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MESOZOIC—DINOS!

VOLUME 9, ISSUE 8, APRIL 2020

THIS MONTH

DINOSAURS!

•

Dinosaurs

○

What is a Dinosaur?

page 2

DINOSAURS! When people think paleontology, they think of scientists working in the hot sun of Colorado National Monument or the Badlands of South Dakota and Wyoming finding enormous, fierce, and long-gone dinosaurs.

○○○○○○○

Bird / Lizard Hip? page 5 Size Activity 1 page 10 Size Activity 2 page 13 Size Activity 3 page 43 Diet page 46

Trackways page 53

Colorado Fossils and Dinosaurs page 66

POWER WORDS

Dinosaurs safely evoke terror. Better than any

scary movie, these were

actually living breathing beasts!

•

articulated: fossil

bones arranged in

proper order

Articulated skeleton of the Tyrannosaurus rex

from the American Museum of Natural History

•

endothermic: an

organism produces body heat through

metabolism

be reviewing the information about dinosaurs, but there is an interview with him at the end of this issue. Meeting him, you will know instantly that he loves his job! It doesn’t matter if you become an electrician, auto mechanic, dancer, computer programmer, author, or
What was the biggest dinosaur? What was the smallest

•

metabolism: chemical

processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life

dinosaur? What color were they? Did they live in herds? What can their skeletons tell us? What evidence is there so that we can understand more about how these animals lived. Are any still alive today?

CAREER CONNECTION

•

Meet Dr. Holtz,

Dinosaur

paleontologist, I truly hope that

you have tremendous job satisfaction, like Dr. Holtz!

Paleontologist! page 73

To help us really understand more about dinosaurs, we have the famous dinosaur paleontologist, Dr. Holtz helping with this issue. He will not only
So, grab your shovels as we Dig into Dinosaurs!

COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION
4-H PROGRAMS ARE AVAILABLE TO ALL WITHOUT DISCRIMINATION

2

DINOSAURS! — What Is a Dinosaur?

Stegosaurus at American

Museum of Natural History
Dinosaurs, Ichthyosaurs, Pterosaurs are all big reptilian animals of the Mesozoic. What

are the characteristics that

make dinosaurs distinct from the others?

POWER WORDS

•••

acetabulum: the

socket of the hipbone, into which the head of

the femur fits characteristics: a

feature belonging typically to a thing and serving to identify it

hierarchy: organization

in which groups are ranked one above the

other according to

status

In Paleontology 5: Speciation,

activities focused on

characteristics of organisms,

and how scientists use those to separate organisms into a

hierarchy (Domain, Kingdom,

Phylum, Order, Class, Family,

Genus, species). Scientists use

the characteristics of the

organisms that are new or the same as the ancestor

Ichthyosaur at American

Museum of Natural History (note: she was giving live birth!)

••

perforate acetabulum:

dinosauria group (dinosaurs and birds)

is defined by a perforate acetabulum,

which can be thought of as a "hip-socket"

characteristics to separate

organisms into different species.

Directions:

speciation: the

Pterosaur Pterodactylus kochi

found in Germany

•

What do you think are the characteristics of dinosaurs? Record your answers. Examine the skeletal drawings of the

formation of new and distinct species in the course of change

through time

•

Tyrannosaurus rex (Sue at

the Field Museum in

Chicago) and Prestosuchus chiniquensis (at the

American Museum of Natural History in New York City) on pages 3-4. Compare the dinosaur and non-dinosaur to find differences between the two. Circle what you see is different.

Perforate acetabulum

(the hole in the hip where the ball of the upper leg

bone (femur) sits) allows

for upright stance. ball of the upper leg attaches so the dinosaur can stand

upright

•

Characteristics for a dinosaur

include:

•

That ’ s it!   That is what

defines a dinosaur from a non-dinosaur!
○ Number of fingers and toes (hand had the fourth finger—ring finger and fifth finger—pinkie finger reduced, and the foot had three toes)
○ number of vertebrae (3 or more) attaching to the hip bones

MATERIALS

•••••

Print pages 3-4 Paper Pencil computer with internet access printer

○ hole in the hip socket

(acetabulum) where the

3

DINOSAURS! — What Is a Dinosaur?

Above: Tyrannosaurus rex Sue, Field Museum Chicago, IL, a dinosaur Below: Prestosuchus chiniquensis, American Museum of Natural History NYC NY, a suchian reptile
4

DINOSAURS! — What Is a Dinosaur?

  • 0
  • 1m

Above: Tyrannosaurus rex Sue, sketch of a dinosaur

Below: Prestosuchus chiniquensis, sketch of a suchian reptile

5

DINOSAURS! — Bird or Lizard Hip

You will generate a list of
The proto-dinosaurs (ancestors, or dinosaur-like animals) were

bipedal (walking on two legs). With lots of time and mutations

that were favorable, dinosaurs split into two major groups: bird-

hipped (Order Ornithischia)

dinosaurs and lizard-hipped

(Order Saurischia) dinosaurs.

