DOCSLIB.ORG

Thesis Presented for the Degree Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thesis Presented for the Degree Of The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town Thesis Presented for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Department of Social Anthropology UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN November 2009 Ambitions of cidade: War-displacement and concepts of the urban among bairro residents in Benguela, Angola University of Cape Town Sandra Roque Doctorate in Social Anthropology - Ambitions of cidade: War-displacement and concepts of the urban among bairro residents in Benguela, Angola Contents LIST OF TABLES ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- III LIST OF MAPS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- III ABSTRACT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- V CHAPTER 1: ENCOUNTERS, SITES AND QUESTIONS -----------------------------------------------1 THE MAP IN THE DUST -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 THE SITES OF THIS STUDY: BENGUELA AND BAIRRO CALOMBOTÃO --------------------------------------3 RECENT MIGRATION IN ANGOLA: WAR-DISPLACEMENT TO THE URBAN AREAS -----------------------------3 WAR-DISPLACEMENT TO BENGUELA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 WAR-DISPLACEMENT TO THE CIDADE: LIVING IN PROPER PLACES, BUILDING PROPER LIVES AND MAKING PROPER PEOPLE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 METHODOLOGY: ON THE “FIELD”, NUMBERS AND ENCOUNTERS ---------------------------------------- 21 MY HOME TOWN AS MY „FIELD‟ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 FROM A HOUSEHOLD SURVEY TO ENCOUNTERS AND CONVERSATIONS ------------------------------------- 24 THESIS OUTLINE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 CHAPTER 2: BENGUELA 1850 TO THE PRESENT: A PERIOD OF PROFOUND CHANGE --- 29 BENGUELA AT THE END OF THE PERIOD OF COLONIAL TRADE ------------------------------------------- 30 THE END OF THE LINGERING SLAVE TRADE AND THE RUBBER BOOM --------------------------------------- 30 A SOCIALLY AND RACIALLY INTERWOVEN SOCIETY ----------------------------------------------------------- 33 CUBATAS, ADOBE AND QUINTAIS: SOCIAL DIVERSITY AND THE STRUCTURE OF TOWN SPACE ---------- 37 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION ---------------------------------------------------- 42 CIVILIZADOS AND INDÍGENAS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42 THE INDIGENATO ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45 THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY: A TOWN UNDER COLONIAL CONTROL------------------------ 49 NO MORE RUBBER, NO MORE CARAVANS: THE (ALMOST) DEATH OF BENGUELA ------------------------- 49 THE COLONIAL TOWN: INTENSIFYING SOCIAL, RACIAL AND SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION ---------------- 53 FROM WORLD WAR II TO INDEPENDENCE: THE RISE AND THE FALL OF THE COLONIAL POWER 59 THE ECONOMIC BOOM----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59 POPULATION, SPACE AND SOCIETY ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62 BENGUELA AFTER INDEPENDENCE: SOMECONSIDERATIONS ON SOCIAL AND SPATIAL STRUCTURE --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------University of Cape Town 68 INDEPENDENCE AND WARS: MAJOR POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES ---------------------- 68 BENGUELA‟S CHANGING SOCIAL AND SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION ------------------------------------------ 69 CHAPTER 3: CIDADE AND BAIRRO: CLASSIFICATION, CONSTITUTION AND EXPERIENCE OF URBAN SPACE -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 72 “THE CIDADE HAS EVERYTHING” ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 73 CONSTITUTION OF THE URBAN SPACE -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 76 THE DUALIST PERSPECTIVE ON ANGOLAN URBAN SPACE ----------------------------------------------------- 76 CLASSIFICATION AND CONSTITUTION OF THE URBAN SPACE ------------------------------------------------- 83 PERCEPTIONS OF URBAN SPACE IN CALOMBOTÃO ---------------------------------------------------------- 87 “THIS IS NOT URBANISED; THIS IS A CONCENTRADO POPULACIONAL” -------------------------------------- 88 LAYERS OF THE “URBANISED” AND THE STRUCTURE OF URBAN SPACE: CIDADE, BAIRROS AND BAIRROS QUASE CIDADE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 91 Sandra Roque i Doctorate in Social Anthropology - Ambitions of cidade: War-displacement and concepts of the urban among bairro residents in Benguela, Angola THE VALUE OF THE CIDADE AND ITS STRUCTURING POWER ----------------------------------------------- 95 THE CIDADE IS WHERE DEVELOPMENT HAPPENS --------------------------------------------------------------- 95 CIDADE IS THE PLACE WHERE ONE CAN ESTAR ACTUALIZADO ----------------------------------------------- 97 CONCLUSION: “CIDADE HAS THE FAME OF CIDADE” -------------------------------------------------------- 99 CHAPTER 4: MANUELA, A STORY OF DISPLACEMENT AND CHANGE ------------------ 101 FROM PEASANTS TO DISPLACED PEOPLE -------------------------------------------------------------------- 102 ARRIVING IN BENGUELA – BECOMING “OF THE BAIRRO” ------------------------------------------------ 106 AUNT ANTONIA‟S HOUSE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 106 GETTING ESTABLISHED IN BENGUELA ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 110 FROM A LIFE OF BAIRRO TO A LIFE OF CIDADE ------------------------------------------------------------- 115 DISCOVERING A GOOD LIFE IN JOSEFA‟S HOUSE -------------------------------------------------------------- 115 MANUELA‟S VITAL CONJUNCTURE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 118 GETTING TO THE CIDADE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 125 MANUELA‟S TRAJECTORY: HABITUS, STRATEGY AND TACTICS ---------------------------------------- 128 CHAPTER 5: A HOUSE AND A JOB: IMAGININGS OF AN ORGANISED LIFE------------ 131 BUILDING AN ORGANISED HOUSE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 132 IN CONSTRUÇÃO DEFINITIVA: BUILDING MATERIALS AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE HOUSE ----------- 132 BUILDING HOUSES, MAKING PEOPLE---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 135 HAVING “ALL THE CONDITIONS”: FURNITURE AND APPLIANCES IN AN ORGANISED HOUSE ----------- 138 SPECTATORS OF PROPRIETY: FOR WHOM ARE ORGANISED HOUSES DISPLAYED? ------------------------ 143 A HOUSE THAT MAKES SOMEONE OF YOU: AN ORGANISED HOUSE AND SYMBOLIC POWER ----------- 146 WHAT DO YOU DO TO MAKE A LIVING: JOBS, NEGÓCIOS AND OTHER SMALL THINGS-------------- 147 A PERMANENT JOB ABOVE ALL ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 147 JOBS, MATERIAL SECURITY AND AN ORGANISED LIFE ------------------------------------------------------- 153 THE SYMBOLIC POWER OF A PERMANENT JOB: A PROPER JOB TO HAVE A PROPER LIFE ---------------- 157 CONCLUSION: MATERIAL PROPERTY AND „DEVELOPED PERSONS‟ ------------------------------------ 159 CHAPTER 6: AMBITIONS OF CIDADE AND PATHS TOWARDS AVANÇO ---------------- 161 PROTESTANT MISSIONS, CIDADE AND EDUCATION TO BECOME A PROPER PERSON ----------------- 162 WITHIN THE MARGINS OF “COMELICA” ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 162 WOMEN OF THE MISSIONS: RAISED TO BECOME PROPER WIVES-------------------------------------------- 168 ANTONIO FORTUNATOUniversity‟S RETURN TO THE CIDADE of ----------------------------------------------------------- Cape Town 172 JOÃO FORTUNATO‟S AMBITIONS, PROJECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES ------------------------------------ 175 MOVING TO THE CIDADE------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 175 CUBAL: FROM BEING A CIDADE TO BECOMING THE INTERIOR ---------------------------------------------- 176 JOÃO FORTUNATO‟S LIFE IN THE CIDADE: MOVING UP TOWARDS AVANÇO ------------------------------ 178 MANUELA AND JOÃO FORTUNATO: TWO TRAJECTORIES TOWARDS THE CIDADE AND AVANÇO - 181 JOÃO AND MANUELA: HIGHLIGHTING PATHS TOWARDS AVANÇO ---------------------------------------- 182 HABITUS, CONJUNCTURES AND THE POSSIBILITY OF CHANGE --------------------------------------------- 186 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 191 LIST OF REFERENCES--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 197 APPENDIX A: QUESTIONNAIRE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 209 APPENDIX B: ON CLASSIFICATIONS OF PEOPLE
