito-BenguelaConurbation and Baia Farta, however, report steady decline in fish catch along the coast. Further threats to the Province's coastal water resources result from erosion of the Benguelacoast, above Lobito, and especiallyaround the city of Benguela.
Land Resouxrces
35. Degradationof land resouces within the Lobito-BenguelaConurbation involves localized degradationresulting from urban sprawl, as well as from lack of natural resources managementat the
21 Denmeralspecies live close to theseabed, and ae abundantin the shallowwaters of the coast.
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local and nationallevels. This involvesdegradation of agriculturaland urban land, forests and living resources, and desertification.
36. AgriculturalLand. The poor agriculturalpotential of most of the BenguelaProvince naturally increasesthe agriculturalvalue of the Province's patches of alluvial land. The Lobito-Benguela Conurbation,however, is located on the Province's largest stretch of alluvial land. This siting has directly affectedthe Province's potentialagricultural development by divertingprime agriculturalland into urban use. Agriculturalland within the LBC is increasinglyallocated to urban uses. Erosion of the hillsides bordering farmlandnegatively affects agriculturalperformance. The Conurbation's agriculturalland is further degraded throughhigh rates of soil erosion resulting from upstream deforestationand a generalizedlack of soil management.Relatively large scale deforestationfor cultivationof land in the headwatersof the Caimbambodirectly affects land and water quality in the Cavaco river basin.
37. Urban Land. In Lobito, the hiUsidesand escarpmentsof Alto Liro and Bela Vista are seriously eroded, threateningpart of the existing housing. In Bela Vista, squatter houses are built inside the major storm water channel, further carving the channel's heavilyeroded sides. Streets and paths in settlementsthroughout the escarpmentarea from Lobito to Benguelaare rapidly eroding away. In some areas, carving the soil for the productionof adobe blocks ignores on-going or potentialerosion, and negativeeffects in soil fertility. Urban trees are often illegallypruned --and sometimescut- for fuel wood, regardless of the existenceof heavy fines (NKz 50,000).
38. Degradationof Forest Land and Desertifi . Lobito and Benguela's energy is provided mostly by charcoal, togetherwith bottled gas. Fuel wood is the major source of energy for aU other LBC's households. Charcoal is largely used in commercialoperations. Availableestimates show total demand for wood at the Lobito-BenguelaConurbation, considering the BenguelaProvince's rate of consumptionof 0.04 mn/person/yr,adds to 24-28,000 m3/yr. The current sustainablesupply of wood within the BenguelaProvince is estimatedat 750 m3yr. Assumingthat the LBC, with roughly half the populationof the Province, consumes350-400 m 3 yr of the sustainablesupply, the LBC's wood deficit 3 adds to 23,600-27,600 m 1yr. This accounts for roughly 60% of the Province's estimated deficit of wood supply. There are currently no plantationstargeting fuel wood production.
39. Insecurity caused by the war lead to a pattern of concentrationof wood exploitationin areas of relative security. As a result, wood exploitationoutnumbers natural regenerationwithin specific forest land in Angola, contributingto the current degradationof forest resources. Irregularity in the supply of wood to urban areas due to the war, and high prices, lead to uncontrolledcutting of fuel wood within and new urban land. The result is depletionof vegetation,followed by increased erosion and decreasedsoil fertility, and the formationof patches of desert-likeland. Women report collectingwood up to 30 kilometersaway from the LBC. AroundBaia Farta, Caota and Caotinha, the traditionally careful selectionof tree branches for fuel wood has been replaced by drastic cuttings, often leading to death of the whole tree. Existing regulationsconcerning forest reserves prevents legal exploitationof wood resources up to a distanceof 75-100 kms from the LBC, adding to the costs of commercialwood and fuelwoodwithin the ar considered.
40. Desertificationof land along the border of the Namibe desert south of Baia Parta poses a tra to the survival of the Lobito BenguelaConurbation. No estimatesare available on the rate at which desertificationis spreadingtowards the north. However, it is locally reported that the desett, beyond Baia Farta in the mid 1970s, already engulfedmost of the city's spontaneoussettlements. The shnzbs and small trees successfullygrown in the area as part of a 1970's desertificationcontrol project were
10 Annex I Page 11 of 18
cut for fuel wood followingsupply shortages due to the war. A pilot reforestationproject started within the last two years is failing mostly due to goat gmzing. Despite major difficulties, the Provincialauthorities are lookingat appropriatealternatives to address the problem, includingextending efforts in reforestationand establishingthe use of solar stoves.
41. The Lobito-BenguelaConurbation's living resources includea full spectrumof aquatic fauna, ranging from salt to fresh water species. The economic,nutritional and aestheticvalues of this fauna prosent excellentpotential for developmentof the local communities. Particularlyimportant are coastal fisheriesand the pink flamingosof Lobito. However,although fish, mostly coastal species, are locally and nationallyrecognized as an importantresource, other fauna do not have the &%meeriuomic connotation.
42. Poliution of waterways, wetlands, bays and estuariesaffects flora and fauna, decreasingthe local wealth of aquatic, semi-aquaticand terrestrialspecies. Speciesdiversity is affected, potentially threateningpossible economicactivities includingcoastal and fresh water fishing, tourism, and recreation;and directly affectingnutrition and health of the poorest sectors of the LBC's population, which are largely dependenton fish protein. Decline in the number of flamingosand egrets is reported by Lobito's populationand authorities.Decrease in coastal fish catch and contaminationof fish and shellfishby sewage water and faeces are reported throughoutthe LBC's coast. Use of mangrove vegetationfor fuelwoodfollowing expansion of Catumbelaled to a near extinctionof Lobito's oyster, a major former local resource both as a shellfishand raw materialfor limekilns.
43. The terrestrial fauna around the Lobito-BenguelaConurbation is varied, and presentsa potential both towards economicand nutritional uses. Small species as well as large game offer a special attration. About eight hunting ranches exist within a 125 km radius of Benguela;however, some of the locals report that uncontrolledhunting and lack of resources managementalready led to decline of local and national species.
44. Angola's lack of management,regulations, control and/or enforcementof existing legislation concerning fisheriesdirectly affects artisanalfishing within the Lobito-BenguelaConurbation. Foreign fleets are consideredresponsible for over fishing, leadingto stock depletionsand over-exploitation. Angolan and foreign industrialfishing vesselsillegally compete with artisanal fishingby invading territory officiallyset aside for artisanal and coastal fishing. A managementplan for sea water fishing exploitationis being drawn at the national level. However,the LBC needs a local plan able to guarantee the sustainableexploitaltion of said resources along its own coast.
V. CONCLUSIONSAND RECOMMENDATIONS
45. The Lobito-BenguelaCorridor's environmentaldegradation range from decrease in water quality to fast advanceof desertification. The consequencesof such degradationinclude serious health deterioration,depletion of existing and potential natural and human resources, and destruction of the physicalcharacteristics that provide the base for the region's survival as an economic center. Water resourcesare degraded due to pollution caused by lack of sanitationand waste management,erosion of upstreamand urban soils, and deforestationwithin the Catumbelaand Cavaco watersheds. This degradationis present at both the urban and rural settings, and directlyaffects the Lobito-Benguela
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Conurbation'scoastal resources;coastal, surface and groundwater;bays; estuaries; wetlandsand beaches.
46. Environmentaldegradation takes a special toll on the population'shealth. The resulting diseasesdecrease the population'sability to perform at the individual,social and economic levels, posing a constraint to economicproductivity and thus becominga burden on the State. Other effects of the LBC's current environmentaldegradation include decreasesin the economicperformance of seeminglyunrelated sectors. For example,pollution of wetlandsmay decrease their ability to support and replenish stocks of coastal fisheries, which in turn affects economic returns from existing and potential activities such as fisheries, fishing and fish related industries,and tourism. Desertification, still beyond the geopoliticallimits of the Lobito-BenguelaConurbation, is approachingBenguela from Baia Parta at an alarming speed. Its implicationson the medium-termreach beyond natural resources' depletion to threat the very survivalof the individualsand societies withinthe LBC. Its most immediateimpact in the LBC is the potential increasein populationpressure followingmigration out of affected areas.
47. The direction taken by developmentwithin the cities of Lobito and Benguelawill largely determine the environmentalfuture of the BenguelaProvince. The extent to which the Lobito-Benguela Conurbation'simpact on the region's natural resourcesand environmentis negative or positive will depend on carefil considerationof both the opportunitiesand the constraintspresented by the coastal zone and its resources.
48. The local governmenthas recognizedthe significanceof the Conurbation'senvironmental issues, along with the need to considerenvironmental rehabilitation of the region, and base its further developmenton enviromnentallysustainable decisions. The lack of data, particularlyapplied informationis recognizedas hinderingboth correction of policiesnegatively affectingthe environment and natural resources, and the developmentof appropriatepolicies and projects. Assistancewas requestedto start a basic informationand data center targetingsolution of major environmental problems, determine these problems' sources and degree, and stressing short-term, on-the-jobtraining of local staff to carry out environrment-relatedprojects.
49. The serious degradationof the environmentand of natural resourceshighlights the need to establishenvironmental priorities accordingto an emergencystrategy. That is, consideringimmediate solutionto problems posing highest threat to public health, and to the physical and economic survival of the Lobito-BenguelaConurbation. These include lack of sanitationand water supply, soil erosion, and desertification. Parallel to providing emergencysolution to these problems, it is necessary to develop basic informationand local capacity towards further rehabilitation,planning and policy making conceming developmentand conservationof the region's resources.
A. SHORT-TERM MEASURES
5o. Sanitationand Water Supply: a) Accelerateand expand the latrine and basic water supply programs to reach the totalityof the population.
b) Expand the latnne program to include environmentaleducation relating to existing and potentialwater-health issues; treat said education as a prerequisiteto water supply particularlyto residentialneighborhoods as to prevent uncontrolledincrease in
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diseases. Include awarenessof the dangersof inadequatewater use and storage in both its urban and rural aspects, due to the urban-ruralnature of activities and conditionswithin the LBC. Environmentaleducation should emphasizewater conservation,erosion controland rehabilitationof areas immediatelythreatened by desertification;each and all these items should be combinedwith health improvements.
c) Implementservice areas as to provide for minimumconditions towards health improvement.These areas should include a minimumof commonwater (chqfariz), sink for washing clothes, and a well for disposalof used water. The surface next to the water shouldbe paved with permeable materialto prevent formationof pools of stagnantwater. Used water should be used to irrigate shade and fruit trees.
d) Expand the sewerage system to cover the central urban cores of Lobito and Benguela; develop a system to allow rapid rehabilitationof the sanitary core of all existing multi- store buildings.
51. Soil and LWaterConservation a) Stabilizedirt streets and eroding slopes by planting the cactus spp. common in the region (and locally used for protective fences, erosion control, medicineand food) until resources for implementationof better acceptedspecies (e.g., fruit trees) become available.
b) Implementstorm water control above Lobito and Benguela to decrease erosion and other floodinghazards along major storm water channels; reinforce existing legislation concerning removalof housing inside storm water channels.
c) Implementregular cleaningof all major storm water channels.
d) Stabilizethe borders of secondarystorm water channelswith the local cacts spp. to both provide for erosion control, and act as a barrier in the use of the channelsas playgroundareas and for bathingand washing clothes.
e) Develop policiesand public awarenessconcerning water use and conservationprior to implementationof new water distributionsystems.
f) Implementwater re-use systemsand techniques.
52. DesertificationControl a) Re-institutethe desertificationcontrol project, preferablyconsidering methods approved 'in loco' in the 1970's.
b) Develop and implementre-vegetation projects targeting local supply of fuelwood, constructionmaterial and improvementof microclimate;extend and support on-going efforts by local agenciesand communitiesto implementreforestation.
13 Page 14 of 18
c) Create incentiveand maintenancesystems for re-vegetationof poor residential neighborhoodsas part of project(s)in improvementof child nutrition and health.
53. Envi_c'nmentalMAngement and,Monitoring a) Complementthe preliminaryenvironmental analysis of the LBC, focusing on the gatheringand organizationof informationnecessary for ecologicalplanning and monitoring.
b) Prepare a phased environmentalaction plan for the LBC focusing on control of existing, as well as preventionof futureenviromnental degradation and resources depletion.
c) Strengthenlocal capacityfor environmentalplanning, monitoringand management.
B. MEDIUMAND LONG-TERM MEASURES
54. Preventing the occurrenceof negative environmentalimpacts from economic developmentis an essential part of a region's rational developmentpolicy. The Lobito-Benguelaregion, as Angola in itself, is undergoinga transition period characterizedby the need of substantialphysical and economic rehabilitation. As difficult as this situationmay be, it offers the unique opportunityof re-ordering development. As it stands now, such rehabilitationmay result either in an uncontrolledincrease of ecologicaland environmentalproblems, or in a solid base towards sustainabledevelopment. The difference lies largely on the choice of products and technologiesto be applied to and implementedby said rehabilitation.The followingconcerns should play a part in an environmentalaction plan for the region in question.
55. Urban Rehabilitation. Plans for developmentand improvementof the BenguelaRegion include focus on public health, energy and water supply for residentialand industrial use, revanping existing industries and establishingnew ones. These plans imply eventualrehabilitation of the majorityof Lobito's and Benguela's housing, infrastructureand induistrialoperations. It is possible to direct this rehabilitationas to prevent the increase and/or introductionof environmentaland ecologicalproblems, correct existingproblems, and create a base for sustainabledevelopment of the Lobito-Benguela Conurbationand the Benguelaregion. This requires selectionand regulationof the use of materials, equipment,techniques and methodsutilized; and identifyingsolutions compatiblewith the local natural and human resources and conditions.
56. Water Supplv. The ecologicalconditions of the BenguelaProvince determine the need for maumum conservationof its hydrologicresources. Environmentaleducation stressingwater conservationshould be developedwithin the sanitary-environmentaleducation component of the latrine program. However, this componentis, by itself, unable to guaranteeoptimum use and conservationof the region's water. It is crucial that policy making be directed towards developingand establishingthe use of techniques,technologies and systems which are able to guarantee long-termwater conservation within the region. (e.g., low-flowwater devices;drip and night irrigation).
57. IndustrialDevelopment. The indirect impacts of the LBC's industrial activitieson the larger environmentof the BenguelaProvince need to be revisedas to allow for policies and regulationsto both prevent environmentaland resources degradationand enhancethe region's economic resources.
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i'Iist of the industrieswithin the Lobito-BenguelaConurbation utilize equipments and methods relativelyoutdated leading to highpollution and low etxiNencyin the use of raw materials. It is crucial that:
a) Rehabilitationof the industrialcenter considers methods and technologieswhich at the same time maximizesuse of raw materialand leads to minimumdegrees of environmentalpollution (e.g., the sugar-caneindustry can functionas a closedcircuit by utilizingits ownwaste for combustion,thus avoiding river pollution and freeingcapital from other fueluse; disposaland wastefrom the fish processingindustry should be re-used;and the tobaccocuring industry shouldhave a majorrole in reforestation). b) Implementadequate industrial waste water and solidwaste management. c) Developand implementindustrial pollution legislation and regulation.
d) Developlocal capacity to evaluate,monitor, and controlindustrial pollution. 58. Agriculture,Inadequate agricultural management lead to soil exhaustion,salinization, and waterloggingwithin the Lobito-BenguelaConurbation, largely contributing to the sector'spoor performance.It is necessaryto: a) Introduceand re-introduce methods and technologiespromoting soil and waterconservation, preventinghealth hazards, and allowingsustainable development;
b) Developalternative systems of productionand of exploitationof the region'snatural resources as to includewild flora and fauna;and c) Provideincentive towards an adequateproduction system both adapted to the region'snatural conditions(e.g., speciesresistant to salinesoils) and localneeds (e.g., promoteproduction and use of coconutfor healthtreatment and complementationof childnutrition).
59. Institutionsand Le2islation. Angola's environmentallegislation is still largely limitedto the former Portugueselegislation, which covers mostly forest developmentand wildlifeprotection, and hunting. Coastal and sea fishing legislationis being reviewed on economicterms, and several individualefforts are on the way to complementlegislation at the agriculture and energy ministries. Discussionsare on the way both at the govermnentaland NGO levels, to develop a system (committee, secretary, ministry, or other similar structure)to oversee environmentalissues. Legislationand regulationsat the Provinciallevel are restricted to those existing at the national level. The institutions, technical resources, informationand data currently available at the national level or in the Lobito- BenguelaConurbation microregion are limitedin scope, and inadequatefor either its environmental rehabilitation,or for its resource analysis,planning, managementand monitoring. In addition, the local govermmentdoes not have the human and technicalresources necessaryto prepare an environmental action plan for the region. Regardlessof efforts at the national level, the BenguelaProvince needs to:
a) Establishthe integrationof and/or eooperationamong different departmentsand institutionsin charge of services directly related to environmentaland ecologicalissues.
b) Review the existingenvironmental legislation to complementlaws and regulationsaccording to current environmentaland resources' status.
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c) Utilize environmentallegislation as an integral part of planning for resources' use and development.
d) Establish awarenessof the environmentas a major factor in economic developmentand a basic element in the maintenanceof the quality of both individualand social life. This awareness acts to minimize the need for environmentallegislation and control, maximizessustainable use and developmentof natural resources, and improves living conditions (e.g., understandingthe cycle of waterbome environmentaldiseases leads to improvedhealth, decreasinghealth costs for both the State and individuals).
d) Develop the local capacity for coastal zone management.
VI. ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT
60. Subsequentto informationin the Preliminary EnvironmentalAssessment, environmental rehabilitationis approachedby each of the project's componentsby includingsolutions to both their inherent environmentalproblems and the current critical environmentalstatus of the Conurbation. The following sectiondescribes major characteristicsof each project component.
Envirnm,ental Sanitation
61. The environmentalsanitation components of the project will divert sewageand solid waste from the wetlands, bays and ocean water and from the cities and settlements'streets. The project should result in a decrease of the current water and other environmentalpollution, with a consequent decrease in related diseasesand improvedhealth status, and overall improvementof the scenic and recreationalconditions of the Lobito-BenguelaConurbation. The different componentsof the project are integratedto allow for rehabilitationand maintenanceof vital environmentalfunctions and properties presently under stress due to enviromnentaldegradation (e.g., soil fertility, wetland and estuary productivity, and clean water); correctionof natural constraints(e.g., microclimatemanagement throughneighborhood reforestation); and enhancementof environmentalopportunities (e.g., wetlands and beach rehabilitationand protection).
62. Sewage and Water Supply. Rehabilitationand extensionof the sewage network includes diverting the wastewaterinto oxidationponds. The treated effluentand sludge wiU be used in tree plantationsnext to the ponds, supervisedand managedby the DPSC. These plantationswiU produce fuelwoodfor low income groups, and shadeand fruit trees for a combinedlatrine-neighborhood revegetationproject (See par. 66, 67). Quality of the effluentfrom the oxidationponds will be monitoreddhrough the environmentalstudies. Expansionof the water supply will draw on the region's groundwaterresources to provide water for unservicedsettlements. The wells will be sealed to avoid wster contamination,and monitoredfor changes in both water quality and quantity. Rehabilitationof the existing water networkof Lobito and Benguelawill involve minimizingand monitoringwater losses, currently over 50%. Wastewaterfrom the standpipe-washbasin stations (dhqfarizes)will pass through a grease trap and a natural filteringsystem, and be directed to irrigate shade trees around the stations. Daily managementand maintenanceof these stations wiUlbe the responsibilityof the communitiesand communitycenters, under the supervisionof the DPSC, which wil be in charge of ovrall managementand maintenance. Health and water conservationeducation will be provided as part of the sanitay-environmentaleducation of the Low Income SanitationProgram (See par. 65, 66). The project opted for the use of asbestos-cementpipes for the sewage systembecause it involves the
16 Annex 1 Page 17 of 18
use of local products, is less expensivethan imported material, and impliesnegligible health risks for final users. In the event that this helps revampingthe local industry, occupationalhealth hazards will arise and need to be considered;tender documentsfor the project require that asbestoscement pipes be produced in environmentallyand health acceptableconditions.
63. Stonn Water Control. Storm water control will be providedto decrease peak flow and speed of the water, thus diminishingerosion and associatedflood hazards in the major natural and man made storm water channels. The project involvesa series of small check dams above Lobito and Benguela, correctionof the capacity of the channels in Alto Liro and Bela Vista, and rehabilitationof the Vala do Coringe in Benguela. Rehabilitationof the Vala do Coringewill remove one of Benguela's major source of diseases. The developmentof drainage works in Lobito's Caponteand CommercialZone will considercompatibility with Lobito's lagoons' daily regime and capacity to avoid negativeeffects of large inflows. Along with the series of check dams there will be a revegetationand tree planting program implementedthrough the sanitary-educationand revegetationprogram and drawing largely on communityparticipation (See par. 68). Private and communityefforts towaid controllingstorm water are seen speciallyin Alto Liro and Bela Vista, and will provide the base for communityparticipatior. in erosion control. The checkldams will keep the water for a maximumof five hours on peak days and dry out for the rest of the time. Therefore, they do not pose potentialthreats toward increasingthe incidenceof water-bomediseases, particularlyschistosomiasis.
64. SolidWaste Management. This program will improve the sanitary conditionsof Lobito and Benguelaby eliminatingthe current accumulationof waste throughoutthe cities and by providing daily waste collectionat most of the cities' neighborhoods.Periodic waste collectionwill be providedto eiiminate the illegal dumps (lixeiras)of other urban and peri-urban neighborhoodsuntil daily collection becomesavailable. The program will be developedto minimizepollution and health hazards, and consider maximumuse of altemative management,appropriate technology, and resources recycling. Environmentaleducation in regard to solid waste recycling and re-use will be dealt with as part of the sanitary-environmentaleducation project of the Low Income SanitationProgram.
LowIncome Sanitation
65. The Low Income SanitationProgram is designedto introduceimproved latrine construction and techniques, allowingreasonably priced sanitationfor about 80% of the populationin the project area. Most of the latrines will be built in the escarpmentsettlements, and groundwaterpollution is not anticipated. Monitoringof groundwaterquality will be provided, and a latrine installationand waste (faeces) removalmonitoring program -already started- will comnplementlocal data to determinehealth and overall improvementwithin differentneighborhoods following increased utilization of improved latrnes.
66. The~Program's sanitary-environmentaleducation component will desigu, promote and implementan intensiveprogram combiningeducation in public health and hygiene, control of water- bome diseases, andwater-soil conservation. The componentincludes neighborhood revegetation and erosion control based on distributionof fruit and shade tree saplingsin connectionwith the sales of improvedlatrine slabs, and will draw largely on communityparticipation.
67. Neighborhoodrevegetation will provide for improvementof microclimate,soil fertility and nutrition, and erosion control. The program isdivided in two parts, the latrine-revegetationof poor neighborhoods,and erosion control in Lobito and Benguela'sbeaches and major storm water channels.
17 Annex Page 18 of 18
The trees distributedby the latrineprogram will be irrigated by the owner with wastewaterproduced by kitchen and bath use, avoiding filling of the latrines (thus increasingtheir life span), and decreasingthe stagnantwater streams and ponds frequentlyseen in the settlements'backyards, streets and common areas. A revegetationproject was started in March 1991 by the GPP and DPSC followingguidelines providedduring project preparation, to test the acceptance,interest and participationresponse from latrine slab buyers and from the communities. The project will be strengthenedto carry out tree plantingin all standpipe-washbasin stationsand along the Vala do Coringe, and revegetation(trees, shrubs or grasses) of the escarpmentslopes and drainagechannels undergoing major erosion. The program also considersa more extendedurban project includingschool, hospital and neighborhood afforestation. Strengtheningthe program involvesproviding basic equipmentto develop the capacity of the DPSC's nurseries to produce the required tree ssPlings, provide for their distribution, and supply basic maintenancewhere applicable, that is, where maintenanceis outside the scope of private or communitycare.
Studies
68. The environmentalmanagement and monitoringstudies will organize environmental informationfor direct use by local decision makers, and assist the local govermmentbuild the capacity for enviromnentalrehabilitation, planning, managementand monitoring. An EnvironmentalDiagnostic and an EnvironmentalAction Plan will be prepared to identifyresources and constraints,develop priorities for environmentalissues, and provide the frameworkfor enviromnentalrehabilitation of the Lobito-Benguelamicroregion (See par. 49, 54). Monitoringwill cover informationneeded for health improvement;identification, correction, control and preventionof water poRutionsources; recovery and/or maintenanceof economicaUyiraportant or unique living resources; and soil conservation. This work will be complementedby the sanitary-environmentaleducation program, which will provide the education and training necessary to introduceand ensure environmentalmanagement at the community and individuallevels.
18 Annex 2 Page 1 of 5
LOBITOBENGUELA URBAN ENVIRONMENT REHABILITATION PROJECT
WATER, SEWER AND STORM DRAINAGE REHABILITATION
1. WATER REHABILITATION
A. Objectives
1. Over the past decade the urban populationof Lobito and Benguelahas more than doubled, during which time there has been no expansionnor real maintenanceof the water supply and networks. What water arrives in Lobito is both insufficientand inferior in quality. As a result more than 60% have no house connectionstoday, and over one-thirdof these familieshave no water within one kilometer. Those that can pay have to purchasewater from clandestinesuppliers at exorbitantprices. Sanitaryconditions in Lobito and Benguelaare a serious public health risk. The raw sanitary sewage in the back patios, hallways, and the main streets is a major source of cholera, especiallyin Benguela.
