Letting thePastInfluenceFuture 100 YearsofQueerHistory Report Written Final Project: Independant

Level: Subject: Course code: Change term: Academic Examiner: Helga Steppan Supervisor: Author: Bachelor

Julia Strömberg Julia

Visual Communication + Ståhl Ola Cassandra Troyan, 2D168E 02 2D168E

Fine Arts Fine VT18

1 rjcs 22-24 20-21 References 6. 32-33 5. 4.4InspiringProjects Conclusion 4.6 30-31 4.3TheRainbowflagandPride 4.5 Result 28-29 Visualisation Timeline 26-27 4.2 4.1 25 4. Target Mentor 3.2 Design Group 19 3.1 19 3. Intersectionality Process 2.1.10 Representation 2.1.9 Theoretical 19-27 2.1.8 The 2.1.7 The Framework 2.1.6 The 2010s 2.1.5 The 2000s 15 2.1.4 The 15 1990s 2.1.3 14-15 The 1980s 2.1.2 14 The 1970s 2.1.1 13 The 1960s 2.1 Queer history 12 The 1950s 2. 12 The 1940s 1. 12 1930s Glossary 10-11 Context 1920s 10 Abstract Introduction 10-15 4-5 8-9 CoNtENt 3.3 CisgenderperspectivesandWhitewashing 6-7 16 16-17 16-19 18-19

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3 Intersectionality; Ally;VisualCommunication;Change Keywords: Queer;LGBTQ;Transgender;Homosexual;History;Design;Art; view? important figuresandmomentswithinqueerhistorywithanintersectionalpointof Research question:Howcanweasvisualcommunicatorsbringawarenessto communicators canbeagoodallytowardstheLGBTQ+­ ­conclusion ofthisstudywillexhibittheresultourdesignandhowweasvisual project and­ light onthe­ chose tovisuallycommunicatequeerhistorythroughdesign.Weshallalsoshed this studyweshallelaboratefurtherofits­ the pastcanaffectouractions,includingchangeswecreateforfuture.In This studyisabouttheimportanceofqueerhistoryandhowgainingknowledge ABSTRACT analyse howpastprojectshaveeitherfailedorsucceededinthis.The importance ofhavingaintersectionalanalysiswhencreatingdesign importance, whileintroducinghowwe community.

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5 commonly used. clinics. Withinthehealthcare system,thetermgenderreassignment treatmentis affirming treatmentin Sweden,apersonmustfirstbeassessedatone ofthegender hair removal,hormone therapy,andsurgeries.Toaccesspubliclyfunded gender and gender-diversepeople,includingcounselling, speechandlanguagetherapy, priate. Therangeofmedicaland/orsurgical treatmentsofferedtotransgender Earlier referredtoas“sexchange”butthisterm isnolongerconsideredappro Gender Confirmative the sameside”. A personwhoidentifieswiththesextheywere assignedatbirth.CisisLatinfor“on Cisgender der expression,andhasnothingtodowithaperson’ssexualorientation. ways ofbeingtransgender.Thetermspecificallyreferstogenderidentityandgen is anumbrellatermwithseveraldifferentidentities,astherearemany A personwhodoesnotidentifywiththesexassignedtothematbirth.Transgender Transgender sexual practice,butitalsorepresentsacriticalviewofexistingnorms relation tosexualorientation,genderidentityandexpression,orrelationships attracted to,andtheTreferstogenderidentityexpression.Qqueerin G, andBrefertosexualorientation,whoapersonfeelsromanticallyorsexually An umbrellatermforlesbian,gay,bisexual,transgenderandqueerpeople.TheL, LGBTQ word forLGBTQ. orientation and/ortheirgenderidentityasqueer,queerisalsousedadditional that questiontheheteronormativestructures.Manypeoplecandefinetheirsexual Queer isawidetermthatcanmeanseveraldifferentthings,butbasicallyit brella termforgenderminoritieswhoarenotheterosexualand/orcisgender. The originalmeaningofqueeris“strange”or“peculiar”,usedasanum Queer therefore wethoughtitwouldbeneccecary. history. Thiswasveryusefulforuswhengoingdeeperintothisparticulartopic, the firstthingwereadwasaglossaryoftermsandexpressionsusedwithinqueer When meandMonserratstartedourprojectresearchedaboutqueerhistory, GlossAry - - -

6 (RFSL, 2018) body language,andhairstyle. accessories orbehaviourthataresociallyassociatedwithgender,suchasclothes, The wayinwhichapersonexpressestheirgenderidentitythroughpresentation, Gender Expression gender donotnecessarilyreflectaperson’sidentity. man, intergender,genderqueer,non-binary,man).Aperson’sbodyand/orlegal A person’sself-definedgender–theoneidentifieswith(forexample,wo Gender Identity to bemasculine,witheveryoneexpectedheterosexual. else. Womenandgirlsareexpectedtobefeminine,boysmen ding toheteronormativity,peopleareeitheraman/boyorwoman/girlandnothing The systemofnormsthataffectourunderstandinggenderandsexuality.Accor Heteronormative - -