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Angola Community Revitalization Projects
    Angola Community Revitalization Projects A Review of Accomplishments & Study of Impact STATISTICAL ANNEXES November 1998 hepared for: weeof Transition Initiatives - USALD Prepared by: Creative Associates International, Inc - CREA Angola Under Contract number AOT-0000-GOO-519600 CREATIVEAS s OCIATES INTERNATIONALz 530 1 W~sconsinAvenue, NW Sute 700 Wash~ngton,DC 200 15 Angola Community Revitdizafion Projects -A Review of Accomplkhments & Study of Impact Table of Contents Table of Contents Ap - A. Data Sources and Analysis .................................................... A-I 1. Data collection .............................................................................................A-I 2. Statistical results and interpretation of data .................................................A-4 a) Tables and other numeric data ........................................................................... A-4 b) Graphical representation of dispersions ............................................................. A-6 3. Resettlement, reintegration and development indices ................................. A-8 a) CREA Angola definitions ...... ........................... ....................... ... ... ... ......... ... ....... A-8 b) Variables reduction and aggregation ........ .............. ................ ......... ......... ... ... ....A-8 c) Resettlement Index ......................................................................... ... ...... ...... ....A-9 d) Reintegration index ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ... ... .... ... ....... ..
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2000
    ANGOLA May, 2001 This Annual Report is intended for reporting on the Federation's Annual Appeals only. Appeal No. 01.16/2000 Appeal Target: CHF 1,877,000 The Context Since gaining its independence from Portugal in 1975, Angola has endured almost constant conflict. The 1994 Lusaka peace accord and the formation of the United Government of National Reconciliation in April 1997 gave rise to hopes of sustainable development and peace in the country. However, clashes between the government and UNITA continued and in May 1998 both sides prepared for war. Fighting increased dramatically from December 1998, once again plunging the country into a full scale civil war and dramatically increasing the number of internally displaced persons (IDPs). Following a largely successful government campaign which began in October 1999 to flush out UNITA from its traditional strongholds in the central highlands, military activity shifted and extended to the borders with neighbouring countries - Namibia, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Zambia. This intense fighting created a new wave of IDPs resulting in large numbers of Angolans crossing the borders, and continued insecurity with reported ambushes, incidents of attacks on villages and an increase in mine incidents resulting in many casualties throughout the country. The agriculture sector particularly suffered with the ongoing hostilities as an estimated seven million land mines around the country render farmland inaccessible and force increasing numbers to abandon their property. Government support to health and education remains low, with funds diverted to defence. Much of the country's infrastructure such as roads, bridges and railways already destroyed by the conflict, has further eroded, and most roads are now closed due to the ongoing insecurity.