2. The prime objectivesof this componentare: (a) to double the present water supply in both cities so as to provide a minimumlevel of service to the squatters; (b) to rehabilitateand expand the present networkof water supply to cover the entire urban area and to provide public fountainsin all the squatter settlements;(c) to rehabilitateand rebuild the sanitary sewer networkand pumping stations to serve the central area; and (d) to provide sanitary sewagetreatment to close the cycle - eliminatingraw sewage in the streets of both cities.
B. Population and Water Demand
3. Detailedpopulation and water demand statisticsare providedin the consultant's Feasibility Study (August 1991),available in the project file, and summarizedbelow. Population is estimatedat about 480,000 in Lobito, Catumbela,and environsand 320,000 in Benguela,Baia Farta and environs, or a total of about 800,000 in the conurbationin 1994, when the rehabilitatedand expandedwater works will come on stream. Specificdomestic water consumptionis estimatedat 70-100 liters per capita in the serviced areas, and 25-30 liters in the squatter settlements. Industrial, commercial,public, and municipalconsumption is presentlyvery low, about 10%, althoughit is expectedto increaseto about 40% over the next 20 years. The unservicedpopulation is estimatedat 52% in Lobito and 49% in Benguela. Thus, while populationof the unservicedsettlements is about half the total urban population,daily demand in the unservicedareas is estimatedat 10,000 n3, about 21% of the total expandedproduction capacity of 2,000 m3 per hour, or 48,000 m3 per day.
C. Lohito Water Supplv
4. The supply for Lobito comes from a wellfieldin Catumbela,consisting of cacimbas (infiltrationsumps) and shallow wells plus direct pumpingof raw water from the river. Mhetotal installedcapacity is about 600 m3 per hour, but it is barely able to discharge300 m3 per hour. The supply must be increasedto 1,000 m3 per hour. Six new wells 50 meters deep would be drilled and connectedto the existing 300 mm diameterrising main to the open reservoirs at the old treatmentplant. The water supply for the Town of Catumbelawill also be improvedalong with the transmissionmain.
1 Annex 2 Page 2 of 5
5. The new wellfieldlocated two kilometersupstream, east of Catumbela,would be developedas a gallery of six wells 50 meters deep along with observationwells and a cniorinationstation at the beginningof a new 500 mm transmissionline. This would feed directly into the existing 500 mm transmissionto Lobito, Bela Vista and Alto Lira.
6. Treatment Plant - The existing plant, built around 1947, has three slow filtration units and th-se open reservoirs. With the shift from surface to ground water sources, the raw water quality will be satisfactoryso that only chlorinationwill be required. Therefore, the inefficientfiltration plant can be closed down. The three open reservoirs should be roofed as protectionagainst contamination; however, this investmentcan be postponeduntil the future of the existing reservoirs can be determined.
7. Pumping Stationsand Reservoirs- The pumpingstation EE2, built in 1972, was designedto serve the lower ponion of Bela Vista, but has never worked. The existing inlet pipe will be moved to the bottomof the suctionchamber so that the pumps can becomeoperational. The EE 3 pumps, between the circular reservoirs of R3, also have never worked for lack of water. Only minor repairs are needed to make them operational,so they will not be included in the internationaltenders. Today Bela Vista is supplied by two old smaller stations that barely reach the service contour of 150 meters serving less than one-third of the population. Reservoir4, which is the highest at elevation 170 meters, has also never functionedfor lack of water. It will be served by an existing 300 mm main. When all of the above reservoirs in service, there will storagecapacity for 54% of the daily production.
8. Networks - The First Phase will supply about 100 liters per capita for those with house connections. For the squatter settlementsof Alto Lira, Bela Vista and Catumbela,a networkof 300 standpipeswould be providedalong with washingfacilities. Each standpipeof four taps would serve 150 families (800-1,000persons) within a maximumwalking distance of 200 meters. Each standpipe will be equippedwith a securelylocked water meter set into the standpipe. The main commercialand industrialenterprises and apartmentbuildings, includingthe Restingaresidential area, will be connected with water meters that will remain the property of EPAB.
D. Benguela Water Suppyi
9. Benguelarelies entirely on groundwater pumped from the existing wellfield in the vicinity of the water treatmentplant. The wellfieldhas graduallybeen surroundedby residentialand industrial buildings,with no space for future expansion.The present output is a theoretical470 e 3 per hour; however, this rated capacitydoes not representthe true outputas there are no measuringdevices. Only the three wells drilled after 1980 are presentlyoperating. The rising main from the wellfieldto the treatmentplant increasesin diameter from 250 mm to 500 mm.
10. In the existing wellfield, nine non-functioningwells will be abandonedwhile three will be rehabilitatedby cleaning, video inspection,repairs, well head improvements,testing and disinfection. A new wellfieldwould be constructedalong the Cavaco River aquifer consistingof six new wells along 3 with two observationwells. Supplywill be increasedto 1000 m per hour.
11. TreatmentPlant - The Italian designedplant has a present capacity of 500 m3 per hour. The final engineeringexists for a second phase of 500 m3 per hour to double the present capacity. The plant is designedto remove the iron and manganesefrom the water, but the water quality in terms of bacteria count is satisfactorywith no harmful pathogens. Therefore, the first phase does not include the expansionof the plant. Nevertheless,thereshould be periodicmonitoring of the iron and manganesecontent.
2 Annex 2 Page 3 of 5
12. Pumping Stations - The EEI pumpingstation is located at the treatment plant (ETA) which pumps into the reservoir RI. From there the main part of the town is suppliedalong with reservoirs R2 and R3; however, the availablehead is only 11 meters. The project would double the capacity of EE;I where three new pumps would to be installedwith a 400 or 500 mm main to reservoirR6. Pumping station EE2, located at reservoir R3 pumps water to reservoirR5. An emergencypower supply of 50 kilowatt would be installedat this critical link. Pumping station EE3, located at the small reservoir R4, serves reservoir R7 which suppliesBaia Farta. A new pump set would be installedas a standby for EE3. The existing storage is 45 % of the present water consumption. At a later stage, the storage capacityof ROshould be increased.
13. Networks - The increasedproduction to 1,000 m3/hour correspondsto the projected demand by the year 2000. The 1990 water demand is calculatedat 760 m3/hour. The demand at Baia Farta today is 63 m3/hour; while the populationreceives less than one-third. The capacityof the main pumping station EE1 would be doubled and a new rising main of 400 mm would be provided to the rehabilitated reservoir R6. In the near future, a new transmissionline from the new wellfieldto the airport will be required along with new reservoirs to serve the expansionareas and Baia Farta. For the squatter settlementson the peripheryof Benguelaa networkof 200 standpipesequipped with water meters would be provided along with washing facilities similar to the pattern for Alto Lira and Bela Vista. The main commnercialand industrialusers and large apartment buildingsof Benguelawould also be metered.
I1. SEWER REHABILITATION
A. Lobito Sanitary Sewers
14. The present network, serving the main commercialarea and low-riseapartment buildings, is clogged in at least half the length, while in the other half raw sewagedrains directly into the tidal lagoon - a habitat of the red and pink flamingos. A new gravity networkwould be providedwith two lift stations and force main connectedto the Compaosystem. The Compaonetwork and lift stations were virtually completein 1975; however, since Independenceno work has been done. The gravity lines have become choked and the abandonedpumping station filled with debris and sewage sludge. This networkwould be rehabilitatedalong with the house connections. The lift stations EE9 and EE1O would be rehabilitatedand equippedwith new pumps and controls. EE1Owould be equippedwith a force main to the series of oxidation ponds two kilometerssouth of the city. A section of the main will be submergedunder the lagoon. This system can be expandedeasily to serve the 'restinga' residential and commercialareas. The ponds are located on waste land today. The treated effluentwould be used for irrigating fruit trees, tree nurseries and grain crops to close the cycle. The cost estimates for the commercialarea are based on an entirely new network;however, the cost of rehabilitationof the Compaowill be half that of a new system.
B. Benguela Sanitary Sewers
15. The sanitary sewagenetwork, serving only a small portion of the center of Benguela,is partially broken and clogged. Part of the raw sewageeventually leaks onto the beaches in front of the city. Most of the buildings have septic tanks that are continuallyoverflowing into the back patios, hallways, and streets. This conditionis one of the main sources of cholera in Benguela. The central area of Benguela includingall the buildings above two stories will be connectedto a new gravity network. Included in the networkis an interceptorsewer that will pick up all the small sewers that dump raw sewage into the Coringe channel today. One small lift station and one main sewage pumping
3 Annex 2 Page 4 of 5 station would be provided along with a force main of four kilometers that will connect to a series of oxidationponds to the south of the city where there is adequateroom for expansionfor future needs. As in Lobito, the treated effluent would irrigate tree nurseries and grain crops.
Ill. VALA DO CORINGE STORM DRAINAGE CHANNEL
16. The Vala do Coringe drains a major portion of the city of Benguelaand has a drainage basin of 60 square kilometersextending inland about 18 kilometers. Over the years the four kilometer channel that traverses the urban area has becomechoked wi.h garbage, raw sewage and vegetation. With the scarcityof fresh water, slum dwellershave dug mud holes amongst the debris to wash their clothing. The mud holes attract childrenwho play in the dirty water, thus turning the Vala into a major source of disease and a health hazard to the city.
17. The project would provide a 3.8 kilometerdressed open channel that follows the present alignment and gradientto a sea outfall. Lateral storm drains with large inlets on the south side have been included to reduce the flash floods in adjacentbairros. Since the annual rainfall is between 100- 300 mm per year and falls mainlyduring the summer months, February, March, and April, the channel will be virtuallydry for about seven monthsof the year. The lower sectionof the channelfrom the sea outlet to the airport bridge, 1,400 meters, will be reinforcedconcrete 120 mm thick to withstandthe ground water lift pressure, with side drainage weep holes at two meter (o.c.) intervals. Above the bridge, the channel would be pre-cast slabs of 100 to 120 mm thickness set in mortar bed with geotextilemesh and strategicallylocated drains for the periodic rise in the water table.
18. Five pedestriancrossings (fords) have been designedwith raised steppingtreads across the bed of the channel and steps notched into the slopes. While the channelis essentiallyself-cleaning, it would be cleaned manuallyof debris to eliminate any vegetativegrowth. The accesdramps for the two vehicular fords have been designedfor small tractors and wagons to haul the debris out from each section. An additionalaccess ramp has been providedbetween the three vehicular bridges for the same purpose. The sea outfall has been designedfor self-cleaningunder all weather conditions.
19. There are two existing vehicular bridges, one to the airport and the other to the south along the coast to Baia Farta. The consultantshave determinedthat the sub-gradegirder on the first bridge can be lowered to enlarge the channelsection under the bridge so that the bridge does not have to be replaced. However, the second bridge must be replacedas it has temporaryreinforcements under one of the main girders that failed. A third bridge is planned at the rnid-pointof the length of the channel so that the main traffic generated by the cemeteryand the seven adjacent barrios on the south side will have a conventionalvehicular bridge crossing. Upstream two vehicular fords will provide access to the spontaneoussettlements extending to the southeast. Vehiculartraffic volumesprojected for the next ten years do not justify another grade level bridge crossing. Pre-cast pavers would be set on edge to provide a curb and gravel stop along the stabilizedearth and gravel walk and cycle path along the south side and a service road on the north side. Trees would be planted to provide a canopy of shadealong both sides of the channel.
20. To lower peak flows an earthen retentiondam has been designedabout 1,200 meters east of the airport to provide a five to six hour retentionof about 600,000 cubic meters capacity. The dam has been designedwith a three meter head. It would serve as a recharge basin and sedimentationtrap which would be cleaned periodically. In additioneight small velocitycheck dams of 2.5 to 3.0 meters in height, using gabions, would be built upstreamand downstreamof the main dam as well as on the
4 Annex 2 Page 5 of 5 parallel tributary. Trees would be planted along both sides of the channelto provide a canopy of shade.
21. Preliminary cost estimate of the channel is $2.64 rnillion and for the eight check dams $540,000. Detailed engineeringwill be completedby July 1991 and bidding documentswill be issued to pre-qualifiedbidders by September, 1991.
IV. LOBITO STORM DRAINAGE FOR ALTO LIRO AND BELA VISTA
22. The seven major storm drainage galleyshave becomeheavily eroded as squatters have occupied the slopes, cutting the vegetationand notching small ledges to build their huts. Many have built in the bottomsof the gullies. The April rains this year demolishedmany huts and caused fourteen deaths. Before Independencethe Portuguesebuilt a few erosion control dams. Most of these are now filled with debris and sedimentbut do functionas velocitycheck dams.
23. The project would provide a series of retention/velocitycheck dams in each of the seven drainage basins. A prototypicaldesign using gabions has been prepared with heights of dam between three and four meters. A total of fifty such dams would be provided, set 300 to 400 meters apart. The average cost of these check dams is $50,000; total cost is $2.56 million.
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THE LOW INCOME SANITATION PROGRAM
I. SUMMARY
1.1 Backgromund.Improved sanitation is critical in improvinghygiene, healdthand general living conditionsin any developingcountry. This is especiallytme in the cities of Lobito and Benguelaand their environs. Even the casual visitor to the unplaned settlements(mussegucsi of the Lobito-Benguela conurbationwill be shockedat the lack of water and sanitation,and especiallyby the open fields of hunmn faeces only inchesapart. Clearly, conditionsdefine an emergencystuation. Cholera has been the most recent kdllerwith a faecal-oralcycle of transmission,but other diarrhoeal diseasesalong with malaria and schistosomiasispoint to the urgent need for improvementin environmentalsanitation.
1.2 Instituional Arrangements. Under the general directionof the Director of the Gabinete Provincial do P?ano(GPP), ProvincialDirectorate of Phnning, the Diretora Provindal de Servicos Comunitauios (DPSC), ProvincialDirectorate of CommunityServices, will undertake implementationof the Low Cost SanitationProgram. A sanitary-environmentaleducation component will be undertaken by the Diretoria Provincial de Saude (DPS), ProvincialDirectorate of Health.
1.3 Current Status and Progress. The Low Cost SanitationProgram of the Urban Environmental RehabilitationProject is advancingslightly ahead of schedule,due primarily to the high level of motivation of the involved staff, and a firm political commitmentby both the Provincialand the cities' governments. Due to shortagesof cement and appropriate rnsportation for the latrine slabs, productionwas tempoadly curtailed, after an early high-quaity output of some 450 slabs. Direct interferenceby the Govenor has allowed restoring the cement supply, leading to fast recovery of production. The slabs have been distributedto communityconters where they are being sold to the public at a price easily coveringthe official production cost. The slabs are being installedin self-built latrines, by the owners or by builders contracteddirectly by the owners. The sanitary-environmentaleducation component is only in the beginningstages of implementation. Althoughsome education is already part of the ongoing work, a full program is yet to be finalized.
1.4 Cost and Cost Recovery. The cost of the improved latrine slab is presently NKz 2000-3000(New iKwanzas),while the value of the superstructureand the pit may vary from NKz 2.000 to 20.000, depending on how and by whom it is built. The actual level of cost recovery is difficult to calculate, since esimaes vary dependingupon use of the official or the parallel dollar mtes. Presently the finished slab is sold for NKz 3000, about US$S50.00at the official exchangerate of NKz 60, but only US$4.00 at the unofficial ruta of NKz 750. It is expectedthat the kwaa price of finishedslabs, and other buildingmaterials sold by the project, will be adjustedto reflect fully future devaluationsof the currency.
1.5 Production, Promotion and Sales. Productionand sales of the slabs have so far been in balance. Given that present productionis foreseento increaseconsiderably, a strong promotionalcomponent has been projected, aiming at a total coverage of around 60% of the area's popuation by the end of the latrine project (1995), and 90% coverage by the year 2000.
1.6 Sunitary-Environmental Education. The sanitary-environmentaleducation componenthas been included as a major part of the low cost sanitationprogrm due to it being crucial to safegurd the investmentsin improved infra-structures(water and sanitation),as woll as to guaantee results in health imprvement. Developingand coordinatingthe sanitay-environmentaleducation compxent will be one of
1 Annex 3 Page 2 of 7
the principaltasks of the Resident Sanitation-EnvironmentalAdviser, who will also coordinateand train local staff in the implementationof the program.
1.7 Staffing. Most governmentpositions required for implementationof the program have already been filled within the governmentrecurrent budget, implying that the posts will continue beyond the end of the present Low Cost SanitationProgram. The need for any further positions will be addressedduring the executionof the program. Once the ResidentSanitation-Environmental Adviser is in place, all currently projected salaried positionswould have been filled. The enthusiasmof those directly and indirectly involvedin the latrine project, and their high expectationsregarding development of the program indicate that a successfulprogram may be policy setting for the country over the coming decade. Indeed, the project is already being extended, through local initiative, to other regions within the BenguelaProvince.
H. COSTS AND SCHEDULE FOR IMPLEMENTATION
1.8 Implenentation Plan. Plans for implementation,including initial cost projections,procurement timetables,and disbursementschedules, have been discussedwith those concernedin the Gabinete Provincial de Piano de Benguela and in the provincialoffice of the Director of Servicos Comunitarios. The plan considers60% coverageby 1995 (57,600 units) and full coverage (90%) by the year 2000 (124,000units). This implies that the initial productionplans of 2,400 latrines for 1991 will double each year, with a peak implementationin 1995 of 22,000 units per year. The key factors in the implementation of this program are the promotion and sanitary-environmentaleducation components. Provision of transport and the supply of cement are, however, critical to successfulimplementation of the program (See summary sheets in Annex A. These projectionsshould be reviewedonce peace is established,and the local authoritieshave a better idea of the populationchanges that may follow.
1.9 Costs. For the initial period of latrine installation,a nominalcost of NKz 3000 is levied for slabs. That cost will be reassessedfrom time to time, as the program grows. Governmentand conmmunitycontribution towards total cost recovery will be assessedlatter in the program. Given the unofficialmarket in operationtoday, it is difficult to significantlyrelate these costs to US$ figures. However, agreementwas reached at negotiationsto maintaincost accountingin US dollars, in order that prices of latrine slabs and other building materialsmay be adjusted to reflect fully the value of expectedcurrency devaluations.
1.10 Budgeting. A total of US$ 4,800,000 has been budgetedfor implementationof the Low Cost SanitationProgram, of which US$ 522,000 as PPF. Project funding is principallyintended to cover expenses for internationalexperts and consultants,training, equipmentand building material (cement). A separateaccount has been opened for the latrine buildingproject. Revenuesfrom the sale of finishedlatrine slabs will be reinvestedfully in the low income sanitationprogram, thereby reducingcapital costs.
1.11 Bottlenecks. The principalimmediate problems facing the project are shortageof cement, lack of appropriatetransport for the slabs and lack of transportfor supervision,and lack of an adequateprogram for promotionand sanitary-environmentaleducation. Initial steps are underway to expand the promotion and sanitary-environmentaleducation component,with involvementof staff membersof the Ministry of Health. Experimentalarrangements are underwayfor truck-bedtransport of slabs arranged verticaly to avoid breakage. The cement issue has been taken up at higher political levels, and temporarilyresolved. The continuoussupply of cement throughoutthe life of the project, however, needs to be given special consideration,since the Low Income Sanitationprogram is otherwisevulnerable.
2 Annex 3 Page 3 of 7
ImI.INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
Latrine Construction and Sanitary-environmental educstion
1.12 Under the direction of the Director of the Gabinete Provincial do Piano de Benguela and the guidance of the SanitationConsultant, personnel in both the Servicos Comunitarios and the Ministerio de Saude ( Health Ministry - MINSA)are responsiblefor implementationof the plans for improvedlow cost sanitation,along with sanitary-environmentaleducation. Although there should be an overlap betweenthe two institutionalbases, the Servicos Comunitarios and related municipal staff are solely responsiblefor slab productionand promotion, leadingto installationof new latrines. The staff of MINSA are primarily involved in the promotionalaspect linked with sanitary-environmentaleducation. The personnel involvedin the project and their specific duties are listed in Figure 1. Aside from the official personnel in Figure 1, key personnel includethose involved in the life of the peripheralareas, such as local political figures, religious leaders, communityorganizers, etc. The Governador Provincial (ProvincialGovernor) has given especial support to the program since its outset, promoting latrine building throughpublic speechesand by providinga unique backup and moral support to program officials. Also involvedto round out local personnelare artists, teachers &ndcultural figures, all focusingon education.
1.13 Local Staff. There are currently no major local personnelvacancies, as the posts listed in Figure 1 are already filled; it is expectedthat later needs witl be met as necessary. The major concern is on-going in-servicetraining, to be organizedby the ResidentSanitation-Environmental Adviser. As indicatedbelow, there may be temporary need for public health students' assistanceregarding baseline studies (see par. 1.31).
IV. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
1.14 Resident Sanitation-Enviromnental Adviser. One Resident Sanitation-EnvironmentalAdviser will be recruitedfor the time of the project. He will advise governmentstaff on the implementationof the Low Cost SanitationProgram, the Sanitary-EnvironmentalEducation Component,Solid Waste, and domesticwater managementand other environmentalprograms. A draft contract, including terms of reference, has been submittedto the Governmentfor final appointmentof a Resident Sanitation- EnvironmentalAdviser, who shouldbe in place within a few months. The terms of reference, which may yet be modified, are attachedin Annex A.
1.15 Consultants. There is a need for extemal assistance for a) regular support by the Supervising Consultant,who will also continue with the productionof manuals and promotionalmaterials; and b) occasionalvisits by specialistsin sanitary education from nearby countries, as well as specialistsin such technical concernsas the pollution of groundwaterby latrine use.
V. TECHNOLOGY Low Cost Sanitation
1.17 The Govemment,in agreementwith the World Bank SanitationConsultant, has opted for a lowest cost sanitationtechnology principally based on the productionand commerciali2ation of a dome-shaped improved latrine slab. The slab incorporatesimportant feaures for maximumhygiene and child safety, as describedin Figure 2.
3 Annex 3 Page 4 of 7
iector Prvincl do Pao (ProvinoialDirector of Pling) - diects the lowoot anitationpject, assit ,bythe Prejot Engner nd staffof the PlanningDirectorate, - hvcto ProvIial do ServkosComualtrlo (ProvincialDirectr of CommuWtyServices) - providesoverall _idanto the iVplementationof the low oDtsanitation program. i)fr:os Micpals dos Service Comualtar (MunioipalDiremtor of CommunityServices) of Lobito nd BEpguk - coordinatophysial iiplmentationof the progmnat the municipallevel, contidering othor ongoing ctivities.
Cdor eslu M ukcpabde Sancameato(Municipal Sanitation Coordiaors) . directthe implmentaionof the low pram I speell municipalities.
Ch: S.- Produeae(Wo*ksop Poremen) - organizethe production of latinn slab.in the oentalizedworshop. directth waokof thoseactually prducing the slabs,The formnn and the wod aso appot individual householdsi theiOonstruction of te inmprovedlatrines in whic th sl are inalled.
ctPrfvinl 4 Saade(wvinaial Ditectorof flelth).+provids overallguidance to tho nit i
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1 Pigure1: Petsonneland duties of the LowCost Sanitation Program.
1.18 Easy to install. The latrine slab can be easily installedon the top of a simple pit (1.10 m in diameter)by any layman. Where the soil is unstable, the pit can be lined with stone, bricks or cement blocks. Where the soil is difficult to dig, pit volume can be increasedby mountingthe pit-lining above the ground level.
1.19 Self-built superstructure. The superstructure,roof and walls, can be build accordingto the owner's stipulationsand preference,thus providing the desired level of privacy. TrManpr
1.20 Centralized production. In order to facilitatethe control of both productionand the use of cement, the Governmenthas opted for a centralizedsystem for production of the improvedlatrine slabs.
4 Annex3 Page5 of 7
As a consequence,there is a need for motorized ...... transportnot only of the buildingmaterial, but also eeated foots - hel e user fid the t to transport the slabs to the selling points within the poBitioneven at night when th ltrin is ttay dad;; various housing area . Furthermore, there is a need for local cart transport of the slabs from the selling keyhole shaped dropj-bole- the foor points to the individuallatrine buildingsites. reductionand reshapingof the drophole t4 a mninsm size, mnkingit compatelyute for ventli 1.21 Lorries and Hand pushed carts. The need arnillet hidren; of motorized transport(lorries) for building material and slabs has been estimatedin the implementation lig latrig installation tn diueiint altowingkAine insSation in th WmiatnediYiCill.ty plan, and provided for in the budget for the Low t h w th u oowne. d Cost SanitationProgram. It is anticipatedthat the unwanted"mell Od fli*'; vehicleswill be imported for the project. Additional capacity can be hired locally as required. Hand sloplagsurfads Of the domeshapedslab . :p"r ; pushed carts will be produced locally based th sweepingof oxtoiormnaerl ito th- l principallyon the use of scrap material such as old henceavoidn rapid iwiA nWm.e0 mpoab car wheels, water pipes, etc. If required, small tt; ; quantitiesmay be imported. a o r Inwvardslopln susfWe#l Xi,i Urpoe-diW uAm"V imd | X Ptomotion mia diroa- sl d
1.22 Multi-Media Promotion. Latrine building ase of -ean duo tX oi is not a usual custom in the area of the Low Cost vOWysmooth finh of thwsrfae, wc SanitationProgram, a strong promotionalcomponent h a r e sd n ig i v is necessary to support its production,sale and use. The project's promotionalcomponent will use a wide range of media from conventionalsanitary and environmentaleducation, drama and festivals, to commtunitycompetitions, leadership training and commercialstratagems. It is anticipatedthat the local leaders will carry the lion' share of the promotionalprogram.
