DOCSLIB.ORG

Short Review of the Saurischia and Their Natural Interrelationships

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Short Review of the Saurischia and Their Natural Interrelationships [Translation of Huene, F. 1929: Kurze Übersicht über die Saurischia und ihre natürlichen Zusammenhänge. - Palaeontologische Zeitschrift 11: 269-273; Berlin. Translated by O. Rauhut; translators comments in square brackets] Short review of the Saurischia and their natural interrelationships by Friedrich von Huene (paper read at the meeting of the Palaeontologische Gesellschaft, Tübingen, September 1929) The oldest saurischians are the coelurosaurs; which are known since the time of the Buntsandstein. The coelurosaurs are also the most primitive saurischians, with close resemblances to some pseudosuchians, e.g. Saltoposuchus1, with a calcaneum that bears a process ["gespornten Calcaneus" in the original text].The Triassic coelurosaurs are mainly bipedal, all digitigrade and long-necked animals with an elongated pubis. Some used the hands in slow locomotion (as do kangaroos), all had a process on the calcaneum. The hand touched the ground only if both feet were moved simultaneously in short steps, never if the feet moved in an alternating fashion. The hand is relatively large, and the fifth finger was not reduced in the Triassic; its morphology still closely resembles that of the hands of pseudosuchians. Based on tracks, Soergel showed that pseudosuchians were abundant in the Buntsandstein; he also found tridactyl coelurosaur tracks in Thuringia. The elongated neck and the tendency towards a tridactyl foot indicate terrestrial and cursorial habits. In pseudosuchians the tendency towards a tridactyl foot is already present; the 3rd toe is the longest, and 1 and 5 are short and hang down. Such a pseudosuchian is surely not arboreal, and it did not evolve from arboreal forms, since it still has dermal armour. Five families of coelurosaurs are present in the Triassic. The most primitive are the ammosaurids, which are also closely related to the oldest pachypodosaurs, the most primitive prosauropod Thecodontosaurus antiquus and the most primitive carnosaur Palaeosaurus. The number of cervical vertebrae is 9, just one vertebra more than in pseudosuchians. The second family, Hallopodidae, is characterised by a bird-like foot, a long lower limb and a short upper limb segment in the hindlimbs; these were probably saltators, thus they moved their limb simultaneously. The third family, Procompsognathidae, and the fourth, Zanclodontidae, are highly specialised; the genus Tanystrophaeus belongs to the latter family. The fifth family, Podokesauridae, are those that are most adapted for a cursorial lifestyle. Fifteen genera and twenty-two species of coelurosaurs are known from the Triassic of Europe, North America, and Africa. Fifteen genera, representing the three families Coeluridae, Ceratosauridae, and Compsognathidae are known from the Jurassic. From the Cretaceous, we also know fifteen genera within the three families Coeluridae, Compsognathidae, and Ornithomimidae; thus, there are a total of approximately 45 genera and 60-70 species of coelurosaurs. The pachypodosaurs are derived from primitive coelurosaurs, and in the beginning of the evolutionary history of this group, it is hard to tell carnosaurs from prosauropods. Both occur almost simultaneously in the Middle Triassic. Carnosaurs are always rarer than prosauropods and later sauropods. Their differentiation is relatively small. Only since the 1 Acta Zool. II 1921. 330-403 Jurassic are the typical carnosaur characters well developed: the head is enlarged and the neck shortened. The oldest carnosaurs are almost indistinguishable from prosauropods. Palaeosaurus probably still used quadrupedal locomotion at slow speeds; during running it was bipedal with alternating strides. In the Jurassic and Cretaceous, the forelimb is shortened, it becomes 4-, 3- and 2-fingered (Gorgosaurus). The tibia remains relatively long, but always shorter than the femur. In the Triassic, two families with a total of 9 genera are present. Only the megalosaurids are known with three closely related genera from the Jurassic; in the Cretaceous, the diversity is higher again, with 9 genera within five families; one of them, the dinodontids, which include Tyrannosaurus, Gorgosaurus, and similar forms, are the largest and fiercest carnivores of all time. The prosauropods are obviously of very similar origin as the carnosaurs; in the beginning there is only a slight difference in the diet. Together with the sauropods, they form a natural group. The most primitive prosauropod was probably quadrupedal, but had the ability for bipedal locomotion with alternating strides. This is Thecodontosaurus antiquus from Lettenkohle-equivalent beds of England. Eleven genera of prosauropods, including a total of 25 species, are known from the Triassic; they