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WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD, Ho. 12,20 MUCH 1W2 • RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, » 12,20 MARS 1992 Influenza Grippe A ustria (23 February 1992). The first signs of influenza A utriche (23 février 1992). Les premiers signes d'activité grippale activity were scattered localized outbreaks in mid-January. ont été des flambées locales disséminées à la mi-janvier. Des cas Cases of influenza-like illness were detected all over the d'affections de type grippal ont été décelés dans tout le pays en country during February and activity reached epidemic février et l'activité a atteint des proportions épidémiques à Vienne. proportions in Vienna. Influenza A has been implicated on La grippe A a été mise en évidence par sérologie mais ria pas encore serological evidence but has not yet been confirmed by virus été confirmée par isolement du virus. isolation. Egypt (2 March 1992).* Additional cases of influenza Egypte (2 mars 1992).‘ Des cas supplémentaires de grippe A(H3N2) were diagnosed among cases of influenza-like A(H3N2) ont été diagnostiqués parmi des affections de type grippal illness investigated during December and January. étudiées en décembre et en janvier. Hong Kong (2 March 1992).2 * Influenza A(H3N2) virus Hong Kong (2 mars 1992).2 Le virus grippal A(H3N2) a été isolé was isolated from a sporadic case in January. d'un cas sporadique en janvier. Israel (28 February 1992).’ Influenza activity reached Israël (28 février 1992).’ L'activité grippale a atteint des niveaux epidemic levels in February. Cases have been seen in all age épidémiques en février. Des cas ont été observés dans tous les groups but most have been children. Influenza A(H3N2) groupes d'âge mais la plupart étaient des enfants. Le virus grippal has predominated among cases confirmed by virus isolation A(H3N2) a prédominé parmi les cas confirmés par isolement du but 1 case of influenza A(H1N1) and 2 of influenza B have virus, mais 1 cas de grippe A(H1N1) et 2 cas de grippe B ont aussi also been diagnosed this season. été diagnostiqués cette saison. Poland (29 February 1992).‘ Notifications of cases of Pologne (29 février 1992).1 Les notifications de cas d'affections de influenza-like illness increased from around 1 000 during type grippal se sont accrues, passant d'environ 1000 cas pendant la the first half of January to 14 500 in the second half and première quinzaine de janvier à 14 500 la seconde quinzaine, et nearly 160 000 in February. The first influenza viruses atteignant près de 160 000 cas en février. Les premiers virus (influenza A(H3N2) from 4 cases and influenza B from grippaux (A(H3N2) chez 4 cas et B chez 1 cas) ont été isolés en 1 case) were isolated in February. Influenza A and B and février. Les virus grippaux A et B et d'autres virus respiratoires ont other respiratory viruses were also diagnosed by immuno­ aussi été diagnostiqués par immunofluorescence en janvier et en fluorescence test in January and February. février. Rom ania (28 February 1992).4 Influenza A was diagnosed Roum anie (28 février 1992).4 Le virus grippal A a été diagnostiqué by serology in cases among schoolchildren and young adults en janvier par sérologie parmi des cas chez des écoliers et de jeunes in Moldavia (the north-eastern part of the country) during adultes en Moldavie (nord-est du pays). Tous les groupes d'âge ont January. All age groups were affected during outbreaks in été touchés au cours des flambées survenues dans cette région en this region in February and influenza A(H3N2) virus was février, et le virus grippal A(H3N2) a été isolé de 2 cas pendant la isolated from 2 cases in the second half of the month. seconde quinzaine du mois. 1 Sec No. 1/2, 1992, p. 5 1 Voir N* 1/2,1992, p. 5 2 See No. 46, 1991, p 344, s Voir N" 46, 1991, p. 344. 1 See No. 5, 1992, p. 31. * Voir N” 5,1992, p. 31. ‘ See No. 9, 1992, p. 63. 