1.23 Promotional Material. The promotionalactivities will be supportedwith especially designed promotionalgoods presentlydifficult to acquire in the project area, though commonlyused in industrialized countries. These include ball-pointpens, stickers, t-shirts, solar-poweredcalculators, caps, etc; all items will feature promotionalprinting encouragingboth consttuctionof improved latrinesand improvementof hygiene.
1.24 The Clean Cities. The ultimate goal of the promotionalcomponent is to create in the cities of Lobito and Benguelaa collectivewill to transform today's disastroussanitation conditions, to become the cleanestcities in Angola.
VI. TRAINNG
1.25 Supervised On-The-Job Training. As a general rule, taining will be carried out as suptvised on-the-jobtraining. It is anticipatedthat the ResidentSanitation-Environmental Adviser will coordinate these activities, supportedas required by the SupervisingConsultant.
1.26 Manuals. Draft manuals have been prepared by the SupervisingConsultant as follows:
5 Annex 3 Page 6 of 7
(a) Gestao (Management); (b) Manual de Construcao de Latrinas Melhoradas (Manual for Constructionof ImprovedLatrines); (c) Promocao e Educacao Sanitaria (Promotionand SanitaryEducation); (d) Como Trabalhar corn Pessoas (How to Work with People).
1.27 It is anticipatedthat the manuals will be revised and completedby the SupervisingConsultant based on continuedfindings during program execution.It is expectedthat the manuals will ultimatelybe useful for implementationof an eventualnationwide low cost sanitationprogram.
1.28 Study Tours. Study tours will be arranged to visit similar programs in other African countries (e.g., Mozambiqueand/or Zimbabwe),with the purpose of exchangingexperience and encouraging commitmentto the project. These tours would provide first-handopportunity to learn from relatively successfulprograms implementedby local communitiesand citizens. The study trips should be arranged by the ResidentSanitation-Environmental Adviser and the Superviag Consultant.
1.29 Trainingof Community Leaders. Given that the eventual success of the program dependson the active involvementof communityleaders, considerableattention will be given to their training. Emphasis will be placed on dialogue, as focusedon program implementation,and training will includebasic principles of sanitationand developmentof the ability to work with people. The followingaspects will receive especial attention: a) constructionand maintenanceof imptoved latrines; b) importanceof personal and environmentalhygiene; c) monitoringand evaluation;and d) how to work with people.
Im. SANITARY-ENVIRONMENTALEDUCATION
1.30 Worldwideexperience documents a high rate of failure of sanitationprograms and projects, particularlywhen focus on the techl^ologydisregards socio-economic-cultural-religious-political factors. Therefore, the Low Cost SanitationPrognrm is designedto includea major element in sanitary- environmentaleducation, which adopts a procedure based on the interests, needs and knowledgelevel of the communityparticipants, in tun to be identifiedthrough dialogueswith the local people. Initial talks with key communityleaders in the musseques, the director and staff of the ProvincialMinistry of Health, and the director of public health of the Universityof Luanda show a high level of concern for emergencymeasures, and a deep commitmentto long-termdevelopment of a successfulsanitary-environmental education program. Elements under considerationinclude emergency measures, studies, education and training, and an integratedapproach to sanitation,as describedbellow.
1.31 Emergency Health Measures. Current disease patterns highlight water-borneand water-washed disease transmission,especially cholera and diarrhoealdiseases (See Annex A). This makes the low-cost sanitationprogram the more relevant. It is proposedthat, while teachingoral rehydrationtherapy (ORT) and personal hygiene, health workers should also respond to individuals' concems about illness in the family -particularly diseasesresulting from faecal-oraltransmission- by educatingthem about the links between health, water and sanitation.D.Ipite the reportedlywidespread administration of ORT in the project aea, death statisticsfrom cholera and diarrhoeal diseasessuggest the need for further improvement. As the ORT program is enhanced, a sanitary-environmentaleducation component can easily be introduced in a way that concern about diseaseswould lead to increaseduse of latrines. Anotherproposal being consideredrefers to introductionof temporarymunicipally managed irench latnnes in the open defecation fields, along with an educationalprogram to help clarify the link between faecal contaminationand disease.
6 Annex 3 Page 7 of 7
The result nay be that people would become more comfortablewith the use of latrines, and want to have their own close to home.
1.32 Base-Line Studies. Base-linestudies should be carried out in selected pilot areas to help determine the actual environmentalhealth profile of the musseques.The studies could be undertakenwith the assistanceof public health studentsof the Universityof Angola, and should include a knowledge, attitude, and practice survey (KAP-study)covering such specificsas water, sanitation, personalhygiene, faecal-oraldisease transmission,and latrine use. Somedata is already availablecovering illness and death in Benguela,Lobito (includesCatumbela), and Baia Farta, along with province-widedata, at the provincial health office. The data needs .o be analyzedfor local patterns; e.g., the 1990 data shows 3408 reported cases of cholera in the province, of which 3005 within the Lobito-Benguelaconurbation; the total number of deaths is 445, of which 273 in t1e project area. However, only 25% of the deaths are children under 15 years old, suggestingeither an effectivechild-health program, inadequatedata collection,or the strength of children who have suvived the war, drought, and poverty (UNICEFestimates one-third of Angolan children die before the age of five).
1.33 Conmnunity-BasedEducation. There are various channelsfor community-basxdeducation which can successfullyreach the targetedpopulation. Officialchannels allow includingsanitary-environmental education, for example, in the broader program of health educationand in the educationalunits for children, youth, and adults. Communityorganizations -religious, political, cultural, etc- will be explored as possiblechannels for communityeducation. Initial contactswith different groups suggest promising involvement. This program would cover matters emergingfrom the above KAP study, as well as particular points such as latrine installation, maintenance,and use. Other specificexamples include: a) literature about sanitationtaylored to the newly-literate;b) academictraining for school childrencovering the basic conceptsof disease transmissionvia water contaminatedby improperlydisposed human waste; and c) simple instructionsabout latrine siting, pit digging, superstructureoptions, and maintenance.
1.34 Leadership Training. As discussedbefore, leadershiptraining is crucial to the success of the Program, and it is of the utmost importancethat communityleaders receive maximumsupport in their own training of the communities.
1.37 Province-Wide Education. Educationaltechniques useful for the area include radio, TV, posters, music, theater, puppets, and various promotionalitems. Several radio interviewshave already been aired; selected musiciansand artists have shown interest in developingpopular material;and experimentaluse of t- shirts, ball-pointpens, and stickers has been launched. These especial sources and techniquescould amplify the community-basededucation focus.
1.38 Integration. Sanitary-environmentaleducation must be integratedinto the broader concerns of the society, becomingpart of nation-levelprograms, and the broader developmentalconcerns of the province. It is important that distinct sanitary educationprograms be pursued. Nonetheless,sanitary-environmental educationis intrinsic to areas or sectors of wider concerns, and should be treated as such. The most obvious exampleis that of primary health care, which is understooda priority and normally conveysa positive responseby the targetedpopulation. Sanitationnot only complementsprimary care, but indeed ensures that its results are maintained.Primary health care c'nuldreadily incorporatesanitary-environmental education as a major pillar of good health. This integrationwould ensure that the results of sanitationand sanitary- enviromental educationcould be at leart as effectiveas those of the parent project. Followingthis line, the low-costsanitatio./sanitary-envirommental education integrated componentof the Lobito-BenguelaUrban EnvironmentalRehabilitation Project should facilitate,health for all by the year 2000.
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.' fe .Av&<,', 78 .~~~~~~~~~ Annex 4 Page 1 of 4
LOBITO BENGUELA URBANENVIRONMENTAL REHABILITATION PROJECT
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTCOMPONENT
A. LOBITO
1. C£nmL Situation. The city of Lobito has an estimatedpopulation of 400,000 inhabitants, includingabout 125,000 in the consolidatedurban center. Catumbela,at the southern fringe of the Lobito urban system, has some 10,000 inhabitantsin its urban center. There are 162 registered enteipri6se,and 201 other businesseswhich altogethercinploy about 30,000 workers in the formal sector. Althoughsome equipmenthas been acquired recently to improve the capacity of the DPSC to managesolid waste, less than 10% of urban waste is collected, primarily in the built-up downtown areas, and only part of that is disposedof in the garbage dump. Aside from lack of equipment,service to the peripheral low income settlementsis hamperedby the poor conditionsof roads which in turn contribute to the breakdownof vehicles. As a result, spontaneousdumps have proliferatedalong the main roads and in vacant areas in the low incomesettlements, where pigs and chickens feed and children scavengefor recyclablematerials. Due to the lack of latrines, the dumps have a high content of human faeces.
2. Qnnicg tion. The DPSC of Lobit employs580 workers of which 150 are located in Catumbela. The DPSC has a proliferationof departments,each headed by a Chief, which include: Administration,Planning and Control, Accounting,Technical, Patrimony, Human Resources, Transport, Urban Sanitation,Parks, Markets, Cemeteries,and Road Maintenance. The Department of Urban Sanitationcovers only the downtownareas of Lobito and Catumbela,serving about 135,000out of the 400,000 in the Municipality. Some 340 workers are organizedin eight brigades of twelve workers each, which work in two shifts six days a week in order to maximizethe use of insufficient equipment.
3. Euuip_mnt.The equipmentof the Departmentincludes three tractors, one loader, one open IFA truck (out of order), three small capacitydumpers, one water tank tmck, one l5m3 compactor truck (out of order), and two bulldozers (out of order). Equipmentis hired periodicaly to supplement the Department's vehicles, particularly for emptyingseptic tanks. Due to the lack of equipment,the tractors that do the daily rounds don't travel to the garbage dump, about eight kilometersfrom downtownLobito, but deposit the waste in a large yard behind the municipal maintenanceshop. On weekends,or when the yard overflows,trucks are hired or borrowed to transport the waste to the dump.
4. Waste Gewation. It is estimatedthat the populationof the downtownareas of Lobito and Catumbela(135,000) generateabout 250 grams of waste per capita per day, or about 33.75 metric tons daily. The remaining265, 000 inhabitantsin the peripheryproduce about 150 gram per capita a day, or 40 tons daily. In addition, about five tons are produced daily by street cleaning in the central areas. The six formal and a few informal markets may generateanother ten tons per day. Thus, about 88.75 tons are generated daily, of which 40 tons in the downtownareas and the balance in the periphery. Tho current situation is worsening,as solid waste accumulatesnot only in numerousspontaneous roadsidedurmps, but more and more in the empty lots, streets and parks of the downtownareas. In
I Annex4 Page 2 of 4 contrast, it estimatedthat the three tractors serving the city collect about six or seventons daily, that is less than 10%. This has led to an estimated2,000 or 2,500 tons of accumulatedwaste throughoutthe city.
5. Proposed Solution. The proposed solid waste managementcomponent would respond to this situation with a two phase plan, includingthe provisionof vehicles, tools and equipment,and technical assistance and training. The first nhase would consist of the urgent removal of the spontaneousdumps from the peripheralsettlements, while beginningto establisha system of 2.5 m3 and 10 mi3 containers in these areas, accompaniedby technicalassistance and the environmental/sanitarypopular education campaign. The second phase would completethe distributionof containersin the periphery and introducethe use of 800 liter containersin the built-up downtownareas of Lobito, Benguelaand Catumbela. The provision of equipmentfor vehicle maintenanceand for managementof the dumps, as well as the rehabilitationof the shops and the fencing of the dumps would also be concludedin the second phase. The technicalassistance during this phase would develop the strategic plan for solid waste maintenanceand train staff at the various levels. The program would be completed in two years. Startup would commenceupon the arrival of the two advisors and the first part of the tools, materials, and equipment.
6. Downtown Areas. It is proposed to use a systemof 800 liter containersin the built up areas with daily pick up service. In these areas about 150 containerswould be required to coliect 33.75 tons of waste, assuminga 75 % utilizationof the containers. These containerswould require two 12m' loading and compactingtrucks, working at 70% efficiency, sixteenhours a day in two shifts, assuming seven tons or 29 containersper load, at an average speed of 2.5 tons per hour per truck. These figures assume an initiallypoorly trained workforceand a relatively slow maintenanceservice.
7. Erudhery. In the periphery two types of larger containerswould be used: large 10m3 containers in the areas with easy access, and 2.5 rn containersin the areas with steep roads or otherwise difficult access. The large containerswould be strategicallylocated near communalactivity areas of the bairros of which their are 24. In additionone of the lOi' containerswould be placed at each of the two hospitalsand six markets. The trucks for these containerswould also be operated in two 8 hour shifts, which would allow them to collect twelve containersper day, leaving a clean as they remove the full ones. Assuminga 75 % level of efficiencyagain this would require three trucks, and a total of 33 containersof lOmn. In the bairros of difficult access smaller 2.5m3containers would be used in a similar way. As in the case of the larger containers, the system would depend on the active participationof the community,organized through the sanitary and health educationcampaign. These containerswould be serviced by speciallyadapted four-wheeldrive Land Rover type vehicles, leaving and empty container and removinga full one. An estimatedtwenty of these containerswould require two vehicles. While the larger containerswould be taken direcdy to the dump, these smaller ones would be offloadedinto one of the lOid containersthus allowingup to twenty trips a day.
8. Dwm!p. The Lobito dump can continue to be used for a long time. It is recommended however that a bulldozer be used to compactthe trash and cover periodicallywith layers of earth. In addition, it is recommendedthat the dump be enclosed by a cyclone fence for safety reasons. In the case of Catumnbelathe dump by the river must be closed down and cleaned up. It is recommendedthat with a FmaMamount of earthworksa satisfactorysite can be opened in Chiule. The sa procedures used in Ienguela would apply for the Catumbeladump. At this stage no recycling is yet foreseen, given the lack of demand by industries.
9. Street Cleaning. Street cleaning efforts today are very inefficient,due to the lack of tools and equipment,poor management,and lack of motivationof the work force. Two methodsare again
2 Annex 4 Page 3 of 4
proposed, one for the built-up downtownareas, and one for the bairros on the periphery. The built-up city will be divided into eighteen zones to which a brigade made up of groups of five workers will be permanentlyassigned. Each group has a leader. Two inspectorswill draw straws for which zones they will visit and evaluatewith a points system. The winningbrigades will be rewarded on a weekly basis. Workers will be given two bright orange coveralls a year for which they will be responsible. Each group will also receive two wheeledcontainers, five brooms, two shovelsand one rake, for which they are responsible. Street cleaningin the bairroswould be organized on the basis of cooperativesof twenty workers who live in the neighborhood. The DPSC would provide the cooperativewith tools and coveralls, and pay them for the street cleaning on the basis of an agreed schedule. The DPSC would also inspect their work, and reward them or not for the work done. The paymentsfor the work of the cooperativewould be revised periodicallyto keep up with the evolutionof minimumwages. The waste collected by the groups would be depositedin the containersserviced by the municipality.
10. MaintenanceGarage. The maintenancegarage in Lobito is adequate, after some rehabilitationand the installationof new equipment,to house a facilitythat would serve both Lobito and Benguelaas a central repair garage for the conurbation. Aside from a maintenancetruck carrying out minor repairs on the road, a tow truck would haul in broken down vehiclesfrom anywhere in the conurbation. The existing facility in Benguelawould be upgraded to provide periodic maintenance, lubrication,washing and tire repair.
B. IBE-NGUELA
11. Current Situat. The city of Benguelahas a populationof about 300,000, of which about 65,000 inhabitantslive in the built up city center and the balance live in the periphery. The city of Benguela,while facing many of the same problems of Lobito, is a lot cleaner. While waste collection and street cleaningis done regularly in the city center, very little waste actuallyends up in the city dump, about eight kilometersto the south along the road to Bahia Farta. Occasionally,the DPSC will clean up dumps in the settlementsin the periphery, only to see them fill again very quickly.
12. Mgaization. The DPSC in Benguelais organizedin the followingDepartments: Cleaning and Hygiene; Sanitation;Parks and Green Areas; Road Maintenance;and Markets. There are 403 employeesof which 170 work directly in waste managementand sanitation. About half of the employeesare women. Salaries are low (about NKz7,000per month), and absenteeismsometimes reaches 50 percent. Work is done in two shifts as in the case of Lobito. Workers gather every morning at the offices of the DPSC and are given their instructionsand then walk to the far corners of the city to begin working.
13. Eouioment. The fleet of the municipalityconsists of five working tractors with half ton wagons; two water tank trucks for providingwater to the peripheryand two for watering parks; one compactortruck (out of order); two IFA dump trucks (out of order); one working grader; one vacuum truck for cleaning septic tanks (which is rented and serves both Benguelaand Lobito).
14. Waste Generation. The estimatedwaste generatedby the populationof the city center, assuming250 grams per capitaper day, is 16.25 metric tons, while the peripherygenerates an estimated30 tons, assuminga productionof 150 gmms per day per capita. In additionstreet cleaning generatesabout three tons per day in the city center. Finally, the seven markets produce about six tons per day as well. Industries dispose of their own waste and the two hospitals incineratetheirs.
3 Page 4 of 4
15. Proposd Slution. A similar solutionto that of Lobito is proposed for Benguela: 800 liter containersin the city center and 10ln3 containersfor the periphery. There isn't the problem of the steep or difficult accessto some bairros that there is in Lobito so the 2.5 m3 containersand 4 wheel drive vehicleswont be needed here. It is estimatedthat 80 containersof 800 liters and two 12m3 compactortrucks would be required for the downtownarea, and twenty containersof lOmi3 plus two trucks would be required for the peripheralbairros and markets. Street cleaning would be organizedas in Lobito.
16. Waste DjsgWS. In order to continue to use the existing tractors and wagons, it is recommendedto establisha trans-shipmentstation at Cassequewith a ramp that would allow the tractor to unload directly into a lOi3 container. This would then be tansported to the dump the dump at Katengueeight kilometersaway, which can easily be used for several more years. The existing bulldozerwould prepare accessroads, move earth, compact garbage and cover in layers.
17. Comyot Costs. The total cost of the componentis estimatedat about USS 2.9 million, primarily for equipment,including US$300,000 for the rehabilitationof the central maintenancegarage in Lobito. The budget for technicalassistance (US$1.3 million) is shown separatelyunder institutional development. Itemized costs for all componentsare shown in Annex 6 Detailed Project Costs.
18. Cost reovsa would be achievedthrough the gradual introductionof garbage collection fees and charges for emptyingof septic tanks and for the disposalof waste at the municipalgarbage dumps. Beginningin January 1991, the DPSC began to charge a fee for garbagecollection in the served downtownareas. The fee of NKzI00 is collected togetherwith apartment rental paymentsthat are made at the local branchesof the BancoPopular de Angola. The technicalassistance for the solid waste managementcomponent will include a study to determinea fee structure and methodsof collection for the different levels and types of service provided, with the objectiveof covering recurrent expendituresof the system. The proposed rate structurewill be agreed upon during the mid-term review.
19. Proiect Linkes. Linkagesbetween the solid waste managementcomponent and the environmentaland sanitary educationprogram are describedin Annex 3 Low Income Sanitation. Additiona informationon DPSC is providedin Annex 12 Institutional Background.
4 Annex 5 Page 1 of 6
LOBITO BENGUELA URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL REHABILITATION PROJECT
IMPLEMENTATION PLAN AND KEY INDICATORS Annex 5 Page 2 of 6
LOBiTO-BENGUELA URBAN ENVIRONMENTALREHABILITATION PROJECT InplementationPlan
A. Crdit
1. Credit Negotiations 10/24/91 2. Board Presentation 12/19/91 3. Signingof Credit Agreement 01/15/92 4. Credit Effectiveness 03/30/92
B. ConstructionWorks
1. Pre-Qualification& Bid Documents 11/30/91 2. World Bank approval of Pre-QualificationBid Documents 12/15/91 3. Letter of Invitationby gPP 01/01/92 4. Receipt of Proposals by GPP 03/15/92 5. Evaluationof Proposals and remittance to World Bank 04/15/92 6. World Bank approval of Proposals 05/01/92 7. Negotiations 05/15/92 8. Contract Signing and Mobilization 06/01/92 9. Start Civil Works 07/01/92 10. Leak Detection 03/15/93 11. Completionof Civil Works 07/30/98
C. Studiesand Consultants
1. EnvironmentalStudies (21 months) 07/01/92 2. LRGIS (09 months) 07/01/92 3. Water and Sewer Tariffs and InstitutionalReorganization (09 months): .Approvalof Bid Documents(TOR/Draft Contract/ShortList) 11/30/91 .Letters of Invitation 12/15/91 .Bids In 02/15/92 .Bid Evaluation 02/29/92 .IDA no Objection 03/15/92 .Negociationsand Signatureof Contracts 03/31/92 .PreliminaryTariff Report 07/15/92 .PreliminaryReorganization Report 07/30/92 .InterumTariff Report 10/15/92 .InterimReorganization Report 10/30/92 YFinalTariff Study 01/15/93 .Final ReorganizationStudy 01/31/93 4. Signatureof Contract for Project Key Personnel 03/30/92
D. Other
1. Provincial GovemmentWater Tariff Despacho 12/31/91 2. Second Interim Water Tariff 01/01/93 3. Mid-Term Review 09/30/93 4. Project Completion 12/31/98
2 Annex 5 Page 3 of 6
EY INDICATORS-
19m am 19aia 3rd lh fi 2ndlw d 43 la Za 3kd aS I 2nd Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
LORITO. WATER * 1.4 WELL REHAB(4) 2 2 * 1. WELL PL!.IPING(1H) 2 3 3 3 I 1.6 P0n4INc STAT. 7 2 2 2 1 1.7 NETWORKREHAI. M. 40% 30% I.S NETWORKEAN. * 20% 20% 25% 25% 10% * 1.9 STANDPIPES O) Is 40 t0 7n 75 35 * 1.ao WAIER METERS(S'PIPES) 30 60 75 75 G0 * * CONVRES(I) 20 4J 60 6 de 60 (BY EPA) 1.11 LEAK DETECTION 10% 30% 10% 10S 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%
SANITARYSEWERS
2.2 COMP.REHAB.NETWORK 20% 50% 30% 2.4 * REBUILDPM STA 50% 50% * 2J CONMERCL NETWORK 10% 20% 20- 2U% 25% * 2.6 CAPONTENETWORK 0% 30% 30% 20% 2.3 COMPIO NETWORK 20% 30% 40% 10% * 2.7 PLMPaG ST.EE9101 10% 50% 40% 2.S FORCE MAIN * * 50% 50% * 2. SEWAGELAGOON 10% 50% 40% * 2.10 RESCOM CONNECTIN * 100 20 200 200 (76 BY EPAS)
BENGCELA* WATER
* 1.4 WELLUEHAS () 2 3 3 * IS WELLPIJl4lNG(S I 2 2 1.4 PUMPINGSTAT. (2) 2 -.7 NETWORKREHAB. 30% 40% 30% I.J NETWORKEXPAN. 20% 40% 30% 10% * .9 STAN41DUIMU(S0) to 25 a 48 a5 30 * 1.10 WATE3MEtERS(S'PIP) lo 40 50 50 40 * r * COMJRES(20) 20 40 s so 33 10 (BIYE 1.11 LEAKDETECTION 10% 10% 13% I0% too too 10% l0% 10% 10%
9ENGLE,LA-SANITARY SEWERS
* Li GRAVITYSEWIE NTWWlK 10 U2 30% 33% 10% * 2 PUMrG STAT. 12 * . 01% SW 2.4 FORCQMAINE * s% 50% * 2. SEWAGELAGOONS * . S SW * 2.7 RESICOMIINDCONN R 200 43 43 30 (30BY ViAN)
VALADO CBRINCE. C DRAINAGE
3.1 CIIANNIL OUNl.t low 3.2 CHANNL LIGU 7f% 30% 3.3 NnwUSGNW ) I I 3.4 VELOCAtC DA ( 2 I * a 3 I (y LCD)
4.0 ALTO LU3I33A V1STA 4.1 VELOCITY ICK . . . 4 4 3 4 1o to * 4 10 RETENTI DAM1B(94 (BY LCB) 4.2 SIDCTUIRACS OI 1t o 10 4 2 to 13 4 a t0 RAVINES& GULUC (a) (BY COMMUNITYACrION
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5 Annex S. Page 6 of 6 ANGOLA
LOBITO BENGUELA URBAN ENVIRONMENTALREHABILITATION PROJECT
Tinetable of Key Project Processing Events
1. Time taken to prepare: 24 months
2. Prepared by: IDA (AF6IN and AF3IN)
3. First IDA mission: Reconnaissance- January 1989
4. Identificationmission: May 1989
S. Preparationmissions: October 1989, February, May 1990 October, 1990 and February 1991
6. Appraisalmission: May 1991
7. Negotiations: October 1991
8. Planned Effectiveness: March 1992
IDA Staff. Consultants and Others Involved
1. Reconnaissance: Messrs. Sam and Chavez, AF6IN, Brismninn,SIDA, Sund, NORAD.
2. Identification: Messrs. Chavez, AF6IN, Tannerfeldt, SIDA, Downsand Echeverria, Consultants.
3. Preparation: Messrs. Chavez, AF61N,Tannerfeldt, SIDA, Brandberg,Day, Downs, Echeverria,Gammon, Gatuellas,Ladd, Pazner, Shluger, Vidal-Ribas, Wright, and MesdamesAustin, Overtonand Lara-Resende,Consultants.
4. Appraisal: Mr. Chavez, AF6IN, Ms. Genta-Fons,LEGAF, Mr. Tannerfeldt,SIDA, Messrs. Brandberg, Echeverria,Ladd, Pazner and Ms. Lama-Resende, Consultants.