represent four families. The most primitive family are the thecodontosaurids with five genera of small to medium sized bipedal animals which moved with alternating strides. The ratio humerus/femur is 0.76-0.57 : 1; the ratio tibia/femur 0.65-0.9 : 1. Thus, the forms are variable. The next family are the plateosaurids, with nine species within the one genus. They are strictly [literally translated: extremely] bipedal and show a very long neck and small skull, with small, homodont teeth, as in the thecodontosaurids. The forelimbs are approximately 2/5th the length of the hindlimbs and the metatarsus is relatively long. They are so far only known from western Europe. The equivalent forms in South Africa are the plateosauravids with three genera and six species; they are more heavily [literally: ungainly] built and have longer forelimbs. The most interesting family are the melanorosaurids with two genera, also from South Africa. They have short, stout limbs of solid built (i.e. almost no internal cavities), with rather long forelimbs (4 : 5) and elongate, cavernous trunk vertebrae. The melanorosaurids were probably secondarily quadrupedal and - based on the solid built of the limbs - probably had an amphibian lifestyle. The origin of sauropods is probably to be found close to them, but, unfortunately, we do not have any knowledge about their evolution in the Liassic and oldest Dogger [Middle Jurassic]. The major change from the melanorosaurids towards the oldest sauropods is the pronounced adaptation for secondary quadrupedalism: the metatarsus is shortened and the foot semi-plantigrade, whereas the metacarpus is elongated and the hand digitigrade, with a cylindrical arrangement of the metacarpals. Furthermore, the lower leg is even more shortened, although it is not shorter than in some thecodontosaurids. The pectoral girdle is moved 2-3 vertebrae backwards, whereas the number of presacral vertebrae stays the same; in the later evolution of sauropods, it is moved further backwards, and only in late forms, an increase in the number of presacral vertebrae may be present. Within the evolution of sauropods, changes in proportions are found which are almost greater than those between prosauropods and sauropods. The skull of some sauropods, including Brachiosaurus, Camarasaurus, and Helopus is very similar to that of prosauropods, whereas Diplodocus and the titanosaurids show major changes in the proportions. Thus, the sauropods descended from their ancestors by the means of a change in lifestyle; the major morphological changes from prosauropods to sauropods took place at the end of the Triassic, and we can follow it in detail. The sauropods include approximately 30 genera within some half dozen families. They rule the Middle and Late Jurassic and the Early Cretaceous, and then they die out, with the exception of one family. These are the titanosaurids, which arise from the most primitive Jurassic sauropods in the Late Cretaceous [Huene probably wants to say that they are morphologically very close to the most primitive Jurassic sauropods, but are just known from the Late Cretaceous]; they evolve during the Late Cretaceous with some further differentiation and dominate the end of this epoch unto the Danian. The largest terrestrial animal of all times, Antarctosaurus giganteus from Patagonia, with a femoral length of 2.32 m belongs to this family. I would like to add two comments on the systematic nomenclature: Since I think that I am able to show that saurischians and ornithischians arose from different pseudosuchians, and in a dissimilar way, they must be regarded as separate orders, being not closer related to each other than saurischians to birds or saurischians to crocodiles. Therefore, I reject the uniting term "Dinosauria". It is also not possible to restrict the name to one of the two orders, since Richard Owen included representatives of both orders in his initial definition. As we have seen, the saurischians are divided into two separate groups (suborders): the coelurosaurs and the other branch that arose from them in the Middle Triassic, the pachypodosaurs.; the latter immediately separate into the carnosaurs (Triassic to Upper Cretaceous) and the prosauropods (Triassic) and their descendants, the sauropods (Jurassic and all of the Cretaceous); at the beginning, these two groups are very similar. The sauropods arise from the prosauropods at the end of the Triassic. Marsh included the coelurosaurs and a part of the pachypodosaurs, the carnosaurs and prosauropods, in his "Theropoda". However, since it is not possible to restrict this name to one of the groups, or to give it a strongly modified definition a posteriori; since this separation was furthermore shown to be unnatural, the name "Theropoda" should vanish altogether. Discussion: Mr. M. Frank: In reference to the comments
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mesozoic—Dinos!