4 Voir N" 9,1992, p. 63. Infected areas as at 19 March 1992 Zones infectées au 19 mars 1992 For entons used m compiling this list, see No 5, p. 32 Les cnieres appliqués pour la compÜaDon de cette liste sont publiés dans k N* 5, p. 32 X ■ Newly repotted areas X - Nouvelles zoae& signalées Plague • Peste Fianaranisoa Province Zaire • Zaire Chota Province Benguela Province Ambatofmandrahana S. Préf, Haut Zone Province llama District Huambo Province Africa «A frique Ambondromisotra Dismet Mahagi Adnmustrauvc Muacosta Disma Huda Province Madagascar Andrefamhnhirra Dismrî Tocmoche Duma Kuando-Kubango Province Antananarivo Province Bevonotany District America «Amérique San Migud Province Kunene Province Ambofadratrmo S Bref Soaruherenana Dismet Nanchoc District Kuumza-None Province Bolivia- Bolivie Anumananvo-Avaradram S. Préf. Ambchimahasoa S. Pref. San Gregorio Duma Ksmnza-Sul Province La Paz Department Amhatolampy S, Pié£ Manandroy District San Miguel D um a I n n n A a PtOVUlCC Anjozorobe S. Préf. Ambosura S, Préf Franz Tamayo Province San Pablo Province T Jianfiüj Cap. Antananarivo S Préf Amharnmanna District Sud Yungas Province San Louis Dum a Valle Grande Province Maianga Province Antananarivo District AmKohimahaTn District Piura Department Natrabe Province AnUmxfotsy S. Préf Ambovombe Centre Brazü «Brésil Ayabaca Province Uige Province Antsirabe I S. Préf And ma D um a Bahia State Canales Duma Zaire Province Anmrabe U S. Préf Anjoma N'Ankona District Bintwga Muxuapio Lagunas Distha Benm«Béain Amhodiala Dismet Anjoma Navona District Candeal Muniripio Montera Duma Département de l'Aüanaque Ambohitsimanova Dismet Ankazoambo Dis ma Central Munidpio Paimas Duma S Prêt d'AUada Ampasatanety Dismet Ivato Dismcc Conceiçào Munidpio Sapillica Distna Cire, de Cotonou Manandoaa District Ivony Duma Fetra de Santana Miinicipio Suyo Duma S. Préf de Tcf&o Soanindranny Dismet Talata-Vohimcna District Iraquara .Munidpio Huancabamba Province Tsaroiar District Tsarasaotra District Irecê Muniapio C. de la Fromera District Département de TAtacora V1nflninlraw»nfl DlSBlCt Fcmdriana S. Préf. Iiaberaba Muniapio Canchaque District Département de Borgou Département de Mono Anvommamo S. Préf Fiarinnana District Jussara Munidpio Huancabamba Duma Renrolândia Muniapio Département de Zou Betafo S. Préf. Fumarantsoa ï S. Préf. Paera Province Alakamuy-Ananvato Dismet Mahatsmjo Duma Riachâo do Jacuipe Munidpio Burkina Faso Senhor do Fnnfim Muniapio Las Lomas Disma Fanandnana S\ Préf Fianaranisoa II, S Préf, Bouigou Province Farautho S. Préf AnrinharannmaiTRO DutnCt Serrinha Muniapio Asia • Asie Manjakandnana S Préf Teofilandia Muniapio Burundi Fianaranisoa U Duma Paraiba State Viet Nam Bubanza Province Mtarmanw S. Préf Manadnana S. Préf, Araba Muniapio Gia-Lai-Côug Turn Province Bubanza Arrondissement Analavory D um a Mahajanga Province Ano&ibe Ifanja Disma Barra de S. Rosa Muniapio Ldm Dong Province Cibitoke Arrondissement Toanuuuia Province Cuban Muniapio Phil Khan Province Bujumbura Promu» Remvohitra S Préf, Morumanga S. Préf Soavttuatàrma S; Préf, Olivedos Muniapio Bujumbura Arrondissement Amh&toasana Centre Tanzania, United Rep. of Quamadas Muniapio Cholera • Choléra Burun Province Tstroanomandufy S Préf Tanzanie, Rép.-Uaie de Renugio Munidpio Makamha Arrondissement Aiasuranam Prownce Tanga Région Solânca Munidpio Africa • Afrique Rumopge Arrondissement Andapa S Préf Iiishoto Dum a Peru • Pérou Angola Gitego Prpvmee Doany District Tanga Duma Cajamrca Department Bengo Province Gitega Arrondissement *6 WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD, No. 12,20 MARCH 1992 • RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, N* I t 20 MARS 1992 Cameroon • Cameroun Bomo State Norte de Santander Department San Martm Department Sarawak Prom et de l'Exaéme-Ncrd Gongola State Qumdio Department... Tama Department Simunjan Distna Diamare Département Imo State Rtsandda Department Tumbes Department Nepal • Népal Logcne-et-Chari Département Kaduna State San Andres Intendency UcayaH Department Rfliffldi Disma Mayo-Danai Departement Kano State San José del Guaviore Department Suriname Khatmandu Disma Katsma State Santa Fe de Bogota Department MayoSava Département Maroaqtu District Viet Nam Mayo-Tsanaga Département Ksoara State Santander Department Venezuela Bmh Tn T h a i Province Provma Littoral Lagos State Sucre Department Niger State Toima Department XAragua State N gha BsnkProvoce Moungo Département XCaraboto State Phil Khank Province Woun Département Ogun State Valle Department X Federal District Prom et du Nord Ondo State Ecuador « Equateur Oyo State Tacktra State Europe Bcnouc Département Azuay Province Zuha State Province de l'Ouest Plateau State Bobvar Province Ukraine Haut Nkam Département Riven State Cahar Province Manupole Prom et du Sud Sokoto State Asia • Asie Nicolaev Region Carch Province Bhutan • Bhoutan Océan Departement Rwanda Chimborazo Province Odcsskaya Region Cyangugu Préfecture Cotopaxi Province Monger Disma piiftj • Tchad Pemagatsel Disma Gisettyi Préfecture El Oro Province Balha Préfecture PhuntshoUng Disma Yelow fever • F ièvre joe ne Sao Tome and Principe Esmeraldas Province Bes Préfecture Punakha Disma Sâo Tomé-et-Principe Galapagos Province Africa «Afrique Bibme Préfecture Samdrupjcngkhai Disma Chan Bagubm Préfecture Lemba District Guayas Province Angola Sâo Tomé Tashigang Disaia Guera Préfecture Imbabura Province Thimphu Disma Bcngo Province K am a Préfecture Tanzania) United Rep. of Lofa Province Luanda Province Tanzanie) Rép.