5. Reviewers: Messrs. Menezes, Beardmore.Lead Adviser: Mr. Gattoni.
6. Project preparation: Financedby a Trust Fund establishedby SIDA and NORAD, and managed by IDA.
7. Managing Division Chiefs: Messrs. Sam and Blanc.
8. ManagingDirector: Mr. Aguirre-Sacasa. Page 1 of 15
LOBITO BENGUELA URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL REHABILITATION PROJECT
DETAILED COST TABLES Annex 6 Page 2 of 15
LOBITO BENGUELA URBAN ENVIRONMENTALREHABILITATION PROJECT
Schedule 1. SLUMARY PROJECT COSTS (USS Niltion) Percent Local Foreign Total Total Foreign 1. ENVIRONMENTALSANITATION $4.94 $21.24 $26.18 44X 81X A. Water Rehabilitation 1.44 8.16 9.60 16 8S S. Sewr Rehabilitation 1.18 6.70 7.88 13 8S C. Storm Drainae Works 1.74 4.06 5.80 10 70 0. SolId WasteCollection & Disposal 0.58 2.32 2.90 5 80 11. LOW INCOME SANITATION $1.55 $2.37 $3.92 7K 60 A. ImprovedLatrines 1.08 1.72 2.80 5 61 B. Sanitary Education 0.15 0.48 0.63 1 77 C. Urban Revegetation 0.32 0.18 0.50 1 35 111. INSTITUTIONALDEVELOPMENT $0.59 $8.08 58.67 15X 93 A. TechnicalAssistance 0.31 5.45 5.76 10 95 B. Training 0.04 0.34 0.38 1 90 C. Acbinistrative/LogisticalSupport 0.25 2.29 2.54 4 90 IV. STUDIES $0.16 $6.13 $6.29 11X 98 A. Engineering Design I Supervision - 3.49 3.49 6 100 B. Water & Sewer Tariff & Reorgeniz. Study - 0.67 0.67 1 100 C. GIS/LandRegistration Study 0.08 0.31 0.39 1 80 D. EnvirosrentalMgt & MonitoringStudy 0.08 0.70 0.78 1 90 E. Other Studies 0.95 0.95 2 100
V. TOTAL BASE COST $7.24 $37.83 $45.06 77X 84X
Physical Contingencies 0.99 3.81 4.80 8K 79 Price Contingencies 1.45 7.56 9.01 15K 84
VI. TOTAL PROJECTCOST $9.68 $49.20 $58.88 1O0X 84K
Schedule 2. FINANCINGPLAN CUSSMLilion) Percent Local Foreign Total of Total IDA Credft $3.38 $42.20 $45.58 77 NORADGrant - 3.50 3.50 6 SIDA Grant 3.50 3.50 6
Goverrent $6.30 - $6.30 11
Total $9.68 $49.20 $58.88 100
Schedule3. ESTIMATEDDISBURSEMENTS (USS Million)
FY93 F194 FY95 FY96 FY97 FY98 Totat Cofinwncing 4.92 2.08 - - - 7.00 IDA 5.81 10.52 13.15 7.89 8.23 45.58 Government 0.63 0.94 1.26 1.57 0.94 0.94 6.30 Total 5.55 8.83 11.78 14.72 8.83 9.17 58.88 Percent 9K 15K 20K 25K 15K 16X 100l IDA Cumulative - 5.81 16.32 29.47 37.36 45.58 Percent - 13X 36K 6SK 82X 1OOX Annex 6 Page 3 of 15
LOBITO BENGUELA URBAN ENVIRONMENTALREHABILITATION PROJECT
ScheduLe4. CALCULATION OF PRICE CONTINGENCIES(USS Million)
Disbursement(IDA+CoF) $4.92 $7.89 510.52 $13.15 S7.89 S8.23 S52.58 Disbursement(Govt) $0.63 $0.94 S1.26 $1.57 $0.94 $0.94 $6.30 Cumutative $5.55 $14.38 $26.16 $40.88 S49.71 $58.88 Factor (3.9% per Annum) 1.039 1.080 1.122 1.165 1.211 1.258 Price Conting./Annum $0.22 $0.70 S1.43 $2.43 $1.86 $2.37 $9.01 Price Conting.-Cumwlative $0.22 $0.92 $2.35 S4.79 S6.65 $9.01 19.99%
ScheduLe 5. PROJECT COST SUMMARY BY TYPE OF EXPENDITURE (USS Million) Percent Local Foreign Total TotaL Foreign Works $5.77 $18.92 $24.69 42% 77% Goods 0.82 6.50 7.32 12% 89% TechnicalAssistance 0.31 5.45 5.76 10% 95% Design, Supervision,Studies 0.16 5.38 5.54 9% 97% Training 0.18 0.82 1.00 2% 82%
Total Base Costs $7.24 $37.07 $44.31 75% 84%
Physical Contingencies 0.99 3.81 4.80 8% 79% Price Contingencies 1.45 7.5i; 9.01 15% 84% Refinancingof PPF 0.7r; 0.75 1% 100%
$9.68 S49.09 $58.88 100% 84% Annex 6 Page 4 of 15
LOBITO BENGUELA URBAN ENVIRONMENTALREHABILITATION PROJECT
Schedule6. PROJECTCOST SUMMARY ALLOCATION BY TYPE OF EXPENDITURE (USS Million) Percent Local Foreign Total Total Foreign
WORKS S5.77 S18.92 S24.69 42% 77% Water Rehabilitation ICB 1.44 8.16 9.60 16 85% Sewer & Storm Drainage Rehab. ICB 2.14 8.94 11.08 19 81%
Erosion Control LCB 0.78 1.82 2.60 4 70%
Building Rehab. 0.83 - 0.83 1 DPSC - SWM LCB 0.58 - 0.58 Office-GPP/EPAB/DPSC LCB 0.25 - 0.25
Low Income Sanitation 0.59 - 0.59 1 - Latrine Program FA 0.44 - 0.44 Urban Revegetation FA 0.15 - 0.15
GOODS S0.82 S6.50 S7.32 12% 89% Vehicles & Equipment - 4.12 4.12 7 100% Solid Waste Management ICB - 2.32 2.32 100% Low Income Sanitation ICa - 1.07 1.07 100% Automobiles (ProjectMgt) ICBa 0.73 0.73 100% Materials-LowIncome Sanitation 0.82 0.82 1.64 3 50% Latrine Program LCB 0.64 0.64 1.29 50% Urban Revegetation LCB 0.18 0.18 0.35 50% Logistical Support - 1.57 1.57 3 100% Office Equip. & Supplies LCB - 0.99 0.99 100% TelephoneEquipment LCB - 0.36 0.36 100% Housing-Furniture& Equipment LCB 0.22 0.22 100%
CONSULTANTS $0.47 $10.83 $11.30 19% 96% Technical Assistance OTHER 0.31 5.45 5.76 10 95% Design & Supervision OTHER 2.74 2.74 5 100% Studies OTHER 0.16 2.64 2.80 5 94%
TRAINING OTHER 50.18 $0.82 S1.00 2% 82%
TOTAL BASE COSTS $7.24 $37.07 $44.31 75% 84%
Physical Contingencies $0.99 $3.81 $4.80 8% 79% Price Contingencies $1.45 $7.56 $9.01 15% 84%
REFINANCINGOF PPF NA - $0.75 S0.75 1% 100%
TOTAL PROJECT COSTS S9.68 S49.19 S58.88 100% 84% Annex 6 Page 5 of 15
LOBITOBENGUELA URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL REHABILITATION PROJECT
Schedule7. PROCUREMENTARRANGEMENTS (USSMillion) Percent of ProjectElements ICB LCB other NA Total Total UUU.u3u U...... monsoon UUUUUsU UUUUUUU . gu.Su Samoans *am.u-- I WORKS a) Water Rehabilitation 12.96 12.96 (11.02) (11.02) 21X b) Sewer& StormDrainage 14.96 14.96 (12.07) (12.07) 23X c) Erosion Control 3.51 3.51 (3.14) (3.14) 6X d) Bultding Rehab. (1) 1.12 1.12 (1.00) (1.00) 2X e) Low IncomeSanitation (2) 0.79 0.79 (0.71) (0.71) 1K
2 GOODS a) Vehicles& Equipment 4.56 1.00 5.56 (4.56)(1.00) (5.56) 11K b) Materials 2.22 2.22 1O99) 0. 99) 4X c) LogisticalSupport 2.11 2.11 (2.11) (2.11) 4K
3 CONSULTANTS a) TechnicalAssistaneb 6.91 6.91 (6.54) (6.54) 12K b) Design& Supervision 3.44 3.44 (3.44) (3.44) 7X c) Studies 3.35 3.35 (3.17) (3.17) 6K
4 TRAINING 1.20 1.20 (1.08) (1.08) 2X
5 REFINANCINGOF PPF 0.75 0.75 (0.75) (0.75) 1K
TOTAL 132.47 S9.96 S15.70 S0.75 S58.88 (S27.64)(S9.25)($14.94) (0.75) (152.58) 100O 53K 18K 28X 1K 100O Notes: (1)Repafr of DPSC workshopsand GPP,DPSC, and EPAB offices. (2) Latrinefabrication and urban revegetatlonby DPSC force account. (3) FiguresIn parenthesesare amountsto be financedby IDA and Co-Financing. (4)Cost figuresinclude contingencies. Annex 6 Page 6 of 15
LOBITO BENGUELAURBAN ENVIRONMENTAL REHABILITATION PROJECT
Schedule 8. PROCUREMENTARRANGEMENTS - SUMMARY BY CATEGORY (USS Million) Percent of ICB LCB Other NA Totat Total ======3======3======3=z,==
SUB TOTAL WORKS $27.92 $4.63 $32.54 (S23.08)($4.14) ($27.22) 52% SUB TOTAL GOODS $4.56 $5.33 $9.89 (S4.56)(S5.11) (S9.66) 18% SUB TOTAL CONSULTANTS $14.50 $14.50 (S13.86) ($13.86) 26% TRAINING 1.20 $1.20 (1.08) ($1.08) 2% REFINANCINGOF PPF 0.75 S0.75 (0.75) ($0.75) 1% TOTAL $32.47 $9.96 S15.70 $0.75 S58.88 (S27.64)(S9.25) (S14.94) ($0.75) ($52.58) 130% 53% 18% 28% 1% 100%
Schedule 9. DISBURSEMENTSUNDER IDA CREDIT AND CO-FINANCING .USS Million) Total Percentage of Amount Expenditures Category Allocated to be Financed
1 Works S20.71 a) Water Rehabilitation $8.16 100% of Foreign b) Sewer & Storm Drainage Rehab 8.94 100% of Foreign c) Erosion Control 2.34 90% of Total d) Building Rehab 0.74 90% of Total e) Low Income Sanitation 0.53 90% of Total
2 Goods $7.16 a) Vehicles & Equipment $4.12 100% of Foreign b) Materials 1.48 90% of Total c) Logistical Support 1.57 100% of Total
3 Consultants $10.83 a) Technical Assistance $5.45 100% of Foreign b) Design & Supervision 2.74 100% of Foreign c) Studies 2.64 100% of Foreign
4 Training $0.90 90% of Total
5 Refinancing of PPF S0.75 Am MtDue
6 Unallocated S12.23
Total S52.58
Total Base Costs $40.35 Physical Contingencies 4.16 Price Contingencies 8.07 $52.53 .. =. s Annex 6 Page 7 of 15
LOBITO BENGUELAURBAN ENVIRONMENTALREHABILITATION PROJECT
Schedule 10. SCHEDULE OF TECHNICALASSISTANCE (US$000)
Long Short man/ Term Term Months Rate Amount 1 GPP Technical Coord. Firm 36 $S1 s6W8 2 GPP FinancialCont. Firm 36 $s18 S648 1 GPP ProcurementAdv. Firm 12 520 $240 1 GPP GIS Advisor Indiv 6 $12 $72 1 GPP Other GIS $63 3 EPAB Network Manager Firm 36 $18 S648 4 EPAB Engineer Firm 36 S18 S648 5 EPAB FinancialCont. Firm 36 $18 $648 6 DPSC Operations Ngr Firm 36 S18 5648 7 DPSC Workshop Mgr Firm 36 S18 S648 8 DPSC Sanitary Eng/Ed. Indiv 36 S12 $432 9 DPSC UNV-San.Ed. Indiv 36 S2.5 $90 10 DPSC UNV-Const.Superv Indiv 36 $2.5 $90 1 DPSC SanitaryEng. Firm 12 $20 $240
10 4 Total TechnicalAssistance 390 S5,763
Schedule 11. ADMINISTRATIVE& LOGISTICALSUPPORT (USSOO) Amount No Rate Foreign Local A. Automobiles 20 $25 $500 B. Telecommunications Equipment $250 C. Office Furniture & Equipment $850 D. Housing Allowance (Furn. & Appliances) 10 $15 5150 Sub-Total $1,750 E. Spare Parts (15Z) $263 F. Supplies (3 years a 10Z per annum) S525
Total Achinistrative& LogisticalSupport S2,538 Annex 6 Page 8 of 15
LOW INCOME SANITATIONPROGRAM DETAILED COST TABLE Latrines & SanItary-EnvironmvntalEducation (LSE) and Urban Revegetetion(RVG)
R a t e T o t a l (USS000) No M/M USSOO NKOOO NKOOO USS000 Local Foreign TOTAL TOTAL DPSC Staffing $732 LSE-Coordinators 3 108 30 3,240 - 54 54 LSE-Prom./Traini2 72 25 1,800 - 30 30 LSE-San.UnitHea 20 720 - 20 14,400 - 240 240
LSE-SanitationA 30 1080 - 15 16,200 - 270 - 270 RVG-Coordinator 1 36 - 30 1,080 - 18 18 RVG-Unit Heads 4 144 - 20 2,880 - 48 - 48 RVG-Crew 10 360 12 4,320 - 72 - 72
Vehicles & Equipment $1,071 LSE-Latrine/SanitaryEducation Program 466 466 466 RVG-RevegetationProgram 358 - 358 358 Spare Parts (30%) 247 247 247
LSE-Construction Operations $1,288 Cement, Raw Materials 1,120 - 1,120 1,120 Operation & Maintenance 168 - 168 168 LOWINCOME SANITATION BUDGET 43,920 $2,359 $732 $2,359 $3,091 $3,091
Technical Assistance (Separate Budget) $852 Resident Advisor 1 36 $12.0 $432 $432 $432 Short Term Advis 1 12 $20.0 240 240 240 UN Volunteers 2 72 $2.5 - 180 - 180 180
Training & Promotion (Separate Budget) $625 Group/Community/On-The-Job $250 $50 $200 $250 Promotional & Training Materials 300 60 240 300 Travel Expenses 75 15 60 75
Schedule of Vehicles & Equipment
Unit Vehicles & Equipment Cost LSE RVG l.SE RVG TOTAL Vehicles Water Trucks (10,000 L) $50 3 - S150 $150 Trucks (3 Ton) 30 4 2 120 60 180 Pick Up Trucks 20 7 3 140 60 200 Tractors 5 8 4 40 20 60 Motorcycles 3 20 - 60 0 60 Total 39 12 Equipment CacimbasIPumps $14 3 - S42 $42 Wheelbarrows 0.2 30 6 6 1 7 Molds & Tools 100 25 125
Total Vehicles & Equipment S466 $358 $824 Spare Parts (30%) S140 $107 $247 T I *' j-l-- 0 - ,; -. I '' nA71 COST SUMMARY Annex 6 WATER & SEWER REHABILITATION Page g of 15 STORM DRAINAGE - VALA DO CORINGE' ($000)
I. WATER REHABILITATION $9,600 A. LOBITO WATER SUPPLY $5,400 1. WELLS - [Production Levelt 24,000 M3/day-1995] 1,110 2. TREATMENT PLANT 360 3. PUMPING STATIONS - Pumped to Zones 4-9 200 4. RESERVOIRS 100 5. WATER MAINS 990 6. DISTRIBUTIONNETWORK 1,190 7. SERVICE CONNECTIONS (METERED) 250 8. STANDPIPES 900 9. REPAIR EXISTING SYSTEM 300 B. BENGUELA WATER STYPPLY $4,200 1. WELLS - [ProductionLevel: M3/day-1995] 870 2. TREATMENT PLANT 220 3. PUMPING STATIONS-TO ZONE lA, lB. & BAIA FARTA 300 4. RESERVOIRS 40 5. UATEr MAINS 820 6. DISTRIBUTIONNETWORK 900 7. SERVICE CONNECTIONS (METERED) 250 S. STANDPIPES 600 9. REPAIR EXISTING SYSTEM 200
II. SEWER REHABILITATION $7,880 A. LOBITO SANITARY SEWERS: 42,000 Population $3,900 1. COMPAO/CAPONTESEWER NETWORK 2,180 2. HOUSE CONNECTIONS 450 3. PUMPING STATIONS 550 4. PUMPING MAINS 270 5. LOBITO TREATMENT PLANT-OXIDATIONPOND 450 B. BENGUELA SANITARYSEWERS: 34,000 Population $3,980 1. SEWERNETWORKS 1,850 2. HOUSE CONNECTIONS 790 3. PUMPING STATIONS 300 4. PUMPING MAINS 680 5. BENGUELA TREATMENT PLANT-OXIDATIONPOND 360
III. STORM DRAINAGE WORKS $5.740 A. LOBITO $2,560 1. SEWERS 260 2. CHANNELS 300 3. RETENTIONDAMS 2,000 4. STRZUT REHABILITATION/GUTTERS - B. BENGUELA $3,180 1. SEWERS 120 2. CHANNELS 2,640 3. RETENTION DAMS 420 4. STREET REHABILITATION/GUTTERS REHABILITATION PROJECT LOBITO BENGVELA URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL Annex 6 Page lOof 15 W -LOG.WKI ADMINISTRATIVE AND LOGISTICAL SUPPORT
VALOR MEDIO SUPORTC ADMINISTRATIVO/LOGISTICO QUADRO A.T. TOTAL UNITARIO TOTAL uuauinminmminW u.=m= wu,.m in=mmm .. =mm ,.mm. A. AUTOMOVEIS 10 10 20 $20,000 $400.000 GPP-Benguela 3 3 6 EPAB-Lobito 1 1 2 EPAB-Benguela 2 2 4 DPSC-Lobito 2 1 3 DPSC-Benguela 2 3 5
B. EQUIPAMENTO DE TELECOHUNICACAO TELEPONE SATELITE $124,000 WALKIE TALKIES 25 11 36 $3,500 $126.000 GPP-Benguela 5 4 9 EPAB-LobLto 5 0 5 EPAB-Benguela 5 3 8 DPSC-Lobito 5 0 5 DPSC-Benguela 5 4 9
C. EQUIPAMENTODE ESCRITORIO (RELACAOANEXA) $850,000 GPP-Benguela * $250,000 EPAB-Lobito * $150,000 Er%B-Benguela $150, 000 DPSC-Lobito * $150,000 DPSC-Benguela $150,000
D. HOUSING - REPAIRS/FURNITUREIAPPLIANCES 10 10 $25,000 $250,000
D. SUB-TOTAL $1,750.000 S. PECAS SOBRESSALENTES (152) $262,500 Y. MATERIAL DE CONSUMO (3 years I 102year) $525,000
C. TOTAL ADMINISTRATIVE AND LOGISTICAL SUPPORT $2,537,500 -rn--rn Annex 6 Pagellof 15
LOBITO BENGUELA URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL REHABILITATION PROJECT
LB_EQESC .WK1 DESENVOLVIMENTO INSTITUTIONAL
VALOR KX-REP MEDIO EQUIPAMENTO DE ESCRITORIO PAGE QUADRO AT TOTAL UNITARIO TOTAL mmrnuminwmumin inminma*-=mmM _-- =mn= mm= = =in3n in GPP 12 4 16
FURNITURE $51,600 Executive Desks (820) 4 4 8 $625 $5,000 Ezecutive Chairs 71 4 4 8 $300 $2,400 Visitors Chairs 71 12 4 16 $300 $4,800 Computer Workstations 36 12 4 16 $300 $4,800 Workstation Chairs 85 12 4 16 $200 $3,200 Tall Storage Cabinets 3 1 4 5 $1,600 $8,000 Side Filing Cabinets 95 6 4 .0 $1,000 $10,000 Fireproof Save 93 1 1 2 $900 $1,800 Small Confeence Tables S 2 2 $800 $1,600 Conference Chairs 62 12 12 $300 $3,600 Miscelaneous 12 4 16 $400 $6,400 COMPUTER EQUIPMENT & PRINTERS 4 4 8 $6,000 $48,000 HELIOGRAPHIC COPIER 1 $10,000 $10,000 COPIER/FAX EQUIPMENT 1 1 2 $5,000 $10,000 DRAFTING EQUIPMENT 2 1 3 $3,000 $9,000 KITCHEN EQUIPMENT $5,000 ELECTRO-MECHANICAL INSTALLATION (6 ROOMS-140 H2) $3,000 $18,000
GIS COMPONENT $79,000 UNALLOCATED $19.400
TOTAL $250,000 .n...a.m Annex 6 Page 12 of 15
LOBITO BENGUELA URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL REHABILITATION PROJECT
SC-BENGUELA i LOBITO
PROGRAMA DE LIXO PROGRAMASLATRINA & MAT. DE CONSTRUCAO VALOR KK-REP QUADRO MEDIO EQUIPAHENTO DE ESCRITORIO PAGE BENG. LOB. AT TOTAL UNITARIO TOTAL .mm_- ...... -.r ... n -=" ==mm _na=mi m i.===m= SERVICOS COMUNITARIOS-BENGUELA a 8 4 20
FURNITURE $81.600 Executive Desks (820) 8 8 4 20 $625 $12.500 Executive Chairs 71 8 8 4 20 $300 $6,000 Visitors Chairs 71 8 8 4 20 $300 $6,000 Computer Workstations 36 4 4 4 12 $300 $3,600 Workstation Chairs 8S 4 4 4 12 $200 $2,400 Tall Storage Cabinets 3 2 2 4 8 $1,600 $12,800 Side Filing Cabinets 95 4 4 4 12 $1,000 $12,000 Fireproof Safe 93 1 1 1 3 $900 $2.700 Small Conference Tables 5 2 2 2 6 $800 $4,800 Conference Chairs 62 12 12 12 36 $300 $10,800 Miscelaneous 8 8 4 20 $400 $8,000 COMPUTEREQUIPMENT & PRINTERS 4 4 4 12 $6.000 $72,000 TOPOGRAPIAW GEODESIA 1 1 2 $10,000 $20,000 HELIOGRAPHIC COPIER 1 1 - 2 $10,000 $20.000 COPIERIFAX EQUIPMENT 1 1 2 4 $5,000 $20,000 DRAFTING EQUIPMENT 4 4 2 10 $3,000 $30,000 KITCHEN EQUIPMENT 2 2 - 4 $3,000 $12,000 ELECTRO-MECHANICAL INSTALLATION (MI) 90 120 210 $210 $44.100
TOTAL $299,700 Annex 6 Page 13 of 15
ANGOLA LOBITO BENGUELA URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL REHABILITATION PROJECT
WATER & SEWER TARIFF AND INSTITUMONAL REORGANIZATION SrUDIES
ESTIMATED COSTS(USS)
30 Man/Months0 S18,000 S540,000
10 Round Trip Air Fares @ 55,000 50,000
Local Travel (Luanda-Benguela)3 trips 0 S800 2,400
Communications10 Mondis a $400 4,000
Report Printing 5,000
Vebicle - 4 passengerToyota Pickup Track (GPP)
Vehicle Operation and Maintenance(GPP)
Pe Diems - 60 Manweeb (420 Days) @ SlS0/day 63,000
Miscelaneous Total Annex 6 Page 14of 15
LOBITOBENGUELA URBAN ENVIRONMENTALREHABILITATION PROJECT ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT AND MONITORINGSTUDIES
ESTIMATED COSTS (USS)
MAN/MONTHS 33 18,000 594,000
INTERNATIONALTRAVEL 6 5,000 30,000
LOCAL TRAVEL 8 800 6,400
COMMUNICATIONS 33 200 6,600
REPORTS AND MAPS 10,000
COMPUTERAND PRINTER 1 6,000 6,000
MONITORINGEQUIPMENT 15,000
VEHICLE: ACQUISITION 1 20,000 20,000 OPERATIONAND MAINTENANCE (GPP)
PER DIEM: LONG-TERM 630 100 63,000 SHORT-TERM 180 150 27,000
MISCELANEOUS 5,000
TOTAL S783.000
Per ASSUMPTIONS: MM Trip Dianm LONG-TERMCONSULTANT 21 2 630
SHORT-TERMCONSULTANTS LEGISLATIVEASSISTANT 4 1 60 HYDROLOGIST 2 1 30 BASELINESM SPECIALIST 2 1 30 COASTALMANAGEMENT SPEC. 4 1 60
TOTAL 33 6 810 GEOGRAPHICALINFORMATION SYSTEMAAND REGISTRATION STUDY ,BUDGETSdSOOO
No Rate Loci Forefn Amt LineItem Tota GEOGRAPH!ALmAT SYSTE $3N35.5 TECHNICL ASSISTANCE $134.7 GISConsutant (6 rps yas) 6 $12.000 $72.0 $72.0 Per Diems 180 150 27.0 27.0 GISTechnician 20.2 20.2 GISProgrammer 15.5 15.5 LOCALSTAFF Ful Time GPPEmpoyee 3 $600 $64.8 $64.8 $64.8 ADMUNSTRATIVE & LOGISTICALSUPPORT $79.0 ComputerEqupmt (Add'IHardware & Software) $30.0 $30.0 Ste Preparation 13.0 13.0 Suppies(36 months@ US$1,000) 36 1,000 36.0 36.0 TRAINING $57.0 Air Fare 6 $5.000 $30.0 $300 PerDlems 180 150 27.0 27.0
LANDREGISTRATION STUDY $392.8 ProjectDirector 9 $18.000 $162.0 $162.0 Programmernalyst 4.5 15,000 67.5 67.5 LocalStaffing (3 Persons@ 9 Months) 27 600 $16.2 16.2 ComputerEquipment 28.5 28.5 Software 6.0 6.0 Air Travel(Round Trips to Lobito) 5 3.000 15.0 15.0 Per Diems(Lobito) 270 150 40.5 40.5 Air Travel(Round Trips from Lobito) 3 3,000 9.0 9.0 Per Dems (Overseas) 45 180 8.1 8.1 Supplies 40.0 40.0 TOTALGIS & LRS $81.0 $647.3 $728.3 $728.3
a- x ulo' AnnU7 Page 1 of 3
LOBITO BENGUELA URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL REHABILITATION PROJECT
FINANCIAL PROJECTIONS LOBITOBENGUELA URBAN ENVIROWENTALREHABILITATION PROJECT
EPAB - FINANCIALPROJECTIONS - 1991 PRICES _ C(USS Mittioms).uu V A R I A B L E WA T E R T A R I F F
MATER PRODUCED WATERCONSUMED (US Cents per Cubic Meter f Marginal Cons4wption) (000 N3) (000N3) CAPITALCOST O&N TOTAL W/OUT WITH PROJECTU/CUT WITH PROJECT COST COST 928 Cents 932 Cents 936 Cents 940 Cents 944 Cents YEARPROJECT PROJECT INCREMNTPROJECT PROJECT INCREMI NT FOR. LOC. TOTAL (7.52) Incwse NCF Income NCF Income NCF Income NCF Income KCF
1 1991 4,687 4,687 0 3.515 3,515 0 ------2 1992 4,687 4,687 0 3,515 3,515 0 2.80 0.70 3.50 0.26 3.76 0.00 -3.76 0.30 -3.76 0.00 -3.76 0.00 -3.76 0.00 -3.76 3 1993 4,687 7,446 2,759 3,515 5,585 2,070 4.20 1.05 5.24 0.66 5.90 0.58 -5.32 0.66 -5.24 0.75 -5.15 0.83 -5.07 0.92 -4.98 4 1994 4,687 11,169 6,482 3,515 8,377 4,862 5.59 1.40 6.99 1.18 8.17 1.36 -6.81 1.56 -6.62 1.75 -6.42 1.94 -6.23 2.16 -6.01 5 1995 4,687 14.892 10,205 3,515 11,169 7.654 1.40 0.35 1.75 1.31 3.06 2.14 -0.92 2.45 -0.61 2.76 -0.30 3.06 0.00 3.40 0.34 6 1996 4,687 14,892 10,205 3,515 11,169 7,654 1.31 1.31 2.14 0.83 2.45 1.14 2.76 1.44 3.06 1.75 3.40 2.09 7 1997 4,687 14,892 10,205 3,515 11,169 7,654 1.31 1.31 2.14 0.83 2.45 1.14 2.76 1.44 3.06 1.75 3.40 2.09 8 1998 4,687 14,892 10,205 3,515 11,169 7,654 1.31 1.31 2.14 0.83 2.45 1.14 2.76 1.44 3.06 1.75 3.40 2.09 9 1999 4,687 14,892 10,205 3,515 11,169 7,654 1.31 1.31 2. 4 0.83 2.45 1.14 2.76 1.44 3.06 1.75 3.40 2.09 10 2000 4,687 14,892 10,20' 3,515 11,169 7,654 1.31 1.31 2.14 0.83 2.45 1.14 2.76 1.44 3.06 1.75 3.40 2.09 11 2001 4,687 14,892 10,205 3,515 11,169 7,654 1.31 1.31 2.14 0.83 2.45 1.14 2.76 1.44 3.06 1.75 3.40 2.09 12 2002 4,687 14,892 10,205 3,515 11,169 7,654 1.31 1.31 2.14 0.83 2.45 1.14 2.76 1.44 3.06 1.75 3.40 2.09 13 2003 4,687 14,892 10,205 3,515 11,169 7,654 1.31 1.31 2.14 0.83 2.45 1.14 2.76 1.44 3.06 1.75 3.40 2109 14 2004 4.687 14,892 10,205 3,515 11,169 7,654 1.31 1.31 2.14 0.83 2.45 1.14 2.76 1.44 3.06 1.75 3.40 2.09 15 2005 4,687 14,892 10,205 3,515 11,169 7,654 1.31 1.31 2.14 0.83 2.45 1.14 2.76 1.44 3.06 1.75 3.40 2.09 16 2006 4,687 14,892 10,205 3,515 11,169 7,654 1.31 1.31 2.14 0.83 2.45 1.14 2.76 1.44 3.06 1.75 3.40 2.09 17 2007 4,687 14,892 10,205 3,515 11,169 7,654 1.31 1.31 2.14 0.83 2.45 1.14 2.76 1.4 3.06 1.75 3.40 2.09 18 2008 4,687 14,892 10.205 3,515 11,169 7,654 1.31 1.31 2.14 0.83 2.45 1.14 2.76 1.44 3.^6 1.75 3.40 2.09 19 2009 4,687 14,892 10,205 3,515 11,169 7,654 1.31 1.31 2.14 0.83 2.45 1.14 2.76 1.44 3.06 1.75 3.40 2.09 20 2010 4,687 14,892 10.205 3,515 11,169 7,654 1.31 1.31 2.14 0.83 2.45 1.14 2.76 1.44 3.06 1.75 3.40 2.09 21 2011 4,687 14,892 10.205 3,515 11,169 7.654 1.31 1.31 2.14 0.83 2.45 1.14 2.76 1.44 3.06 1.75 3.40 2.09 22 2012 4,687 14,892 10,205 3,515 11,169 7,654 1.31 1.31 2.14 0.83 2.45 1.14 2.76 1.44 3.06 1.75 3.40 2.09 23 2013 4,687 14,892 10,205 3,515 11,169 7,654 1.31 1.31 2.14 0.83 2.45 1.14 2.76 1.&4 3.06 1.75 3.40 2.09 24 2014 4,687 14,892 10,205 3,515 11,169 7,654 1.31 1.31 2.14 0.83 2.45 1.14 2.76 1.44 3.06 1.75 3.40 2.09 25 2015 4,6S7 14,892 10,205 3,515 11.169 7,654 1.31 1.31 2.14 0.83 2.45 1.14 2.76 1.44 3.06 1.75 3.40 2.09
VARIABLERATES OF RETURNON INWVESTNENT(ROI): -0.08X 2.92X 5.52X 7.88X 10.34X
ASSUMPTIONS:
ACTUALPRODUCTION ACTUALCONSUMPTION CAPITALCOST COSTSAVINGS (ALTERNATE INVESTMENTS)
(000) (000) (USSNillions) (Not Considered) K3/HR N3/DAY M3/YEARU3/HR %3/DAY U3/YEAR UATERREHAB. 9.60 CFB LOBITO 300 7200 2,628 225 5400 1,971 SEWERREHAB. 7.88 SOMANGOL BENGIELA 235 5640 2,059 176 4230 1,544 ENG. D & S - ITALIAN PROJECT(BF) PHYS.CONTING. - OTHER TOTAL 4,687 3,515 TOTAL 17.48 0.00 oQ C