    MESOZOIC—DINOS! VOLUME 9, ISSUE 8, APRIL 2020 THIS MONTH DINOSAURS! • Dinosaurs ○ What is a Dinosaur? page 2 DINOSAURS! When people think paleontology, ○ Bird / Lizard Hip? page 5 they think of scientists ○ Size Activity 1 page 10 working in the hot sun of ○ Size Activity 2 page 13 Colorado National ○ Size Activity 3 page 43 Monument or the Badlands ○ Diet page 46 of South Dakota and ○ Trackways page 53 Wyoming finding enormous, ○ Colorado Fossils and fierce, and long-gone Dinosaurs page 66 dinosaurs. POWER WORDS Dinosaurs safely evoke • articulated: fossil terror. Better than any bones arranged in scary movie, these were Articulated skeleton of the Tyrannosaurus rex proper order actually living breathing • endothermic: an beasts! from the American Museum of Natural History organism produces body heat through What was the biggest dinosaur? be reviewing the information metabolism What was the smallest about dinosaurs, but there is an • metabolism: chemical dinosaur? What color were interview with him at the end of processes that occur they? Did they live in herds? this issue. Meeting him, you will within a living organism What can their skeletons tell us? know instantly that he loves his in order to maintain life What evidence is there so that job! It doesn’t matter if you we can understand more about become an electrician, auto CAREER CONNECTION how these animals lived. Are mechanic, dancer, computer • Meet Dr. Holtz, any still alive today? programmer, author, or Dinosaur paleontologist, I truly hope that Paleontologist! page 73 To help us really understand you have tremendous job more about dinosaurs, we have satisfaction, like Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies on Continental Late Triassic Tetrapod Biochronology. I. the Type Locality of Saturnalia Tupiniquim and the Faunal Succession in South Brazil
    Journal of South American Earth Sciences 19 (2005) 205–218 www.elsevier.com/locate/jsames Studies on continental Late Triassic tetrapod biochronology. I. The type locality of Saturnalia tupiniquim and the faunal succession in south Brazil Max Cardoso Langer* Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo (USP), Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901 Ribeira˜o Preto, SP, Brazil Received 1 November 2003; accepted 1 January 2005 Abstract Late Triassic deposits of the Parana´ Basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, encompass a single third-order, tetrapod-bearing sedimentary sequence that includes parts of the Alemoa Member (Santa Maria Formation) and the Caturrita Formation. A rich, diverse succession of terrestrial tetrapod communities is recorded in these sediments, which can be divided into at least three faunal associations. The stem- sauropodomorph Saturnalia tupiniquim was collected in the locality known as ‘Waldsanga’ near the city of Santa Maria. In that area, the deposits of the Alemoa Member yield the ‘Alemoa local fauna,’ which typifies the first association; includes the rhynchosaur Hyperodapedon, aetosaurs, and basal dinosaurs; and is coeval with the lower fauna of the Ischigualasto Formation, Bermejo Basin, NW Argentina. The second association is recorded in deposits of both the Alemoa Member and the Caturrita Formation, characterized by the rhynchosaur ‘Scaphonyx’ sulcognathus and the cynodont Exaeretodon, and correlated with the upper fauna of the Ischigualasto Formation. Various isolated outcrops of the Caturrita Formation yield tetrapod fossils that correspond to post-Ischigualastian faunas but might not belong to a single faunal association. The record of the dicynodont Jachaleria suggests correlations with the lower part of the Los Colorados Formation, NW Argentina, whereas remains of derived tritheledontid cynodonts indicate younger ages.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Raptorial Dinosaur with Exceptionally Long Feathering Provides Insights Into Dromaeosaurid flight Performance
    ARTICLE Received 11 Apr 2014 | Accepted 11 Jun 2014 | Published 15 Jul 2014 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5382 A new raptorial dinosaur with exceptionally long feathering provides insights into dromaeosaurid flight performance Gang Han1, Luis M. Chiappe2, Shu-An Ji1,3, Michael Habib4, Alan H. Turner5, Anusuya Chinsamy6, Xueling Liu1 & Lizhuo Han1 Microraptorines are a group of predatory dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaurs with aero- dynamic capacity. These close relatives of birds are essential for testing hypotheses explaining the origin and early evolution of avian flight. Here we describe a new ‘four-winged’ microraptorine, Changyuraptor yangi, from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota of China. With tail feathers that are nearly 30 cm long, roughly 30% the length of the skeleton, the new fossil possesses the longest known feathers for any non-avian dinosaur. Furthermore, it is the largest theropod with long, pennaceous feathers attached to the lower hind limbs (that is, ‘hindwings’). The lengthy feathered tail of the new fossil provides insight into the flight performance of microraptorines and how they may have maintained aerial competency at larger body sizes. We demonstrate how the low-aspect-ratio tail of the new fossil would have acted as a pitch control structure reducing descent speed and thus playing a key role in landing. 