-Unie de Las Rios Province Trtftia « TnHi» Lue Préfecture Cameroon • Cameroun Arusha Region Manabi Provtnce Andhra Pradesh State Logone Occidental Préfecture Province de VExtrinwNord Kshmanjaro Region Morona Province Hyderabad Disma Logon* Orientai Préfecture Mayo
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    Surveys, Distribution and Current Status of the Madagascar Harrier Circus Macrosceles in Madagascar

    Bird Conservation International (2009) 19:309–322. ª BirdLife International, 2009 doi:10.1017/S095927090900817X Surveys, distribution and current status of the Madagascar Harrier Circus macrosceles in Madagascar LILY-ARISON RENE DE ROLAND, RUSSELL THORSTROM, GILBERT RAZAFIMANJATO, MARIUS P.H. RAKOTONDRATSIMA, TOLOJANAHARY R.A. ANDRIAMALALA and THE SEING SAM Abstract We conducted a 16-month country-wide survey to determine the status of the threatened Madagascar (Marsh) Harrier Circus macrosceles from 2005 to 2006. We searched for harriers in varying habitat types, focusing on marshes, grasslands and savannas, secondary forests and the edge of primary forests. We surveyed 68% of the districts of Madagascar which contain 71%of the potential harrier habitat throughout the country. We recorded 80 individuals of this sexually dimorphic raptor; 48 males and 32 females of which 71 were observed during the breeding season (June to December) and nine outside the breeding season (January to May). The Madagascar Harrier has a broad distribution of about 1,000 km north to south (Madagascar is about 1,500 km in length) and east to west, but at extremely low density. Fifty-three (69%) harriers were observed in high elevation marshes and grasslands above 1,100 m in the provinces of Mahajanga and Antananarivo during the breeding season. Three major threats to harriers, all human caused, were identified: the transformation of marshes to rice fields (all nests in lower elevation natural marshes), uncontrolled fires destroying nests (n 5 7 nests lost in 2005 to fires), and human persecution by taking young from nests for a food source and killing adults due to their predatory nature.
  • Savanna Woodland, Fire, Protein and Silk in Highland Madagascar

    Savanna Woodland, Fire, Protein and Silk in Highland Madagascar

    J. Ethnobiol. 5(2):109-122 Winter 1985 SAVANNA WOODLAND, FIRE, PROTEIN AND SILK IN HIGHLAND MADAGASCAR DANIEL W. GADE Department of Geography University of Vermont Burlington, VT 05405 ABSTRACT.-Anthropogenic fire above 900 m elevation on Madagascar has created several discrete zones of savanna woodland dominated by tapia (Uapaca bojen). This tree, preadapted to surviving periodic burning, provides edible fruit, firewood and medicinal bark, but it is most important as a host plant to several useful lepidop­ teran insects. Borocera madagascatiensis has been a source of silk made from its wild cocoons in tapia groves. Use of this fabric, still made on hand looms, is largely confined to shrouds for the elaborate reburial ceremony of the Merina and Betsileo ethnic groups. In addition, the pupae of Borocera and Tagoropsis are gathered and eaten by rural folk. Caterpillars that live on tapia leaves belonging to three different genera are also consumed, and the adult male of still another species is avidly sought for sale to butterfly collectors. A major shift in burning practice, fuelwood demand, mortuary ritual, or dietary custom could spell the end of this man/plant/animal symbiosis. INTRODUCTION On almost every continent and climatic zone, fires set by man have destroyed some plant communities while creating others. Periodic burning is now accepted as necessary to sustain certain ecosystems, and the only debate is how many of the fires were caused by lightning and how many by human agency. These "pyrophytic deformations" as Carl Sauer (1956:55) once called them, go far back enough in time to be viewed as part of the natural order.