Teacher

And Multiple Intelligences

K T Tamilmani Assistant Professor & Head Department of English Nehru Memorial College (Autonomous) Puthanampatti – 621 007 Objectives of the Presentation Participants will: • Increase understanding of what Multiple Intelligence is • Increase understanding of the qualities of an Efficient Teacher(specifically two) • Understand the significance of motivation What is MI?

The theory of multiple intelligences is based on several years of research investigating: • How we come to know what we know about our world. • How do we learn, process, and understand information? • What is the process by which we acquire knowledge? • In a nutshell, “What makes us smart? • What makes us intelligent?” The Question is NOT, "How smart am I?" It's rather "HOW am I smart?"

• The theory is proposed by the noted Harvard psychologist and educator Howard Gardner in 1983-85 • In this research, Gardner discovered that each of us possesses at least eight distinct areas of intelligence, eight ways we acquire knowledge, process information, learn and understand. • The good news is you already have all Eight Kinds of Smart inside you and probably more! And, because they are already part of your biology and neurology as a human being, you can easily and quickly “turn on” any of the intelligences any time you need them.

What is INTELLIGENCE?

Webster’s Dictionary defines it as: The power of knowing The ability to understand and/or deal with new situations The skilled use of reason How do Intelligences develop?

• Through Biological endowment nature Personal Life History of nurture Cultural/Historic Background time/place.

The theory of multiple proposes that people are not born with all of the intelligence they will ever have. It says that intelligence can be learned throughout life. Gardner on Intelligence:

• Intelligence is the ability to solve problems or fashion products that are valuable in one or more cultural settings.

Dr Howard Gardner Frames of Mind - 1983 1. Each person is a unique blend of dynamic intelligences which grow, expand and develop throughout life.

2. Intelligence is not singular. Multiple intelligences can be identified and described.

3. Rarely do they work alone, rather intelligences are combined in our activities. One can enhance another.

4. Teaching students about their intelligence strengths, helps them be self-advocates in their learning(autonomous leaners).

The 8 intelligences included in Gardner’s theory are:

*Verbal/ Linguistic *Logical/ Mathematical *Visual/ Spatial *Bodily/ Kinesthetic *Musical/ Rhythmic *Interpersonal *Intrapersonal *Naturalist

There are 8 Criteria for Defining Multiple Intelligences: *Each of the intelligences can potentially be isolated by brain damage.

*Each of the intelligences exists in exceptional people (savants or prodigies).

*Each of the intelligences has a process of developing during normal child development and has a peak end-state performance.

*Each of the intelligences is evidenced in species other than human beings.

*Each of the intelligences has been tested using various measures not necessarily associated with intelligence.

*Each of the intelligences can work without the others being present.

*Each of the intelligences has a set of identifiable operations.

*Each of the intelligences can be symbolized or has its own unique symbol or set of symbols. Some facts about You:

Write the name of a favorite song you like to sing. Write down a physical exercise you are able and willing to do. When alone, I like to.. Name something you recently read. List three words that express your feelings about mathematics. Draw your classroom as it looks right now. Describe someone you really admire. BELIEFS:

• Students are one-of-a kind individuals with unique strengths, weaknesses, aptitudes, interests, and capabilities. • Well educated students acquire a background in academics, arts, and in critical and creative thinking. • By knowing who they are and what they can do, students’ love of learning, excitement about life, and self-confidence --- a teacher can help them to become smart. Linguistic

Intelligence

~*Linguistic Intelligence*~

Gardner's Definition:

Linguistic Intelligence (Word Smart) is the capacity to use language, your native language, and perhaps other languages, to express what's on your mind and to understand other people. Criteria Used for Linguistic Intelligence •Can understand words and manipulate the structure of language •Has highly developed communication skills including writing, speaking, and story-telling •Knows and correctly uses rules of grammar •Enjoys reading, writing, and speaking •Has a large vocabulary This person learns best by: •Saying, hearing, and seeing words •Writing •Talking •Reading These people would do well in these careers.

•Author •Typist •Journalist •Novelist •Poet •Comedian •Playwright •Politician •Radio Announcer •Orator •Speech Pathologist •Actor (one who interprets) •Curator Famous People With Linguistic Intelligence

•William Shakespeare •Edgar Allen Poe •Earnest Hemmingway •F. Scott Fitzgerald •Emily Dickinson •Agatha Christie •T.S. Eliot •Rudyard Kipling Activities These People Would Enjoy

• Book •Letter writing reporting •Storytelling • Telling jokes •Discussing • Writing words •Creative writing • Reading •Debating • Journal writing •Persuading • Speaking

Logical-Mathematical Intelligence Logical-mathematical intelligence is the capacity to use numbers effectively and reason well. Someone who has this kind of intelligence is able to see cause and effect really well; also, they are able to identify a problem and solve it right there on the spot. People with this intelligence think by reasoning, and they love experimenting, questioning, figuring out logical puzzles, and calculating.