1 Paleontological Center, Bohai University, 19 Keji Road, New Shongshan District, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province 121013, China. 2 Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007, USA. 3 Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 26 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing 100037, China. 4 University of Southern California, Health Sciences Campus, BMT 403, Mail Code 9112, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Los Restos Directos De Dinosaurios Terópodos (Excluyendo Aves) En España
    Canudo, J. I. y Ruiz-Omeñaca, J. I. 2003. Ciencias de la Tierra. Dinosaurios y otros reptiles mesozoicos de España, 26, 347-373. LOS RESTOS DIRECTOS DE DINOSAURIOS TERÓPODOS (EXCLUYENDO AVES) EN ESPAÑA CANUDO1, J. I. y RUIZ-OMEÑACA1,2 J. I. 1 Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra (Área de Paleontología) y Museo Paleontológico. Universidad de Zaragoza. 50009 Zaragoza. [email protected] 2 Paleoymás, S. L. L. Nuestra Señora del Salz, 4, local, 50017 Zaragoza. [email protected] RESUMEN La mayoría de los restos fósiles de dinosaurios terópodos de España son dientes aislados y escasos restos postcraneales. La única excepción es el ornitomimosaurio Pelecanimimus polyodon, del Barremiense de Las Hoyas (Cuenca). Hay registro de terópodos en el Jurásico superior (Oxfordiense superior-Tithónico inferior), en el tránsito Jurásico-Cretácico (Tithónico superior- Berriasiense inferior) y en todos los pisos del Cretácico inferior, con excepción del Valanginiense. En el Cretácico superior únicamente hay restos en el Campaniense y Maastrichtiense. La mayor parte de las determinaciones son demasiado generales, lo que impide conocer algunas de las familias que posiblemente estén representadas. Se han reconocido: Neoceratosauria, Baryonychidae, Ornithomimosauria, Dromaeosauridae, además de terópodos indeterminados, y celurosaurios indeterminados (dientes pequeños sin dentículos). La mayoría de los restos son de Maniraptoriformes, siendo especialmente abundantes los dromeosáuridos. Las únicas excepciones son por el momento, el posible Ceratosauria del Jurásico superior de Asturias, los barionícidos del Hauteriviense-Barremiense de Burgos, Teruel y La Rioja, el posible carcharodontosáurido del Aptiense inferior de Morella y el posible abelisáurido del Campaniense de Laño. Además hay algunos terópodos incertae sedis, como los "paronicodóntidos" (entre los que se incluye Euronychodon), y Richardoestesia.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleoherpetofauna Portuguesa
    Rev. Esp. Herp. (2002): 17-35 17 Paleoherpetofauna Portuguesa E.G. CRESPO Centro de Biologia Ambiental – Fac. Ciências Univ. Lisboa Resumo: Nos últimos anos a importância da paleoherpetofauna portuguesa tem sido posta em evidência sobre- tudo através do seu grupo mais mediático, os dinossauros. As recentes descobertas em Portugal de vestígios de vários dinossauros, incluindo ossos, ovos, embriões, gastrólitos e pegadas, têm merecido ampla cobertura jorna- lística e têm sido oportunamente acompanhadas por intensas campanhas de divulgação, levadas a cabo pelo Mu- seu Nacional de História Natural de Lisboa, encabeçadas pelo geólogo, Professor Galopim de Carvalho. As pro- longadas e por vezes polémicas acções de sensibilização pública e política que foi necessário empreender para se preservarem muitos dos locais onde esses vestígios foram encontrados, contribuiram também para sustentar e até aumentar o interesse por este grupo de grandes répteis. A importância da paleoherpetofauna portuguesa está porém longe de se limitar apenas aos dinossauros! Em Portugal viveram muitos outros répteis e anfíbios de que existem vestígios desde o começo do Mesozói- co –Quelónios, Crocodilos, Ictiossauros, Plesiossauros, Pterossauros, Lepidossauros, “Estegossauros” e Lis- samphia– que, embora geralmente muito menos conhecidos, têm um significado evolutivo, paleogeográfico e paleoclimático extremamente importante. Na sua descoberta e estudo estiveram envolvidos, já desde o século passado, numerosos investigadores por- tugueses e estrangeiros, dos quais se destacam, entre outros, Georges Zbyszewski, Miguel Telles Antunes, Vei- ga Ferreira, H. Sauvage, A.F. Lapparent, L. Ginsburg, R.Thulborn, P. Galton. Muitos destes estudos encontram- se todavia dispersos por uma vasta gama de publicações em que, frequentemente, as referências aos répteis e aos anfíbios ou são laterais ou são apresentadas em contextos zoológicos mais abrangentes, pelo que, como parece que tem acontecido, têm passado praticamente despercebidos à maioria daqueles que se dedicam aos estudo da nossa herpetofauna actual.
