Mesozoic—Dinos!

Mesozoic—Dinos!

<p><strong>MESOZOIC—DINOS! </strong></p><p>VOLUME 9, ISSUE 8, APRIL 2020 </p><p><strong>THIS MONTH </strong></p><p><strong>DINOSAURS! </strong></p><p>•</p><p>Dinosaurs </p><p>○</p><p>What is a Dinosaur? </p><p>page 2 </p><p>DINOSAURS! When people think paleontology, they think of scientists working in the hot sun of Colorado National Monument or the Badlands of South Dakota and Wyoming finding enormous, fierce, and long-gone dinosaurs. </p><p>○○○○○○○</p><p>Bird / Lizard Hip? page 5 Size Activity 1 page 10 Size Activity 2 page 13 Size Activity 3 page 43 Diet page 46 </p><p>Trackways page 53 </p><p>Colorado Fossils and Dinosaurs page 66 </p><p><strong>POWER WORDS </strong></p><p>Dinosaurs safely evoke terror. Better&nbsp;than any </p><p>scary movie, these were </p><p>actually living breathing beasts! </p><p>•</p><p><strong>articulated</strong>: fossil </p><p>bones arranged in </p><p>proper order </p><p>Articulated skeleton of the Tyrannosaurus rex </p><p>from the American Museum of Natural History </p><p>•</p><p><strong>endothermic</strong>: an </p><p>organism produces body heat through </p><p><strong>metabolism </strong></p><p>be reviewing the information about dinosaurs, but there is an interview with him at the end of this issue.&nbsp;Meeting him, you will know instantly that he loves his job! It&nbsp;doesn’t matter if you become an electrician, auto mechanic, dancer, computer programmer, author, or <br>What was the biggest dinosaur? What was the smallest </p><p>•</p><p><strong>metabolism</strong>: chemical </p><p>processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life </p><p>dinosaur? What&nbsp;color were they? Did&nbsp;they live in herds? What can their skeletons tell us? What evidence is there so that we can understand more about how these animals lived.&nbsp;Are any still alive today? </p><p><strong>CAREER CONNECTION </strong></p><p>•</p><p>Meet Dr. Holtz, </p><p>Dinosaur </p><p>paleontologist, I truly hope that </p><p>you have tremendous job satisfaction, like Dr. Holtz! </p><p>Paleontologist! page 73 </p><p>To help us really understand more about dinosaurs, we have the famous dinosaur paleontologist, Dr. Holtz helping with this issue.&nbsp;He will not only <br>So, grab your shovels as we Dig into Dinosaurs! </p><p>COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION <br>4-H PROGRAMS ARE AVAILABLE TO ALL WITHOUT DISCRIMINATION </p><p>2</p><p><strong>DINOSAURS! </strong>— What Is a Dinosaur? </p><p><em>Stegosaurus </em>at American </p><p>Museum of Natural History <br>Dinosaurs, Ichthyosaurs, Pterosaurs are all big reptilian animals of the Mesozoic.&nbsp;What </p><p>are the <strong>characteristics </strong>that </p><p>make dinosaurs distinct from the others? </p><p><strong>POWER WORDS </strong></p><p>•••</p><p><strong>acetabulum</strong>: the </p><p>socket of the hipbone, into which the head of </p><p>the <strong>femur </strong>fits <strong>characteristics</strong>: a </p><p>feature belonging typically to a thing and serving to identify it </p><p><strong>hierarchy</strong>: organization </p><p>in which groups are ranked one above the </p><p>other according to </p><p>status </p><p>In Paleontology 5: <strong>Speciation</strong>, </p><p>activities focused on </p><p><strong>characteristics </strong>of organisms, </p><p>and how scientists use those to separate organisms into a </p><p><strong>hierarchy </strong>(Domain, Kingdom, </p><p>Phylum, Order, Class, Family, </p><p><em>Genus, species</em>). Scientists&nbsp;use </p><p>the <strong>characteristics </strong>of the </p><p>organisms that are new or the same as the ancestor </p><p><em>Ichthyosaur </em>at American </p><p>Museum of Natural History (note: she was giving live birth!) </p><p>••</p><p><strong>perforate acetabulum</strong>: </p><p>dinosauria group (dinosaurs and birds) </p><p>is <strong>defined </strong>by a <strong>perforate acetabulum</strong>, </p><p>which can be thought of as a "hip-socket" </p><p><strong>characteristics </strong>to separate </p><p>organisms into different species. </p><p><em>Directions</em>: </p><p><strong>speciation</strong>: the </p><p>Pterosaur <em>Pterodactylus kochi </em></p><p>found in Germany </p><p>•</p><p>What do you think are the characteristics of dinosaurs? Record your answers. Examine the skeletal drawings of the </p><p>formation of new and distinct species in the course of change </p><p>through time </p><p>•</p><p><em>Tyrannosaurus rex </em>(Sue at </p><p>the Field Museum in </p><p>Chicago) and <em>Prestosuchus chiniquensis </em>(at the </p><p>American Museum of Natural History in New York City) on pages 3-4. Compare&nbsp;the dinosaur and non-dinosaur to find differences between the two. Circle&nbsp;what you see is different. </p><p><strong>Perforate acetabulum </strong></p><p>(the hole&nbsp;in the hip where the ball of the upper leg </p><p>bone (<strong>femur</strong>) sits) allows </p><p>for upright stance. ball of the upper leg attaches so the dinosaur can stand </p><p>upright </p><p>•</p><p>Characteristics for a dinosaur </p><p>include: </p><p>•</p><p><em>That ’ s it! &nbsp; That is what </em></p><p><em>define</em>s a dinosaur from a non-dinosaur! <br>○ Number of fingers and toes (hand had the fourth finger—ring finger and fifth finger—pinkie finger reduced, and the foot had three toes) <br>○ number of vertebrae (3 or more) attaching to the hip bones </p><p><strong>MATERIALS </strong></p><p>•••••</p><p>Print pages 3-4 Paper Pencil computer with internet access printer </p><p>○ hole in the hip socket </p><p>(<strong>acetabulum</strong>) where the </p><p>3</p><p><strong>DINOSAURS! </strong>— What Is a Dinosaur? </p><p>Above: <em>Tyrannosaurus rex </em>Sue, Field Museum Chicago, IL, a dinosaur Below: <em>Prestosuchus chiniquensis, </em>American Museum of Natural History NYC NY, a suchian reptile <br>4</p><p><strong>DINOSAURS! </strong>— What Is a Dinosaur? </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><strong>0</strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>1m </strong></li></ul><p></p><p>Above: <em>Tyrannosaurus rex </em>Sue, sketch of a dinosaur </p><p>Below: <em>Prestosuchus chiniquensis, </em>sketch of a suchian reptile </p><p>5</p><p><strong>DINOSAURS! </strong>— Bird or Lizard Hip </p><p>You will generate a list of <br>The <strong>proto</strong>-dinosaurs (ancestors, or dinosaur-like animals) were </p><p><strong>bipedal </strong>(walking on two legs). With lots of time and <strong>mutations </strong></p><p>that were favorable, dinosaurs split into two major groups: bird- </p><p>hipped (Order <strong>Ornithischia</strong>) </p><p>dinosaurs and lizard-hipped </p><p>(Order <strong>Saurischia</strong>) dinosaurs. </p><p>In the first paleontology lesson, there was an activity on these crazy science names, and what </p><p>they really mean.&nbsp;ornith = bird, </p><p>saur = lizard, and ischia = ischium, one of the three bones of the hip (ilium, ischium, and sacrum). The ischium (depicted or </p><p><strong>POWER WORDS </strong></p><p>ornithischian and saurischian dinosaurs, and collect some of their data.&nbsp;Each table has an example to follow. </p><p>•••</p><p><strong>bipedal</strong>: an animal </p><p>using only two legs for walking; bi = two, ped = foot </p><p><strong>clade</strong>: group of </p><p>organisms descended from a common </p><p><em>Directions</em>: </p><p>•</p><p>Use only scientifically supported information about dinosaurs. There&nbsp;is a lot misinformation, so be careful. Verify&nbsp;that you have </p><p>found sources from </p><p>ancestor </p><p><strong>mass</strong>: the quantity of </p><p>matter which a body contains—how much </p><p>matter pulled down by </p><p>gravity is weight </p><p>universities or museums. Check the author, and verify that person is an authority. Different dinosaur Families (or <strong>Clades</strong>) are identified in the table.&nbsp;Search on the dinosaur Family, verify the source you use, and read about the Family (or <strong>Clade</strong>). Search for the Family or </p><p>Clade’s “<strong>type specimen</strong>” </p><p>and complete the information on that species.&nbsp;If you </p><p>cannot locate the <strong>type specimen </strong>you can select </p><p>any species within the Family </p><p>(or <strong>Clade</strong>). Record Class (<strong>Ornithischia </strong>or <strong>Saurischia</strong>). </p><p>Copy and paste an image of that dinosaur in a word document, and resize to about 3” by 3”. Identify the dinosaur. </p><p>••</p><p><strong>proto</strong>: original, primitive <strong>type specimen</strong>: the </p><p>specimen, or each of a set of specimens, on which the description and name of a new species is based </p><p>•</p><p>species, and if you can find it, the estimated </p><p><strong>mass </strong>(weight). </p><p>Under notes, record location it was found. Cut out your pictures and place on your timeline in the correct time range. Identify if the dinosaur is </p><p>an <strong>ornithischian </strong>or <strong>saurischian</strong>, and glue. </p><p>Do you see any patterns? </p><p>••<br>••</p><p>•</p><p>•</p><p>Record the time (or range of time) that it lived. </p><p>Record the length of this </p><p>circled in red directional arrows) </p><p>points back towards the tail in </p><p><strong>ornithischian </strong>like a bird’s </p><p>ischium, but forwards, towards </p><p>the arms in <strong>saurischian</strong>, like </p><p>lizards. Note&nbsp;that the </p><p><strong>ornithischian </strong>skull has a </p><p>predentary bone identified in green which is not present in the </p><p><strong>saurischian </strong>skull. </p><p>•</p><p><strong>MATERIALS </strong></p><p>•</p><p>computer with internet access (if you don’t have a computer or internet access, check out your county library!) </p><p>•••••</p><p>print pages 6-9 (single or double-sided) color pencils pencil or pen glue stick or tape your Phanerozoic Timeline </p><p>On page 6, is that dinosaur an ornithischian or saurischian dinosaur? <br>6</p><p><strong>DINOSAURS! </strong>— Bird or Lizard Hip </p><p>Dinosaurs and other reptiles, amphibians, birds, </p><p><strong>POWER WORDS </strong></p><p>and mammals all have the same basic structure of their <strong>anatomy</strong>. Above&nbsp;is a labeled diagram of </p><p>dinosaur <strong>anatomy</strong>. </p><p>•</p><p><strong>anatomy</strong>: bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms </p><p>7</p><p><strong>DINOSAURS! </strong>— Bird or Lizard Hip </p><p>8</p><p><strong>DINOSAURS! </strong>— Bird or Lizard Hip </p><p>9</p><p><strong>DINOSAURS! </strong>— Bird or Lizard Hip </p><p>10 </p><p><strong>DINOSAURS! </strong>— Size </p><p>•</p><p>Each image has the different <br>The sauropod dinosaurs </p><p><strong>POWER WORDS </strong></p><p><strong>dimensions </strong>of the dinosaur. </p><p>For example, <em>Tyrannosaurus </em></p><p><em>rex </em>is 12 feet high at the hips and 42 feet long. Use the tape measure for body length and body height. If you are working in the grass with the streamers, leave a bit of streamer weighted down with rocks. After you have the basic </p><p>measurements, outline the </p><p>shape of the animal, using the images to guide the drawing. Stand&nbsp;back to get a better view, and correct the outline as needed. </p><p>reached the upper <strong>hypothetical </strong>limits of how big a <strong>terrestrial </strong></p><p>animal can be.&nbsp;The largest predator to ever walk the Earth was the Spinosaurus.&nbsp;Not all dinosaurs reached the these massive sizes.