What kinds of processes are used in the logical-mathematical intelligence sequence?

•Categorization •Classification •Inference •Generalization •Calculation •Hypothesis testing Careers • Accountant • Economist • Actuary • Legal Assistant • Auditor • Mathematician • Banker • Purchasing Agent • Bookkeeper • Science Researcher • Businessperson • Science Teacher • Computer Analyst • Statistician • Computer Programmer • Technician • Doctor • Underwriter

Famous Mathematicians

• Einstein • Pythagoras • Newton • Pascal • Archimedes • Euclid • Copernicus • Plato • Galileo • Aristotle Activities •Analyzing •Reasoning •Categorizing •Time Lines •Formulas •Synthesis •Sequencing •Logic Games •Rational Thinking •Numbers •Scientific •Outlining Thinking •Patterns •Venn Diagrams •Problem Solving •Statistics

Spatial Intelligence What is spatial intelligence?

Spatial intelligence is the brain’s ability to perceive and interpret visual stimuli. In other words, it’s how our minds process what we see. Although not very recognized, spatial intelligence is very important in the arts and in everyday life. It is the ability to visualize objects from different perspectives and angles. Chess Why is spatial intelligence important? The way that we visually perceive and interpret the world around us is an important quality to have. In the arts, the ability to transfer a vision to a painting, sculpture, or film is a key quality.

Careers such as architecture, require a person to transfer a vision of a structure into a blueprint.

Spatial intelligence is even used by average people to remember small, but important facts; like how to travel from your school to your house. Everyone uses spatial intelligence in everyday life. Possible Careers

• Advertising Agent • Interior Designer • Architect • Inventor • Cartographer • Painter (Map Maker) • Photographer • Drafter • Pilot • Engineer • Fine Artist • Sculptor • Graphic Designer • Surveyor • Fashion Designer • Urban Planner

Famous People With High Spatial Intelligence • Ansel Adams • Leonardo Da Vinci (photographer) • Pablo Picasso • Amelia Earhart • Spike Lee • Auguste Rodin • Vincent Van Gogh (sculptor) • Frank Lloyd Wright • Robert Fulton (architect) (inventor) • Steven Spielberg • Michelangelo

Lesson planning activities for spatial intelligence • Brochures • Painting • Collages • Photography • Designs • Posters • Drawings • Pretending • Flow Charts • Sculpting • Mapping • Visualization • Molding Clay • Idea Sketching • Patterns • Labeling

What is Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence?

It is expertise in using one’s whole body to express ideas and feelings. Examples: acting, dancing, sports, and using body language

It is the ability to use one’s hands to produce or transform things. (Key board – fingers) Examples: sculpting clay and hands-on learning Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence Thinking through physical sensations

Love Need . Role play . Dancing . Drama . Running . Movement . Jumping . Things to build . Building . Sports and physical . Touching games . Gesturing . Tactile (touchable) experiences . Hands-on learning Other Activities that Would be Enjoyed • Acting • Impersonations • Charades • Inventing • Collections • Martial Arts • Demonstrations • Miming • Experiments • Puppetry • Field Trips • Visiting • Gymnastics • Exercise

Possible Career Choices

• Actor • Inventor • Athlete • Jeweler • Carpenter • Mechanic • Choreographer (creates and arranges dances) • Mime • Craftsman • P.E. Teacher • Dancer • Physical Therapist • Farmer • Recreational Director • Forest Ranger • Actress • Babe Ruth • Isadora Duncan • Jim Thorpe • Cincinnatus • Kristi Yamaguchi • Fabergè • Mickey Mantle • Wilbur Wright • Thomas Edison • Orville Wright

What is Musical Intelligence?

Being musically intelligent If you are musically means that you are able to intelligent, you are able to: distinguish the sounds • Perceive around you and that you have the ability to make • Discriminate your own melodies. Even if • Transform you are only singing a song • Express or making music, you are All kinds of musical forms using your musical intelligence! The power of Musical Intelligence

Of all forms of intelligence identified, the “consciousness altering” effect of music and rhythm on the brain is the greatest. Just think of how music can calm you when you are stressed, stimulate you when you're bored, and help you attain a steady rhythm in such things as typing and exercising. It has been used to inspire our religious beliefs, intensify national loyalties, and to express great loss or intense joy. Types of Musical Intelligence

Figural and Formal (“top-down”) (“ bottom-up”) This means that you This means that you are are very intuitive about analytical and technical the nature of music and about music and its its creation. creation.