    [Show full text]
  • Implications for Predatory Dinosaur Macroecology and Ontogeny in Later Late Cretaceous Asiamerica
    Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Theropod Guild Structure and the Tyrannosaurid Niche Assimilation Hypothesis: Implications for Predatory Dinosaur Macroecology and Ontogeny in later Late Cretaceous Asiamerica Journal: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Manuscript ID cjes-2020-0174.R1 Manuscript Type: Article Date Submitted by the 04-Jan-2021 Author: Complete List of Authors: Holtz, Thomas; University of Maryland at College Park, Department of Geology; NationalDraft Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology Keyword: Dinosaur, Ontogeny, Theropod, Paleocology, Mesozoic, Tyrannosauridae Is the invited manuscript for consideration in a Special Tribute to Dale Russell Issue? : © The Author(s) or their Institution(s) Page 1 of 91 Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1 Theropod Guild Structure and the Tyrannosaurid Niche Assimilation Hypothesis: 2 Implications for Predatory Dinosaur Macroecology and Ontogeny in later Late Cretaceous 3 Asiamerica 4 5 6 Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. 7 8 Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA 9 Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013 USA 10 Email address: [email protected] 11 ORCID: 0000-0002-2906-4900 Draft 12 13 Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. 14 Department of Geology 15 8000 Regents Drive 16 University of Maryland 17 College Park, MD 20742 18 USA 19 Phone: 1-301-405-4084 20 Fax: 1-301-314-9661 21 Email address: [email protected] 22 23 1 © The Author(s) or their Institution(s) Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Page 2 of 91 24 ABSTRACT 25 Well-sampled dinosaur communities from the Jurassic through the early Late Cretaceous show 26 greater taxonomic diversity among larger (>50kg) theropod taxa than communities of the 27 Campano-Maastrichtian, particularly to those of eastern/central Asia and Laramidia.