    [Show full text]
  • Estudo De Mercado Sobre Províncias De Angola 2015 - Benguela, Cabinda, Huambo, Huíla, Luanda E Namibe 2
    Estudo de Mercado sobre Províncias de Angola 2015 - Benguela, Cabinda, Huambo, Huíla, Luanda e Namibe 2 From Experience to Intelligence Estudo de Mercado sobre Províncias de Angola 2015 3 - Benguela, Cabinda, Huambo, Huíla, Luanda e Namibe FICHA TÉCNICA Título Estudo de Mercado sobre Províncias de Angola - Actualização 2015 Data Março 2015 Promotor Associação Industrial Portuguesa - Feiras, Congressos e Eventos Autoria CESO Development Consultants Coordenação Técnica “Estudo desenvolvido ao abrigo do Projecto Conjunto QREN SI Qualificação e Internacionalização n.º 37.844” Rui Miguel Santos (com a colaboração de Susana Sarmento) 4 01 O País 9 1.1 O Censo 10 1.1.1 Um Momento Histótico 10 1.1.2 População por Províncias 12 1.1.3 Densidade Demográfica 14 1.2 O Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento 2013-2017 16 1.2.1 Enquadramento Estratégico de Longo-Prazo 16 1.2.2 Objectivos Nacionais de Médio-Prazo 17 1.3 A Re-industrialização de Angola 20 1.4 O Desafio da Formação de Quadros 24 1.4.1 Objectivos 24 1.4.2 Programas de Acção 26 1.4.3 Resultados e Metas a Alcançar 28 1.4.4 Mecanismos de Resposta às Necessidades 29 1.4.5 Parcerias 30 1.5 A Nova Pauta Aduaneira: Proteção da Produção Nacional 31 1.5.1 Capítulos Agravados 32 1.5.2 Capítulos Desagravados 33 1.5.3 A Eliminação da Obrigatoriedade da Inspecção Pré-Embarque 34 1.5.4 Impacto nas Principais Exportações Portuguesas 34 1.6 Aspectos Regulamentares de Acesso ao Mercado 40 1.6.1 Comércio 40 1.6.2 Investimento 43 1.7 Uma Nova Era que se Anuncia 49 1.7.1 A Crise do Petróleo 49 1.7.2 Evolução Recente
    [Show full text]
  • Working Paper Reference
    Working Paper Civil wars and state formation: violence and the politics of legitimacy in angola, côte d'ivoire and south sudan PECLARD, Didier, et al. Abstract Civil wars do not only destroy existing political orders. They contribute to shaping new ones, and thereby play a crucial role in dynamics of state formation. This working paper is based on a 2-year research project funded by the Swiss Network of International Studies and conducted by a consortium of five research institutions in Switzerland and Africa. It reflects on the social construction of order and legitimacy during and after violent conflict by focusing on political orders put in place by armed groups, their strategies to legitimize their (violent) action as well as their claim to power, and on the extent to which they strive and manage to institutionalize their military power and transform it into political domination. Drawing on case studies in Angola, Côte d'Ivoire and South Sudan, it shows how strategies of legitimization are central to understanding the politics of armed groups and their relation to the state, how international aid agencies impact on the legitimacy of armed groups and state actors, and how continuities between war and peace, especially in key sectors such as security forces, need to be taken [...] Reference PECLARD, Didier, et al. Civil wars and state formation: violence and the politics of legitimacy in angola, côte d'ivoire and south sudan. Geneva : University of Geneva / Swiss Network of International Studies (SNIS), 2019, 29 p. Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:134632 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa «Afrique Africa • Afrique
    WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD, Ho. 12,20 MUCH 1W2 • RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, » 12,20 MARS 1992 Influenza Grippe A ustria (23 February 1992). The first signs of influenza A utriche (23 février 1992). Les premiers signes d'activité grippale activity were scattered localized outbreaks in mid-January. ont été des flambées locales disséminées à la mi-janvier. Des cas Cases of influenza-like illness were detected all over the d'affections de type grippal ont été décelés dans tout le pays en country during February and activity reached epidemic février et l'activité a atteint des proportions épidémiques à Vienne. proportions in Vienna. Influenza A has been implicated on La grippe A a été mise en évidence par sérologie mais ria pas encore serological evidence but has not yet been confirmed by virus été confirmée par isolement du virus. isolation. Egypt (2 March 1992).* Additional cases of influenza Egypte (2 mars 1992).‘ Des cas supplémentaires de grippe A(H3N2) were diagnosed among cases of influenza-like A(H3N2) ont été diagnostiqués parmi des affections de type grippal illness investigated during December and January. étudiées en décembre et en janvier. Hong Kong (2 March 1992).2 * Influenza A(H3N2) virus Hong Kong (2 mars 1992).2 Le virus grippal A(H3N2) a été isolé was isolated from a sporadic case in January. d'un cas sporadique en janvier. Israel (28 February 1992).’ Influenza activity reached Israël (28 février 1992).’ L'activité grippale a atteint des niveaux epidemic levels in February. Cases have been seen in all age épidémiques en février. Des cas ont été observés dans tous les groups but most have been children.