7 raids wererelatively­ also alocalewheremanygaymen­ featuring gogo-boys,cheapbeer,agoodjukebox,crowded­ homosexuality andcross-dressingwascriminalised).Thecrowdracially­ Mafia-run bar(asmanyqueerorientedbarsinNewYorkwereatthetime,­ ­nonconformists ofmanyvarieties,gaymen,andlesbians.Itwasasmall, The StonewallInn­ experienced adramaticeventthatwouldlaterbeknownasthe‘Stonewall­ In Juneof1969theStonewallInn,agaybarinNewYork’s­ 1. INTRoDUCTIoN for thefuture. ­historical eventswhileatthesametimeinspire peopletokeepfightingforchange, on thisparticulartopic.Asvisualcommunicatorsweshallbringforwardthese queer perspectiveofthehistory,wechosetobaseourthesisanddesignproject when wearenotgrantedawiderperspective.Inordertocontributegaining ­importance whentalkingofhistory,andhownormativeourknowledgebecomes knew ­ Thiswastheoriginofgayliberationmovement,yetsomehowthis mine andMonserrat’stwelve-yeareducation,wewerealarmedofhowlittle ­historical eventisrarelyknownofinourcontemporarymoment.Considering which createdariot(Stryker,2008). watched their“sisters”beingarrestedand­ ­feminine gaymen,ortransgenderwomen–grew ­American and patrons, escortingthemoutofthebarintowaitingpaddywagons.­ cars ­ This wasnotthecaseinearlymorningsofJune28,1969,whensquad pulled upoutsidetheStonewallInn.The­ regarding queerhistory.Thismadeusquestionwhatsocietybelieveisof Puerto Ricanmembersofthecrowd–manythem­ appealed topeoplesuchasdragqueens,hustlers,gender frequent, buttheywereoftenroutinizedand­ ‘cruised’ forcasualsex.Becauseofthis­ escalated theoppositiontopolice police beganarrestingworkersand increasingly angryasthey Greenwich Village, dance floorandwas uneventful. queens, African shabby, police Riots’. since mixed

8 (Figure 1:Imageof theStonewall Inn,mashable.com)

9 the persecutionintensified evenmoreoncetheNazistookpowerin 1933.The went upinflames.Homosexuality wasofcoursealreadyillegalinGermany but The Nazibookburning in1933alotofprogressivebookslikeMagnus ­ when homosexualswerepersecutedincluding therecordsandliteratureofthem. As knowninhistorytheseweretherisingdays ofthesecondworldwarandatime 2.3.2 The1930s you wereforcedtoalignwiththeheteronormative lifestyle. available atsuchanearlytimeinourhistory, therestrictionswereveryharshand activity withtheothersex(Riksdagen.se,1995). Soeventhoughthesurgerywere individuals whowantedthesurgerywerenot queerorhadanytypeofsexual the surgeryandliveaheteronormativelifeafterwards.Itwasalsocrucialthat female-to-male genitalsurgery,youhadtogetadivorceifweremarriedbefore is importanttomentionthatifyouwanteddoamale-to-femalealternative Gerda whoidentifiedherselfasalesbian.(TheCopenhagenPost,2000)What mention isthatshelivedadecadeinParisopenlyaswoman,stillmarriedto the worldasDanishgirl,LiliElbe.Whatmovie“TheGirl”doesn’t of thefirsttogetamale-to-femalegenitalsurgery,shehasalsobecomeknownby ­surgery (Stryker,2008). There hearrangedonbehalfofDoraRichterthefirstmale-to-femalegenital ­Transvestites andin1919hefoundedtheInstituteforSexualScience wrote thefirstbook-lengthtreatmentoftransgenderphenomenoncalledThe inclinations andculturallyacquiredhabitspractices.Additionally,­ sex characteristics,secondarysex-linkedtraits,eroticpreferences,psychological concept of“sexualintermediaries”,theideathateveryhumanhasauniqueset ­German-Jewish homosexualmancalledDrMagnusHirschfeld.Hecreatedthe One oftheearlypioneeringadvocatesforsexualityandgenderwasa 2.1.1 The1920s we neededinordertocreatethevisualcommunication. be the­ ­ciswashed, whitewashedorotherwiserepressed.ThehistoryIdiscussherewill ­community butthatincertainadaptationsorretellingshavebeenignored, queer historythatfirstandforemosthavecreatedachangeforthe­ For thisnextsectionIwillwriteaboutparticularmomentsandindividualswithin 2.1 QueerHistory 2. CoNTEXT information thatwebringforwardinourdesignandisapartoftheresearch During the1920stherewasanothertransgenderwomanwhoalsoone LGBTQ+ Hirschfield’s, Hirschfeld Berlin.

10 tration camp,wayves.ca) (Figure 2:Photographofthegayvictimsinaconcen- 2013). victims fromthesecondworldwarbyusingitssymbol(Thepinktriangle.com, the pinktrianglehasbeenreclaimedandasseeninpicturebelow,honors back inprisonandtheirnightmarecontinued(Thepinktriangle.com,2013).Today who worethepinktriangle.Thosewithatriangleontheirpocketwereput camps werefinallyliberated,almostalloftheprisonersreleasedexceptthose te themfromtheotherprisoners.Atendofwar,whenconcentration triangle ontheirbreastpocketsthatidentifiedthemashomosexualstosepara (United StatesHolocaustMemorialMuseum,n.d.). tration campsonsimilarcharges,whereanunknownnumberofthemperished were sentencedtoprison.Anestimated5,00015,000mensentconcen 000 menwerearrestedbeinghomosexuals,andoftheseapproximately50,000 racially andculturally“purify”Germany.Between19331945anestimated100 ment inconcentrationcamps.ItwasapartoftheNazisso-calledmoralcrusadeto persecution rangedfromthedissolutionofhomosexualorganisationstointern (Figure4:ThePinkTriangle) In theconcentrationcampshomosexualmenwereforcedtowearapink (Figure5:ImagefromthePinkTriangle EventinSanFransisco,Thepinktriangle.com) imprisonment) (Figure 3:Illustrationofbars,representingthe - - -