    [Show full text]
  • Coossified Tarsometatarsi in Theropod Dinosaurs and Their Bearing on the Problem of Bird Origins
    HALSZKA OSM6LSKA COOSSIFIED TARSOMETATARSI IN THEROPOD DINOSAURS AND THEIR BEARING ON THE PROBLEM OF BIRD ORIGINS OSM6LSKA, H. : Coossified tarsometatarsi in theropod dinosaurs and their bearing on the problem of bird origins, Palaeontologia Polonica, 42, 79-95, 1981. Limb remains of two small theropod dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous deposits of Mongolia display fused tarsometatarsi. Presence of fusion in the tarsometatarsus in some theropods is consi­ dered as additional evidence for the theropod origin of birds. E/misaurus rarus gen. et sp. n. is described based upon a fragmentary skeleton represented by limbs. Family Elmisauridae novo is erected to include Elmisaurus, Chirostenotes GlLMORE and Ma crophalangia STERNBERG. Key words: Dinosauria, Theropoda, bird origins, Upper Cretaceous, Mongolia. Halszka Osmolska , ZakladPaleobiologii, Polska Akademia Nauk, Al. Zw irki i Wigury 93,02-089 War­ szawa, Po/and. Received: June 1979. Streszczenie. - W pracy opisano szczatki malych dinozaur6w drapieznych z osad6w gornokredo­ wych Mongolii . Stopa tych dinozaur6w wykazuje obecnosc zrosnietego tarsomet atarsusa. Zrosniecie to stanowi dodatkowy dow6d na pochodzenie ptak6w od dinozaur6w drapieznych, Opisano nowy rodzaj i gatunek dinozaura drapieznego E/misaurus rarus, kt6ry zaliczono do nowej rodziny Elmisau­ ridae . Do rodziny tej, opr6cz Elmisaurus, naleza: Chirostenotes GILMORE i Macr opha/angia STERNBERG. Praca byla finansowana przez Polska Akademie Nauk w ramach problemu rniedzyresorto­ wego MR 11-6. INTRODUCTION During the Polish-Mongolian
    [Show full text]
  • Cranial Anatomy of Allosaurus Jimmadseni, a New Species from the Lower Part of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Western North America
    Cranial anatomy of Allosaurus jimmadseni, a new species from the lower part of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Western North America Daniel J. Chure1,2,* and Mark A. Loewen3,4,* 1 Dinosaur National Monument (retired), Jensen, UT, USA 2 Independent Researcher, Jensen, UT, USA 3 Natural History Museum of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA 4 Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA * These authors contributed equally to this work. ABSTRACT Allosaurus is one of the best known theropod dinosaurs from the Jurassic and a crucial taxon in phylogenetic analyses. On the basis of an in-depth, firsthand study of the bulk of Allosaurus specimens housed in North American institutions, we describe here a new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Western North America, Allosaurus jimmadseni sp. nov., based upon a remarkably complete articulated skeleton and skull and a second specimen with an articulated skull and associated skeleton. The present study also assigns several other specimens to this new species, Allosaurus jimmadseni, which is characterized by a number of autapomorphies present on the dermal skull roof and additional characters present in the postcrania. In particular, whereas the ventral margin of the jugal of Allosaurus fragilis has pronounced sigmoidal convexity, the ventral margin is virtually straight in Allosaurus jimmadseni. The paired nasals of Allosaurus jimmadseni possess bilateral, blade-like crests along the lateral margin, forming a pronounced nasolacrimal crest that is absent in Allosaurus fragilis. Submitted 20 July 2018 Accepted 31 August 2019 Subjects Paleontology, Taxonomy Published 24 January 2020 Keywords Allosaurus, Allosaurus jimmadseni, Dinosaur, Theropod, Morrison Formation, Jurassic, Corresponding author Cranial anatomy Mark A.
    [Show full text]
  • Dinosaurs, by William Diller Matthew
    The Project Gutenberg eBook of Dinosaurs, by William Diller Matthew http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19302/19302-h/19302-h.htm The[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Project Gutenberg eBook, Dinosaurs, by T[100][103][104][105][106][108][109][110][111][112][113][115][117][118][119][120][121][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156][157][158][159][161][162][10][11][12][13][14][15][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][26][27][28][29][30][31][34][35][36][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][61][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][76][77][78][79][80][81][83][84][85][86][87][88][90][91][93][94][95][96][97][98][99]OC William Diller Matthew This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Dinosaurs With Special Reference to the American Museum Collections Author: William Diller Matthew Release Date: September 16, 2006 [eBook #19302] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DINOSAURS*** E-text prepared by Brian Janes, Suzanne Lybarger, Jeannie Howse, and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team http://www.pgdp.net) Transcriber's Note: Click the image to see a larger version.