o Annex 7 Page 3 of 3
LOBITOBENGUELA URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL REHABILITATION PROJECT
AlternativeCosts of Water Supply AffordabilityAnalysis CUnserviced Households)
Cubic US$ Actual ConsumptIon Liters Meters NKz U8O0
...... Per Capita/Day(Est.) 10 Householdof Six/Day 60 100
Householdof Six/Month 1800 1.8 3000 3.75 VendorPrice per Bucket(30 liters) 50 0.06 VendorPrice/Cubic Meter 1667 2.08
StandpipeConsumption
,...... Per Capita/Day (Est.) 30 Household of Six/Day 180 63
Household of Six/Month 5400 5.4 1901 2.38 StondpipePrice per Bucket (30 liters) 11 0.01 "Econmuc Rate"/CubicMeter 352 0.44
The ActualConsumption calculation shows thata familyof six,presently buying two buckets of water per day at NKz5Oper bucket, or lSS 2.08 per cubic meter, is consuminga sub-minimum 10 Liters per person per day.
The Standpipe Consumptioncalculation shows that the samefamily, paying the "economic rate' of US$0.44per cubic meter, could triple Its consuwption at a fraction (about 63X) of prior cost. This increased benefit would be possible as the proposed "economic rate" of water, converted into Kwanzasat NKz800per USS, is only 21X of current vendor prices. Annex Page 1 of 9
LOBITO-BENGUELAURBAN ENVIRONMENTAL REHABIL1TATION PROJECT
GEOGRAPHICINFORMATION SYSTEM (GMS)
A. OBJECTIVES
1. The GeographicInformation System (GIS) is a desktopcomputing facility for processing, using and printing digital maps and images. The proposed GIS is a user friendly, high-tech, low cost tool, which is intended to asrist local authoritiesto inventory, plan, msanage,and monitor the urban and environmatal rehabilitationproject as well as other investments. The GIS is a spatial informationmanagement tool that will be used in land registration, project management,and cost recovery. The GIS will operate on spatial databases to provide basic modem relationaldatabase managementand use, as well as basic digital mapmaking,image processingand modern map use. Its outputsare database reports, graphic and presentationaldata. The informationis accessedboth in digital form (on screen) and by generatinghardcopy printouts.
2. There are four objectivesfor the GIS componentof the project:
a) The GIS will be used for a study to design and implementa Land RegistrationGIS (LARGIS) prototype system in support of taxationmanagement for overall project cost recovery.
b) The system will be used to prcvide technicalsupport as part of the InstitutionalDevelopment program for the EnvironmentalSanitation and Low Income Sanitationcomponents. The GIS will also be used for environmentalmapping for the EnvironmentalManagement and MonitoringStudies.
c) To continue GIS trainingthroughout the life of the project as part of InstitutionalDevelopment.
d) To generate educational,promotional and informationproducts on land registration, taxation and GIS. The materialswill be disseminatedin subsidizedform and on a cost-recoverybasis as appropriate.
B. DESCRIPTION
3. GIS Preparation. Preparationof the GIS componentstarted early on in the life of the project; the need for up-to-datemaps and imageswas made particularlyclear during the June 1989 IdentificationMission. SPOT satellite data was acquired and processeddigitally with the assistanceof a GIS consultantprior to the October 1989 Preparation Mission. GIS work was performedon and betweenthe October 1989 Prepation Mission, the May 1990 and January 1991 pre-AppraisalMissions, the May 1991 Appraisal Mission, and through preparationof the Staff AppraisalReport (SAR) in June 1991. The work included instaton of equipment,spatial data acquisitionand processing, developmentof appropriatetools and methods,training, hardcopy imagemapproduction, and documentation. Specificson this work are provided in the paragraphs below. The GIS project preparationconsultant was financed initially, tirough the SIDA and NORAD Project Preparation Trust Fund, later on by the World Bank's Project PreparationFacility, and with support from a CIDA Trust Fund for Canadianconsultants. The followingdetails what was achievedprior and up to to appraisal:
1 j ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Annex8 Page 2 of 9
4. Sgatial Data Acquisition. Digital spatial databaseswere created using SPOT 20 and 10 meter resolutionsatellite data for the entire conurbationand environs. The prime use cf the 10-and-20meter SPOT data is to provide imagemapsof the conurbationat a regional scale. SPOT data may be also be useful on an occasionalbasis for natural hazard impact assessment,eg. followingwidespread catastrophic events such as severe large-scale flooding. A set of 1:15 000 air photographsfrom 1987 providing partial coverage of the area were scanned in at 150 dots per inch (dpi), yieldinga resolutionof approximately3 meters. A digital mosaicof enhancedair photos was created for the city of Benguela. The more appropriatespatial resolution for urban rehabilitationmapping purposes in mussequesis in the plus or minus 1 meter cell resolution range. Thoe erial photos comprisea data source of prime importance. Local and overseas-produced(by consultingfirms) map resourceswere identified, accessed,and where possible, acquired.
5. Spatial Data Processing. Relyingprimarily on the MAP II GIS software package. In this capacity the GIS served as a decision support tool for various missionspecialists during and followingWorld Bank missions to Angolain 1989, 1990 and 1991. The GIS softwareand the SPOT databasewere particularly useful for preparing the water supply and distributioncomponent. Laminatedmosaics of LaserWritersatellite data output proved to be extremelyuseful low-costdesktop computingproducts.
6. HardcopX Production. Hardcopy image maps were generatedusing Apple LaserWriterprinters from the digital satelliteand air photographsat various scales. Multi-pageoutputs were manually cut and pasted into mosaics which could then be lamninated.Using photocopyingtechniques, 30 hardcopy sets of maps of the spatial database were produced, of which 20 brought to Angolaand distributed (15 sets in Lobito-Benguelaand 5 in Luanda). The image maps were used for locatingand planningpurposes on and betweenpreparation missionsto the field. Some of the sets of photocopieswere laminated,a process which extends their lifespan.
7. Development of SpecializedHardware Configuratiory. A Portable GIS System was configuredand tested in a developingcountry context. The system consists of devices that are 110/220Vswitchable. The key piece is a MacintoshPortable which always operates as an uninterruptedpower supply (UPS) device. Peripheralsinclude a portablerugged hard disk, a tape backup device, a scanner and a portable ink-jet printer.
8. Custom software tools were develooed. An 'ImageMap Viewer" was written in HyperCard permittinga user to navigate and view the Spatial Databasefor the area at various levels of detail and display scales. A "Histogram*desktop assessory was created to enhancethe data in the spatial database during a data preprocessingstage. A software Compasswas implementedto permit the use of a portablecormputer as a digital plane table for basic field mapping(eg. locatingground control points).
9. Development of Agpropriate Technigues. Various geographicimaging techniques were developed and put to use, for examplethe scanningof hand-held35mm camera photographsof hard-to-obtainmaps; (ii) the subsequentgeneration of a 3-D model of terrain informationcaptured in (i) above. Additionaltechniques are in the process of being developed. These includea general-purposerelational database for managing spatially-keyedinformation, basic line-drawingmapmaking techniques, and an easy-to-useinterface in HyperCard to a limitedset of queryingand drawingcapabilities. The resultingdatabase and map systems are intended to be used in conjunctionwith a physical neighborhood/street/houseaddressing system which is being designedfor land registrationand taxation.
10. Evaluation of Software Packages and Expermentation includedthe following:
a) An experimentalThematic Electronic Atlas was compiled, demonstratingthat it is possibleto link
2 8-8 Page 3 of 9
the informationin a database to maps and images. FILEVISIONi-a Visual InformationSystem somewhat similar to HyperCard was used.
b) An extensiveexperiment with cadastral informationmapping, storing, queryingand analysingwas conductedusing the MAP II raster GIS and based on scanned air-photodata.
c) A transparencywas used to transfer spatial data from air photos to the satellite files using MAP II on-screen tracing tools. This experimenttook place in Lobito, Angola. The traced transparencywas scotchtapedto the screen of the portablecomputer and the satellite image was displayedon the screen at a matching scale and alignment. The traced areas on the tmansparencywere trasfered to the computerimage file using screen tracing tools. Area measurementswere obtained from this informationfor planned and spontaneoussettlement in the Catumbelaarea.
d) Large format color maps that are not availableoutside of the country were photographed. The developedprints were scanned using a 32-bit full-colorscanner. Once this informationis brought into MAP II, thematicdata from these maps (e.g. land use types) can be automaticallyseparated as individuallayers, creating a GIS spatial databasewhich can then be processed in numerousways for visualization,data managementand analysispurposes
e) Other packages evaluatedincluded MapGraphix,MapMaker, LandDesign,HyperCard, 4th Dimension.
11. Creation of GIS Faclitv. Computer equipmentfor the GIS componentwas procured, configured, tested, instaled, and made operationalat the GPP in Benguela,Angola. The equipmentincludes a Macintosh SI/30, a Portable Macintosh,a MacintoshLC with a 12W16 gray-tonemonitor, two portable ink-jet printers, a B&W scanner, an 80 MB portableexternal hard disk and a tape-cartridgeTape Backupdevice.
12. Demonstrations and Presentations. Demonstrationsand presentationsin Africa, at Bank headquarters and other locationswere given on the GIS tools, techniques,and applicationsthat are used in the project. Two public wo1kshops were given at The World Bank, one in December 1989 and the second in December 1990.
13. Training. Training in the use of the computerequipment was providedduring three of the project Preparationmissions. General topics were taught such as basic system operation, word-processing,spreadsheet, drawing programs. Selectedprofessional staff were also providedtraining on GIS oriented topics, including: connectingoffline digital spatial database devices, accessingand retrieving images, viewing the images and using them for presentationand communicationof spatial information,and for simple mappingby employing on-screen digital tracing techniques.
14. "Simgle Cownputir Technigues for Maps. Air Photos and Satellite knages". A publicationby Roberto Chavez (of the World Bank), Micha Pazner and Nancy Thies (both at the Universityof Western Ontario) is currently in preparationas a World Bank TechnicalPaper. It documentsa set of techniquesuseful for those requiring spatial data input for decisionsupport and project preparationrnd management. They wae developedand implementedfor the GIS componentof the World Bank Lobito-BenguelaUrban Environmental Rehabilitation Project (Angola). A 1-page description of this publicaion is attadced.
15. Fawiliarization. Familiarizationwith the requirements,resources (physical,human) and constraints for the GIS componentresulting in several documentson file.
3 Amnex8 Page 4 of 9
C. IMPLEMENTATION
16. GIS system should be housed in an appropriatefacility at the Gabinete Provincialdo Plano (GPP) in Benguela,be comprised of computer hardware and software, and operated by trained personnel. The tasks for the GIS facilityame defined within the scope of four primary objectivesas outlined below.
a) Land Registration. The GIS will be used for a 2-year study, contractedto a Land Registrationand GIS firm, to design and implementa Land RegistrationGIS (LARGIS)prototype system. The objectiveof the proposedstudy is to develop a comprehensiveLand RegistrationGIS (LARGIS)prototype that includesa physical addressingscheme and a land registrationsystem. The specificuse of LARGISin the project is as a axation tool, ie. for project cost recovery. A more general utility extends to overall project management.For example, base maps that are generated for the LARGIS(using the GIS) can be used in environrmentaland rehabilitationoperations.
17. The new designs for land registrationand environmentalmapping methods will be tested in pilot test areas. The Bairro do Massangarala(in Benguela)and a canyon in Bella Vista (in Lobito) are proposedas likely test areas for the spatially-keyedrelational database for land registration(cadaster), and for mapping latrines and other sanitationand environmentalthemes. Massangaralahas potential for popular (ie. community) participation,while canyon settlements in Bela Vista are instancesof neighorhoodsthat are subject to erosion problems and flood hazards.
18. The system should be designedaround two main elements:a (relational)Database Management System and an AutomatedMapping System. The DatabaseSystem will be spatially-keyedand used for the management of demographic,infrastructure, and other attribute informationfrom templates. For instance, Groupe Huite in Paris, France has worked on addressingsystems and data templatesusing the 4th Dimensionrelational database system. The spatial data is rppresentedin the database in propositionalrather than in graphic form-similar to bus schedules,telephone directories, etc. The Mapping Systemwill be used for creating and using a digital survey fabric consistingof base maps at severalscales: cadastral, musseque,and small scale environmental maps. More details are pruvidedin the report entitled: "Towarda Modern (and Simple) Information ManagementSystem".
19. b) Technical Support. The GIS system will be used to provide technicalsupport as part of the InstitutionalDevelopment program for the EnvironmentalSanitation and Low Income Sanitationcomponents. The GIS will also be used for environmentalmapping for the EnvironmentalManagement and Monitoring Studies, ie.: EnvironmentalDiagnostic, Environmental Action Plan, and Environmentaland Project Monitoring studies. This objectivecan be achievedto some extent by continuingwith proven project mapmakingefforts:
i. Completionof the digital air-photoportion of the spatial database; create additional digital mosaics and continue to scan air photographsboth at 150 dpi for 3 meter resolution data, and at 300 dpi for 1.5 meter data. Maps and 1987 aerial photos will be entered and processedin order to create the large scale spatial databasesfor subareas of the region. This work involves scanning, formatting,enhancing, creating mosaics and subscenes, printing, manual cut-&-paste,photocopying, laminating and digitalarchival and indexing.
ii. Continuedwork on environmentalmapping (eg. latrines and sanitation)with popular participation.
4 Annex8 Page 5 of 9
20. The primary map output of the GIS is based on spatial databasesfrom which enhanced, marked, measured,analyzed and otherwiseprocessed imagesand maps are produced. The database and hardcopy output, along with the GIS, give a decision support capabilityfor planning, managingand monitoringactivities. Examplesof GIS outputs are:
i. Printouts made at will of custom thematic maps at various scales.
ii. Incorporationof scannedair photos, digital layers of mapped information(e.g.: drainage, roads, infrastructure,boundaries, etc.) and satellitedata into coherent and accessible spatial dataustzs.
iii. Area measurements,e.g., of new spontaneoussettlement from satellite data, air photos or from field survey.
21. c) Training. Training will be provide-dabroad as well as in Angola. The LARGIS study subcomponentcalls for Land Registrationapplication-oriented GIS training. Instructorswill be recruitedby the GPP from Angolan sources, throughthe GIS consultantand through the Land Registrationfirm.
22. d) Education. To generate educational,promotional and informationproducts on land registration, taxation and GIS. This includes documenting,writing and publishinginformational material on the land registrationand GIS applied and developmentwork. This objectivecan be achievedby capitalizingon the Desktop Mapping/Publishingcapabilities inherent in the GIS facility. The informationalproducts could be disseminatedto and through interestedagencies within the communityon a collaborativeor cost-recovery contractualagreement basis. The product line of this "GIS store' could include pamphlets,T-shirts, small imagemaps, full size maps, reports, articles, etc. To be disseminatedin subsidizedform and on a cost-recoverybasis as appropriate. The materials could be displayedin display cases (eg. at or next to a proposedlibrary). This type of initiativepromotes a sense of identity and ownership.
23. Recnmmendations. 'o achieve the above objectives,it is recommendedthat the followingbe implemented:
a) That an appropriatepermanent facility for the GIS be set up as a condition for component implementationand installationof additionalequipment. The facility should be in good condition: painted or whitewashed,clean, well furnished,have electricityand air conditioning(for both staff and equipment), and be well protected by bolt locks.
b) Completionof installationof computerhardware. Additionalitems to includea scanner, a color personal computerand a laser printer. A photocopyingmachine, a paper cutter, and a machine for laminatingmanual mosaicsof laser printer output and multiplephotocopies of this output should also be procured. The overall equipmentwill includeportable, black & white and color computers, external hard disk and tape backup units, a laser printer and two ink-jet printers, a scanner, a photo copying machine, a paper cutter, and a laminatingmachine. General office software will includeproject management,word processing, outlining,spreadsheet, database managementand drawing(CAD) programs. GIS softwarewill include grid-based(raster), vector and databasemanagement packages. The GIS softwarewill be further tailored to the precise needs of the project through the developmentof custom tools and methods.
5 Annex A Pa,, 6 of 9
c) That an external firm for Land Registrationand GIS be contractedfor designingand implementing the Land RegistrationCIS (LARGIS)Study. The study is elaborated in a separate annex. The tenms of reference for the LARGISStudy are provided as a separatedocument.
d) Th provision of guidanceand supervisionfor the GIS componentby a consultant-for 6 months over the tlfe of the project. Technicalsupport should be providedto the GIS facilityto ensure it can continue to functionon a long-termbasis. This is an integral part of tne overall goal. The consultant will assist and supervise in designingand implementingthe GIS component,including acquisition and operationalizing(configuring, testing, trouble-shooting)of the equipment,creation and upgradingof the spatial databases, developingcustom softwaretools and methodsand applications,and training of the kIeyGIS personnel. Draft Terms of Reference(TOR) for the GIS consultantare attached.
e) Tramiingwill be providedabroad and in Benguelaby the GIS consultant, by the firm contracted for the land registrationstudy, and by Angolanfirms and individuals.
D. COSTS (See Budget in Annex 6, Detailed Project Costs, Page 15 of 15)
E. JUSTIFICATION
24. Why Gl;? Under normal circumstancesmapmaking and map use are not a matter of life and death- their roles are usually less essentialand dramatic. Not in this case; the project deals with an area where people are dying daily from filthy conditions, lack of water, adequatenutrition, and disease. Logisticalsupport to the project in terms of mappingWhat is Where, and detectingchanges in environmentalsanitation, will undoubtedly contribute to slowing the stream of funerals, many of them for snall children. In this region, the textbookcase involvingmapping of residenceswhere deathshave occurredalong with potential sources of contamination is applicable, relevant and important.
25. The GIS is a project support tool. The Gabinete Provincialdo Plano (GPP) is setting up 3 project support groups: financial, legal, and technical. The GIS componentcomes in under the technical support rubrick. Specifically,the GIS is a project support tool for modem basic digital map and image use. As such it plays a comparablerole and augmentsthe standardways in which conventionalmaps and imagesare used in similar projects. The GIS system will be used to provide technicalsupport as part of the Institutional Developmentprogram for the Land Registration,Environmental Sanitation, and Low Income Sanitation components. The GIS will also be used for environmentalmapping.