11 that createdachange woulddeveloptothisday. few yearslaterwasofcourse theStonewallRiot,asmentionedinmy introduction, of dealingwithmembers fromtheLGBTQcommunity.Anotherriot thatcamea high heels(Stryker,2012).Thiswasthebeginning ofresistingthepolicebrutalway in thestreets.Dragqueensbeatpolicewith heavypursesandkickedthemwith coffee inhisfaceandafighterupted.Thepolice calledforbackupandcontinuedit the armofonequeensandtriedtodrag herawaybutunexpectedlyshethrew drag queensandcalledthepolicetoroustthem. Thepolicewhoarrived,grabbed and neighbourhoodregulars.Themanagerbecame annoyedatanoisyassemblyof the crowdconsistedofdragqueens,hustlers, slummers,cruisers,runawayteens change. OnofthoseweretheCompton’scafeteria riotin1966wherelateatnight direct actionsinthestreetsbytransgenderpeople, resultedinlastinginstitutional was transformedbyseverallarge-scalesocialmovementsandriotsstartedwhere This timeinhistorywasadecadethatchangedthelifeofqueerindividuals,it 2.3.5 The1960s ­identity politicsfortheyearstocome(Stryker,2008). she createdapublicawarenesstotransgenderissueswhichhelpeddefinethe ­heteronormative lifewhichatthattimewascertainlyasimplerone.Nevertheless, a greatstandfromhomosexuality,shewasheterosexualwomanwholived the transgendermovement.WhatisworthmentioningthatJorgensentook herself asapoliticalactivistbutshewasawarethathistoricfigurewithin Jorgensen whohadaverysuccessfulcareerinshowbusiness,shenever­ that shewasan“ex-GI”andmadepeoplereflectaboutmasculinitysexuality. ­transformation surgeryinCopenhagen.Themediawasveryintriguedbythefact Christine Jorgensenmadeheadlineswithnewsofhersuccessfulgenital 2.3.4 The1950s 1954 fromcyanidepoisoningwhichaninquestdeterminedasasuicide. he acceptedchemicalcastrationtreatmentasanalternativetoprison.Hediedin war. (Copeland,2012)Turingwasprosecutedforhomosexualactsin1952which ­engagements, includingtheBattleofAtlantic,andindoingsohelpedwin coded messagesthatenabledtheAlliestodefeatNazisinmanycrucial ­computer scienceandartificialintelligence.Turinghelpedcracking Alan Turing,whoiswidelyconsideredtobethefoundingfatheroftheoretical A pivotalfigureofwinningthesecondworldwarwasahomosexualmancalled 2.3.3 The1940s intercepted considered

12 inspired otherindoingthesame(Stryker,2012). cause ofdiscriminationandbullying.STARHouselastedfortwoorthreeyears learned howtoreadandwritebecausetheirformaleducationwasinterruptedbe themselves had.Theyevenenvisionedopeningaschoolforkidswhohadnever was toeducateandprotecttheyoungerpeoplewhowerecomingintolifethey hustle topayforrent,whiletheir“children”wouldscroungefood.Theirgoal on afreeandsafeplacetosleep.RiveraJohnsonas“housemothers”would to live.TheyopenedSTARHouse,wheredozensoftransgenderyouthcouldcount ries. Theirmaingoalwastohelpkidsonthestreetfindfood,clothing,andaplace of colour.In1970theyestablishedSTAR–StreetTransvestiteActionRevolutiona Stonewall RiotwasMarshaP.JohnsonandSylviaRivera,twotransgenderwomen Two incrediblyimportantfiguresfortheLGBTQcommunityandveteransofThe 2.3.6 The1970s (Figure 8:SylviaRivera standingnexttotheSTARbander) (Figure 6:MarshaP.JohnsonandSylviaRiveramarchingwithSTAR)

(Figure 7:ImageofMarshaP.Johnson) - -

13 begun transitioningfrom femaletomaleinthe1980s,beforedeciding toliveagain Transgender Liberation: AMovementWhoseTimeHasCome.Feinberg, whohad this expandedversion of “transgender”apoliticalchargewithhir1992 pamphlet, for allnon-normativeformsofgenderexpression andidentity.LeslieFeinberggave During theseyearstheword“transgender”erupted andbecameanumbrellaterm 2.3.8 The1990s his friendsandfamily(Stryker,2012) fighting forqueerrightsuntiltheveryendof 1991whenhediedinthecompanyof after hischestsurgeryandwasfinallycomfortablevisitinggaysexclubs.Hekept of anillnessconnectedtoAIDS.MostlikelyhebecameHIV-infectedin1980,just ­sexually own ­ ­nation forfemale-to-maleissues.BecauseofSullivan’sleadershiproleandhis FTM Newsletter,whichquicklybecametheleadingsourceofinformationin ­educational programsandopportunitiestosocialize.Theyalsopublishedthe community. Theorganisationheldmonthly“FTMGatherings”,featuring were LouSullivan,whobecamethehuboforganizedFTM(­ one ofthehighestHIVinfectionratesinworld(Stryker,2012). of pooraccesstohealthcare,poverty,stigmaandsocialisolation,theynowsuffered participated inthegaymalesexualsubcultureswereespeciallyhard-hit.Asaresult ­depended onsexworkforsurvival,sharedneedlesinjectinghormonesand first ­ In 1981adevastatingnewthreatappearedtotheLGBTQcommunity– 2.3.7 The1980s (­ an earlysupporterofgayrightsandhadabolishedthecity’santi-sodomylaw homosexuality amentalillnessatthistime,theliberalMosconehad­ important timeforthegaycommunity.Whilemanypsychiatristsstill­ Milk wasassassinatedafteronlyoneyearinoffice,buthisdeathhadcomeatan the RainbowflagandassignedhisfriendGilbertBakertodesignit.Unfortunately, child care,housingandcivilianpolicereviewboard.Hewasalsotheinstigatorof ­incorporated gayrightsinhisplatform,butalsoawidevarietyofissuessuchas first openlygaymantobeelectedofficeintheUnitesStates.Hiscampaign Within thepoliticalworldin1977,anactivistcalledHarveyMilkbecame biography.com, 2018) visible manifestationoftheAIDSpandemic.Transgenderpopulationsthat sexual identity,beingattractedtogayandbisexualmen,theyalwayshada An individualwhohelpedthetransgendercommunitythroughthesetimes diverse coremembership.Sullivan’slifewastragicallycutshortbecause female-to-male) become considered