*Anyone can have either both or one of these forms * Careers This will give you just a taste for the jobs available in this growing field.

• Song Writer • Advertising Agent • Conductor • Performing Musician • Piano Turner • Disc Jockey

• Singer • Film/Instrument Maker • Composer • Musical Theater Actor/ Actress • Music Teacher • Studio Engineer • Sound Engineer • Instrument Manager • Music Therapist • Rapper Famous Musicians These are just a few of the famous Musicians that helped shape the field of Music.

• Ludwig van Beethoven • Joan Baez • Ray Charles • Zubin Mehta • Robert Schumann • Ethel Merman • • Sergei Rachmaninoff Jean Redpath • Gustav Mahler • Yehudi Menuhin • Leonard Bernstein • Willie Nelson • Ella Fitzgerald • The Mavericks • Jenny Lind • Lawerence Welk • Ilaiyaraja • George Gershwin • A R Rahman Activities The following is a list of activities that can be used in a classroom or anywhere else to enhance one’s own musical intelligence.

• Sing Ballads • Instrumental sounds • Create Chants • Listening • Create Concept Songs • Lyrics • Discographies (lists of • Mood Music musical selections to • Music Composition or creation enhance what you are • Musical concepts learning or teaching.) • Musical Performance • Environmental Sounds • Percussion and Raps • Humming • Reproduce sounds and • Illustrate With Sounds rhythms • Rhythms • Singing and Songs • Vocal Sounds and Tonal Patterns Interpersonal Intelligence Interpersonal Intelligence

Gardner's Definition: • Interpersonal intelligence, (people smart), is understanding other people. It’s an ability we all need, but is at a premium if you are a teacher, clinician, salesperson, or a politician. Anybody who deals with other people has to be skilled in the interpersonal sphere. Interpersonally intelligent people enjoy: * Giving feedback to the teacher or to classmates • Understanding other's feelings • Person-to-person communication • Cooperative learning strategies • Receiving feedback • Group projects • Teaching someone else something new • Learning from someone outside of school • Other points of view • Creating group rules • Acting in a play or simulation • Conducting an interview • Creating "phone buddies" for homework • Sensing others’ motives • Creating group rules Famous Interpersonal People

• Abraham Lincoln • George Washington • Gandiji • Dr.Joyce Brothers • Oprah Winfrey • Jesse Jackson • Martin Luther King • Rev. Billy Graham

Interpersonal Careers

• Administrator • Public Relations • Anthropologist • Salesperson • Arbitrator • College Principal • Counselor • Sociologist • Manager • Therapist • Nurse • Teacher/Professor • Personnel Director • Travel Agent • Politician • Religious Leader • Psychologist

“What is intrapersonal intelligence?” Intrapersonal intelligence is self-knowledge and the ability to act adaptively on the basis of that knowledge. This intelligence includes having an accurate picture of oneself (one’s strengths and weaknesses); awareness of inner moods, intentions, motivations, temperaments, and desires; and the capacity for self-discipline, self-understanding, and self- esteem. Essentially, it’s how well you know yourself. • Clergyman • Entrepreneur • Program planner • Psychiatrist • Psychology Teacher • Philosopher • Theologian • Researcher • Spiritual Counselor • Psychologist

* Aristotle * Emily Dickinson * General George Patton * Helen Keller * Malcolm X * Mohammed

*Autobiography *Awareness of Personal Feelings *Concentration *Expression of Feelings *Focusing *Free-Choice Time *Goal Setting *Higher-Order Thinking and Reasoning *Independent Studies Projects *Mood Awareness and Shifting *Personal Application * Personal Priorities *Personal Projection *Sensing the Emotions of the Moment *Self –Identification *Thinking Strategies

Naturalist Intelligence

• Allows one to distinguish among, classify, and use features of the environment • The ability to discriminate among living things and to see patterns in the natural world • Naturalist intelligence is related to our recognition, appreciation, and understanding of the natural world around us. It involves such capacities as species discernment, the ability to recognize and classify various flora and fauna, and our knowledge of and communion with the natural world. You can see the naturalist intelligence when you find yourself drawn to and fascinated by animals and their behaviors. You see it when you notice the effect on your mood and sense of well-being when someone brings plants and-or cut flowers into an otherwise sterile, humanly- created environment. Think how often we head for nature when we want to relax, “unwind” or find inner renewal!