26. Which Personal Computers? The overriding considerationin selectingboth hardware and software is the potential for these tools to be used effectivelyin a resource-poorenvironment under harsh operating conditions. For example, electricalpower tends to be intermittentand surge prone. Environmentalcontrols, such as cooling and dust controls are limited or absent. The equipmentchosen should meet the following criteria:
a) Cost-both low absolute cost and value delivered for cost.
b) Versatility-as a way of maximizingvalue. For instance, a printer capable of producing both text and graphics is preferable to one capable of text only.
6 Annei Page 7 of 9
c) Dependability-equipmentwith a record of infrequentbreakdowns and requiringminimum maintenance. It is importantthat local personnel be able to do periodicmaintenance and perform basic troubleshootingwithout lengthy training.
d) User friendliness--toolswhich can be learned quickly and used easily. Ideally, local users can not only quickly learn and use the equipment,but can soon be able to train others.
e) Tolerance of varying power sources and standards--equipmenthas to be surge tolerant. The ability to run on an uninterruptedpower supply (ie. on battery power) is also a plus.
E. BENEFITS
27. The benefits of the componentwere apparent during project preparationby providing up-to-datemaps and images to local authorities,Bank staff, and consultants,which contributedto project design and will contributeto the ongoing managementof environmentaland sanitationcomponents. The desktop mapping capabilityof the componentwill also be conduciveto modest direct cost recovery initiatives. Most significantly, the GIS componentwill be used to develop a systemr.of land registration. 4s such, the GIS is expectedto play an important role in municipaland provincialfiscal mianagement.
7 Annex8 Page 8 of 9
LOBITO-BENGUELAURBAN ENVIRONMENTALREHABILITATION PROJECT
TERMSOF REFERENCE
GEOGRAPHICINFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) CONSULTANT
OBJECTIVESAND LEVEL OF EFFORT
Establishmentof the Lobito-BenguelaUrban EnvironmentalRehabilitation Project requires hiring a Geographic InformationSystems (CIS) Consultanton a part-time basis-for 6 months over the life of the project (3-5 years). The GIS consultantwill provide guidanceand supervisionfor the GIS componentof the project. He/she will guide and supervise the operational,administrative, training and research activitiesof the project's GIS facility. The consultantwill asist in, and supervisethe design and implementationof the GIS component, including acquisitionand operationalizing(configuring, testing, trouble-shooting)of the equipment,creation and upgrading of the spatial databases, developingcustom software tools and methodsand applications,and training of key GIS psonnel.
There are four objectives for the GIS component of the project:
1. The GIS will be used for a study to design and implementa Land RegistrationGIS (LARGIS)prototype system in support of taxationmanagement for overall project cost recovery.
2. The system will be used to provide technicalsupport as part of the InstitutionalDevelopment program for the EnvironmentalSanitation and Low Income Sanitationcomponents. The GIS will also be used for environmentl nmappingfor the EnvironmentalManagement and MonitoringStudies.
3. To continue GIS training throughoutthe life of the project as part of institutionaldevelopment.
4. To generate educational,promotional and informationproducts on land registration, taxationand GIS. The materialswill be disseminatedin subsidizedform and on a cost-recoverybasis-as appropriate.
QUALIFICATIONS
Minimuml3 years experiencein GeographicInformation Systems (GIS) applicationsand related university degree are essential. Ability to carry out part of the work in a developingcountry setting. Good working knowledgeand experiencewith Apple Macintoshpersonal computers. Strong computingsldlls in one or more of the following: GIS, remote sensing, computercartography, field survey, cadastralapplications, relational dabas systems. Commandof the Portuguese languageand good onldand written communicationkills. Motivatedand interested in working in a developingcountry under difficultconditions. Must be willing to provide training. Strong leadership, initiativeand ability to superviseand provide guidance to a GIS team.
8 Annex 8 Page 9 of 9
REPRESENTATIVE DUTIES
1. Act as the CISfacility consultant. The consultantwill provide technical supportfor, and supervise, the design and implementationof the CIS facility, includingacquisition and operationalizing(configuring, testing, trouble-shooting)of the equipment,creation and upgrading of the spatial da abases, and developingcustom softwarotools and methodsand mappingapplications.
2. Provide guidance in the mnainuse of the GIS facility for establishinga Land RegistrationCIS application. Coordinateclosely the developmentof the Land RegistrationGIS system with the consultingfirm contracted for carying out an init> .. yea- study. See attachedAnnex on the Land RegistrationGIS and its terms of reference.
3. Develop and mountGiS tr;;ning initiativesfor key project personnel. Coordinatethe GIS training with the Land Registrationtraining by the consultingfirm contractedfor the land registrationstudy.
4. Promote the use of thu GIS facility for other applicat;-or.
S. Collaborateon popular participationmapping projects for Low Income Sanitationand for Environmental Sanitation.
6. Help to initiate InformationServices projects for receiving, creating and disseminatinginformation with interested agencies within the communityon a collaborativeor cost-recoverycontractual-agreement basis.
7. Assist in the generationof promotionalmaterials on GIS. The product line of this 'store' could include pamphlets,T-shirts, small imagemaps, full size maps, reports, etc. To be disseminatedin subsidizedform and on a cost-recoverybasis--as appropriate.
8. Document, write and publish informationalmaterial on GIS applied and developmentwork.
9. Create and promote strong linkages between the project and other activitiesand investmentsin the area.
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ANGOLA
LOBlTO BENGUELAURBAN ENVIRONMENTAL REHABILITATION PROJECT
EMPRESAPROVINCIAL DE AGUASDE BENGUELA(EPAB)
REQUESTFOR PROPOSAL(RFP)
WATER & SEWERTARIFF ANDINSTITUTIONAL REORGANIZATION STUDIES
TERMS OF REFERENCE
I. INTRODUCTION
1. The Waterand SewerTariff and InstitutionalReorganization Studies are integralelements of the Lobito BenguelaUrban EnvironmentalRehabilitation Project, financedby the Governmentof Angola,the International DevelopmentAssociation (IDA), and the internationaldevelopment agencies of Norway(NORAD) and Sweden (SIDA). The majorinvestment components of the projectare the rehabilitationof the water and sanitarysewerage networksof the two cities.
2. This Requestfor Proposalinvites a short list of selectedpre-qualified firms to submittheir Technical and FinancialProposals, in accordancewith World Bank Guidelines for Procurementof Consultants,to the Gabinete Provincialdo Planode Benguela(GPP). The timetablefor submissionand evaluationof proposalsis set forthin the coveringLetter of Invitation. Contractsignature is a conditionof crediteffectiveness, scheduled for March 1992;and mobilizationof the consultingteam will *ommence immediately thereafter. Thestudies described herein are expectedto involvea total of 30 man/monthsof consultantinputs. The first of three visits to Lobitoand Benguelais scheduledfor May, 1992;and all studieswould be completedby January31, 1993. It is anticipated that one firm will be awarded a contract to undertakeboth the Water and Sewer Tariff and Institutional ReorganizationStudies described herein.
3. The findingsand recommendationsof the reorganizationand tariffstudies constitute important inputs into the decision-makingprocess incorporated in the Waterand SewerTariffs Action Plan (vara 15 and Aggendix1) and the Proiect Mid-TermReview (SAR para 3.38). Startup of PhysicalWorks on rehabilitationof the water and sanitarysewerage networks is scheduledfor July 1, 1992;completion of PhysicalWork is scheduledfor December 31, 1993;and the ProjectMid-Term Review is scheduledto beginin September,1993. Thus the consultant'sfinal reports and rocommendationswill be availablefor review by the ProvincialGovernment and the World Bank approximatelyeight monthsprior to the Mid-TermReview.
4. The primary objectiveof the Tariff Study is to assist the Governmentof the Provinceof Benguelato establisheconomic tariffs for water and sewer servicesso that the full costs of investment,operation, and maintenanceof the rehabilitatedsystems can be recoveredwithout recourse to subsidy.
5. Theprimary purpose of the InstitutionalReorganization Study is to assistthe ProvincialGovenment in the establishmentof an efficientservice company capable of assumingoperating responsibility for the rehabilitated networks. To this end the InstitutionalReorganization Study will assist provincialauthorities in the designof the reorganizedentity, in an analysisof ownershipand operatingalternatives, and in the selectionof appropriate mnagement,technical assistance, and traininginputs.
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6. In addition,the studyteam will design and monitora pilotprogram to test selectedmethods of organization, billingand collectionof water sold at standpipesin Lobitoand Benguela,in accordancewith the decisionstaken at negotiations(SAR para 3.15).
II. BACKGROUND
7. The Lobito BenguelaUrban EnvironmentalRehabilitation Project was first identifiedat the SATCC CoordinatingConference in Luandain January1989 which reviewed the DevelopmentPlan for the LobitoTransport System(the 'Lobito Corridor"). The Swedishand Norwegiandelegations expressed interest in the rehabilitation of Lobitoand proposedthat the WorldBank, as executingagent, undertakeproject preparation and appraisal. A Bank identificationmission in June 1989 includedboth Lobitoand Benguelabecause the two cities form an environmentalmicroregion and socio-economicconurbation. In April 1990SIDA and NORADcreated a Project PreparationTrust Fund of SEK 6.8 million(US$1.2 million)to support the project. SIDA alsc providedan EmergencyEquipment Fund of SEK 10 million(SUSI.8 million)to provideshort-term relief to the water and seweragesystems. In May, 1990the Bankapproved a ProjectPreparation Facility of $750,000,and in July, 1991 followingappraisal of the projectthe ProvincialGovernment requested a secondProject Preparation Facility to ensure the timely completionof engineeringstudies and to provide for contractingof the Water and Sewer InstitutionalReorganization and Tariff Studies.
M. PROJECT CONTEXT 8. The problemsfacing Lobitoand Bengueladuring the post-Independenceperiod are largely a result of deferredmaintenance and substantialbreakdown of the water,sewer and trashcollection systems in the face of a rapidlygrowing population. These problems have been exacerbated and compounded by a drainingcivil war. Since 1975the populationof Lobito-Benguelahas nearlyquadrupled to 800,000,while delivery of urbanwater and basic sanitationservices has diminishedby as muchas two-thirds. The result is that the citiesare facingpublic health and environmentalcrises of majorproportions. Lack of water and basicsanitation have led to chronicoutbreaks of cholera,typhoid and yellowfever. Morbidityrates, i.e., the incidenceof debilitatingdisease, have reached alarmingproportions, averaging 35% in the urban area; infant (169per thousand)and child (325per thousand) mortalityrates are among the highest in the world. Environmentaldegradation is manifestedby other factors, includingpollution of wetlands,erosion, and desertification.Refugees from the interiorcontinue to arrive,and with peace the cities can expect further populationpressure due to resettlementand developmentalong the Lobito Corridor.
9. The newerurban populationhas severely over-burdened the infrastructureand publicutlity systems. With limitedinvestment, severe shortages of replacementequipment and spare parts, and inadequatemaintenance, the basic urbanservices of water supply,sewerage, sanitation, and refusecollection are now in a criticalstate. The well fieldsservinjg Lobito and Benguelaare totallyinadequate. Only three of twenty wells in Benguelaare in operation;nine willhave to be abandoned.Only two of the fourwater pumps serving Lobito-Catumbela ten years ago are now operating. Over 50% of the urbanpopulation receive no pipedmunicipal water whatsoever. These peoplerely on privatewater trucks sellingwater at exorbitantprices to meetm-rinimum daily needs.
10. Thesanitary sewer networks of the centralresidential areas are likewiseinadequate and largelyinoperative due to lack of maintenanceand investment. Rehabilitationwill providefor about42,000 peoplein Lobitoand 34,000in Benguela,less than 10%of the total population.Hence, there is an urgentneed for a massivesanitary latrineprogram to counter observedhealth hazards. A similar, thoughless precarious,situation applies to the electricalgrid and roadnetwork of the twocities. Thanksto thehilly topography most of the low-incomeresidential areas are well drained,although there are stagnantwaters in the plains,and sanitationis in generaldeficient. The managementof increasedvolumes of solidwaste is well beyondthe municipalities'present capacity. The vehicle fleet, 80% inoperative,is obsoleteand has been largelycannibalized for spare parts. Consequently,there are numerousspontaneous garbage dumps along roadsides, in gulliesand vacantlots withinthe urban area.
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11. Cleanwater and basic sanitationare criticalin improvinghygiene, health and generalliving conditions. Eventhe caul visitorto the unplannedsettlements of the Lobito-Benguelaconurbation will be shockedby the lack of water and sanitation,and by the open fieldsof humanfaeces. Cholerahas been the most rcent killerwith a faccal-oralcycle of transmission,but other diarrhoealdiseases along with malariaand schistosomiasispoint to the urgentneed for improvementin envirommentalsanitation.
IV. INSTITUTIONALBACKGROUND
12. In general the ComissariadoProvincial de Benguelaovershadows the municipaland local govermments whichare weak. As is thecase throughoutthe country,administrative bodies at all levelswere depleted of qualified human resourcesafter Independence.The mainproblems continue to be lack of managersand techniciansat all levels,lack of equipmentand spareparts, low salaries,and excessiveabsenteeism. Among institutions there are conflictsin jurisdictionand overlappingresponsibility and authority. The stateof disrepairof localinfrastructuro is partiallyexplained by the centralizedbudgetary and financialmanagement system in effectin recentyars. Lo revenueswere channelledentirely to the central governmentwhich made partialbudgetary allocations to local serviceproviders. 13. AfterIndependence and untilMarch 1990the water(and electrical)authorities were provincialbranches of nationalparastatals. Duringthe Portuguesecolonial regime Servicos de Aguasdo Benguelawas one of the multipleDepartments of the extinct CamaraMunicipal de Benguela. In 1976 the Centro Provincialdo Aguas (CPA),the predecessorof EPAB,was created as a dependencyof the Ministryof Construction.In 1980CPA was transferredbriefly to the now extinctCoordenacao Provincial and again in 1980 to the Secretariado Estado de Habitacao,which administers state owned housing property. In March1990, in consonancewith a partialmovement towarddecentralization, operating control of local watercompanies and water authoritieswas transferredto the provincialgovernments.
14. Rents,tariffs, user chargesand taxesare in generalvery inadequate.Rents of state-ownedapartments and housesare token,and distortedby the exchangerate system. Rentsfor twoand threebedroom houses or apartments are fixedat NKz2000and NKz2500,US$33-42 per monthat the officialrate of NKz60/dollar,and only US$2-3 per monthat the unofficialrate of NKz800/dollar.Water tariffshave not changedsince Independencein 1975 despitean underlyingrate of inflationof about20% per annum. They remainfixed at NKzlOper cubicmeter of estimatedconsumption, about US$0.16 at the officialexchange rate, but onlyabout a pennyat the unofficialmarket rate. Thereis at presentno sewertariff, nor wasthere one in Angolaunder the previousregime. Ihe Government has recognizedthe problemof low rents and tariffsin recent financialand economicadjustment plans, but much remainsto be done. It will be the task of the proposedWater and SewerTariff Study to help the Government determineequitable and viabletariffs for thevarious categories of beneficiariesfrom the rehabilitatedand expanded systems.
15. Water and Sewer Tariffs Action Plan. A proposalhas been pendingfor over one year to doublethe presentrate to NKz2Oper e 3. Preliminaryindications from the financialand economicanalysis of the project, however, are that the proposedrate increase, based on the official rate of exchange,is artificial and quite inadequate.During negotiations a Water and Sewer Tariffs ActionPlan wasagreed, which is attachedto these Terms of Referenceas Appendix1. The agreed underlyingprinciple is that tariffswill be revisedannually to reflectthe true economiccost: a) of the existingwater networks; and b) of the rehabilitatedand expandedwater and sewer networks. True economiccosts are definedas full costs of operation,maintenance, and replacement, convertedat a realisticexchange rate. The exchangerate, in turn, is definedas a ReferenceValue takenas the approximateaverage of the officialand unofficialexchange rates (NK400as of October1991). Basedon these principles,a first interimwater tariff of NK53per rn3 was agreed,which is 5.3 timesthe presentrate, to become effectiveJanuary 1, 1992 upon ratificationby the ProvincialPrice Commissionand the ProvincialGovemment. The agreementcalls for a secondinterim water tariff,at leastequal to 80%of the breakevencost at the prevailing ReferenceValue for the dollar, to becomeeffective no later than January1, 1993, basedon the findingsof the studiesfinanced under the credit (parm2.24). Subsequenttariff reviewswould be scheduledduring the mid-term projectreview to take placeapproximately 18 monthsafter the date of crediteffectiveness (parm 3.36).
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V. THE PROJECT
16. The Lobito Benguela Urban Environmental Rehabilitation Project consists of the following basic components:
a) Envirormental Sanitation, including rehabilitationof the water and sanitary sewerage networks; tho solid waste managementsystems; and the storm drainage networks;
b) Low Income Sanitation, including major improvedlatrine and sanitary education programs and a small urban revegetationcomponent;
c) Institutional Development, including technical assistance and training for Provincial implementing agencies responsible respectively for the operation and maintenance of the provincial water and sewer systems (EPAB); solid waste management; low cost sanitation,sanitary education, and building materials programs (DPSC); and overall planning, project management, and monitoring (GPP). Administrative and logistical support to the project includes acquisition of vehicles, telecommunicationand office equipment, supplies, and spare parts for project use.
d) Studie, including detailed engineeringdesign and supervisionof the water, sewer, and storm drainage components;and the following area-specificstudies: a water and sewer tariff and institutionalreorganization study; an environmental managementand monitoring study; and a geographic information system and land registration study. The project would also finance annual audits of project accounts, and studies for the design and preparation of follow-up projects in the infrastrcture sector, identified during project implementation.
VI. WATER SUPPLY
17. Since Independencethe urban population of Lobito and Benguelahas nearly quadrupled during which time there has been no expansion nor real maintenance of the water supply network. As a result nearly 80% of the population have no house connections today and nearly 50% have no water within one kilometer. Those that can pay have to purchase water from private suppliers at exorbitant prices. The objectives of this component are to rehabilitatethe present networks and to double the water supply in both cities to cover the entire urban area. Public standoines and washbasins will extend the municipal water service to all squatter settlements.
18. In Lobito installed capacity will be increased to 1,000 m3 per hour via installationof a new wellfield along the Catumbela river, connected to the existing treatment plant, a new chlorination station, and a new 500 mm transmission main feeding the existing 500 mm main to Lobito, Bela Vista, and Alto Lira. Pumping stations and reservoirs will be relocated and refurbished to provide storage capacity of over 50% of daily production. The rehabilitated network is designed to supply 75-100 liters per capita to those with house connections. A network of 300 standpipes will provide 25-30 liters per capita to the squatter settlements. Each standpipe with four taps and laundry facilities would serve about 150 families (800-1,000 persons) within a maximum walldng distance of 200 meters.
19. In Benguela the existing wellfield is surrounded by residential and industrial buildings with little potential for expansion. Nominal capacity is 470 m3 per hour; however, output is less than one third. Only three wells, drilled after 1980, are operating. Nine non-functioning wells will be abandoned and eight others will be rehabilitated be cleaning, video inspection, repair, well head improvement, testing, and disinfection. A new wellfield with a designcapacity of 500 m3 per hour would be constructedalong the Cavaco River aquifer consisting of six new wells and two observation wells. Final engineeringexists ior a second phase 500m3 per hour flow to double present capacity. The treatment plant is designed to remov t iron and manganese from the water, but water quality is satisfactory with no harmfil pathogens. Therefore, thotfirst phase does not include expansion of the treatment plant. Water demand in 1990 is calculatedat 760 m3/hour in Benguela plus 63 m3/hour in nearby Baia Farta which receives less than a third of its needs. An Italian grant prugram parallel to the Bank-financedproject
4 Annex9 Page S of 9 will financethe BaiaFarta extension. Increasedproduction for greaterBenguela of 1000m3 per hour corresponds to demandprojected for 1995. The capacityof the mainpumping station would be doubledand a newrising main of 400 mm wouldbe providedto the rehabilitatedreservoir. In the near futurea new transmissionline from the new wellfieldto the local airportwill be requiredalong with new reservoirsto serve the expansionareas and Baia Farta. A networkof 200 standpipesand wash basins would be providedfor the squattersettlements on the peripheryof Benguelain a similarpattern to the Alto Lira and BelaVista programs in Lobito.
VII. SANITARYSEWERAGE
20. Underthe project full managementresponsibility of thesewage network, including operation, maintenance, and cost recoverywopuld be transferredfrom DPSC to EPAB. Managementof the treated effluentfrom the lagoons would be shared between the provincialwater company,EPAB, and the ProvincialDirectorate of Community Services (DPSC).
21. The constructionand replacementof new sanitary sewer networksfor the built up commercialand residentialzones of both citieswill be coordinatedto ensurethat the gravitynetworks and pumpingstations are in placeand connectedto the force mainsand completedsewage lagoons before the full supplyof water is turnedon. This requirementis necessaryto preventfurther overflow and backupof the sewagenetwork. 22. Lobito- the rehabilitationof the Compaogravity network will start simultaneouslywith the start of the water supplyworks three monthsafter contractsignature, i.e., July 1, 1992. At the same time work on the new gravitysewer network and pumpingstation for the CommercialZone and CapontewilU begin. Sewernetwork constructionis scheduledfor completionin one year to coincidewith completionof the fuUlwater supply hook up. Elevationsof the Lobitosewage network are at or belowsea-level; thus the effluentwill be pumpedthroughout the network. Theexisting pumping stations must be rebuiltand twonew pumping stations added with emergency power generatorsto preventsewage overflow in the event of powerfailure.
23. Revuel - The task in Benguelais easier sincethe city enjoysa gradualsloping toward the beach from an elevationof 31 metersat the municipalairport, two kilometersinland. Only one pumpingstation and a short force main are requiredwithin the central city. The majorityof the sewagenetwork flows by gravityto the main pumpingstation on the southside of the Valado Coringe,2.7 metersbelow the presentgrade. Ihe main gravity sewer line must be completedbefore the concretelining machinefor the Vala do Coringechannel reaches that location,at the bridgeto BaiaFarta. Demolitionand replacementof the bridgemust also be completedbefore the gravitymain is installed. The six monthconstruction schedule for the Vala do Coringemust also be coordinated with the rainy seasonwhich ends in Apriland beginsin October.
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VIII. LEVEL OF EFFORT ANDTIMING OF INPUTS
24. A studyteam comprisedof one financialeconomist (9 months),one managementengineer (9 months),one financialanalyst/management consultant (9 months),and one trainingexpert (3 months)will be mobilizedfor a total of 30 man/monthsover a 10 calendarmonth period to conduct the Water and Sewer Tariff and Institutional ReorganizationStudies. The timing of the studies would coincidewith overall water and sewer investment milestonesof the project. In addition,the consultant'sInterim Tariff Report, to be deliveredin October1992, wiln providethe technicalbasis for tariff review by the Provincialauthorities and for the establishmentof the second interimtariff revision,effective January 1, 1993, in accordancewith the Water and SewerTariffs ActionPlan agreedat negotiatons(Appendix 1).
IX. SCOPE OF WORK
25. The statementof objectivesin I. above is amplifiedin the followingnotes, which may be expandedor refinedat the time of awardof the contractor later,as deemedappropriate by the ProvincialGoverment or by the WorldBank, in the interestof soundinstitutional and policydevelopment and optimalinvestment strategies.
26. THE WATER ANDSEWER TARIFF STUDY. The consultantshould pay particularattention to the followingconsiderations in developingrecommendations for an equitablewater and sewer tariff structurein the LobitoBenguela area: Costrecovery over the economiclife of newassets built and acquiredunder the projectinvestment program (See DetailedProject Costs, SAR Annex6);
Valuationand cost recoveryof existinginstallations, which are substantiallydepreciated;
Separatecost and revenuecenters for the MunicipalWater Divisionsof Lobito, Benguela,and other provincialwater service authorities;
Separatewater tariffsfor householdsand large commercialand industrialusers, e.g. Sonangol,Caminho de Ferro de Benguela,the Portof Lobito,the CementCompany; the fishprocessing industries of Benguela and Lobito;etc.;
Separatesewer chargeto households,commercial, and industrialusers connectedto the sanitarysewer network;
Design,installation, and monitoringof a pilotRrogram to test selectedmethods of organization,billingand collectionof meteredwater at some500 new standpipesand communitylaundry facilities to be installed in outlyingsquatter settlements (SAR para 3.13);
Possibilitiesof cross subsidyin the water tariffcharged to consumersin the squattersettlements;
Operatingcosts of an efficientreorganized Provincial Water Company;and
Maintenancecosts for the new and existingwater and seweragenetworks;
27. THE INSTITUTIONALREORGANIZATION STUDY
The consultantshall pay particularattention to the initiativesof the ProvincialGovemrnent with its own resourcesto hire key peopleand to undertakediagnostic and remedialmeasures to reorganizethe Provincial Water Company. A preliminarydiagnostic report of managementis attachedat Annex5.
TheProvincial Government has madeavailable expanded office space in Benguelaand in Lobitoto house
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the reorganizedwater company;and the Projectprovides adequate funds to acquirevehicles and office equipmentunder the reorganizationand to makenecessary repairs to officefacilities.
As part of the reorganizationstudy the consultantshould explore fully and make recommendationsas to alternativeownership and managementoptions. Amongoptions to be consideredare possibledivestiture and privatization,leasing of facilitiesto a privateoperator, and continuanceas a state-ownedand operated publicutility.
