Index of Subjects

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47594-5 — Dinosaurs 4th Edition Index More Information

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

– – – A Zuul, 275 276 Barrett, Paul, 98, 335 336, 406, 446 447 Ankylosauridae Barrick, R, 383–384 acetabulum, 71, 487 characteristics of, 271–273 basal dinosauromorph, 101 acromial process, 271, 273, 487 cladogram of, 281 basal Iguanodontia, 337 actual diversity, 398 defined, 488 basal Ornithopoda, 336 adenosine diphosphate, see ADP evolution of, 279 Bates, K. T., 236, 360 adenosine triphosphate, see ATP ankylosaurids, 275–276 beak, 489 ADP (adenosine diphosphate), 390, 487 anpsids, 76 belief systems, 474, 489 advanced characters, 55, 487 antediluvian period, 422, 488 Bell, P. R., 162 aerobic metabolism, 391, 487 anterior position, 488 bennettitaleans, 403, 489 – age determination (dinosaur), 354 357 antorbital fenestra, 80, 488 benthic organisms, 464, 489 Age of Dinosaurs, 204, 404–405 Arbour, Victoria, 277 Benton, M. J., 2, 104, 144, 395, 402–403, akinetic movement, see kinetic movement Archibald, J. D., 467, 469 444–445, 477–478 Alexander, R. M., 361 Archosauria, 80, 88–90, 203, 488 Berman, D. S, 236–237 allometry, 351, 487 Archosauromorpha, 79–81, 488 Beurien, Karl, 435 altricial offspring, 230, 487 archosauromorphs, 401 bidirectional respiration, 350 Alvarez, Luis, 455 archosaurs, 203, 401 Big Al, 142 – Alvarez, Walter, 442, 454 455, 481 artifacts, 395 biogeography, 313, 489 Alvarezsauridae, 487 Asaro, Frank, 455 biomass, 415, 489 – alvarezsaurs, 168 169 ascending process of the astragalus, 488 biosphere, 2 alveolus/alveoli, 487 assemblages (fossil), 32, 377, 488 biostratigraphy, 28, 32, 489 American Museum of Natural History, 422, asteroid, 488 biota, 489 – – 426, 432 433, 439 441 asteroid extinctions (dinosaur), 441–442, biotic evolution, 45–46 ammonites, 464 454–462, 475–479, see also extinction birds, see also avian dinosaur extinctions amnion, 76, 487 hypotheses carpometacarpus, 208 – Amniota, 76 77, 197 astragalus, 488 as dinosaurs, 197–198, 204–205, 432–440 amniote, 487 atom, 488 endothermy in, 373 anaerobic metabolism, 391, 487 atomic number, 40, 488 feet, 208 analog, 487 atoms, 40 flight musculature, 209 analogous structures, 47, 49, 487 ATP (adenosine triphosphate) (ATP), 390, 488 furcula in, 153 anamniotes, 76, 487 Availae, 177, 184–187 gastroliths in, 260 anapsids, 76, 487 Avemetatarsalia, 89 large brains of, 207–208 ancestral characters, 55, 487, see also primitive Aves, 180 origin of flight, 185–198 characters Avetheropoda, 152, 155–156 pneumatic bones in, 219, 226 Andrews, Roy Chapman, 145, 422, 424 Avialae, 180 pubis, 244 – angiosperms, 273, 407, 412, 414, 466 468, 487 avian dinosaur extinctions, 473–474, see also pygostyle, 208 Ankylosauria birds reasons for feathers, 105–108 – body armor of, 268 269 skeleton, 208–209 Borealopelta, 274–275 B and Theropoda, 180–204 braincase, 276 background extinctions, 458, 488 what makes a, 206–209 clade of, 256 badlands, 19, 488 Black Hills Institute of Geological Research cladogram of, 280 Bakker, R.T., 295–296, 374, 376–377, 402, 414, (BHIGR), 16–17 – defense, 276 278 436–437, 439 Blincoe, L. J., 482 fi de ned, 488 balance, 132–135 body fossil, 8, 489 demographics of, 269 Baldwin, E., 482 body fossil creation – evolution of, 278 279 barbs, 206, 488 after burial, 9–11 – feeding and diet, 260 272 barbules, 206, 488 before burial, 8 locomotion, 276 barometric pressure, 488 burial environment, 9 – smell, 268 271, 276 Baron, M., 98 body water, 385–386