Careers

• Professionals who use a lot of the naturalist intelligence include: forest rangers, nature guides, animal trainers, zoo keepers, landscape designers, gardeners, scientists investigating the biological and physical worlds, bird watchers, veterinarians, farmers, people involved in scouting and camping, botanists, horticulturists, florists, meteorologists, and conservationists. Dr Kalam on Teachers their Task

“I believe there is no other profession in the world that is more important to society than that of a teacher.” “Teachers should be the best minds in the country.” “The teachers should teach the students the process of learning and enable them to become lifelong autonomous learners and teach them to continuously practise this trait.” Excerpts from Indomitable Spirit by Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Qualities of an Effective Teacher

Motivational Resourceful Positive Compassionate Communicative Flexible Perceptive Dependable Ethical Sociable Knowledgeable Organized Creative Committed Patient Sense of Humor Two Specific Qualities

Self-motivated/Motivational First and foremost a teacher has to be self- motivated and should have the ability to motivate his/her learners. Intelligent/Resourceful • A teacher is a master-minded individual. Learners adore/respect the teachers who are exceptionally intelligent.

What is Motivation?

An inferred process within an animal or an individual that causes that organism to move towards a goal. Views of Motivation Empirical View (e.g. Skinner) Extrinsic (incentives / disincentives) Rewards & punishments affect an individual’s tendency to respond in the way necessary for learning to occur Cognitive View (e.g. Piaget) Intrinsic (goals & objectives) Individual interest in a domain of cognitive Why is motivation ?

•Students’ dropout rates can be reduced • To Keep the Faculty/Students engaged in teaching/learning actively •Motivation is the most important characteristic related to achievement Motivational cycle

Need, Drive

Goal Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs

Self - Actualization

Esteem needs

Belongingness & love needs

Safety needs

Physiological needs: From the Paper “A Theory of Human Motivation” (1943) Physiological needs Hunger, thirst etc., Safety needs To feel secure & safe, out of danger Belongingness & love needs Affiliate with others, be accepted & belong Esteem needs To achieve, be component, gain approval and belong Self-actualization needs Self fulfillment & realize one’s potential

If we fulfill our needs at one level, then we can focus on satisfying the need on the next higher level Self-actualized characteristics Perceive reality accurately Tolerate uncertainty Accept oneself without guilt or anxiety Solve problems effectively Possess a strong social awareness Develop meaningful interpersonal relationships Relatively independent of environment & culture Self-motivation •Do it now • Break up the task into small steps • Don’t wait for mood or inspiration • Start action • Solutions will follow if you try Goal setting and analysis Identify the goal – List all your dreams Prepare a goal statement Check your goals harm the interest of anybody Goal is personal, positive, practical, flexible, time bound and measurable Identify anybody has already achieved success Focus on your most successful moments in life Identify the internal and external obstacles in achieving each goal Identify the qualities and behaviour required to reach each goal Identify the resources, people, materials and institutions help you in achieving the goal Prepare a step plan to reach the goal Start implementing the plan of action Review the progress Analyse the reasons Start behaving and acting as if you have already achieved your goals Steps to achieving your goals Your self in OK state Really tapping into what really you want Goal does not depend anyone to achieve it Stand in accomplishment - step into time If anything would make this more - make it now Think the significant people in your life Realisation of this goal – to a higher goal Imagine yourself having achieved the goal Willing to commit & to do. Now do it How to achieve quality in teaching and sustain it Responsibility –not blaming anybody/anything Hard work – ready to work in any time

Character – values, beliefs & personality of you Right time- ready to do at the right time Persistence- failing also a step to success Creativity – excellence of his/her effort Commitment – winning edge Learning - life long process Planning - exact For further reference • Multiple Intelligences: In The Classroom

by Thomas Armstrong • Multiple Intelligences: The Theory in Practice by Howard Gardner • Multiple Intelligence Approaches Assessment: Solving the Assessment Conundrum by David Lazear • Teaching & Learning Through Multiple Intelligences by Linda Campbell • Multiple Intelligences: Activities by Deirdre Korff Wilkins, M.A. The Internet Resources

• http://www.arches.uga.edu/~hmt/webwrite/linguist ics.htm • http://www.cookps.act.edu.au/mi_ling.htm • www.1stepenglish.com • www.ul.ie/~mearsa/9519211/ • www.chariho.k12.RI.us • www.chariho.k12.us/curriculum/MISmart/inter.htm

Questions to Ponder over:

• What does it mean to be a teacher who is aware of multiple intelligences ? • How can I do a better job of teaching to students with diverse intelligences? • What are my strongest /weakest intelligence? • What are my goals? Will this benefit my students? Sum Up

• The significance of Multiple intelligences of a learner/teacher in the classroom. • What are the qualities of an Effective Teacher? • What is the significance of Motivation? ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My Sincere thanks to: The Director, ASC, BARD, Trichy

THANK YOU ALL