    [Show full text]
  • New Tyrannosaur from the Mid-Cretaceous of Uzbekistan Clarifies Evolution of Giant Body Sizes and Advanced Senses in Tyrant Dinosaurs
    New tyrannosaur from the mid-Cretaceous of Uzbekistan clarifies evolution of giant body sizes and advanced senses in tyrant dinosaurs Stephen L. Brusattea,1, Alexander Averianovb,c, Hans-Dieter Suesd, Amy Muira, and Ian B. Butlera aSchool of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, United Kingdom; bZoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; cDepartment of Sedimentary Geology, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199178, Russia; and dDepartment of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 Edited by Neil H. Shubin, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved January 29, 2016 (received for review January 5, 2016) Tyrannosaurids—the familiar group of carnivorous dinosaurs in- We here report the first diagnostic tyrannosauroid from the mid- cluding Tyrannosaurus and Albertosaurus—were the apex predators Cretaceous, a new species from the Turonian (ca. 90–92 million in continental ecosystems in Asia and North America during the years ago) Bissekty Formation of Uzbekistan. This formation has latest Cretaceous (ca. 80–66 million years ago). Their colossal sizes recently emerged as one of the most important records of mid- and keen senses are considered key to their evolutionary and eco- Cretaceous dinosaurs globally (9–11). Possible tyrannosauroid logical success, but little is known about how these features devel- specimens from the Bissekty Formation were reported more than oped as tyrannosaurids evolved from smaller basal tyrannosauroids a half century ago (12), and, more recently, several isolated fossils that first appeared in the fossil record in the Middle Jurassic (ca. 170 were assigned to the group (9, 13), but none of these has been million years ago).
    [Show full text]
  • Bulletin 63 New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science A
    Bulletin 63 New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science A Division of the DEPARTMENT OF CULTURAL AFFAIRS ANALYSIS OF INTRASPECIFIC AND ONTOGENETIC VARIATION IN THE DENTITION OF COELOPHYSIS BAURI (LATE TRIASSIC), AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SYSTEMATICS OF ISOLATED THEROPOD TEETH by LISA G. BUCKLEY and PHILIP J. CURRIE Albuquerque, 2014 Bulletin 63 New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science A Division of the DEPARTMENT OF CULTURAL AFFAIRS ANALYSIS OF INTRASPECIFIC AND ONTOGENETIC VARIATION IN THE DENTITION OF COELOPHYSIS BAURI (LATE TRIASSIC), AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SYSTEMATICS OF ISOLATED THEROPOD TEETH by LISA G. BUCKLEY and PHILIP J. CURRIE New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science Albuquerque, 2014 STATE OF NEW MEXICO Department of Cultural Affairs Veronica Gonzales, Secretary NEW MEXICO MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY AND SCIENCE Charles Walter, Executive Director BOARD OF TRUSTEES Susanna Martinez, Governor, State of New Mexico, ex officio Charles Walter, Executive Director, ex officio Gary Friedman, President Deborah Dixon Maya Elrick, Ph.D. Peter F. Gerity, Ph.D. Laurence Lattman, Ph.D. Morton Lieberman, Ph. D. Imogene Lindsay, Emerita Viola Martinez Marvin Moss John Montgomery, Ph.D. Jennifer Riordan Laura Smigielski-Garcia David Smoak Steve West Cover illustration: NMMNH P-42200, skull of Coelophysis bauri in left lateral view. Original Printing ISSN: 1524-4156 Available from the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, 1801 Mountain Road NW, Albuquerque, NM 87104; Telephone (505) 841-2800; Fax (505) 841-2866; www.nmnaturalhistory.org NMMNH Bulletins online at: http://nmnaturalhistory.org/bulletins BULLETIN OF THE NEW MEXICO MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY AND SCIENCE EDITORS Spencer G. Lucas New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque, NM, USA (NMMNHS) Robert Sullivan NMMNHS Lawrence H.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Note on the Paleobiogeography Of
    Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ISSN: 0001-3765 [email protected] Academia Brasileira de Ciências Brasil SALES, MARCOS A.F.; CASCON, PAULO; SCHULTZ, CESAR L. Note on the paleobiogeography of Compsognathidae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and its paleoecological implications Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, vol. 86, núm. 1, enero-marzo, 2014, pp. 127-134 Academia Brasileira de Ciências Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=32730090007 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2014) 86(1): 127-134 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) Printed version ISSN 0001-3765 / Online version ISSN 1678-2690 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-37652013100412 www.scielo.br/aabc Note on the paleobiogeography of Compsognathidae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and its paleoecological implications MARCOS A.F. SALES1, PAULO CASCON2 and CESAR L. Schultz3 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Departamento de Paleontologia e Estratigrafia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil 2Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. Mister Hull, Pici, 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brasil 3Departamento de Paleontologia e Estratigrafia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil Manuscript received on april 16, 2012; accepted for publication on June 4, 2013 ABSTRACT The paleobiogeography of the theropod clade Compsognathidae is here reaccessed in order to test the hypothesis of this taxon being adapted specifically to inhabit semi-arid environments.
    [Show full text]