14 2012). ­transgender visiontoalarge,appreciativeandinternationalaudience(Stryker, ­movement. HirsemibiographicalnovelStoneButchBluescommunicatedhir S/he linkedmanystrugglesagainstgender-basedoppressionstogetherintoone ­occupy aspaceonthebordersandintersectionsofconventionalgender architects ofthenewtransgendersensibility,ass/hestruggledtodefineand nominated and (Ljung, win 2015). category female best actress 2015and first the became transgender openly personbe both to debut of movie this by winning Swedish the version of Oscars; Guldbaggen. She won inthe plays character lead inSomething the must Ellie break, madewith history her acting also other transwomen 2016).” (Ramnehill, The actress transgenderand Beckerwho activist Saga her point of view. It gave me something Ionly earlier could receive inconversations with ­explaining anything for cisgender people and depicts atransgender person completely from for its importance is as Maria mentions Ramnehill “It of was made not with purpose the ­Bergsmark, was which an important movie for transgender the community. The reason In 2014aSwedish “Something movie called Must Break” was made by Ester Martin were sterilised, already been allowed compensation (Regeringskansliet, 2017). reassignment inSweden was abolished and in2017it that was decided people had the who 2014). I’ve harassed, any been of could them have CeCe” be easily escalated, Icould (Erdely, very star of Orange is New the Black, “So can who with identify her experiences, many times 2014). One of her many supporters was transgender the activist and actress Laverne Cox, ­McDonald and were her her friends assaulted inaracist and transphobic attack. (Erdely, a plea bargain of 41months for second-degree manslaughter of aman she after stabbed McDonald,In 2012CeCe ablack, bisexual, transwoman, known became for accepting 2.3.10 The2010s change (transformering.se, sex. legal their 2017). different gendered couple married not does have to get adivorce if one them wantof to Two years afterthat, the marriagelaw in becomesSweden gender neutral,this meansthat around world the are to hate exposed and crimes are murdered for just transgender. being through manifestationswith purpose the that remind transgender society the people all target group. Afew years later Transgender in2007,the Day of Remembrance is created In RFSL:s 2001the congress that decided transgender people would included be inRFSL:s 2.3.9 The2000s In forced 2013the sterilising of transgender people wanted who to doagender categories.

15 grounds andstruggles. Tohighlightthateverylayerofhistoryisdependant oneach Thistheory,intersectionality, wasofvitalimportance foruswhenwecrea individuals tobringforward inourdesign,tochooseindividualsof differentback ted ourproject.Thetheory wasusedparticularlywhenselectingthe momentsand tage andpower(Jónasdottir,Bryson,Jones, 2011).” patriarchy andotherformsofdominationconstitute complexpatternsofdisadvan “Intersectionality drawsattentiontotheways thatstructuraldimensionsofracism, 3.2 INTERSECTIoNALITY and thatpowershouldnotbetakenlightly. ­constructing representationeverytimeIam selectingorcreatinganimage, if myheartisintherightplace,Ihavetobeawarethatamonewho ­transformation” (hooks,1992).Asavisualcreatorthisgivesmepowerandeven image, theoutlawrebelvision,isessentialtoanyeffortcreateacontextfor dualistic thinkingaboutgoodandbad.Makingaspaceforthe­ critical ­ ­alternatives, askingyourselfquestionsaboutwhattypesofimagessubvert,pose of ­ Whenbellhooksdiscussraceandrepresentation,sheaddressesthe people. “Otherness”“Theissueofraceandrepresentationisnotjusta­ ­stereotypical representationofblackpeoplethatisconstructedbywhite constructs theexcludedas’other’.”(Hall,1997). of whatisinthenormandaccepted.“Itclassifiespeopleaccordingtoa and constructedasnaturaltruthful.Stereotypesalsosettheunwrittenrules a smallamountofsimpleandexaggeratedcharactertraits,buttheyrepresented up inthemidstofstereotypes.Halldiscussesthatstereotypesreducespeopleto 1997). Sowhendiscussingtherepresentationof“theother”weautomaticallyend of negativefeelings,splitting,hostilityandaggressiontowardsthe’Other’”(Hall, the selfasasexedsubjectandatsametime,itisthreatening,siteofdanger, formation oflanguageandculture,forsocialidentitiesasubjectivesense both positiveandnegative.Itisnecessaryfortheproductionofmeaning, us, how“theother”isrepresented.Hallssays:“’difference’ambivalent.Itcanbe (Hall, 1997).StuartHallalsodiscusseshowwerepresentsomethingthatisunlike and feelaboutthem-howwerepresentthatgiveameaning.” happens insocietyorpolitically.“Wearerepresentingthem-whatwesay,think media hasbeenconstructed,suchthingscanperhapsbearepresentationofwhat Representation referstotheideathateverythingweseeorhearinmainstream 3.1 REPRESENTATIoN 3. THEoRETICALFRAMEWoRK critiquing thestatusquo.Itisalsoabouttransformationimage,­ alternatives, andtransformourworldviewsmoveusawayfromthe transgressive create question - - -