In the first paleontology lesson, there was an activity on these crazy science names, and what

they really mean. ornith = bird,

saur = lizard, and ischia = ischium, one of the three bones of the hip (ilium, ischium, and sacrum). The ischium (depicted or

POWER WORDS

ornithischian and saurischian dinosaurs, and collect some of their data. Each table has an example to follow.

•••

bipedal: an animal

using only two legs for walking; bi = two, ped = foot

clade: group of

organisms descended from a common

Directions:

•

Use only scientifically supported information about dinosaurs. There is a lot misinformation, so be careful. Verify that you have

found sources from

ancestor

mass: the quantity of

matter which a body contains—how much

matter pulled down by

gravity is weight

universities or museums. Check the author, and verify that person is an authority. Different dinosaur Families (or Clades) are identified in the table. Search on the dinosaur Family, verify the source you use, and read about the Family (or Clade). Search for the Family or

Clade’s “type specimen”

and complete the information on that species. If you

cannot locate the type specimen you can select

any species within the Family

(or Clade). Record Class (Ornithischia or Saurischia).

Copy and paste an image of that dinosaur in a word document, and resize to about 3” by 3”. Identify the dinosaur.

••

proto: original, primitive type specimen: the

specimen, or each of a set of specimens, on which the description and name of a new species is based

•

species, and if you can find it, the estimated

mass (weight).

Under notes, record location it was found. Cut out your pictures and place on your timeline in the correct time range. Identify if the dinosaur is

an ornithischian or saurischian, and glue.

Do you see any patterns?

••
••

•

•

Record the time (or range of time) that it lived.

Record the length of this

circled in red directional arrows)

points back towards the tail in

ornithischian like a bird’s

ischium, but forwards, towards

the arms in saurischian, like

lizards. Note that the

ornithischian skull has a

predentary bone identified in green which is not present in the

saurischian skull.

•

MATERIALS

•

computer with internet access (if you don’t have a computer or internet access, check out your county library!)

•••••

print pages 6-9 (single or double-sided) color pencils pencil or pen glue stick or tape your Phanerozoic Timeline

On page 6, is that dinosaur an ornithischian or saurischian dinosaur?
6

DINOSAURS! — Bird or Lizard Hip

Dinosaurs and other reptiles, amphibians, birds,

POWER WORDS

and mammals all have the same basic structure of their anatomy. Above is a labeled diagram of

dinosaur anatomy.

•

anatomy: bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms

7

DINOSAURS! — Bird or Lizard Hip

8

DINOSAURS! — Bird or Lizard Hip

9

DINOSAURS! — Bird or Lizard Hip

10

DINOSAURS! — Size

•

Each image has the different
The sauropod dinosaurs

POWER WORDS

dimensions of the dinosaur.

For example, Tyrannosaurus

rex is 12 feet high at the hips and 42 feet long. Use the tape measure for body length and body height. If you are working in the grass with the streamers, leave a bit of streamer weighted down with rocks. After you have the basic

measurements, outline the

shape of the animal, using the images to guide the drawing. Stand back to get a better view, and correct the outline as needed.

reached the upper hypothetical limits of how big a terrestrial

animal can be. The largest predator to ever walk the Earth was the Spinosaurus. Not all dinosaurs reached the these massive sizes. The smallest dinosaurs were the size of chickens or crows.

•

hypothesis (plural

hypotheses): proposed explanation made limited evidence as a

•

starting point for further investigation

hypothetical: best

estimate or education guess

terrestrial: of or

relating to the Earth

••

••

In the last activity, you

conducted a computer search

on different dinosaurs, including their sizes and collecting images. All the images were scaled about the same size to add to your timeline, but they are actually different sizes. In this activity, you will observe those sizes for yourself.

A Triceratops fossil

specimen has evidence of T. rex tooth marks on it’s frill. They lived in the same area at the same time.

Directions:

•

Collect the materials and supplies and head outside to

4’ | 1.3 m

MEASUREMENTS

•

Body length measurement is from nose to tip of tail (do not include horns) Body height is measured from the highest limb, e.g. from the hip to toes in the

T. rex, and from the

shoulders to the fingers

in Argentinosaurus

•

12’ | 4 m

a large area, like a park or school yard.

MATERIALS

•••

steel tape measurer (i.e. 25’) print pages 11-12 (single or double sided) ~5 large sidewalk chalks

•

If you have a large grassy area, use the crepe paper streamers. Even better, If you have a large blacktop play area or parking lot, use sidewalk chalk. You can sketch the details of each animal’s features in chalk.

or

••

~5 crepe paper streamers (bright color) and you might want to grab some friends or family to help you

11

DINOSAURS! — Size

12

DINOSAURS! — Size

13

DINOSAURS! — Size

This next activity is another way to comprehend the size, with a life-sized puzzle of a Tyrannosaurus rex skull. The image was taken at the American Museum of Natural History in 2004 of the T. rex on display (full image above).

•

  • Your mission, should you
  • together. Use some of

choose to accept it, is to put the puzzle back together. Print pages 15-42. Find a large space, and start to put the image back together. At this point, do not trim the margins. the margins for overlap to tape, and trim the unwanted margins.