TheIDA Creditincludes a substantialbudget for the provisionof Technical Assistance to EPAB,estimated at 108man-months of expertmnanagerial assistance, including the provision of two managementengineers and a financialcontroller. The ProvincialGovernment and the World Bank are interestedin the consultant'sindependent findings and recommendationsas to the mostefficient, cost effective,and viable alternativefor the ongoingoperation of a reorganizedEPAB, with specificrecommendations as to the need for and adequac.,of the proposedtechnical assistance and for alternativemeans of procurementof such expertise,either through direct hire, or viaprocurement from an experiencedconsultant or operatingwater company.
In this regard the consultantwill be expectedto outlinea proposedrecommended organization of the municipalservices of Lobito,Benguela, and other municipalitiesin the Province,including a detailed 'blueprint' descriptionof managementand financialaccounting and reportingsystems to be implemented with technicalassistance in the next operationalphase of the company.
28. THE STANDPIPEPILOT PROGRAM
In addition, the study team will design and monitor a pilot program to test selected methodsof organization,billing and collectionof water soldat standpipesin Lobitoand Benguela,in accordancewith the decisionstaken at negotiations(SAR para 3.15)
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Appedix I Page I of 2
Lobito BensuehllUrban EnvironmentalRehabilitation Proiect
Water and SewerTarif,'s Action Plan
1. Duringthe negotiationsof the above-referencedcredit, the followingwater and sewer tariffsaction plan was agreedconcerning section 3.04 (a)(ii)(A)and section6.01 (c) of the DevelopmentCredit Agreement. The generalunderlying principle is thattariffs will be revisedto reflectthe trueeconomic cost: a) of the existingwater networks;and b) of the rehabilitatedand expandedwater and sewernetworks.
2. True economiccosts are definedas full costsof operation,maintenance, and replacement,converted at a realisticexchange rate, establishedas a ReferenceValue for purposesof this agreement. The ReferenceValue is definedas the approximateaverage of the officialand unofficialrates of exchange,which wiU be reviewedand revisedannually by the Borrowerand the Associationon or beforeDecember 15th pursuant to this agreement.The ReferenceValue as of October1991 was establishedat NK400per US dollar.
3. EPAB'sfinancial statement of August1991 shows an estimatedfinancial cost of NK26.25,or US$0.44per cubicmeter at the officialexchange rate. At the ReferenceValue of NK400to the dollar 'breakeven'cost per cubic meterwould be NK176. However,considering the actualdegradation of the presentwater networkand the wide disparitybetween present and proposedwater tariffs, the watertariff will be adjustedin stagesto reflectthe findings of the Waterand SewerTariff and ReorganizationStuties and the timingof new investmentsin rehabilitationand expansionunder the project.
4. A first InterimWater Tariff of NK53.00was agreedduring negotiations, which will be presentedto the ProvincialPrice Commissionby November15, 1991to becomeeffective on January1st, 1992upon ratification. TheProvincial Price Commissionwill complete its reviewof the tariffproposal and willsubmit its recommendation to the ProvincialGovernment by December15, 1991. The ProvincialGovernment will issue a Despachoby December31, 1991establishing the nhw watertariff as a conditionof crediteffectiveness (Section 6.01 (c) of the CreditAgreement).
5. The tariff scheduleand timetableeventually to achievefull cost recoveryof operation,maintenance, and investmentof the rehabilitatedwater and sewernetworks will be establishedon the basis of a study financedunder the credit. Signatureof thecontract for the Waterand SewerInstitutional Reorganization and TariffStudies, based on the biddingdocuments reviewed during negotiations, is a conditionof crediteffectiveness (Section 6.01 (b) of the CreditAgreement). The scheduleof eventsleading to signatureof the contractincludes: Letterof Invitation to be issuedby November15, 1991;submission of proposalsby January15, 1992;bid evaluationby January31, 1992;IDA 'no objection' by February15, 1992;negotiation and signatureof contractby March 15, 1992.
6. Uponcompletion of the Water and SewerTariff Studyreferred to abovethe ProvincialGovernment will undertakea reviewof the watertariff (andproposed sewer tariff)and willestablish a SecondInterim Water Tariff takinginto consideration the findingsof the studyand the commentsof the Association.This SecondInterim Water Tariff, which shouldbe at leastequal to 80% of the 'breakeven' cost at the prevailingReference Value for the dollar, willbecome effective not later than January 1st, 1993.
7. Recommendationsof the tariff and reorganizationstudies will be formallyreviewed by the Borrowerand the Associationduring the Mid-TermReview,
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Page 2 of 2 scheduledto takeplace no later thaneighteen months after credit effectiveness. During Mid-Term Review an action programwill be discussedand agreed includinga timetablefor institutionalreorganization of EPABand the establishmentand periodicrevision of the waterand sewertariff schedule designed to achievefull cost reccveryof oporation,maintenance, and investmentof the rehabilitatednetworks (Section 3.04 (a) (ii) of the Development CreditAgreement).
AnnexItQ Sunlemnental Letter No. 3 Aged at Negotiations.October 24, 1991
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LOBITO BENGUELA URBAN ENVIRONMENTALREHABILITATION PROJECT
TERMS OF REFERENCE
ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT AND MONITORING SrUDIES
L INTRODUCTION
1. The Lobito-BenguelaUrban EnvironmentalRehabilitation Project's main objectiveis to improve the living environmentof the populationof the Lobito-BenguelaConuwbation through rehabilitationand limitedextension of basic infrastructure,and rehabilitationof environmentalhealth. The prinary objectiveof the studies is to prepare an EnvironmentalDiagnostic and the Environmental Action Plan for the Lobito-BenguelaConurbation. The diagnosticwill complementthe Preliminary EnvironmentalAssessment and set the ecologicalbaseline for the Conurbation.The action plan will assist the local authoritiesin establishingenvironmental management and sustainabledsvelopment within the region. The findingsand recommendationsof the EnvirommentalStudies wiU provide the cornerstonefor environmentalrehabilitation of the Lobito-BenguelaConurbation, to ensure proper monitoringof the impactsof the Project, and for developingthe sustainablemanagement of the area's resources. The level of effort will involve 33 man/monthsof consultantinputs, starting March 1992 and terminatingin November1994. Interim studies will be completedby March 1993 in anticipationof the Project Mid-term Review scheduledin September1993.
2. The Lobito-BenguelaUrban EnvironmentalRehabilitation Project was first identifiedat the SATCC CoordinatingConference in Luanda in January 1989 which reviewedthe DevelopmentPlan for the Lobito Transport System (the 'Lobito Corridor'). The Swedishand Norwegiandelegations expressedinterest in the rehabilitationof Lobito and proposed that the World Bank, as executingagent, undertakeproject preparationand appraisal. A Bank identificationmission in June 1989 included both Lobito and Benguelabecause the two cities form an environmentalmicroregion and socio-economic conurbation. In April 1990SIDA and NORADcreated a Project PreparationTrust Fund of SEK 6.8 million (US$1.2 million)to support the project. SIDA also providedan EmergencyEquipment Fund of SEK 10 million ($US1.8 million) to provide short-term relief to the area's inadequatewater and sanitationconditions.
EL PROJECT CONTEXT
3. Environmentaldegradation in the Lobito-BenguelaConurbation results largely from lack of adequateinfrastructure and basic services, and the destabilizingeffects of the war, which have caused a massive increase of the area's urban population. The adverse impactsof the resultingenvironmental degradationon the land and water resources and, in turn, human health and potentialeconomic resources have reached a crisis situation. Negative impactsinclude coastal, surface and groundwater degradation; soil erosion; changes in aquatic ecosystems;and desertification.Since 1975 the population roughly quadrupledtJ 800,000, while deliveryof urban water and basic sanitationservices has diminishedby as much as two-thirds. Lack of adequatewater and sanitationresults in that waterborne and infectiousdiseases are rampant, and five out of eight most reporteddiseases are water related. Morbidityrates average 35 % in the urban area; and infant (169 per thousand)and child (325 per thousand)mortality rates are among the highest in the world.
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m. LEGAL & INSTITUTIONAL BACKGROUND& INFORMATION AVAILABILITY
4. ALgola's environmentallegislation is still largely limited to the former portugueselegislation covering mostly forest developmentand wildlife protection,and hunting. Coastal and deep sea fishing legislation is being revised on econormicterms, and several individualefforts are on the way to complementlegislation at the agriculture and energy ministries. Discussionsat the governmentaland NGO levels are leading towards developmentof a system (committee,secretary, ministry, or other similar structure)to oversee environmentalissues. Legislationand regulationsat the local level are restricted to those existing at the national level. The institutions,technical resources, informationand data currently availableat the national level or in the Lobito-BenguelaConurbation microregion are limitedin scope, and inadequatefor either its environmentalrehabilitation, or for its resource analysis, planning, managementand monitoring. In addition, the local govermmentdoes not have the human and technical resources necessary to prepare an environmentalaction plan for the region.
IV. OFFICIAL STANDING
5. The local governmenthas recognizedthe significanceof the Lobito-BenguelaConurbation's environmentalissues, along with the need to considerenvironmental rehabilitation of the region, and base its further developmenton environmentallysustainable decisions. The lack of data, particularly applied informationis recognizedas hinderingboth correction of policies negativelyaffecting the environmentand natural resources, and the developmentof appropriatepolicies and projects. Assistance was requestedto start a basic informationand data center targetingsolution of major environmental problems; determine these problems' sources and degree; and stressingshort-term, on-the-job training of local staff to carry out environment-relatedprojects.
V. TIHEPROJECT
6. The Lobito BenguelaUrban EnvironmentalRehabilitation Project consists of the following basic components:
a) Environmental Sanitation, includingrehabilitation of the water and sewerage infrastructuresystems; replacementof sanitary cores in selected inner city apartment buildings (to be financed separately);the solid waste managementsystem; the storm drainage network;
b) Low Income Sanitation, includingmajor improvedlatrine constructionand sanitary education programs and a modest urban revegetationcomponent;
c) Institutional Development, includingtechnical assistance and training for EPAB, DPSC, and GPP, responsiblerespectively for the operationand maintenanceof the provincialwater system (EPAB), the solid waste managementsystem (DPSC), the low cost sanitation, sanitary education, revegetation,and building materialsprograms (DPSC); and project management(GPP). Project administrativeand logisticalsupport includesprovision of housing, acquisitionof vehicles, communicationequipment, office equipment,supplies and spare parts for project use.
d) Studies, include the followingarea-specific studies: a Water & Sewer Tariff and InstitutionalReorganization Study; the EnvironmentalManagement and MonitoringStudy (subject of these Terms of Reference);and a Land Registrationand GeographicInformation System Study.
VI. THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTAND MONITORING STUDIES
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7. The environmentalstudies will organize environmentalinformation in an applied form lo permit direct use by the local decisionmakers, and assist the local governmentbuild the capacity for environmentalrehabilitation, planning, managementand monitoringwithin the Lobito-Benguela Conurbationand the BenguelaProvince. The studies will yield two specific products, the EnvironmentalDiagnostic, and the EnvironmentalAction Plan for the Lobito-BenguelaConurbation microregion.The diagnosticwill identifythe areas resources and constraints, and the action plan wiU establishpriorities for environmentalissues and provide the frameworkfor the area's environmental rehabilitation.In addition, specificmonitoring studies will collect and/or comwlementdata for the diagnostic,and help developmentof the Lobito-BenguelaRehabilitation Project sub-components.The environmentalstudies will be carried out at the higher levels of the Provincialgovernment, to guarantee full commitmentand considerationof the recommendationswitbin the economicand overall planning governmentlevels. This work will be complementedby the sanitary-environmentaleducation program, which will provide the educationand training necessaryto introduce and ensure environmental managementat the communityand individuallevels.
A. Environmental Diagnostic
8. The envitonmentaldiagnostic will provide basic data for sound ecologicalplanning and management,and environmentalmonitoring of the project area. It will consist of baselinestudies followedby the analyzes and classificationof the project area's land and water resources,and interpretationof the classificationto set parametersfor sustainabledevelopment and land utilization accordingto the area's ecologicalvocation, that is, according to its opportunitiesand constraints. The work will draw on a combinationof informationsources, includinga series of field surveys with aid of aerial photographyand satelliteimages interpretation,to establishthe ecologicalbaseline of the Lobito- BenguelaConurbation microregion.The area surveyed will be approximately75 ka- of coastlinefrom Lobito to Baia Farta, and 15-20 kilometersinland to the top of the escarpment;this area will be extended where necessary to provide adequateinformation for the analysis and classification.The consultant(s)will collect, develop and organize the data necessary for the diagnostic, prepare the baseline studies and the resource analysis, and identifyall areas in need of specificenvironmental impact assessmentand managementplans.
9. The analysis will be presented in terms of opportunitiesand constraintspesed by both natural and human resources and activities, and will include,but not be limited to, the area's geology, geomorphology,soils and subsoil, vegetation,surface and groundwaterhydrology, wildlife, land use, and social and institutionalframework. The studieswill pay especialattention to cultural, unique, and scarce resources; flora and fauna of economicpotential and ecologicalvalue; and the role of estuary production and productivityin the area's existing and potentialsocio-economic framework. A series of base maps and overlays will be prepared along with a thoroughdescription of socio-enviromental and ecosystem characteristics.The land use maps will be prepared with special focus on fragile areas; health hazards; and water supply and quality. In addition, the envirommentaldiagnostic will complement the preliminaryenvironmental assessment of the Lobito-BenguelaConurbation by including recommendationson Lobito's coastal erosion, locationof industrialand commercialoperations versus pollution status, and the effects of filling and/or draining the coastal wetlandsof Lobito.
B. Envirownental Action Plan
10. From the baseline studies, an environmentalaction plan will be developedby the consultant(s) in close connectionwith the Gabinete Provincial do Piano and involvingthe local communitiesand NGOs, the Departamento Provincial de Servicos Comunitarios, and the ProvincialDepartments of
3 Annex 10 Page 4 of 7
Health, Agriculture, and Forestry. The environmentalaction plan will address institutional,regulatory, and human resource capacity buildingat the local level, and assist the local decision makers in the planningand implementationof future projects and/or rehabilitationof existing infrastructure.The plan wili be developedin short, medium, and long-termphases, and includea strategy for implementationof short and medium-termictions by the local authoritiesand staff over the life of the project. The action plan will address a) thret on-goingprojects as specifiedbelow, and b) further environmental rehabilitationand developmentof the microregion.
11. a) The consultant(s)will prepare togetherwith the DPSC specificaction plans to develop and effecta schedule for implementationand monitoringfor the followingprojects, in connectionwith the monitoringstudies:
Urban Revegetation and Erosion Control. The program will be carried out by the DPSC and the communitiesand includesplanting, maintainingand periodicallymonitoring trees and groundcover at the chafarizes, the drainagebasin (valley, gullies, ravines), and beaches; and tree and fuelwoodproduction at the oxidationlagoons.
'Water Conservation and Erosion Control. Includinglocal constructionof velocity check dams and monitoring river flows, groundwaterdrawdown, and water quality; and building of parallel terraces by the local communities,to be implementedhelp from the DPSC.
*Wetlands and Beach Rehabilitation. Includingcutting channels to re-establishlagoons' circulationand flushing, monitoringof pollutionand impact on fauna and flora, and dunes rehabilitationand monitoring.
12. b) The action plan for the microregionwill pay especial attention, but not be limited, to:
- Establishingpriorities for the major a.avironmentalissues accordingto local impactsand needs, and addressingthe underlyingcauses -1fthe area's environmentaldegradation;
Proposingsolutions to major existing p;cblems based on developmentof local sustainable resources by emphasizingenvironmental afety, low cost, local labor and material, ameliorationof poverty, and creation of . uployment;
Proposing emergencysolutions to urban and coastal erosion, fuelwoodscarcity, and desertificationbased on communityparticipation and management;
Identifyingcultural patterns, customsand resources that currently or potentiallyinterfere with environmentalrehabilitation and management,and proposing solutionsacceptable to the communitiesinvolved;
Establishingand implementingthe environmentalzoning of the Lobito-BenguelaConurbation microregion, and establishEngand implementingwetlands, beach, and estuary protection;
Reviewingthe Angolanlegislation/regulations applicable to environmentalmanagement of the Lobito-BenguelaConurbation microregion; proposing complementation of existing legislation and preparing draft legislationto be discussedwith the Provincialauthorities, with focus on establishingenvironmental management in the microregion;
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Implementingthe institutionaland .gulatory frameworkfor environmentalrehabilitation, correction and preventionof negativeimpacts of infrastructureand developmentprojects, monitoringand control of environmentaland resources degradation.
C. Environmental and Project Monitoring
13. The monitoringstudies will collect and organize the informationneeded for improvementof health; identification,correction, control and preventionof water pollution sources; recovery and/or maintenanceof populationsof economicallyimportant or unique living resources; and the effectiveness of the revegetationand erosion control project in view of local desertification.In addition, they will provide monitoring for the project's water distributionand sanitationprograms to prevent water losses and contaminationof groundwater,and identifyunforeseen impacts. A manual will be prepared in portuguesedescribing the monitoringprocess for each area -including qualificationsof all equipment used- and the proceduresfor interpretationof the data, so that the monitoringcan be sustainedby the staff of local agencies. The manual should be ready one month after monitoringstarts, and use a language compatiblewith the technicalcapability of local users.
14. Water Resources. Evaluatethe Lobito-BenguelaConurbation' surface and groundwater resources by measuringwater flows to determinewater availabilityfor the Lobito-Benguela Conurbation,potential for water re-use, and storm water control devices. The study will periodically record and analyze:
a) peak and low flows in the Catumbelaand Cavaco rivers, through gauges at the weir and bridge;
b) water flows in the observationwells of Catumbelaand Benguela;
c) peak flows in the dry rivers (during the rainy season), and through the water gullies and ravines above Alto Liro and Bela Vista, and the Vala do Coringe;
15. Water Quality. Evaluatesurface and groundwaterresources by monitoringwater quality to determine 1) decrease of water pollution resultingfrom implementationof the sewerage, low income sanitation,and solid waste projects; 2) point and non-pointpollution sources; and 3) industrialpollution and pollution due to port activity. The work will include, but not be limited to, analyzing and/or periodicallyrecording and analyzingbacterial and/or other contaminantsat:
a) Lobito's wetlands;
b) Lobito's and Benguela'sbays;
c) the effluent of industrieslocated along the coast and rivers, and along the dry rivers;
d) the effluent from the oxidationponds; and
e) the observationwater wells of Catumbelaand Benguela,and in areas with potential for groundwaterpollution.
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16. Water Conservation. Evaluatewater losses at the water supply network with focus on system improvements.The study will regularly record and analyze losses within the water distribution networks of Lobito and Benguela,and the extensionto Baia Farta.
17. Unique Resources. Evaluatethe effects of changes in water quality in the native flora and fauna at Lobito's wetlands, and the Catumbelaand Cavaco estuaries to aid in the developmentand maintenanceof ecosystem managementand resources protectionplans. Monitoringwill consider the impact of salt pans, and of re-establishinglagoons circulation and diverting incomingsewage. The work will include regularly recordingand/or analyzingquantitative or qualitativechanges in the populations of:
a) wetlands' birds, particularly the pink and white flamingocolonies of Lobito;
b) fish and shellfishin Lobito's wetlands;
c) fish and shellfishof economicimportance within or dependenton the Catumbelaand Cavaco estuaries.
18. Revegetation and Erosion Control. Evaluateeffectiveness of the revegetationand erosion control program to determineinterest of groups other than governmentalagencies, and aid in project developmentand policy-rnakingregarding extension of the project and replicationin other areas. The work will include, but not be limitedto, recordingand analyzing:
a) tree survival in the urban revegetationproject (neighborhoods,Chafarizes, beaches);
b) plantingand survival of beach dunes vegetation;
c) productionof trees, fuelwood,and fruit orchards in the oxidationlagoons and the DPSC nurseries;
d) trees planted by latrine slab buyers versus trees distributed;records should differentiate between fruit and other tree species;
e) tree and ground cover plantingand terracingin the velocity check dams and drainage channels.
NOTE: Throughout the course of the studiesthe consultantswill: Fully consider on-goinglocal efforts towards understandingand/or solving existing environmentalproblems at both governmentaland non-governmentallevels;
Coordinatewith internationalgroups and donor commrnuntyto incorporatetheir views where appropriate, enlist their support, and avoid duplicationof efforts;
Organizethe data and informationcollected in a format allowingeasy updating, replication, and use by the staff of the local agencies; and regularlyprovide all records and other informationin portuguese;
Make availableto the local agencies/authoritiesthroughout the study and in applicableform, all data, informationand managementsystems resulting from the monitoringstudies;
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Devise simple, low cost methodsfor environmentalmanagement and monitoringpossible to be carried out by the staff of local agencieswith minimumoutside interference;
Train local staff and, where applicable,local communitiesand NOOs to continue monitoring and managementprograms beyond the life of the Project;
Identify specific technicalassistance and trainingneeded for continuationof environmental managementand monitoringbeyond the Project's life;
Provide informationas neededor requestedfor local educationalprojects and programs;
Provide assistanceto the ResidentAdvisor for Sanitary-EnvironmentalEducation in the design and implementationof the environmentaleducational material.
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LOBITO-BENGUELAURBAN LNVIRONMENTALREHABILITATION PROJECT
LAND REGISTRATION GIS (LARGIS) STUDY
TERMS OF REFERENCE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 There is a need to increasethe local government's ability to develop, use and managetheir urban cadastre for taxationand other purposes. A simplifiedcomputerized land registrationsystem is a possible solution. The introductionand implementationof an appropriateyet comprehensiveland registrationprototype, along with a training program for local professionalsto operate and maintainsuch a computerizedapplication is proposed. An improvedland records system can provide a frameworkthrough which various developmental solutions can be devised and implemented.
1.2 It is proposed that the Lobito-BenguelaUrban EnvironmentalRehabilitation Project contract the services of a GeographicInformation Systems (GIS) consultingfirm with expertise in land registration. The consultingfirm will be responsiblefor the design and developmentof a prototypeLand RegistrationGIS (LARGIS)application that includesa physicaladdressing scheme and a land registrationsystem. LARGISwill be primarily used by the Project to support taxation managementfor project cost-recovery. The work on LARGISwili involve popular participationwhich will be coordinatedby the consulting firm.
1.3 The obiective. The objectiveof the proposed '2-yearstudy is to utilize the GIS componentof the project to develop a prototypeLand RegistrationGIS (LARGIS)application. The LARGIS Study is the man applicationof the project's GIS component(see GIS Annex 8). The specificuse of LARGIS is to support taxation managementfor project cost 'ecovery. A more general use of LARGISextends to overall project management. For example,base maps that are generatedfor the LARGIS (using the GIS) can be used in environmentaland rehabilitationoperations.
II. BACKGROUND
2.1 Much of the urban expansionthat is taking place in developingcountries is occurringat the edges of cities in the form of unplanned spontaneoussettlements. Figure 1.3 depictsthe approximatesize and locationof the unplannedsettlements (Musseques) in the the city of Benguela,Angola. These sites contain a large proportion of the city's total populationand are expandingon a day-to-daybasis. Squatter settlementsand shanty towns are maturing and as a result are causing social, political, and environmentalproblems. Some of these problems are mentionedin the followingparagraphs.
2.2 Ouality of Life. These settlementsconsist of makeshiftshelters (shanties)that lack the basic necessitiesof life and desirableconveniences. Clean water is only available to a few residents. Education, health care and recreation facilitiesare inadequate.
2.3 Land Titles. Socioeconomicinformation on the inhabitantsof these areas is nonexistent. Inhabitants of an unplannedsettlement may work in the developedsector of the city and yet have no accessible residential address since their dwellingsare consideredillegal and the land they occupy probablybelongs to someoneelse.
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2.4 Taxatign and Revenue, Ministriesof developingcountries are unable to raise sufficientrevenue through land valuation and taxation to meet communityand governmentloan return requirements. The capital, organizationand managementneeded for the maintenanceand modernizationof existing infrastructure,provision and preparationof new residential sites, and for the extensionof services to the unplanned settlementsis severely inadequate. The city of Lobito is a good exampleof the inabilityof local ministriesto raise revenue. A survey (by E. Shlugerin 1989) reveals that the property tax collectedwithin the general tax revenue (includingall other State taxes on production, consumptionand services)in 1988 totalled approximately2 billion kwanzas, or about 2 million US dollars, which represents less than one percent of the potentialtax revenue.
2.5 Pjec£ Costs., The cost associatedwith planningprojects, such as infrastructurerehabilitation in developingenvironments, may escalate as a result of inadequateinformation. One reason for this is that time must be allocated for gathering and compilinginformation. Costs rise as a result of delays while critical informationis acquiredand processed.
IH. PROJECT CONTEXT
3.1 The cities of Lobito and Benguelain Angola are not immuneto the problems describedabove. Cadastral maps are available, but they are inadequatefor the purpose of a land registrationsystem. For example, the urban cadastralinformation system in place at the Institutcode Geodesiae Cartografiade Angola (ICGA) was developedby the Portuguese and has not been altered since the colonial days. The system, which only covers the colonialpart of the city, consists of a single cadastralmap (1:5,000 scale) that depicts urban land parcels and a cardex system for the maintenanceof the parcel-relatednon-graphic information. In principle, this type of manual informationsystem could be used to maintain the city's cadastral information.
3.2 Unfortunately,little or no attempt has been made to update this informationsince 1974. The map depicts land parcels and their associatedparcel identifiernumbers (PINs). The PINs are utilized as a link to the cardex system as illustrated in figure 1.1. The PIN numberingschema is inflexibleand as a result there is little room for expansion.