    [Show full text]
  • Habitat Use of the Aesculapian Snake, Zamenis Longissimus, at the Northern Extreme of Its Range in Northwest Bohemia
    THE HERPETOLOGICAL BULLETIN The Herpetological Bulletin is produced quarterly and publishes, in English, a range of articles concerned with herpetology. These include society news, full-length papers, new methodologies, natural history notes, book reviews, letters from readers and other items of general herpetological interest. Emphasis is placed on natural history, conservation, captive breeding and husbandry, veterinary and behavioural aspects. Articles reporting the results of experimental research, descriptions of new taxa, or taxonomic revisions should be submitted to The Herpetological Journal (see inside back cover for Editor’s address). Guidelines for Contributing Authors: 1. See the BHS website for a free download of the Bulletin showing Bulletin style. A template is available from the BHS website www.thebhs.org or on request from the Editor. 2. Contributions should be submitted by email or as text files on CD or DVD in Windows® format using standard word-processing software. 3. Articles should be arranged in the following general order: Title Name(s) of authors(s) Address(es) of author(s) (please indicate corresponding author) Abstract (required for all full research articles - should not exceed 10% of total word length) Text acknowledgements References Appendices Footnotes should not be included. 4. Text contributions should be plain formatted with no additional spaces or tabs. It is requested that the References section is formatted following the Bulletin house style (refer to this issue as a guide to style and format). Particular attention should be given to the format of citations within the text and to references. 5. High resolution scanned images (TIFF or JPEG files) are the preferred format for illustrations, although good quality slides, colour and monochrome prints are also acceptable.
    [Show full text]
  • Mapa Rodoviario Benguela
    PROVÍNCIAPROVÍNCIAPROVÍNCIAPROVÍNCIAPROVÍNCIA DEDE DO DODO MALANGECABINDA BENGO ZAIREUÍGE REPÚBLICA DE ANGOLA MINISTÉRIO DAS FINANÇAS FUNDO RODOVIÁRIO BENGUELA Eval Loeto Tapado Eval Guerra10 1 7 EC 100-7 12 6 Cinjamba 6 2 15 1 5 6 Caiandula Hangala Nomaca1 8 Bumba Inguelume Santa 8 2 10 Egito Braia 13 Teresa 3 22 Balombo5 6 Canjala Vouga 1 3 Bom Jesus 10 2 1 BALABAIA Luime 15 9 9 Tala 7 Cuula 10 6 CHILA 17 Banja 2 4 Casseque 12 Calul 7 10 25 20 9 16 EN 110 EN 100 10 3 Chicala 17 20 12 Chicuma Balombo Satanda 10 do Egito 20 7 4 15 Cuula1 2 Nunda Moma LOBITO 3 Choundo 14 Brita 5 10 Hanha Cuhula 8 Cangumbi 2 5 2 15 Felino 2 11 EC 367 Fonte do Jomba 3 2 Cubal 17 Cubal CAVIMBE 10 Ussoque 1 4 17 7 Culango Cubal do Lombodo Lumbo 10 Chinjir CHINGONGO 8 9 17 Culai 21 15 Chimbambo 13 2 9 6 Cubal de Quissaine Achuio EN 250 Cota LOBITO 8 7 13 18 3 21 MONTE 3 18 1 7 12 7 CANATA 11 1 BOCOIO 12 Bussa 8 Londengo BELO Amera Caluita BALOMBO 8 18 10 Lamalo 4 8 Cúmia 2 5 9 Chifena 10 7 CATUMBELA Balombo Caala Balombo 4 Aldeia do EN 250 Uequia BOCOIO 10 11 Luango 10 3 13 2 Biopio 20 Cubal15 do CamoneNunce BALOMBO 4 Lussinga 7 8 11 Lomete EN 100 Barragem Crabeiro Lopes8 6 Cateque 4 10 Humbondo Lucunga 22 Damba Maria 6 Saleiro 9 13 Temba 8 EC 356 CATUMBELA 7 16 Mabubo 4 Upano 7 2 Tola Cavicha BENGUELA 6 11 10 PASSE 5 5 Chimuco 7 Chiculo Cagendente 4 2 4 10 Caota 5 16 10 EC 355 Cuvomba 3 7 11 6 5 1 16 Vicua BAIA FARTA 5 EC 250-1 10 CuchiEN 110 16 1 Baia Azul NavegantesCavaco10 12 2 Capilongo EC 356-1 4 4 6 3 Chivanda 1 7 2 7 7 5 9 5 6 12 Cutembo ENDungo 100-2
    [Show full text]
  • Poster Sessions