Hang up your T. rex

puzzle!

•

  • •
  • •

•

Tape or glue your picture

Directions:

•

The Tyrannosaurus rex

image was cropped to just the skull, and then enlarged to life-sized of 46 inches by 41.33 inches. It was divided into 9.5” x 7.5” grid, with the right margin and the bottom margin in smaller pieces. The image was cropped into each grid.

MATERIALS

••••••

computer with printer print pages 15-42 single-sided paper scissors glue stick or tape a large area to lay out your puzzle

•

14

DINOSAURS! — Size

The final puzzle is of this picture, but enlarged to life-size.
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DINOSAURS! — Size

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DINOSAURS! — Size

17

DINOSAURS! — Size

18

DINOSAURS! — Size

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DINOSAURS! — Size

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DINOSAURS! — Size

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    A Simulated Bird Gastric Mill and Its Implications for Fossil Gastrolith Authenticity

    Fossil Record 12 (1) 2009, 91–97 / DOI 10.1002/mmng.200800013 A simulated bird gastric mill and its implications for fossil gastrolith authenticity Oliver Wings Steinmann-Institut fr Geologie, Mineralogie und Palontologie, Universitt Bonn, Nussallee 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] Current address: Museum fr Naturkunde Berlin, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany. Abstract Received 12 June 2008 A rock tumbler, stones, water, plant material, hydrochloric acid, and pepsin were used Accepted 15 August 2008 to simulate a bird gizzard in order to study abrasion rate and influence of stomach Published 20 February 2009 juices and foodstuff on gastrolith surface development. The experiment lasted for six months. Each week, the “stomach” was supplied with fresh grass and stomach juices. After the end of the experiment, the set of stones had a combined weight loss of 22.4%, with softer rock types showing higher abrasion rates. The combination of sto- mach juices and silica phytoliths within the grass had no visible effect on stone surface development: polish or pitting did not occur. A second experiment combined only peb- bles with water in the tumbler. Results indicate that rock abrasion is mainly caused by contacts between moving stones. A comparison with authentic ostrich gastroliths Key Words showed that abrasion in the artificial stomach must have been lower than in a real gizzard, but still too high to maintain or develop surface polish. If high polish occa- stomach stones sionally seen on sauropodomorph dinosaur gastroliths was indeed caused in a stomach artificial gizzard environment, it implies digestive processes different from those of extant birds and the clast surface development “artificial gizzard”.
  • Bulletin 63 New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science A

    Bulletin 63 New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science A

    Bulletin 63 New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science A Division of the DEPARTMENT OF CULTURAL AFFAIRS ANALYSIS OF INTRASPECIFIC AND ONTOGENETIC VARIATION IN THE DENTITION OF COELOPHYSIS BAURI (LATE TRIASSIC), AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SYSTEMATICS OF ISOLATED THEROPOD TEETH by LISA G. BUCKLEY and PHILIP J. CURRIE Albuquerque, 2014 Bulletin 63 New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science A Division of the DEPARTMENT OF CULTURAL AFFAIRS ANALYSIS OF INTRASPECIFIC AND ONTOGENETIC VARIATION IN THE DENTITION OF COELOPHYSIS BAURI (LATE TRIASSIC), AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SYSTEMATICS OF ISOLATED THEROPOD TEETH by LISA G. BUCKLEY and PHILIP J. CURRIE New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science Albuquerque, 2014 STATE OF NEW MEXICO Department of Cultural Affairs Veronica Gonzales, Secretary NEW MEXICO MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY AND SCIENCE Charles Walter, Executive Director BOARD OF TRUSTEES Susanna Martinez, Governor, State of New Mexico, ex officio Charles Walter, Executive Director, ex officio Gary Friedman, President Deborah Dixon Maya Elrick, Ph.D. Peter F. Gerity, Ph.D. Laurence Lattman, Ph.D. Morton Lieberman, Ph. D. Imogene Lindsay, Emerita Viola Martinez Marvin Moss John Montgomery, Ph.D. Jennifer Riordan Laura Smigielski-Garcia David Smoak Steve West Cover illustration: NMMNH P-42200, skull of Coelophysis bauri in left lateral view. Original Printing ISSN: 1524-4156 Available from the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, 1801 Mountain Road NW, Albuquerque, NM 87104; Telephone (505) 841-2800; Fax (505) 841-2866; www.nmnaturalhistory.org NMMNH Bulletins online at: http://nmnaturalhistory.org/bulletins BULLETIN OF THE NEW MEXICO MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY AND SCIENCE EDITORS Spencer G. Lucas New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque, NM, USA (NMMNHS) Robert Sullivan NMMNHS Lawrence H.
  • Download Date 06/10/2021 21:27:28

    Download Date 06/10/2021 21:27:28

    Taphonomy of fossil plants in the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation. Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Demko, Timothy Michael. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 06/10/2021 21:27:28 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187397 INFORMATION TO USERS I This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print' bleed through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy.