A New Raptorial Dinosaur with Exceptionally Long Feathering Provides Insights Into Dromaeosaurid flight Performance
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Anchiornis and Scansoriopterygidae
SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences SpringerBriefs South America and the Southern Hemisphere Series Editors Gerrit Lohmann Lawrence A. Mysak Justus Notholt Jorge Rabassa Vikram Unnithan For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/10032 Federico L. Agnolín · Fernando E. Novas Avian Ancestors A Review of the Phylogenetic Relationships of the Theropods Unenlagiidae, Microraptoria, Anchiornis and Scansoriopterygidae 1 3 Federico L. Agnolín “Félix de Azara”, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales Fundación de Historia Natural, CEBBAD, Universidad Maimónides Buenos Aires Argentina Fernando E. Novas CONICET, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” Buenos Aires Argentina ISSN 2191-589X ISSN 2191-5903 (electronic) ISBN 978-94-007-5636-6 ISBN 978-94-007-5637-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5637-3 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012953463 © The Author(s) 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. -
LETTER Doi:10.1038/Nature14423
LETTER doi:10.1038/nature14423 A bizarre Jurassic maniraptoran theropod with preserved evidence of membranous wings Xing Xu1,2*, Xiaoting Zheng1,3*, Corwin Sullivan2, Xiaoli Wang1, Lida Xing4, Yan Wang1, Xiaomei Zhang3, Jingmai K. O’Connor2, Fucheng Zhang2 & Yanhong Pan5 The wings of birds and their closest theropod relatives share a ratios are 1.16 and 1.08, respectively, compared to 0.96 and 0.78 in uniform fundamental architecture, with pinnate flight feathers Epidendrosaurus and 0.79 and 0.66 in Epidexipteryx), an extremely as the key component1–3. Here we report a new scansoriopterygid short humeral deltopectoral crest, and a long rod-like bone articu- theropod, Yi qi gen. et sp. nov., based on a new specimen from the lating with the wrist. Middle–Upper Jurassic period Tiaojishan Formation of Hebei Key osteological features are as follows. STM 31-2 (Fig. 1) is inferred Province, China4. Yi is nested phylogenetically among winged ther- to be an adult on the basis of the closed neurocentral sutures of the opods but has large stiff filamentous feathers of an unusual type on visible vertebrae, although this is not a universal criterion for maturity both the forelimb and hindlimb. However, the filamentous feath- across archosaurian taxa12. Its body mass is estimated to be approxi- ers of Yi resemble pinnate feathers in bearing morphologically mately 380 g, using an empirical equation13. diverse melanosomes5. Most surprisingly, Yi has a long rod-like The skull and mandible are similar to those of other scansoriopter- bone extending from each wrist, and patches of membranous tissue ygids, and to a lesser degree to those of oviraptorosaurs and some basal preserved between the rod-like bones and the manual digits. -
Tiny Fossil Sheds Light on Miniaturization of Birds
Retraction Tiny fossil sheds light on miniaturization of birds Roger B. J. Benson Nature 579, 199–200 (2020) In view of the fact that the authors of ‘Hummingbird-sized dinosaur from the Cretaceous period of Myanmar‘ (L. Xing et al. Nature 579, 245–249; 2020) are retracting their report, I wish to retract this News & Views article, which dealt with this study and was based on the accuracy and reproducibility of their data. Nature | 22 July 2020 ©2020 Spri nger Nature Li mited. All rights reserved. drives the assembly of DNA-PK and stimulates regulation of protein synthesis. And, although 3. Dragon, F. et al. Nature 417, 967–970 (2002). its catalytic activity in vitro, although does so further studies are required, we might have 4. Adelmant, G. et al. Mol. Cell. Proteom. 11, 411–421 (2012). much less efficiently than can DNA. taken a step closer to deciphering the 5. Britton, S., Coates, J. & Jackson, S. P. J. Cell Biol. 202, Taken together, these observations suggest mysterious ribosomopathies. 579–595 (2013). a model in which KU recruits DNA-PKcs to the 6. Barandun, J. et al. Nature Struct. Mol. Biol. 24, 944–953 (2017). small-subunit processome. In the case of Alan J. Warren is at the Cambridge Institute 7. Ma, Y. et al. Cell 108, 781–794 (2002). kinase-defective DNA-PK, the mutant enzyme’s for Medical Research, Hills Road, Cambridge 8. Yin, X. et al. Cell Res. 27, 1341–1350 (2017). inability to regulate its own activity gives the CB2 OXY, UK. 9. Sharif, H. et al. -
The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, Second Edition
MASS ESTIMATES - DINOSAURS ETC (largely based on models) taxon k model femur length* model volume ml x specific gravity = model mass g specimen (modeled 1st):kilograms:femur(or other long bone length)usually in decameters kg = femur(or other long bone)length(usually in decameters)3 x k k = model volume in ml x specific gravity(usually for whole model) then divided/model femur(or other long bone)length3 (in most models femur in decameters is 0.5253 = 0.145) In sauropods the neck is assigned a distinct specific gravity; in dinosaurs with large feathers their mass is added separately; in dinosaurs with flight ablity the mass of the fight muscles is calculated separately as a range of possiblities SAUROPODS k femur trunk neck tail total neck x 0.6 rest x0.9 & legs & head super titanosaur femur:~55000-60000:~25:00 Argentinosaurus ~4 PVPH-1:~55000:~24.00 Futalognkosaurus ~3.5-4 MUCPv-323:~25000:19.80 (note:downsize correction since 2nd edition) Dreadnoughtus ~3.8 “ ~520 ~75 50 ~645 0.45+.513=.558 MPM-PV 1156:~26000:19.10 Giraffatitan 3.45 .525 480 75 25 580 .045+.455=.500 HMN MB.R.2181:31500(neck 2800):~20.90 “XV2”:~45000:~23.50 Brachiosaurus ~4.15 " ~590 ~75 ~25 ~700 " +.554=~.600 FMNH P25107:~35000:20.30 Europasaurus ~3.2 “ ~465 ~39 ~23 ~527 .023+.440=~.463 composite:~760:~6.20 Camarasaurus 4.0 " 542 51 55 648 .041+.537=.578 CMNH 11393:14200(neck 1000):15.25 AMNH 5761:~23000:18.00 juv 3.5 " 486 40 55 581 .024+.487=.511 CMNH 11338:640:5.67 Chuanjiesaurus ~4.1 “ ~550 ~105 ~38 ~693 .063+.530=.593 Lfch 1001:~10700:13.75 2 M. -
Was Dinosaurian Physiology Inherited by Birds? Reconciling Slow Growth in Archaeopteryx
Was Dinosaurian Physiology Inherited by Birds? Reconciling Slow Growth in Archaeopteryx Gregory M. Erickson1,6*, Oliver W. M. Rauhut2, Zhonghe Zhou3, Alan H. Turner4,6, Brian D. Inouye1, Dongyu Hu5, Mark A. Norell6 1 Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America, 2 Bayerische Staatssammlung fu¨r Pala¨ontologie und Geologie and Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU Munich, Mu¨nchen, Germany, 3 Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China, 4 Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America, 5 Paleontological Institute, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China, 6 Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America Abstract Background: Archaeopteryx is the oldest and most primitive known bird (Avialae). It is believed that the growth and energetic physiology of basalmost birds such as Archaeopteryx were inherited in their entirety from non-avialan dinosaurs. This hypothesis predicts that the long bones in these birds formed using rapidly growing, well-vascularized woven tissue typical of non-avialan dinosaurs. Methodology/Principal Findings: We report that Archaeopteryx long bones are composed of nearly avascular parallel- fibered bone. This is among the slowest growing osseous tissues and is common in ectothermic reptiles. These findings dispute the hypothesis that non-avialan dinosaur growth and physiology were inherited in totality by the first birds. Examining these findings in a phylogenetic context required intensive sampling of outgroup dinosaurs and basalmost birds. Our results demonstrate the presence of a scale-dependent maniraptoran histological continuum that Archaeopteryx and other basalmost birds follow. -
A New Caenagnathid Dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Wangshi
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN A new caenagnathid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Wangshi Group of Shandong, China, with Received: 12 October 2017 Accepted: 7 March 2018 comments on size variation among Published: xx xx xxxx oviraptorosaurs Yilun Yu1, Kebai Wang2, Shuqing Chen2, Corwin Sullivan3,4, Shuo Wang 5,6, Peiye Wang2 & Xing Xu7 The bone-beds of the Upper Cretaceous Wangshi Group in Zhucheng, Shandong, China are rich in fossil remains of the gigantic hadrosaurid Shantungosaurus. Here we report a new oviraptorosaur, Anomalipes zhaoi gen. et sp. nov., based on a recently collected specimen comprising a partial left hindlimb from the Kugou Locality in Zhucheng. This specimen’s systematic position was assessed by three numerical cladistic analyses based on recently published theropod phylogenetic datasets, with the inclusion of several new characters. Anomalipes zhaoi difers from other known caenagnathids in having a unique combination of features: femoral head anteroposteriorly narrow and with signifcant posterior orientation; accessory trochanter low and confuent with lesser trochanter; lateral ridge present on femoral lateral surface; weak fourth trochanter present; metatarsal III with triangular proximal articular surface, prominent anterior fange near proximal end, highly asymmetrical hemicondyles, and longitudinal groove on distal articular surface; and ungual of pedal digit II with lateral collateral groove deeper and more dorsally located than medial groove. The holotype of Anomalipes zhaoi is smaller than is typical for Caenagnathidae but larger than is typical for the other major oviraptorosaurian subclade, Oviraptoridae. Size comparisons among oviraptorisaurians show that the Caenagnathidae vary much more widely in size than the Oviraptoridae. Oviraptorosauria is a clade of maniraptoran theropod dinosaurs characterized by a short, high skull, long neck and short tail. -
Ghost of the Forest: the Tangible and Intangible in Natural and Cultural Heritage
Ghost of the Forest: the Tangible and Intangible in Natural and Cultural Heritage Marcel Robischon Ghost of the Forest Ghost of the Forest: the Tangible and Intangible in Natural and Cultural Heritage Marcel Robischon Junior Professor, Department of Life Sciences, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Germany ABSTRACT Understanding the close interconnectedness of cultural and natural, tangible and intangible heritage is central to conservation efforts. This point is illustrated by examples in which works of culture have lost their original cultural or natural context – and this includes intangible natural phenomena. Further examples are given in which biological species survived as a genetic continuum but were changed in terms of their intangibles, i.e. their behaviour, in ways that can be perceived by human observers. In this article it is argued that the addition of a fourth category of ‘intangible natural heritage’ to the existing categories of World Heritage would strengthen conservation efforts and bring forward the discussion with an integrated understanding of natural and cultural heritage. Keywords Intangible Natural Heritage, co-extinction of cultural and biological phenomena, conservation, artistic inspiration, bio- diversity, bio-cultural interaction, ephemerality, World Heritage. The interdependence and the fragility of phrased by Singer (2006), Tangible heritage is expressed tangible and intangible heritage in objects, concrete matter, enduring years and Ultimately, buildings, human-made structures and sometimes centuries, carrying with it some of the artwork would be merely near-surface biogenic substance of human life, feeling, and thought. sediments resulting from highly complex processes of bio-turbation if it were not for the cultural motivation The cultural significance of ancient tangible heritage behind their creation and the meanings attached to them. -
Implications for Predatory Dinosaur Macroecology and Ontogeny in Later Late Cretaceous Asiamerica
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Theropod Guild Structure and the Tyrannosaurid Niche Assimilation Hypothesis: Implications for Predatory Dinosaur Macroecology and Ontogeny in later Late Cretaceous Asiamerica Journal: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Manuscript ID cjes-2020-0174.R1 Manuscript Type: Article Date Submitted by the 04-Jan-2021 Author: Complete List of Authors: Holtz, Thomas; University of Maryland at College Park, Department of Geology; NationalDraft Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology Keyword: Dinosaur, Ontogeny, Theropod, Paleocology, Mesozoic, Tyrannosauridae Is the invited manuscript for consideration in a Special Tribute to Dale Russell Issue? : © The Author(s) or their Institution(s) Page 1 of 91 Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1 Theropod Guild Structure and the Tyrannosaurid Niche Assimilation Hypothesis: 2 Implications for Predatory Dinosaur Macroecology and Ontogeny in later Late Cretaceous 3 Asiamerica 4 5 6 Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. 7 8 Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA 9 Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013 USA 10 Email address: [email protected] 11 ORCID: 0000-0002-2906-4900 Draft 12 13 Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. 14 Department of Geology 15 8000 Regents Drive 16 University of Maryland 17 College Park, MD 20742 18 USA 19 Phone: 1-301-405-4084 20 Fax: 1-301-314-9661 21 Email address: [email protected] 22 23 1 © The Author(s) or their Institution(s) Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Page 2 of 91 24 ABSTRACT 25 Well-sampled dinosaur communities from the Jurassic through the early Late Cretaceous show 26 greater taxonomic diversity among larger (>50kg) theropod taxa than communities of the 27 Campano-Maastrichtian, particularly to those of eastern/central Asia and Laramidia. -
Appendix A. Supplementary Material
Appendix A. Supplementary material Comprehensive taxon sampling and vetted fossils help clarify the time tree of shorebirds (Aves, Charadriiformes) David Cernˇ y´ 1,* & Rossy Natale2 1Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago 60637, USA 2Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago 60637, USA *Corresponding Author. Email: [email protected] Contents 1 Fossil Calibrations 2 1.1 Calibrations used . .2 1.2 Rejected calibrations . 22 2 Outgroup sequences 30 2.1 Neornithine outgroups . 33 2.2 Non-neornithine outgroups . 39 3 Supplementary Methods 72 4 Supplementary Figures and Tables 74 5 Image Credits 91 References 99 1 1 Fossil Calibrations 1.1 Calibrations used Calibration 1 Node calibrated. MRCA of Uria aalge and Uria lomvia. Fossil taxon. Uria lomvia (Linnaeus, 1758). Specimen. CASG 71892 (referred specimen; Olson, 2013), California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA. Lower bound. 2.58 Ma. Phylogenetic justification. As in Smith (2015). Age justification. The status of CASG 71892 as the oldest known record of either of the two spp. of Uria was recently confirmed by the review of Watanabe et al. (2016). The younger of the two marine transgressions at the Tolstoi Point corresponds to the Bigbendian transgression (Olson, 2013), which contains the Gauss-Matuyama magnetostratigraphic boundary (Kaufman and Brigham-Grette, 1993). Attempts to date this reversal have been recently reviewed by Ohno et al. (2012); Singer (2014), and Head (2019). In particular, Deino et al. (2006) were able to tightly bracket the age of the reversal using high-precision 40Ar/39Ar dating of two tuffs in normally and reversely magnetized lacustrine sediments from Kenya, obtaining a value of 2.589 ± 0.003 Ma. -
A Comparison of Flight Potential Among Small-Bodied Paravians
Chapter 11 High Flyer or High Fashion? A Comparison of Flight Potential among Small-Bodied Paravians T. ALEXANDER DECECCHI,1 HANS C.E. LARSSON,2 MICHAEL PITTMAN,3 AND MICHAEL B. HABIB4 ABSTRACT The origin of flight in birds and its relationship to bird origins itself has achieved something of a renaissance in recent years, driven by the discovery of a suite of small-bodied taxa with large pen- naceous feathers. As some of these specimens date back to the Middle Jurassic and predate the earli- est known birds, understanding how these potential aerofoil surfaces were used is of great importance to answering the question: which came first, the bird or the wing? Here we seek to address this question by directly comparing key members of three of the major clades of paravians: anchiorni- thines, Microraptor and Archaeopteryx across their known size classes to see how they differ in terms of major flight-related parameters (wing loading; disc loading; specific lift; glide speed; takeoff poten- tial). Using specimens with snout to vent length (SVL) ranging from around 150 mm to 400 mm and mass ranging from approximately 130 g to 2 kg, we investigated patterns of inter- and intraspe- cific changes in flight potential. We find that anchiornithines show much higher wing- and disc- loading values and correspondingly high required minimum glide and takeoff speeds, along with lower specific lift and flapping running outputs suggesting little to no flight capability in this clade. In contrast, we see good support for flight potential, either gliding or powered flight, for all size classes of both Microraptor and Archaeopteryx, though there are differing patterns of how this shifts ontogenetically. -
Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level
Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level Corresponding Type Chinese Court Region Court Name Administrative Name Code Code Area Supreme People’s Court 最高人民法院 最高法 Higher People's Court of 北京市高级人民 Beijing 京 110000 1 Beijing Municipality 法院 Municipality No. 1 Intermediate People's 北京市第一中级 京 01 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Shijingshan Shijingshan District People’s 北京市石景山区 京 0107 110107 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Haidian District of Haidian District People’s 北京市海淀区人 京 0108 110108 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Mentougou Mentougou District People’s 北京市门头沟区 京 0109 110109 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Changping Changping District People’s 北京市昌平区人 京 0114 110114 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Yanqing County People’s 延庆县人民法院 京 0229 110229 Yanqing County 1 Court No. 2 Intermediate People's 北京市第二中级 京 02 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Dongcheng Dongcheng District People’s 北京市东城区人 京 0101 110101 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Xicheng District Xicheng District People’s 北京市西城区人 京 0102 110102 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Fengtai District of Fengtai District People’s 北京市丰台区人 京 0106 110106 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality 1 Fangshan District Fangshan District People’s 北京市房山区人 京 0111 110111 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Daxing District of Daxing District People’s 北京市大兴区人 京 0115 -
Feathered Dinosaurs and the Origin of Flight
Feathered Dinosaurs and the Origin of Flight Exhibition Organized and Circulated by: The Dinosaur Museum, Utah The Fossil Administration Office, Liaoning, China Beipiao City Paleontological Research Center, Liaoning, China THE PREHISTORIC WORLD OF LIAONING The fossils of Liaoning represent a complex ecosystem creating a more complete picture of this particular age of dinosaurs than ever before. Life of the Early Cretaceous, 120 million years ago, was far more than a world of dinosaurs. The fossils include a remarkable variety of plants, crustaceans, insects, fish, amphibians, lizards, crocodiles, aquatic reptiles, flying reptiles, as well as birds that could fly and others which were flightless. FEATHERS BEFORE BIRDS Included are graphics and photos which show developmental stages of feathers. The fossil of the flying reptile, Pterorhynchus is preserved with details of what pterosaurs looked like which have never been seen before. The body is covered with down-like feathers which resemble those also found on the dinosaur, Sinosauropteryx. Because feathers are now known to exist on animals other than birds, this discovery changes the definition of what a bird is. Pterorhynchus Sinosauropteryx FLYING DROMAEOSAURS AND THE MISTAKEN IDENTITY Dromaeosaurs have been thought to be ground-dwelling dinosaurs that represented ancestral stages of how birds evolved. Fossils in this exhibit show that they have been misinterpreted as dinosaurs when they are actually birds. Feather impressions reveal that they had flight feathers on the wings and a second set on the hind legs. Even without the feathers preserved, the avian characteristics of the skeleton demonstrate that these dromaeosaurs are birds. This discovery means that the larger dromaeosaurs, like Deinonychus and Velociraptor of “Jurassic Park” fame, were really feathered and are secondarily flightless birds.