3.3 EBiortshave been made to developa set of property files that could be utilized to regulate land tenure and better identifythe taxable property or provide more equitablepublic services to residences. However, the major problem is that most cities in Africa lack up-to-dateinformation and an addressingsystem, hence adequatestreet maps.
3.4 The automatedmapping system should enable the staff at the INPF to keep pace with the urban expansionand maintainan up-to-dateset of cadastralmaps. These maps should be created as a common base and made available to various governmentaloffices. For example, Figure 1.4 shows how three departmentscan make use of a common mappingbase. Furthermore, the digital maps can be used to display attribute informationfrom the land registrationsystem in the form of thematic maps, providing excellent resources for planners, environmentalistsand engineers.
IV. LAND REGISTRATION GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
4.1 A 'phase-in and examine' approach to implementationshould be adopted. A variety of software packagescan be introducedand integratedas needed. Applicationsuccesses and failures can be examinedunder the proposed study and modificationsintroduced as the applicationsmature. With this type of approach, less
2 Annex 11 Page 3 of 7
capital funds are required for the initial phase and the risk factor associatedwith implementationis minimized. Local agencies can direct future fundingbased on applicationperformance. Specialcare should be taken when introducingthis type of system in an environmentwhere there is little or no experiencewith automated systems. Implementationshould be slow to ensure a solid foundationof knowledge. New tools should be introducedin parallel with existing methodsand procedures. Each step shouldbe carefullyevaluated before continuingto the next. Ideally, local participationwill be present from the beginning. This should produce an end-product designedspecifically with local needs and personnel in mind.
4.2 The links between the CIS componentand the LARGIS applicationare mutuallyreinforcing; The GIS componentprovides much of the computer resources and is, in turn, strengthenedby the database, methods, outputs and expertise that will be generatedby the LARGIS. The success of the computerizedsystem will depend to a large extent on the abilities of the technicalstaff. At this time there are no Macintoshtechnicians in the city of Benguela. If a computer raalfunctionoccurs the computerwill remain inoperativeuntil a trained person is brought in. This situation should be avoided in order to reduce the risk of investingin computer resources.
4.3 There is good reason to expect that a simplified Land Registrationsystem based on modem low-cost and user-friendlytechnology is achievableand will support taxation/costrecovery activitiesin particular, and overall project managementin general. A strategy to extend the prototype system to an operationalsystem should be planned for the Lobito-Benguelaconurbation, for other urban centers in Angola, and perhaps, in additionaldeveloping countries .
4.4 A simplifiedcomputer-based land registrationsystem will make it possibleto identify the *taxable property". Property taxes can be assessedand levied more appropriately,thereby r- coveringcosts, increasing the resourcesof the Lobito-Benguelaarea, and enabling the provision of more equitablepublic services to the local residences. An improvedland records system can provide a frameworkthrough which various developmentalsolutions can be devised and implemented. The system will additionallybe used to enhance project planningand managementproductivity.
V. SCOPE OF WORK
A. Similar Work and Study Preparation
5.1 A pilot project was carried out by Groupe Huit (based in Paris, France) to determine whether a simplifiedmodem property file for the city of N'Djamena (Republicof Chad) could be created and used as the basis of a computerizedland registrationsystem. The project used the 4th Dimensionrelational database system on the Apple Macintosh. The pilot project proved successfulwithin reasonablelimits, and the experience gained was put forward in a Report, later translated into Englishat the World Bank, entitled 'Survey and UtilizationMethodology for a SimplifiedProperty File for N'Djamena' (1990). The proposed LARGISstudy should drawon the experienceof the design and implementationof the simplifiedproperty file system for the city of N'Djamena.
5.2 Additionaltechniques are in the process of being developed(at SUNY, Buffalo, New York, USA; and at the Umiversityof Westem Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada). They involve the use of 4th Dimension,a general-purposerelational database for managingspatially-keyed information, basic line-drawingbased mapmakingtechniques, and an easy-to-useinterface in HyperCard to a limitedset of querying and drawing
3 AnnexII Page 4 of 7
capabilities. The resulting databaseand map systemsare intended to be used in conjunctionwith a physical neighborhood/street/houseaddressing system.
5.3 Evaluation of software packages and experimentation. Included the following.
a) An experimentalThematic Electronic Atlas was compiled, demonstratingthat it is possibleto link the informationin a database to maps and images. FILEVISIONIV, a Visual InformationSystem somewhatsimilar to HyperCard, was used.
b) An extensiveexperiment with cadastralinformation mapping, storing, queryingand analyzing was conductedusing the MAP II raster GIS and basedon scannedair-photo data.
c) Other packagesevaluated included MapGraphix,MapMaker, LandDcŽsign.
5.4 On the May 1991 appraisalmission to Benguela,Bairro do Massangarala(in Benguela)and a canyon in Bela Vista (in Lobito) were selectedas likelypilot areas for the spatiall -keyed relationaldatabase for land registration, and for mapping latrines and other sanitationand environmentalthemes. Massangaralahas potentialfor popular (ie. community)participation, while canyon settlementsin Bela Vista are instancesof neighborhoodsthat are subject to erosion problemsand flood hazards. These areas are small enough to yield quick results while at the same time are a good representationof the entire area. The extensionof the project to the entire area should be done subsequently,drawing on the acquired experiencegained by running the pilot project.
B. Land Registration GIS (LARGIS) Study Implementation
5.5 The LARGIS study will be conductedby a consultingfirm over a 2-year period. The work will take place both at the firm's headquartersand in Lobito-Benguela.The GIS facilityat the Gabinette do Plano (GPP) in Benguelawill be used as the study's office and work area in Angola. The study's physical addressing, land registration, and popular participationaspects will require a substantialamount of fieldwork in the pilot study areas. Personnelwill be needed for both local and overseas activities. Most of the training shall take place in Angola. The tasks for the Land RegistrationGIS Study are as follows.
5.6 User Needs StudA. To conduct a user needs study to identifythe users, uses, functionalprocesses, and consequentdata requirementsof the legal, fiscal and mapping componentsof the proposed improved land registrationsystem.
5.7 To draw up a plan. To draw up a detailed appropriateplan for the prototypeland registration application. Based on, and preceded by, a system developmentlife cycle (SDLC) review.
5.8 Plot Identifier Nunbers (PMDScheme. Developa method for generatingparcel identifier numbers. So that parcels can be cross-referencedwithin the register and easily identified. For example,with a PIN, it should be possibleto access all the details of a parcel, includingits attributes and its spatial description. The criteria for selectingan appropriateplot referencingsystem should be:
a) easy to understand,making confusionand mistakesless likely, b) easy to remember, enabling easy recall by landowners,
4 Annex 11 Page 5 of 7
c) easy to use by the general public and by administrators, d) easy to process using a computer, e) permanent,eg. the reference does not change followinga sale, f) easily updated when subdivisionor amalgamationoccur, g) accurate and unlikelyto be transcribedin error, h) flexible--sothat it can be used for a variety of land registrationpurposes, i) unique--notwo parcels have the same reference; there is a one-to-onerelationship between the property on the ground and the property referred to in the registers; and j) low-cost to implementand to maintain.
5.9 Tne property address should act as the foundationfor creating the PIN referencingsystem. There are a number of viable referencingsystems, for example: Street Index and Plot Address. With this reference scheme, every street is given a reference number and the parcel is located within it. The resulting number can be in an alpha-numericalform such as 555554444A333where 55555 is the street code, 4444 is the plot number, A indicatesabnormalities and 333 is a further subdivisionfor strata titles.
5.10 Training Program. A training program should be established for land registrationand GIS as part of institutionaldevelopment. Training should be providedin Angolaand overseas, as appropriate, by the contracted firm, and by Angolan firms and individuals The trainingprogram should include a minimumof five courses ranging in subject materialand difficulty, along the lines shown below.
a) Basic Macintoshtechnical issues: An Introductionto the Macintoshcomputing environment Systemtrouble shootingand day-to-daymaintenance procedures;
b) Introductionto basic software packagessuch as: Microsoft Word (Word Processing) Microsoft Excel (Spreadsheets) Atlas*MapMaker(Thematic Mapping);
c) Introductionto digital data exchangefile formats such as Tagged Image File, SymbolicLink File, EncapsulatedPostscript File, and Picture File;
d) Introductionto applicationsdevelopment systems such as: HyperCard (InformationManagement System) 4th Dimension(Relational Database Management System);
e) Advanced courses for AssistantDevelopers. These courses should be specificallytailored to the advanced applicationdevelopers and database managementspecialists. Local staff members should be carefully selectedfor specializedtechnical training. Training programs should be intensive and should be introducedto appropriateINPF staff members.
5.11 Data Collection and Collation. A simple data collectionprocess should be adopted. Emphasis should be placed on designing and implementinga system that can be executedby partially-skilledstaff under minimal supervision. Data should be directly encodedinto a spreadsheetpackage and later transferred to 4th Dimension after error checks and simple processinghas been performed. The simplifiedset of files should containthe
5 Annex11 Page 6 of 7
followingbasic attribute information: Plot IdentifierNumbers (PIN), name or number of the streets, plot numbers, first and last names of occupant(s),and descriptionof current use(s).
5.12 An expandedproperty file(s) for use in a relationaldatabase environment should also be designedand should include cadastral informationsuch as: type of structure(s),condition of structure(s), number of structure(s), type of structure(s),access to urban services (latrines, paved roads and clean water supplies), descriptionof property use (land-usethematic maps), and socioeconomnicdata (number of occupants, age, sex and employment).
5.13 Table templatesfor the demographicinformation should reflect the current manual system as closely as possible. Slight modificationsmay have to be made to ensure long term compatibility. The task of populating the data tables should be initiatedby the local personnel.
5.14 Address Assigmnent. An 'Address Assignment' operationshould be carried out for the selected study sites of Benguelaand Lobito so that streets can be easily identifiedin the field, mapped and geo-referenced.
S. 15 LARGIS. Design and implementa prototype Land Registrationsystem as a GIS applicationbased on 5.11 above. The work should involve two main components:a (relational)Database Management System and an AutomatedMapping System. The database applicationshould be spatially-keyedand used for the managementof cadastral, demographic,infrastructure, and other attribute informationfrom templates. The application should be able to handle all of the present and future processingneeds. The objectiveshould be to develop an applicationthat can handle data for all plots within a city and thereby be capable of respondingto the local demandsof extendingthe process throughoutan entire city. The mapping applicationshould be used to create a digital survey fabric, consistingof a set of base maps. These maps will then be used to display the results of a query performed on the database.
5.16 An automatedmapping facilityshould be set up and handed over to the appropriatestaff at GPP so that existing land-basedparcel maps of the study areas can be updated to create a set of address index maps. The Instituto Nacionalde PlanificagaoFisica (INPF) appears to have the most comprehensiveand up-to-dateset of cadastral maps for the Lobito-Benguelaarea. Extension of digital mapping to includeother urban areas can commenceonce the system is set in place. All hardcopy maps should be produced at the same scale to make the task of indexingand cross referencingan easier one. The resulting digitalbasemaps should be shared by a variety of governmentoffices.
5.17 The digital database should be looked upon as the foundationof the spatial informationsystem. The Atlas*MapMakerthematic mapping packageshould be consideredfor use to create and maintain a databaseof digital maps and images. In creating this database, an essential part of the design should be linkage of the graphical informationwith non-graphicalattributes in the simplifiedproperty file. Linkagessuch as unique plot identifiersmust be incorporatedin the encodingprocess.
5.18 Systems Intenration. Establisha user-friendlyinterface between the expandedproperty file system and the automatedmapping system to create an integratedmulti-purpose cadastral information system. It is recommendedthat HyperCard be utilized to build the link between the two proposedapplications due to its ability to create Macintosh-likeuser interfaces and its availabilitywithin the Macintoshcomputing environment. HyperCard is an integral part of the software receivedwith all new Macintoshmicrocomputers. 'Hypertalk',
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HyperCard's scripting language,can be used to create the link and present the user with an intuitive graphic user interface. The link between the two systems should allow interrelatedqueries to be executedwithin the database applicationand have the results highlightedon a digital map.
VI TASK SUMMARY
6.1 Carrying out a user needs assessmentto identifythe users, uses, procedures,and consequentlegal, fiscal and technicalmapping data requirementsfrom the proposed improvedcadastral information system.
6.2 Designingand implementinga physical addressingsystem so that streets can be easily identifiedin the field, then mapped and, subsequently,co-located in the field and on the map(s).
6.3 Designingand implementinga prototypeland registrationsystem based on 6.2 above. The study will involve the design of a prototypeworking applicationaround two main components:a relational database msanagementsystem and an automnatedmapping system.
a) TL3 database applicationwill be spatially-keyedand used for the managementof cadastral, demographic,infrastructure, and other pertinent informationfrom templates. Specifictasks are: (1) the design and developmentof simplifiedproperty files and subsequentexpanded property files for use by a variety of governmentoffices in a relational databaseenvironment; (2) the design, developmentand implementationof an applicationutilizing 4th Dimensionthat can efficientlyprocess all of the attributes within expandeddata files (approximately60,000 plots or records).
b) The mappingapplication will be used for creating and using a digital survey fabric that consists of base maps at several scales. The specifictasks include: (1) the implementationof an appropriateautomated mappingcapability at the Gabinettedo Piano (GPP) in Benguelafor the creation and maintenanceof street maps and parcel maps; (2) the developmentof an easy-to-useHyperCard interface betweenthe expanded cadastral file system and the automatedmapping system in order to create an integratedmulti-purpose graphic cadaster system; and (3) the generationof tabular database reports, thematic maps, graphicsand presentation materials. The informationshould be available both in digital form (on screen) and by generatinghardcopy printouts.
6.4 Developinga training program for land registrationand GIS-relatedtopics throughoutthe life of the project, as part of institutionaldevelopment. Training will be provided in Angolaand overseas by qualified individualsassociated with the consultingfirm and with Angolan firms.
6.5 Initiatinginformation services projects for receiving, creatingand disseminatinginformation with interested agencies within the communityon a collaborativeor cost-recoverycontractual-agreement basis.
6.6 Writing and publishinginformation on the land registrationand related GIS applied and development work. In order to create an awarenessand to promote these activities to the generalpublic, and in the private and public sectors.
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LOBITO BENGUELAURBAN ENVIRONMENTAL REHABILITATION PROJECT
TERMSOF REFERENCE OF GPP KEY STAFF
PROJECT OBJECTIVES 1. The main objectivesof the project are: (a) to eliminatelife-threatening epidemics, improve the health of the population, and halt the degradationof the physicalenvironment by restoringthe water supply and failed sanitary services; (b) to improve living conditions in the squatter settlements by providing clean water, improvedlatrines, and a revegetationprogram; and (c) to strengthen the institutionsresponsible for current operation, management,and control of urban services and the environmentby providing technical assistance,logistical support, training, and studies which may contributeto future policy reform.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2. The project would consist of the followingfour basic components: (Detailed analysis of each of the componentsis shown in Chapter 2 of the Staff AppraisalReport (SAR), and in the respective annexes to the SAR.) a) EnvironmentalSanitation, includingrehabilitation of the water and sanitary sewerage networks;the solid waste managementsystems; and the storm drainage networks; b) Low Income Sanitation, includingmajor improvedlatrine and sanitary educationprograms and a small urban revegetationcomponent; c) Institutional Development, includingtechnical assistance and training for Provincial implementingagencies responsiblerespectively for the operationand maintenanceof the provincial water and sewer systems (EPAB); solid waste management;low cost sanitation,sanitary education,and building materialsprograms (DPSC); and overall planning, project management,and monitoring (GPP). Administrativeand logisticalsupport to the project includesacquisition of vehicles, telecommunicationand office equipment,supplies, and spare parts for project use. d) Studies, includingdetailed engineering design and supervisionof the water, sewer, and storm drainage components;and the followingarea-specific studies: a water and sewer tariff and institutionalreorganization study; an environmentalmanagement and monitoringstudy; and a geographic informationsystem and land registrationstudy. The project would also financeannual audits of project accounts,and studies for the design and preparationof follow-upprojects in the infrastructuresector, identifiedduring project implementation.
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 3. The GabineteProvincial do Plano (GPP), the ProvincialPlanning Office, will have overall managementresponsibility for the project, includingcontract managementfor civil works, supervision, and technicalassistance, and coordinationof the various componentsthrough the implementing agencies, Empresa Provincialde Aguas de Benguela(EPAB), the Water Companyof the Provinceof Benguela,and the Direcao Provincialde Servicos Comunitarios(DPSC), the Provincial Directoratefor CommunityServices. The Director of GPP is the project manager, supportedby a project technical coordinator, a financialcontroller, and a procurementadvisor, as key support staff, financed by the project under the program of technicalassistance outlined in SAR paras 2.17-2.22 Institutional Development. The appointmentof the key staff of GPP, includingconfirmation of the Director as Project Manager, and employmentof the project technicalcoordinator, the financialcontroller, and the procurementadvisor, on terms satisfactoryto the Association,is a condition of Credit Effectiveness (SAR para 5.3).
1 Annex 12 Page 2 of 2
RESPONSIBIfITIES OF KEY STAFF
4. The Project Manager is responsiblefor coordinatingand monitoring all managerialand technicalaspects of project implementation. His duties include liaisonof project activitieswith central, provincial,and local governmentauthorities; compliance with the provisions of the Implementation Agreements,annual action programs, and implementationschedules for the respectiveproject components;supervision of procurementarrangements; timely contracting and overall performanceof the technical assistanceand studies providedfor in the project; ensuring and maintainingappropriate counterpartstaff during project implementation;prompt allocationof housingand office space for project consultants;supervision of project financialaccounts; and timelycompliance with the reporting and auditingobligations of the project. The Project Managerwill sign all requestsfor disbursement from the Special Accountand from the Project Account,and all requestsfor replenishmentfrom the IDA Credit and the Government,based on adequatesupporting documentation prepared by the Financial Controller, arn with writtenopinions of the TechnicalCoordinator, and the Procurement Advisor, as appropriate.
5. The Project TechnicalCoordinator (36 months)will report directly to the Project Manager. Supportedby appropriatelocal counterpartstaff, the TechnicalCoordinator will assist the project manager in the supervisionand monitoringof all work and study contractsunder the project, and will certify the status of works of contractors for purposes of payment. Jointly with the Financial Controller, the TechnicalCoordinat3r will developand maintainbudgets and systemsof cost control, critcal path, and physicaland financialperfornance indicatorsfor each project component.
6. The Project Financial Controller (36 months)will report directly to the Project Manager. Supportedby appropriatelocal counterpartstaff, the Financial Controllerwill keep financialaccounts for all project components;ensure appropriatecompilation and maintenanceof project documentation and files; and prepare and maintain consolidatedaccounts of expenditure,quarterly reports, annual financialplans and reports, and internal audits, in sufficientdetail and format satisfactoryto IDA. The Financial Controllerwill prepare for the signatureof the Project Manager, and counter-sign,all requests for disbursementfrom the Special Accountand the Project Account, and requestsfor disbursementfrom the IDA Credit and the Government. Jointly with the TechnicalCoordinator, the Financial Controllerwill developand maintainbudgets and systemsof cost control, critical path, and physicaland financialperformance indicators for each project component.
7. The ProjectProcurement Advisor (12 months)will report directly to the Project Manager, and will carry out, in close coordinationwith the TechnicalCoordinator, the Financial Controller, and local counterpartstaff all procurementarrangements for initial project implementation,including packagingand certificationof lots for consultants' services; purchaseof vehicles, equipment,and material, computer systems,hardware and software,printed material, office equipmentand supplies; and housing repair and acquisitionof furniture and appliancesto meet the housing needs of long-term consultants,to be financedunder the project.
2 Annex 13 Page 1 of 2
LOBITO BENGUELA URBANENVIRONMENTAL REHABILITATION PROJECT
Selected Documents Available in the Project File
An Examinationof CadastralMapping TechniquesUtilizing Two Maclntosh Based Mapping Systems (Map II & Filevision).Robert J. Gammon, Universityof Manitoba, Canada, April 1990.
Draft Terms of Referencefor Consultancyon Septic Tank Servicesand Solid Waste Managementfor Lobito and Benguela,Appendix No. 2.0, SBI-InternationalAB, Sweden. 1990.
Esquemapara DesenvolvimentoSocio Economicoda Provinciade Benguela - Prineira Fase, Resumo - Analise da Situafao Existente.Technoexporstroy, Republica Popular de Angola, Marfo 1989.
FeasibilityStudy, Water Supplyand Distribution,Storm Water Drainageand Sanitary Sewage, Lobito- BenguelaUrban RehabilitationProject Phase 1 (SADCCProject G-CE-1). Norconsult International,Republica Popularde Angola, ComissariadoProvincial de Benguela, Gabinete Provincialdo Plano, August 1991.
FeasibilityStudy, Projecto de Reabilitafao UrbanaLobito-Benguela (Projecto SADCC G-CE-I). Norconsult,Republica Popularde Angola, ComissariadoProvincial de Benguela, Gabinete Provincialdo Plano, January 1991.
FeasibilityStudy - Summnary(draft), Projectode ReabilitacaoUrbana Lobito-Benguela (Projecto SADCC C-CE-)). Norconsult,Republica Popular de Angola, ComissariadoProvincial de Benguela, Gabinete Provincialdo Plano, April 1991.
Lobito-BenguelaUrban RehabilitationProject, Backgroundon InstitutionalAspects of Local Development.Charles Downs, June 1990.
Lobito-BenguelaUrban RehabilitationProject, EmergencyPhase - Report from Mission, November 1989. ASDI, RepublicaPopular de Angola, Comissariadode Benguela, December 1989.
Lobito Port Transport System- 10 Year DevelopmentPlan. SATCC SouthernAfrica Transport and CommunicationCommission, January 1988.
Lobito-BenguelaUrban RehabilitationProject, HousingSector - BackgroundInformation. Goran Tannerfeldt,July 1991.
Low-CostSanitation Ser.i;. rank Systemsand Solid Waste Management,Lobito-Benguela Urban RehabilitationProject. Bjorn Brandberg,Sweden, 1989.
Manual de Latrinas Melhoradas. BjornBrandberg, Maputo, 1985.
Manual de LatrinasMelhoradas (draft). Bjorn Brandberg,Sweden, April 1990.
Storm Water Drainage and SanitarySewage, Angola (SADCCProject G-CE-1), Proposal for ConsultingServices. Norconsult, ComissarioProvincial de Benguela, GabineteProvincial do Plano, December 1989.
1 Annex 13 Page 2 of 2
Water Supplyand Distribution,Storm Water Drainage, and SanitarySewage, Pre-Qualification Brochure for Civil Works. Norconsult,Republica Popular de Angola, ComissariadoProvincial de Benguela, Gabinetedo Piano, March 1991.
Pre-Qualificationof Contractors,Lobito-Benguela Urban RehabilitationProject (Water Distribution, Storm Water Drainage,and Sanitary Sewage). Norconsult,June 1991.
Promof,aoe EducacVaoSanitaria - Manual de Promo,cao e Educacao Sanitaria do Projecto das Latrinas Melhoradas, (draft). Projectode ReabilitacaoUrbana de Lobito-Benguela,Governo da Republica Popularde Angola, Banco Mundial, Bjorn Brandberg, 1990.
Review of Mapgrafix,Geographic Information System. Robert J. Gammon,University of Manitoba, Canada, March 1990.
The SandplatSystem: A Package for IntegratedImplementation of Lowest Cost Environmental Sanitation.Bjom Brandberg,Sweden, 1990.
Saneamnentoa Baixo Custo, Sistema de Fossas Septicase Gestaode Lixo. Lobito-BenguelaProjecto de Reabilitacao Urbana, Bjorn Brandberg,Sweden, Fevereiro 1990.
Saneamentonos Mussequesde Luanda - PropostaPreliminar dum Plano Estrategicopara wn Programade SaneamnentoAmbiental para os Massequesde Luanda, (draft). Development Workshop and SBI International,Sweden, 1990.
Storm Water Drainage and Sanitary Sewage, Lobito-Benguela,Angola (SADCC Project G-CE-1), Contract for ConsultingServices. May 1990.
Tender Documentsfor Civil Works, Contract 1, Water Supplyand Distribution,Vol.2 Bills of Quantities, Lobito-BenguelaUrban RehabilitationProject Phase 1 (SADCCProject G-CE-1). Norconsult International,Republica Popularde Angola, ComissariadoProvincial de Benguela, GabineteProvincial do Plano, August 1991.
Tender Documentsfor Civil Works, Contract II, Storm Water Drainage and Sanitary Sewage, Vol.2, Bills of Quantities, Lobito-BenguelaUrban RehabilitationProject Phase 1 (SADCCProject G- CE-I). Norconsult International,Republica Popularde Angola, ComissariadoProvincial de Benguela, GabinereProvincial do Plano, August 1991.
Tender Documentsfor Civil Works, Contract 111,Supply of Equipment,Lobito-Benguela Urban RehabilitationProject Phase 1 (SADCCProject G-CE-1). Norconsult International,Republica Popularde Angola, ComissariadoProvincial de Benguela, GabineteProvincial do Plano, August 1991.
Urbanizafaodas Cidadesde Benguela,Lobiro e Baia Farta - I Fase: Esquema Para Desenvovimento Urbanistico.Technoexportstroy, Republica Popular de Angola, Ministeriodo Plano, Instituto Nacional de Planifica'ao Fisica, May 1990.
Water Supply and Distribution,Phase I, Lobito-Benguela,Angola (SADCC Project G-CE-1), Contract for ConsultingServices. Norconsult Intemational,Angola, ComissariadoProvincial de Benguela, GabineteProvincial do Plano, May 1990.
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