Baraminology Data Filtering Method Based on Entropy Measurement and Its Application in Dinosaur and Cephalopod Data Sets
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Mesozoic—Dinos!
MESOZOIC—DINOS! VOLUME 9, ISSUE 8, APRIL 2020 THIS MONTH DINOSAURS! • Dinosaurs ○ What is a Dinosaur? page 2 DINOSAURS! When people think paleontology, ○ Bird / Lizard Hip? page 5 they think of scientists ○ Size Activity 1 page 10 working in the hot sun of ○ Size Activity 2 page 13 Colorado National ○ Size Activity 3 page 43 Monument or the Badlands ○ Diet page 46 of South Dakota and ○ Trackways page 53 Wyoming finding enormous, ○ Colorado Fossils and fierce, and long-gone Dinosaurs page 66 dinosaurs. POWER WORDS Dinosaurs safely evoke • articulated: fossil terror. Better than any bones arranged in scary movie, these were Articulated skeleton of the Tyrannosaurus rex proper order actually living breathing • endothermic: an beasts! from the American Museum of Natural History organism produces body heat through What was the biggest dinosaur? be reviewing the information metabolism What was the smallest about dinosaurs, but there is an • metabolism: chemical dinosaur? What color were interview with him at the end of processes that occur they? Did they live in herds? this issue. Meeting him, you will within a living organism What can their skeletons tell us? know instantly that he loves his in order to maintain life What evidence is there so that job! It doesn’t matter if you we can understand more about become an electrician, auto CAREER CONNECTION how these animals lived. Are mechanic, dancer, computer • Meet Dr. Holtz, any still alive today? programmer, author, or Dinosaur paleontologist, I truly hope that Paleontologist! page 73 To help us really understand you have tremendous job more about dinosaurs, we have satisfaction, like Dr. -
Theropod Teeth from the Upper Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation “Sue” Quarry: New Morphotypes and Faunal Comparisons
Theropod teeth from the upper Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation “Sue” Quarry: New morphotypes and faunal comparisons TERRY A. GATES, LINDSAY E. ZANNO, and PETER J. MAKOVICKY Gates, T.A., Zanno, L.E., and Makovicky, P.J. 2015. Theropod teeth from the upper Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation “Sue” Quarry: New morphotypes and faunal comparisons. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 60 (1): 131–139. Isolated teeth from vertebrate microfossil localities often provide unique information on the biodiversity of ancient ecosystems that might otherwise remain unrecognized. Microfossil sampling is a particularly valuable tool for doc- umenting taxa that are poorly represented in macrofossil surveys due to small body size, fragile skeletal structure, or relatively low ecosystem abundance. Because biodiversity patterns in the late Maastrichtian of North American are the primary data for a broad array of studies regarding non-avian dinosaur extinction in the terminal Cretaceous, intensive sampling on multiple scales is critical to understanding the nature of this event. We address theropod biodiversity in the Maastrichtian by examining teeth collected from the Hell Creek Formation locality that yielded FMNH PR 2081 (the Tyrannosaurus rex specimen “Sue”). Eight morphotypes (three previously undocumented) are identified in the sample, representing Tyrannosauridae, Dromaeosauridae, Troodontidae, and Avialae. Noticeably absent are teeth attributed to the morphotypes Richardoestesia and Paronychodon. Morphometric comparison to dromaeosaurid teeth from multiple Hell Creek and Lance formations microsites reveals two unique dromaeosaurid morphotypes bearing finer distal denticles than present on teeth of similar size, and also differences in crown shape in at least one of these. These findings suggest more dromaeosaurid taxa, and a higher Maastrichtian biodiversity, than previously appreciated. -
A New Raptorial Dinosaur with Exceptionally Long Feathering Provides Insights Into Dromaeosaurid flight Performance
ARTICLE Received 11 Apr 2014 | Accepted 11 Jun 2014 | Published 15 Jul 2014 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5382 A new raptorial dinosaur with exceptionally long feathering provides insights into dromaeosaurid flight performance Gang Han1, Luis M. Chiappe2, Shu-An Ji1,3, Michael Habib4, Alan H. Turner5, Anusuya Chinsamy6, Xueling Liu1 & Lizhuo Han1 Microraptorines are a group of predatory dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaurs with aero- dynamic capacity. These close relatives of birds are essential for testing hypotheses explaining the origin and early evolution of avian flight. Here we describe a new ‘four-winged’ microraptorine, Changyuraptor yangi, from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota of China. With tail feathers that are nearly 30 cm long, roughly 30% the length of the skeleton, the new fossil possesses the longest known feathers for any non-avian dinosaur. Furthermore, it is the largest theropod with long, pennaceous feathers attached to the lower hind limbs (that is, ‘hindwings’). The lengthy feathered tail of the new fossil provides insight into the flight performance of microraptorines and how they may have maintained aerial competency at larger body sizes. We demonstrate how the low-aspect-ratio tail of the new fossil would have acted as a pitch control structure reducing descent speed and thus playing a key role in landing. 1 Paleontological Center, Bohai University, 19 Keji Road, New Shongshan District, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province 121013, China. 2 Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007, USA. 3 Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 26 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing 100037, China. 4 University of Southern California, Health Sciences Campus, BMT 403, Mail Code 9112, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA. -
Lautenschlager 2012 Therizinosaur Brain
Lautenschlager, S., Rayfield, E. J., Altangerel, P., & Witmer, L. M. (2012). The endocranial anatomy of Therizinosauria and its implications for sensory and cognitive function. PLoS ONE, 7(12), [e52289]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052289 Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to published version (if available): 10.1371/journal.pone.0052289 Link to publication record in Explore Bristol Research PDF-document University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research General rights This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/red/research-policy/pure/user-guides/ebr-terms/ The Endocranial Anatomy of Therizinosauria and Its Implications for Sensory and Cognitive Function Stephan Lautenschlager1*, Emily J. Rayfield1, Perle Altangerel2, Lindsay E. Zanno3,4, Lawrence M. Witmer5 1 School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, 2 National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 3 Nature Research Center, NC Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America, 4 Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America, 5 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America Abstract Background: Therizinosauria is one of the most enigmatic and peculiar clades among theropod dinosaurs, exhibiting an unusual suite of characters, such as lanceolate teeth, a rostral rhamphotheca, long manual claws, and a wide, opisthopubic pelvis. This specialized anatomy has been associated with a shift in dietary preferences and an adaptation to herbivory. -
New Tyrannosaur from the Mid-Cretaceous of Uzbekistan Clarifies Evolution of Giant Body Sizes and Advanced Senses in Tyrant Dinosaurs
Edinburgh Research Explorer New tyrannosaur from the mid-Cretaceous of Uzbekistan clarifies evolution of giant body sizes and advanced senses in tyrant dinosaurs Citation for published version: Brusatte, SL, Averianov, A, Sues, H, Muir, A & Butler, IB 2016, 'New tyrannosaur from the mid-Cretaceous of Uzbekistan clarifies evolution of giant body sizes and advanced senses in tyrant dinosaurs', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, pp. 201600140. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600140113 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1073/pnas.1600140113 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Peer reviewed version Published In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 04. Oct. 2021 Classification: Physical Sciences: Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; Biological Sciences: Evolution New tyrannosaur from the mid-Cretaceous of Uzbekistan clarifies evolution of giant body sizes and advanced senses in tyrant dinosaurs Stephen L. Brusattea,1, Alexander Averianovb,c, Hans-Dieter Suesd, Amy Muir1, Ian B. Butler1 aSchool of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK bZoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. -
Implications for Predatory Dinosaur Macroecology and Ontogeny in Later Late Cretaceous Asiamerica
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Theropod Guild Structure and the Tyrannosaurid Niche Assimilation Hypothesis: Implications for Predatory Dinosaur Macroecology and Ontogeny in later Late Cretaceous Asiamerica Journal: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Manuscript ID cjes-2020-0174.R1 Manuscript Type: Article Date Submitted by the 04-Jan-2021 Author: Complete List of Authors: Holtz, Thomas; University of Maryland at College Park, Department of Geology; NationalDraft Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology Keyword: Dinosaur, Ontogeny, Theropod, Paleocology, Mesozoic, Tyrannosauridae Is the invited manuscript for consideration in a Special Tribute to Dale Russell Issue? : © The Author(s) or their Institution(s) Page 1 of 91 Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1 Theropod Guild Structure and the Tyrannosaurid Niche Assimilation Hypothesis: 2 Implications for Predatory Dinosaur Macroecology and Ontogeny in later Late Cretaceous 3 Asiamerica 4 5 6 Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. 7 8 Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA 9 Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013 USA 10 Email address: [email protected] 11 ORCID: 0000-0002-2906-4900 Draft 12 13 Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. 14 Department of Geology 15 8000 Regents Drive 16 University of Maryland 17 College Park, MD 20742 18 USA 19 Phone: 1-301-405-4084 20 Fax: 1-301-314-9661 21 Email address: [email protected] 22 23 1 © The Author(s) or their Institution(s) Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Page 2 of 91 24 ABSTRACT 25 Well-sampled dinosaur communities from the Jurassic through the early Late Cretaceous show 26 greater taxonomic diversity among larger (>50kg) theropod taxa than communities of the 27 Campano-Maastrichtian, particularly to those of eastern/central Asia and Laramidia. -
Coossified Tarsometatarsi in Theropod Dinosaurs and Their Bearing on the Problem of Bird Origins
HALSZKA OSM6LSKA COOSSIFIED TARSOMETATARSI IN THEROPOD DINOSAURS AND THEIR BEARING ON THE PROBLEM OF BIRD ORIGINS OSM6LSKA, H. : Coossified tarsometatarsi in theropod dinosaurs and their bearing on the problem of bird origins, Palaeontologia Polonica, 42, 79-95, 1981. Limb remains of two small theropod dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous deposits of Mongolia display fused tarsometatarsi. Presence of fusion in the tarsometatarsus in some theropods is consi dered as additional evidence for the theropod origin of birds. E/misaurus rarus gen. et sp. n. is described based upon a fragmentary skeleton represented by limbs. Family Elmisauridae novo is erected to include Elmisaurus, Chirostenotes GlLMORE and Ma crophalangia STERNBERG. Key words: Dinosauria, Theropoda, bird origins, Upper Cretaceous, Mongolia. Halszka Osmolska , ZakladPaleobiologii, Polska Akademia Nauk, Al. Zw irki i Wigury 93,02-089 War szawa, Po/and. Received: June 1979. Streszczenie. - W pracy opisano szczatki malych dinozaur6w drapieznych z osad6w gornokredo wych Mongolii . Stopa tych dinozaur6w wykazuje obecnosc zrosnietego tarsomet atarsusa. Zrosniecie to stanowi dodatkowy dow6d na pochodzenie ptak6w od dinozaur6w drapieznych, Opisano nowy rodzaj i gatunek dinozaura drapieznego E/misaurus rarus, kt6ry zaliczono do nowej rodziny Elmisau ridae . Do rodziny tej, opr6cz Elmisaurus, naleza: Chirostenotes GILMORE i Macr opha/angia STERNBERG. Praca byla finansowana przez Polska Akademie Nauk w ramach problemu rniedzyresorto wego MR 11-6. INTRODUCTION During the Polish-Mongolian -
Insight Into the Evolution of Avian Flight from a New Clade of Early
J. Anat. (2006) 208, pp287–308 IBlackwnell Publishing sLtd ight into the evolution of avian flight from a new clade of Early Cretaceous ornithurines from China and the morphology of Yixianornis grabaui Julia A. Clarke,1 Zhonghe Zhou2 and Fucheng Zhang2 1Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA 2Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Abstract In studies of the evolution of avian flight there has been a singular preoccupation with unravelling its origin. By con- trast, the complex changes in morphology that occurred between the earliest form of avian flapping flight and the emergence of the flight capabilities of extant birds remain comparatively little explored. Any such work has been limited by a comparative paucity of fossils illuminating bird evolution near the origin of the clade of extant (i.e. ‘modern’) birds (Aves). Here we recognize three species from the Early Cretaceous of China as comprising a new lineage of basal ornithurine birds. Ornithurae is a clade that includes, approximately, comparatively close relatives of crown clade Aves (extant birds) and that crown clade. The morphology of the best-preserved specimen from this newly recognized Asian diversity, the holotype specimen of Yixianornis grabaui Zhou and Zhang 2001, complete with finely preserved wing and tail feather impressions, is used to illustrate the new insights offered by recognition of this lineage. Hypotheses of avian morphological evolution and specifically proposed patterns of change in different avian locomotor modules after the origin of flight are impacted by recognition of the new lineage. -
Edentulism, Beaks, and Biomechanical Innovations in the Evolution of Theropod Dinosaurs
Edentulism, beaks, and biomechanical innovations in the evolution of theropod dinosaurs Stephan Lautenschlagera,1, Lawrence M. Witmerb, Perle Altangerelc, and Emily J. Rayfielda aSchool of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, United Kingdom; bDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701; and cMongolian Museum of Natural History, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 21, Mongolia Edited by Ophir Klein, University of California, San Francisco, CA, and accepted by the Editorial Board November 3, 2013 (received for review June 5, 2013) Maniraptoriformes, the speciose group of derived theropod dino- a prime example for the diverse skeletal modifications occurring saurs that ultimately gave rise to modern birds, display a diverse in the maniraptoriform bauplan. Their basal position among and remarkable suite of skeletal adaptations. Apart from the Maniraptora (12) makes therizinosaurians of special interest in evolution of flight, a large-scale change in dietary behavior appears terms of the evolutionary functional relevance of these features. to have been one of the main triggers for specializations in the Due to their highly unusual and peculiar skeletal morphology, bauplan of these derived theropods. Among the different skeletal therizinosaurians have been the focus of many taxonomic and pa- specializations, partial or even complete edentulism and the de- leoecological controversies since the discovery of the first speci- velopment of keratinous beaks form a recurring and persistent trend mens. Numerous discoveries in recent decades have substantiated in from the evolution of derived nonavian dinosaurs. Therizinosauria therizinosaurians as specialized, even bizarre, theropod dinosaurs is an enigmatic maniraptoriform clade, whose members display these (12–14). -
Screaming Biplane Dromaeosaurs of the Air. June/July
5c.r~i~ ~l'tp.,ne pr~tl\USp.,urs 1tke.A-ir Written & illustrated by Gregory s. Paul It is questionable whether anyone even speculated that some dinosaurs were feathered until Ostrom detailed the evidence that birds descended from predatory avepod theropods a third of a century ago. The first illustration of a feathered dinosaur was a nice little study of a well ensconced Syntarsus dashing down a dune slope in pursuit of a gliding lizard in Robert Bakker's classic "Dinosaur Renaissance" article in the April 1975 Scientific American by Sarah Landry (can also be seen in the Scientific American Book of the Dinosaur I edited). My first feathered dinosaur was executed shortly after, an inappropriately shaggy Allosaurus attacking a herd of Diplodocus. I was soon doing a host of small theropods in feathers. Despite the logic of feath- / er insulation on the group ancestral birds and showing evidence of a high level energetics, images of feathered avepods were often harshly and unsci- Above: Proposed relationships based on flight adaptations of entifically criticized as unscientific in view of the lack of evidence for their preserved skeletons and feathers of Archaeopteryx, a generalized presence, ignoring the equal fact that no one had found scales on the little Sinornithosaurus, and Confuciusornis, with arrows indicating dinosaurs either. derived adaptations not present in Archaeopteryx as described in In the 1980s I further proposed that the most bird-like, avepectoran text. Not to scale. dinosaurs - dromaeosaurs, troodonts, oviraptorosaurs, and later ther- izinosaurs _were not just close to birds and the origin of flight, but were see- appear to represent the remnants of wings converted to display devices. -
Rare Earth Element Geochemistry and Taphonomy of the Early Cretaceous Crystal
PALAIOS, 2007, v. 22, p. 500–512 Research Article DOI: 10.2110/palo.2005.p05-125r Rare earth element geochemistry and taphonomy of the Early Cretaceous Crystal Geyser Dinosaur Quarry, east-central Utah Celina A. Suarez,* Marina B. Suarez, Dennis O. Terry Jr., David E. Grandstaff Department of Geology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA e-mail: [email protected] *Corresponding Author. Current address: Department of Geology, University of Kansas, 1475 Jayhawk Blvd., Room 120, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045-7613, USA. Keywords: Falcarius utahensis, Cedar Mountain Formation, vertebrate paleontology, rare earth element, bone fossilization ABSTRACT The Crystal Geyser Dinosaur Quarry contains a large monospecific accumulation of bones from a basal therizinosaur, Falcarius utahensis. The quarry is located approximately 16 km south of Green River, Utah, at the base of the early Cretaceous (Barremian) Yellow Cat Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation. Fossil bones in the quarry occur in three units that have distinct taphonomic, lithologic, and geochemical characteristics. Rare earth element compositions of fossils suggest that bones from each unit were drawn from different reservoirs or sources having distinctly different compositions, and fossils were not reworked between units. Compositions of bones differ greatly within Units 1 and 2, even within the same 1-m2 quarry grid. These chemical differences and taphonomic characteristics, such as current orientation, hydraulic sorting, and occasional extensive abrasion, suggest that bones from these two units are allochthonous and were fossilized at other localities, possibly over an area of several kilometers, and were then eroded, transported, and concentrated in a spring-influenced fluvial environment. Bones in Unit 3 have very similar rare earth element signatures, suggesting that they were probably fossilized in situ at a separate time from bones in Units 1 and 2. -
Hierarchical Clustering Analysis Suppcdr.Cdr
Distance Hierarchical joiningclustering 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 Sinosauropteryx Caudipteryx Eoraptor Compsognathus Compsognathus Compsognathus Compsognathus Megaraptora basal Coelurosauria Noasauridae Neotheropoda non-averostran T non-tyrannosaurid Dromaeosauridae basalmost Theropoda Oviraptorosauria Compsognathidae Therizinosauria T A yrannosauroidea Compsognathus roodontidae ves Compsognathus Compsognathus Compsognathus Compsognathus Compsognathus Compsognathus Compsognathus Compsognathus Compsognathus Compsognathus Compsognathus Compsognathus Compsognathus Richardoestesia Scipionyx Buitreraptor Compsognathus Troodon Compsognathus Compsognathus Compsognathus Juravenator Sinosauropteryx Juravenator Juravenator Sinosauropteryx Incisivosaurus Coelophysis Scipionyx Richardoestesia Compsognathus Compsognathus Compsognathus Richardoestesia Richardoestesia Richardoestesia Richardoestesia Compsognathus Richardoestesia Juravenator Richardoestesia Richardoestesia Richardoestesia Richardoestesia Buitreraptor Saurornitholestes Ichthyornis Saurornitholestes Ichthyornis Richardoestesia Richardoestesia Richardoestesia Richardoestesia Richardoestesia Juravenator Scipionyx Buitreraptor Coelophysis Richardoestesia Coelophysis Richardoestesia Richardoestesia Richardoestesia Richardoestesia Coelophysis Richardoestesia Bambiraptor Richardoestesia Richardoestesia Velociraptor Juravenator Saurornitholestes Saurornitholestes Buitreraptor Coelophysis Coelophysis Ornitholestes Richardoestesia Richardoestesia Juravenator Saurornitholestes Velociraptor Saurornitholestes