    Tropical Medicine and International Health volume 20 suppl 1 pp 171–441 september 2015 ECTMIH2015 Poster Sessions PS1 Poster session I PS1.002 Asymptomatic malaria and associated factors among school PS1.001 children in Pawe District, Northwest Ethiopia Predictors of late diagnosis of HIV among HIV positive H. B. Beyene and N. F. Telele adults coming for initial CD4 T-cell count to public health Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Addis Ababa University, facilities, Northern Ethiopia Addis Ababa, Ethiopia M. B. Beyene1 and H. B. Beyene2 1Epidemiology and Biostastistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Introduction A wide scale implementation of malaria Ethiopia; 2Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Addis Ababa control activities in recent years has resulted in a decline of University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia malaria transmission, morbidity and mortality in many African Introduction countries. Ethiopia’s plan is now to eliminate malaria from Early HIV testing and timely initiation of ART selected endemic areas by 2020. Asymptomatic carriage in decrease mortality and morbidity due to HIV AIDS and endemic areas would pose a significant challenge for malaria improves the quality of life of of people living with HIV. Despite elimination program. Therefore, the objective of this study was an increased access to HIV/AIDS testing and treatment services to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria and late diagnosis is still a problem. Having identified a higher rates associated risk factors among children in Pawe Town, northwest of Late HIV diagnosis, this study was aimed to determine Ethiopia. determinants of late diagnosis of HIV among adult HIV patients Methods and Materials A cross-sectional study was presenting to Bahir Dar Felege Hiwot Referal Hospital in Bahir conducted from January to March 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • The Expansion of Slavery in Benguela During the Nineteenth Century
    IRSH (), pp. – doi:./S © Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis The Expansion of Slavery in Benguela During the Nineteenth Century M ARIANA P. CANDIDO Department of History, University of Notre Dame O’Shaughnessy, Notre Dame, IN USA E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: This article explores the nature and expansion of slavery in Benguela, in West Central Africa, during the nineteenth century, engaging with the scholarship on second slavery. Robert Palmer, Eric Hobsbawm, and Janet Polasky have framed the nineteenth century as the age of contagious liberty, yet, in Benguela, and elsewhere along the African coast, the institution of slavery expanded, in part to attend to the European and North American demand for natural resources. In the wake of the end of the slave trade, plantation slavery spread along the African coast to supply the grow- ing demand in Europe and North America for cotton, sugar, and natural resources such as wax, ivory, rubber, and gum copal. In Portuguese territories in West Central Africa, slavery remained alive until , when enslaved people were put into systems of apprenticeship very similar to labor regimes elsewhere in the Atlantic world. For the thousands of people who remained in captivity in Benguela, the nineteenth century continued to be a moment of oppression, forced labor, and extreme violence, not an age of abolition. After the abolition of slave exports, local merchants and recently arrived immi- grants from Portugal and Brazil set up plantations around Benguela making extensive use of unfree labor. In this article, I examine how abolition, colonialism, and economic exploitation were part of the same process in Benguela, which resulted in new zones of slavery responding to industrialization and market competition.