&nbsp;The smallest dinosaurs were the size of chickens or crows. </p><p>•</p><p><strong>hypothesis </strong>(plural </p><p>hypotheses): proposed explanation made limited evidence as a </p><p>•</p><p>starting point for further investigation </p><p><strong>hypothetical</strong>: best </p><p>estimate or education guess </p><p><strong>terrestrial</strong>: of or </p><p>relating to the Earth </p><p>••</p><p>••</p><p>In the last activity, you </p><p>conducted a computer search </p><p>on different dinosaurs, including their sizes and collecting images. All&nbsp;the images were scaled about the same size to add to your timeline, but they are actually different sizes.&nbsp;In this activity, you will observe those sizes for yourself. </p><p>A <em>Triceratops </em>fossil </p><p>specimen has evidence of <em>T. rex </em>tooth marks on it’s frill. They lived in the same area at the same time. </p><p><em>Directions</em>: </p><p>•</p><p>Collect the materials and supplies and head outside to </p><p>4’ | 1.3 m </p><p>MEASUREMENTS </p><p>•</p><p>Body length measurement is from nose to tip of tail (do not include horns) Body height is measured from the highest limb, e.g. from the hip to toes in the </p><p><em>T. rex</em>, and from the </p><p>shoulders to the fingers </p><p>in <em>Argentinosaurus </em></p><p>•</p><p>12’ | 4 m </p><p>a large area, like a park or school yard. </p><p><strong>MATERIALS </strong></p><p>•••</p><p>steel tape measurer (i.e. 25’) print pages 11-12 (single or double sided) ~5 large sidewalk chalks </p><p>•</p><p>If you have a large grassy area, use the crepe paper streamers. Even&nbsp;better, If you have a large blacktop play area or parking lot, use sidewalk chalk.&nbsp;You can sketch the details of each animal’s features in chalk. </p><p>or </p><p>••</p><p>~5 crepe paper streamers (bright color) and you might want to grab some friends or family to help you </p><p>11 </p><p><strong>DINOSAURS! </strong>— Size </p><p>12 </p><p><strong>DINOSAURS! </strong>— Size </p><p>13 </p><p><strong>DINOSAURS! </strong>— Size </p><p>This next activity is another way to comprehend the size, with a life-sized puzzle of a Tyrannosaurus rex skull.&nbsp;The image was taken at the American Museum of Natural History in 2004 of the T. rex on display (full image above). </p><p>•</p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Your mission, should you </li><li style="flex:1">together. Use&nbsp;some of </li></ul><p>choose to accept it, is to put the puzzle back together. Print pages 15-42. Find a large space, and start to put the image back together. At&nbsp;this point, do not trim the margins. the margins for overlap to tape, and trim the unwanted margins. </p><p>Hang up your <em>T. rex </em></p><p>puzzle! </p><p>•</p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">•</li><li style="flex:1">•</li></ul><p></p><p>•</p><p>Tape or glue your picture </p><p><em>Directions</em>: </p><p>•</p><p>The <em>Tyrannosaurus rex </em></p><p>image was cropped to just the skull, and then enlarged to life-sized of 46 inches by 41.33 inches.&nbsp;It was divided into 9.5” x 7.5” grid, with the right margin and the bottom margin in smaller pieces. The image was cropped into each grid. </p><p><strong>MATERIALS </strong></p><p>••••••</p><p>computer with printer print pages 15-42 single-sided paper scissors glue stick or tape a large area to lay out your puzzle </p><p>•</p><p>14 </p><p><strong>DINOSAURS! </strong>— Size </p><p>The final puzzle is of this picture, but enlarged to life-size. <br>15 </p><p><strong>DINOSAURS! </strong>— Size </p><p>16 </p><p><strong>DINOSAURS! </strong>— Size </p><p>17 </p><p><strong>DINOSAURS! </strong>— Size </p><p>18 </p><p><strong>DINOSAURS! </strong>— Size </p><p>19 </p><p><strong>DINOSAURS! </strong>— Size </p><p>20 </p><p><strong>DINOSAURS! </strong>— Size </p>

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