16 communicating messages outintheworld. being ­ is ­ ­journalists inSweden(Oskarsson,2018).The factthatthisisstillanissuetoday ­there wasanintensediscussionaboutthisparticular topicbetweenfeminist This kindofexclusioncanstillbefoundtoday, forexample,justrecently rights, orelseIwouldnotbeouttherefightingforourrights”(YouTube,2014). lieve inarevolution,youalldo.Ibelievegay…power.usgettingour “Ihavebeenbeaten,Ihadmynosebroken,throwninjail, me thisway??Whatthefuckiswrongwithyouall??Thinkaboutthat!Idonotbe I havelostmyjob,apartmentforgayliberation.Andyoualltreat them outonit. ration DayRallyinNewYorkCity,whichsheobjectedtheexclusionandcalled Rivera heldarousingandinflammatoryspeechontheChristopherStreetLibe P. JohnsonandSylviaRiveradidfortheentireLGBTQcommunity.In1973 transgender community.TheydiscreditedtheworkandstrugglesthatMarsha the gaycommunitytriedtogaintheirrights,theypushedawayandexcluded the aspectsyoucan.Thisissomethingthatpastfailedin,forexample,when is torecognizeothersstruggles,seethemasanissueforallandhelpin This mostcertainlyalsoappliestonotonlywomen,buteveryone.Tobeanally her shacklesareverydifferentfrommyown.” other, asAudreLordeexplain“Iamnotfreewhileanywomanisunfree,evenwhen (Figure 9:ScreenshotfromYouTubeoftheclip,SylviaRivera-Y’allbetterquietdown(1973)) something weshouldbe ashamedaboutandsoitiscertainlytime for ustostart intersectional, especially forasvisualcommunicatorswearethe ones - -

17 the ­ ­bringing forwardthequeer individualswhohavealreadycreateda changewithin was thehiddenhistory oftheLGBTQcommunity.Byfocusingon historyand through ourpreviousprojectandwefoundthat themostimportantaspectofit one atthat.Westillwantedtousetheresearch andknowledgethatwegained Additionally,wereceivedfeedbackfromseveralpersonsofanon the directionofourprojectwasmostcertainly therightchoiceforusanda­ ­conforming genderthatconfirmedthesame realizationswehad,sochanging you havelearnedsomemanners(Ramnehill, 2016).” made foryou.Weareindividuals,humans,people. Sostopwritingaboutusuntil gender oryourpatriarchy.Wearesubjects. arenotgenderless.We cross-bounding testobjects.Wearenotmeans toquestionyoursexuality, like ­ “Wethesurroundings,society,owesustoalwaystreatevery­ ­people arenotyourexperiments.Ourbodiesandexperiencesshouldbe person withtherespectthatitselfdoesnotdaretodemand.Transgender eyes was‘ATransFeministManifesto’byMariaRamnehill. unintentionally didtheverythingwewereagainst.Onetextthatreallyopenedour of usidentifyascisgender,wemadeourprojectwithacisgenderperspectiveand could beseenasobjectifyingofpeoplewithanonconforminggender.Sinceboth was becausewerealizedthatweredoingmoreharmthangoodandtheproject photography. Whatmadeuschangefromthistopicandgoinadifferentdirection, regarding theirgenderexpressionandidentity,thevisualisingwehadinmindwas non conforminggenderandtogetherwewouldinterviewthemwithquestions Meaning ourdesignprojectwassupposedtobeacollaborationwithpeopleof gender isaspectrumincollaborationwithpeopleofnonconforminggender?”. Cisgenderperspectivesisalsosomethingthatwegottoexperiencefirst ­different, ourfirstresearchquestionwas“howcanweartisticallyexpressthat hand whendevelopingthisproject.Originallythebaseofourthesiswas­ perspective (Smith,2015). event containedbynotonlywhitewashingbutalsotransformitintoacisgender her ­ ­Danny. Thehistoricalfigurewhoshouldhavethemainpart,MarshaP.Johnson, is notablacktranswomanordragqueenbutyoungwhitegaymancalled ­mentioned intheintroductionistold.Inthisversionthoughmain One exampleisthefilm“Stonewall”inwhichstoryofStonewallInnas unfortunately whendoneitisoftenrepresentedstereotypicaland­ Queer historyhasinsomecasesbeenadaptedandrepresentedonthebigscreen, 3.5 Cisgenderperspectivesandwhitewashing LGBTQ community,we arecontributingtoeducatepeopleinthesame waythat character isreducedtoaminorrole.Theyerasedthediversitythatoriginal humans, notasexperimentsandnarrativetools.Weareyour whitewashed. character transgender treated entirely happy

18 encouraging allegianceforcurrantcausessurroundingLGBTQissues. we havewhenresearchingthisproject,hencehopefullygainingunderstandingand will talkmoreindepthaboutthis. awareness ofwhereitallstartedandwhat originallywas.InthenextchapterI our workthere,atthismajoreventthatsomany peopleattend,wewouldbringan where bothqueerindividualsandalliesgathercelebratepride.Tohave this targetgroup,onewayofachievingitwouldbetoexhibitourworkatPride, own historyandpeoplethatwishtobealliestheLGBTQcommunity.Toreach Therefore, theidealtargetwouldbequeerindividualsthatdoesnotknowtheir and yetwealmostknewnothingaboutqueerhistorybeforestartingthisproject. With Monserratbeingqueerandapartofthecommunitymeanally When selectingourtargetgroup,wefrequentlyreturnedtoownexperiences. 4.2 TargetGroup us ontracksowewouldn’tgetlostinthemidstofallinformation. transgender andqueerhistory,furthermore,guideduswiththeresearchkept making thisprojectsucceed.Hehasdeepenedourknowledgeofthe­ felt comfortingtohavehimhelpingusandhewasdefinitelyakeycomponentin sadly inthebeginningofthisprojecthardlyknewanythingaboutqueerhistory,it the rightpersonforusandourproject.AsanallyofLGBTQ+communitythat a transmanandteacheringenderstudiesqueerhistoryhewasdefinitely us wewereluckyenoughtohaveAnthonyWagnerasourmentor.Withhimbeing mentor thathadagreaterknowledgeinthetopicofqueerhistory.Fortunatelyfor us totherightpathwithindesignprocess.Wethoughtitwascrucialhavea In ourprojectwehavehadtheopportunitytoamentorguideanddirect 4.1 Mentor 4. DesignProcess problematic of

19 ­Francisco artist,asaresponsetoHarveyMilkschallengethathecreated was created.Thefirstrainbowflagdesignedin1978byGilbertBaker,aSan of ­ 1980s, tosignifythestrengthandwillingnesssurviveoppression.Thesymbols All of­ earlier thepinktrianglewasusedtoidentifygaymenduringsecondworldwar. ­representing lesbianandgaycommunitieswith“PurplePower”asImentioned England associatedwithhomosexuality.PurpleorLavenderbecameacolour LGBTQ+ historyandexpressionofpride,forexamplegreenwasoncein­ Whiletheyallmeanwell,thatisnotwhattheflagandPridestandfor.I earned itscolourfulpalletbecausecolourhaslongplayedanimportantroleinthe will nowwriteabouttheRainbowflagandmeaningofitscolours.Thehas sallskapet.se, 2018) OneexampleistheSwedishRescueSocietywhochosetohave2018 this yearwillhighlightquestionsthataffecthumanrights(svenskalivraddnings­ ­simborgar-badge rainbowcolouredandthereasonforittheysay,isthat used asa“humanrights”eventandsymbol. ­forget whatprideactuallywas.Nowadays,Prideandtherainbowflaghavebeen to beagoodally.Whathasbecomeanissuewiththisisthatpeoplearestarting ­LGBTQ+ communityandwantstoshowtheirsupportstandinthematter, of coursegreatbecauseitshowsthatmoreandpeopleareacceptingthe to join,heterosexualandcisgenderpeople,eventhepoliceareincluded.Thisis For thelastcoupleofyears’pridehasbecomeabigeventthateveryoneis­ 4.2 TheRainbowflagandPride oppression becamesymbolsofcelebrationandthroughthattheRainbowflag these colourshavebeenreclaimedbytheLGBTQ+communityinearly stripes–pink,red,orange,yellow,green,blue,­ representrespectively:sexuality, life,healing, of prideforthecommunity.Hedesignedaflagwitheight community(Morgan,2017). touseit.Theflaghasnow­ tragedy,thePridecommitteedecided demonstratethegaycommunity’s indigoandviolet.Thecoloursweremadeto Milkwasassassinated,asaresponse to sun, becametheofficialsymbolafter­ (Figure 10: Imageofthe2018simborgar-badge, svenskalivraddningssallskapet.se) nature, diversity withintheLGBTQ+ international symbolofprideand strength andsolidarityafterthe art, harmonyandspirit. become an Victorian Harvey welcome symbol Theflag

20 (Figure 12:ThepolicemarchinginSanFransiscoGayPrideParade) (Figure 11:ImagefromtheStonewallRiot) ­language trulyoriginates fromwasvital. ­colours inthecontext of itshistoryandremindingpeoplewhere thevisual Therefore, whenvisualizing ourresearch,wefeltthatreclaimingthe rainbow the crowdofwavingflagswithanoriginmostarenotawareof. cause thepastoppressionfrompoliceisnotbroughtup.Thehistorygetslostin we incurrentPrideparadesincludethepoliceitbecomesproblematic,mainlybe for violentlyraidingqueermeetingpointsandbarsliketheStonewallInn.Sowhen We haveforgottenitshistory,thatitstartedasariotagainstthepolice -

21 (Figure 11:photographfromtheprojectQueeringSápmi,svensktkulturarv.se) are needed. ­others speakforthemselvesbutinsomecases likethisone,yourtalentsandideas ­designers andvisualcommunicators.Sometimes weneedtostepbackandlet ­themselves andwhotheyare(Samer.se,2013). Ibelievethisisimportantforall and Sarawhomentionsthatduringtheirentire processtheyhadtoquestion of theirideainthebeginning.Thiswassomething thatwasnecessaryfor­ of acolonialpower,Saminuorrathesamiyouth organisationwasverysuspicious made andtheypushedforit.Becauseare notsamiandbeingrepresentatives them aresami.Evensotheyfeltstrongly about thisproject,thatithadtobe project ElfridaBergmanandSaraLindquist, althoughtheyarequeerneitherof ­dealing withthisparticulartopic.Forexample,thetwowomenwhocreated had, thestrugglesandproblematicparts,butalsowhattheysucceededinwhen Wediscoveredthisprojectwhensearchingforinspiration,toseewhatother a lotwhenitcametothebuildingofourproject.Wecouldseewhatprocessthey projects withasimilartopichadbeenabletoachieve.QueeringSápmihelpedus ­strength toagroupinsteadofweakeningit(Kulturradet.se,2014). ­outside ofSápmi,samiandnon-sami,highlighthowdifferencescanbring ­photography. Thegoalistoopenupanunderstandingbetweenpeople,withinand ­themselves andinteractwithfocusonthenormsisstagedtext the mould.Theparticipant’slifestoriesabouthowtheiridentities­ queer samistoriesthatindifferentwaysexhibitsthehumanisbiggerthan that insomewaychallengessexualandgendernorms.Theprojectbrings­ Queering Sápmiisademocraticprojectforandtogetherwithsamiindividuals Queering Sápmi 4.2 Inspiringprojects expresses Elfrida forward

22 ter ifyouareapeopleofcolour,or queer. the Playaisaplaceforeveryone.Youngand old, ableanddisabled.Itdoesn’tmat diversity, inclusion,representationandqueerness. Asyouseeinthefigureabove, This secondprojectinspiredusagreatdealwhen itcomestohowyoucanvisualize ET andthegraphicprofilewascreatedtogether withBastion.(Mycket.org,2014) was anassignmentfromGothenburgCityand ÄlvstrandenDevelopmenttoMYCK the surroundingsandhasrepresentationfor everyonewithinthearea.Thisproject Playa isbuiltinclusiveandspecific,aplacefor theeveryday,takingadvantageof ing thatoperateslikeaspatialityinGothenburg,Frihamnensasphaltdesert.The The Playaisabeachinthemiddleofcity,anopenroomsurroundedbydeck The Playa (Figure 12:IllustrationofThePlaya,mycket.org) - - -

23 mething thatwasmorepublic. not, thesetypesofpagesmightneverbefound soinsteadwewantedtocreate queer andactivelyseeksoutinformationabout queerhistory.Forthosewhodoes Thisprojectwasdefinitelyonedirectionthatwecouldhavegonewhen often wherequeerhistorycanbefound.This isgreatforthosewhoperhapsare creating ourprojectbutwefeltthatthistype ofmedium,awebsiteoronline,is history. (Wright,2017). terviews anddrawings,fromfeaturingarangeoficonicfigureswithinqueer The QueerBible.Itisacompendiumofmoving,funnyandpoignantstories,in “Know yourhistory.Livepresent.”Thosearethefirstwordsonwebsite (Figure 13:Screenshotfromthequeerbible.com) The QueerBible - -

24 ­important tobringforward actions thatledtotwostepbackwards.Boththegoodchangesandstrugglesis re wasonestepforwardwithintheprogressionofqueerhistorytherewerelater selecting thesemoments,wedidnotwanttoerasethecomplexityofit.If amount ofimportantmomentsthatiscrucialknowingandtotalkabout.When and afterthatremovingtheotherones.Withwenowhadan­ ­forward ourhighlightpencilandcolouredtheabsolutelymostimportant that wehaveitwassimplyimpossibletokeepallofthem.Thisledustake end theentiretimelinewascompletelyfilledandunfortunatelywith­ down importantmomentsonpost-itnotesandcreatedatimelinewiththem.Inthe when selecting. western oriented.Althoughtryingtohaveadiverseandintersectionalthinking audience. TheresearchwehavemadearemostlyfromEnglishbooks,meaning history inthisdesignprojectwouldbetoomuchbothforustohandle,butalsothe gay, bisexualandtransgendersoon.Sotofitexactlyeveryaspectwithinqueer history isaquitebigtopicthatcangoinmanydifferentdirections,suchaslesbian, be impossibleforustoincludeallevents,lawsandpeoplethatwewanted.Queer chose toonlyfocusonthelastonehundredyears.However,weknewthatitwould ­aspired tohavemomentswherechangeoccurredimmenselyandthereforewe and pinpointingimportantevents,lawspeoplewithinqueerhistory.We After wehadgatheredvisualresearchandinspirationournextstepwas­ 4.4 Timeline (Figure 14/15:Ourtimelineofpost-itnotes) When wehadeducatedourselvesaboutqueerhistorystartedwriting appropriate research timeframe post-its -

25 we cameupwithcanbe seeninthefigureonnextpage. out howweshouldhighlight theiractionsandthateverystoryisinterlinked. What viduals gotlost.Therefore, wewentbacktothedrawingboardand beganfiguring achieved inhistory,themeaningofillustrations andtheimportanceofindi them together,whichiswhenwerealisedthat withoutthecontextofwhattheyhad rainbow colourpalletinmind.Weillustrated thefigureswehadchosenandplaced viduals digitallywhileremainingasimilarlanguage asthecut-outsandhaving we wouldnotbeabletomakeitpolished.Instead westartedillustratingtheindi After workingwiththisparticularmediawe felt thatwithinthetimeframewehad, (Figure 16:cut-outfigureofLiliElbe) created layersofonetheindividuals. with papercut-outs,cuttingoutbitsandpiecesofdifferentcoloured hand, orperhapsusephotographsofthem?Weexperimentedandstartedworking thinking aboutwashowweshoulddesigntheindividuals.Shoulddrawthemby all ofthemomentsinorderthatwefelttheysuited.Onethingkept could bevisualized.Aroughsketchofastoryboardwasourbeginninganddrew With atimelinewecouldfinallystartsketchingandimaginehowthesemoments 4.5 Visualisation (Figure 17:Ourillustrationsofhistoricalfigureswithinqueerhistory) - -

26 we wantedtobringforwardavarietyofindividuals anditfeltvitaltovisualizethat. true totheirskincolours,thereasonforthis wastonoterasetheirethnicitysince and meetwithinthem,visualizingtheirconnection. Additionally,wechosetostay colour splashes,theyintergratewitheachother andthedifferentmoments­ to thefirstsketchandfurtherdeveloped fluidity ofthetimeline.Byusing The illustrationsfinaloutcome,asseeninthe figureabove,translatedquite­ future. connected, thathistoryisinaconstantmovementandbythusthepastinspires instead wedecidedtohavethisillustrativeflowoftime.Thisvisualizesthatitisall did notwanttoseparatethemomentsyearsandboxeswithinthattimeframe, were madeduringthelast100years,startingwith1918andending2018.We In thissketchweincludealltheeventsandactionsthathadselected (Figure 19:FinalIllustrationofQueerHistory) (Figure 18:sketchofourproject) collide closely

27 (Figure 20:Theresultofourdesign) 5. RESULT

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29 rights wedeserve. and celebratethosewhostruggledbeforeusfightasfiercelytheydidforthe new actionsforcurrantissues.Tobecomethehistoryofourfuturebyremember to educatepeopleoncertainaspectsfromqueerhistory,andinspirethemtake contribute inwhattheycanfortheLGBTQcommunity.Thegoalofourprojectis not havetheknowledgeoftheirpast.Additionally,peoplewhowishtobealliesand rights. Theprojectfocusontargetingindividualswhoidentifyasqueer,yetdoes and originhasincurrantoccasionsbeenconfusedforothercauses,suchashuman the Rainbowflag,reasonbeingneedtoreclaimsymbol.Foritsmeaning gress ofqueerhistory.Thevisuallanguagethisprojectwasheavilyinspiredby unrepresented orexcluded.Wheninrealitytheyplayedapivotalrolethepro history andtime,wevisualizethisshedlightonthosewhooftenbeenignored, can onlybesolvedifweworktogether.Withtheillustrativemanifestationoffluid project embracestheintersectionalfactthatdifferentstrugglesareinterlinkedand we decidetoproduce,becauseitreflectsthesocietylivein.Additionally, in thetheorythatweasvisualcommunicatorsareresponsibleformaterial be andacknowledgethatsomestoriesarenotforustotell.Thisprojectisbased visual communicatorsneedtoreflectonourprivilege,nomatterwhatkinditmay design processwaswhenwedecidedtochangethedirectionofproject.Weas our pastandtheinspirationitcanprovideforfuture.Apivotalmomentin 100 yearsofqueerhistoryisadesignprojectthathighlightstheimportance 5. CoNCLUSIoN -

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31 [Accessed 20Apr.2018]. den/2017/11/ersattning-till-transpersoner-som-drabbats-av-steriliseringskrav/ liseringskrav. [online] Availableat:http://www.regeringen.se/pressmeddelan Regeringskansliet. (2017).Ersättningtilltranspersoner somdrabbatsavsteri Ramnehill, M.(2016).Etttransfeministiskt manifest. Atlas. sa-ekis-ekman-och-transfeminismbraket-detta-har-hant [Accessed19Apr.2018]. nismbråket. [online]SVTNyheter.Available at:https://www.svt.se/opinion/kaj Oskarsson, S.(2018).Såharturernagåttkring KajsaEkisEkmanochtransfemi- Stockholm: GaragefilmInternational,FasadPostproduktion,FilmiVäst. Någonting måstegåsönder.(2014).[film]DirectedbyE.Bergsmark.Sweden, www.mycket.org/THE-PLAYA [Accessed26Apr.2018]. Mycket.org. (2014).THEPLAYA-www.mycket.org.[online]Availableat:http:// the-rainbow-flag-become-an-lgbt-symbol [Accessed17Apr.2018]. HISTORY.com. Availableat:https://www.history.com/news/ask-history/how-did- Morgan, T.(2017).HowdidtherainbowflagbecomeanLGBTsymbol?.[online] [Accessed 20Apr.2018]. Available at:https://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/film/article20223809.ab LJUNG, R.(2015).SagaBecker:”Alltkomraktfrånhjärtat”.[online]Aftonbladet. eering-Sapmi--minoritet-i-en-minoritet-/ [Accessed26Apr.2018]. [online] Availableat:http://www.kulturradet.se/hbtq/Nyheter/Nyheter-2014/Qu Kulturradet.se. (2014).QueeringSápmi–minoritetien-Kulturradet. York: Routledge. Jónasdóttir, A.,Bryson,V.andJones,K.(2012).Sexuality,genderpower.New hooks, b.(1992).Blacklooks.NewYork:Routledge. Hall, Stuart,etal.Representation.London:SAGE,2013. [Accessed 20Apr.2018]. https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/the-transgender-crucible-20140730 Erdely, S.(2014).TheTransgenderCrucible.[online]RollingStone.Availableat: REFERENCES - - - -

32 at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QiigzZCEtQ [Accessed26 Apr.2018]. YouTube. (2014).Sylvia Rivera-Y’allbetterquietdown(1973).[online] Available inness [Accessed19Apr. 2018]. Available at:https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/9kq448/the-queer-bible-jack-gu- Wright, G.(2017).thequeerbibleisyournew favouritebookmark.[online]I-d. ries. GraduateJournalofSocialScience.7.44-56. Wagner, A.(2010).OnElvesandBeasts:An InterventionIntoNormativeImagina php?ModuleId=10005261. in theThirdReich.[online]Availableat:https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article. United StatesHolocaustMemorialMuseum,(n.d.).PersecutionofHomosexuals thepinktriangle.com/history/symbol.html [Accessed26Mar.2018]. Thepinktriangle.com. (2018).symbol.[online]Availableat:http://www. [Accessed 17Apr.2018]. at: https://www.thedailybeast.com/lets-stop-buying-the-lgbt-rainbow?ref=scroll The DailyBeast.(2015).Let’sStopBuyingtheLGBTRainbow.[online]Available html. ps://web.archive.org/web/20070927182419/http://www.cphpost.dk/get/59398. The CopenhagenPost,(2000).Post.[online]Availableat:htt Stryker, S.(2008).TransgenderHistory.S.l.:SEAL. tivists-give-their-verdict [Accessed22Mar.2018]. at:https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/sep/25/stonewall-film-gay-rights-ac- no credittothehistoryitpurportsportray’.[online]Guardian.Available Smith, N.(2015).GayrightsactivistsgivetheirverdictonStonewall:’Thisfilmis samer.se/4276 [Accessed26Apr.2018]. Samer.se. (2013).Queerochsame-[online]Availableat:http://www. gang [Accessed17Apr.2018]. svensk-forfattningssamling/lag-1972119-om-faststallande-av_sfs-1972-119#over [online] Availableat:http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-lagar/dokument/ fall Svenskförfattningssamling1972:1972:119t.o.m.SFS2013:405-Riksdagen. Riksdagen.se. (1995).Lag(1972:119)omfastställandeavkönstillhörighetivissa - - -

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