    [Show full text]
  • Relatório Do Estado Geral Do Ambiente Em Angola
    Governo de Angola Ministério do Urbanismo e Ambiente Relatório do Estado Geral do Ambiente em Angola Relatório do Estado Geral do Ambiente em Angola – MINUA 2006 i Prefácio A face ambiental de Angola mudou profundamente no último decénio. As vastas áreas de florestas diminuíram consideravelmente; a vegetação de savana mudou devido à pressão humana. Uma parte significativa das cidades costeiras do país está desestruturada devido à deslocação das populações rurais para a cidade. À entrada do século XXI, Angola encontra-se numa posição singular exibindo ainda problemas sociais comuns aos países em desenvolvimento, mas enfrentando os mesmos desafios ambientais que os países desenvolvidos. Angola, apesar do longo período de guerra, é ainda uma nação onde a riqueza natural e os valores culturais se pretendem conservar para as futuras gerações. Portanto, é necessário sabedoria, capacidade técnica e profissional para que o país crie as bases para um desenvolvimento sustentável e, para que ao mesmo tempo cumpra com as suas obrigações de participação no processo de mudança global. O acesso a informação actual, segura e oportuna sobre as questões ambientais é um direito consagrado à luz da legislação vigente e uma prioridade da acção governativa. O relatório do estado geral do ambiente que se apresenta põe em evidência os desafios que os angolanos e angolanas devem enfrentar nos próximos tempos para assegurar o seu futuro. As principais questões do ambiente incluem entre outras, a perda de habitats e da diversidade biológica, a desflorestação e erosão de solos, a sobre exploração e poluição de recursos hídricos e a insuficiência de infra estruturas e equipamento social.
    [Show full text]
  • Inventário Florestal Nacional, Guia De Campo Para Recolha De Dados
    Monitorização e Avaliação de Recursos Florestais Nacionais de Angola Inventário Florestal Nacional Guia de campo para recolha de dados . NFMA Working Paper No 41/P– Rome, Luanda 2009 Monitorização e Avaliação de Recursos Florestais Nacionais As florestas são essenciais para o bem-estar da humanidade. Constitui as fundações para a vida sobre a terra através de funções ecológicas, a regulação do clima e recursos hídricos e servem como habitat para plantas e animais. As florestas também fornecem uma vasta gama de bens essenciais, tais como madeira, comida, forragem, medicamentos e também, oportunidades para lazer, renovação espiritual e outros serviços. Hoje em dia, as florestas sofrem pressões devido ao aumento de procura de produtos e serviços com base na terra, o que resulta frequentemente na degradação ou transformação da floresta em formas insustentáveis de utilização da terra. Quando as florestas são perdidas ou severamente degradadas. A sua capacidade de funcionar como reguladores do ambiente também se perde. O resultado é o aumento de perigo de inundações e erosão, a redução na fertilidade do solo e o desaparecimento de plantas e animais. Como resultado, o fornecimento sustentável de bens e serviços das florestas é posto em perigo. Como resposta do aumento de procura de informações fiáveis sobre os recursos de florestas e árvores tanto ao nível nacional como Internacional l, a FAO iniciou uma actividade para dar apoio à monitorização e avaliação de recursos florestais nationais (MANF). O apoio à MANF inclui uma abordagem harmonizada da MANF, a gestão de informação, sistemas de notificação de dados e o apoio à análise do impacto das políticas no processo nacional de tomada de decisão.
    [Show full text]
  • Em Luanda (1926 – 1961)
    UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL Gentes do Mato: Os “Novos Assimilados” em Luanda (1926 – 1961) Versão corrigida Washington Santos Nascimento São Paulo 2013 2 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL Gentes do Mato: Os “Novos Assimilados” em Luanda (1926 – 1961) Versão corrigida Washington Santos Nascimento Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social do Departamento de História da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de doutor em História sob a orientação da Profa. Dra. Leila Maria Gonçalves Leite Hernandez. São Paulo 2013 3 Para meus pais Cida e Uilson. Para minha irmã Fernanda, minha esposa Railda e minha filha Amanda. Obrigado por terem “segurado a barra” nesses anos do doutoramento. 4 AGRADECIMENTO Esta tese é o resultado coletivo de uma grande somatória de esforços, que envolveu uma série de pessoas sem as quais ela não seria possível. É também o resultado de uma trajetória e dos diálogos realizados nesse período. Inicialmente gostaria de agradecer à minha orientadora, Prof. Dra. Leila Maria Gonçalves Leite Hernandes, por quem nutro um sentimento de admiração e respeito difícil de expressar. Na solidão e dificuldade de um trabalho de pesquisa, foi sempre uma interlocutora qualificada, conhecedora do tema, apontando caminhos, descortinando comigo descobertas, sendo rigorosa na construção do texto, nos cortes dos excessos, mas sem perder a dimensão humana.
    [Show full text]