508 Index of Subjects

bokor (African), 363 Carrano, Matthew, T., 444 Chordata, 66–67 bolide, 454 Carrier, D. R., 83 chronostratigraphy, 490 Bone Cabin Quarry, 432 casts, 11, 21–22, 489 clades, 55, 490 bone histology, 489 caudal ligaments, 222 cladistic revolution, 431–440 bonebeds, 10, 308, 333, 489 cellular respiration, 391, 489 cladograms bones Cenozoic Era, 33, 204, 489 defined, 45, 52–55, 490 bird pneumatic, 208 census (dinosaur), 473 versus evolutionary trees, 54 dinosaur, 352 Central Asiatic Expeditions, 422 and organic evolution, 55–56 ectothermy and, 380–381 centrum, 69, 489 parsimony and, 58 fossilization of, 67 Cephalochordate, 67 phylogenetic trees and, 57–58 hollow, 202 Cerapoda, 252, 489 science of, 59 mineralization of, 9–11 Ceratopsia cladograms (dinosaur) predentary, 244–245 brains of, 309–311 Ankylosauridae, 281 Bourke, Jason, 382 chewing food, 298–302 Archosauria, 89 Bowring, Samuel A., 102 cladogram of, 311 Archosauromorpha, 80 Boyd, C., 335–336 defense, 308 avialans, 187 brachiosaurs, 232 defined, 489 Ceratopsia, 311, 315 brain endocasts, 489 derived characters, 296–298 Ceratopsidae, 314 brain size development, 305, 307 Chordata, 68 Ankylosauria, 276 eggs, 304–305 Coelurosauria, 159 birds, 207–208 evolution of, 312–316 dinosaur diversity, 398–399 Ceratopsia, 309–311 feeding and diet, 301–303 Dinosauria, 98–99, 115 dinosaur, 310, 351–352 fossil record completeness, 399 Dinosauromorpha, 91 ectothermy and, 378 locomotion, 303–304 endothermy, 374–375 Ornithopoda, 328–329 migration, 315 Eurypoda, 280 Sauropoda, 222–223 sexual selection, 305–307 fish, 70 Stegosauria, 261–263 social behavior, 305, 307–308 Hadrosauridae, 339 braincase, 71, 489 Ceratopsidae, 314 Iguanodontia, 337 breathing cervical ribs, 222 Marginocephalia, 286 dinosaur, 350–351 Chapman, R., 295 Neoceratopsia, 313 ectothermy and, 378–379, 382 characters, see also derived characters Ornithischia, 246 Brooke, Richard, 422 advanced, 55, 487 Ornithodira, 82 Brown, Barnum, 161, 426, 432–433 anatomical, 51–52, 490 Ornithopoda, 323–324, 336 Brown, Caleb, 269, 274 ancestral, 55, 487 Pachycephalosauria, 293–294 Brusatte, Stephen, 92, 132, 152, 158, 445 diagnostic, 52 Paraves, 173 Bryant, L. J., 467 primitive, 55–56 prosauropod, 212 Bucholtz, E., 262 Charig, A., 105, 402 Reptilia, 79 Buckland, William, 423 Chasmosaurinae, 314 Sauropoda, 218, 231 Butler, Richard J., 335–336, 414, 445 cheek teeth, 247, 490 Stegosauria, 279 cheeks, 247, 490 Tetrapoda, 75 C chemistry basics, 40 theropod, 121, 152 cadence, 258, 489 chest (Tetrapod), 71 Thyreophora, 256 calcareous nanofossils, 465, 489 chewing food, see also teeth Clarke, Julia, 193, 446–447 Camarasauromorpha, 231 Ankylosauria, 272–273 classification systems CAMP (Central Atlantic Magmatic Province), Ceratopsia, 298–302 Linnaean phylogenic, 422 403 in dinosaurs, 247–249 phylogenetic, 60 cannibalism, 139–141 Hadrosauridae, 328 clavicles, 490 carapace, 274, 276 in mammals, 246–247 claws, 124–126 carbohydrates, 489 Mesozoic Era, 415 Clemens, W.A., 442, 469, 475

carbon dioxide (CO2), 414, 480 ornithischia, 246 climates carbon-14 dating, 29–31 Ornithopoda, 328–329 Cretaceous, 38 Carnian pluvial episode, 104 Chiappe, L. M., 182 Jurassic, 38 Carnian Stage, 100 Chicxulub (Mexico), 456–462 Triassic, 37–38 Carnosauria, 155, 157 Chin, Karen, 444 clumped isotopes, 385–386 carpals, 71, 489 Chinle Formation (North America), 102 Coelophysoidea, 490 Carpenter, Ken, 266–267 Chinsamy-Turan, Anusuya, 445–446 Coelurosauria, 152–158 carpometacarpus, 208, 489 chonanae, 75 coevolution, 412–414, 490

Index of Subjects 509

Colbert, E. H., 236, 359 Currie, P. J., 106 Haversian, 352–355 collagen, 364–365 Curry Rogers, Kristine (Kristi), 238, 446–447 importance of details in, 352 collection process steps (fossil), 13–23, 490 cursorial hypothesis, 198, 491 locomotion, 361–363 coloration (dinosaur), 311–312 Cutler, W. E., 437 tonnage, 357–360 competitive edge, 402 cycadophytes, 407, 411–412, 491 zombie, 363–366 completeness of fossil record, 398 Dinosaur Heresies, 296, 414 Compsognathidae, 160–166 D Dinosaur National Monument (Colorado), 236 computer-aided tomography (CT) Danger of Being too Clever, The, 264 Dinosaur Renaissance, 427–428 for brain imaging, 310 Darwin, Charles, 50 Dinosauria defined, 490 dates and evolutionary rate, 102 definition of, 92, 492 ectothermy and, 382 de Lapparent, A. F., 426 diagnostic characteristics of, 91–93 condensations, 197 de Queiroz, Kevin, 60 and dinosaur ancestry, 81 Confuciusornithidae, 187–188 decay reactions, 28–29 early, 93–94 coniferous forests, 412–414 Deccan Traps, 462–464, 481, 484, 491 evolution of, 97–101 continental drift, 33 defense as new vertebrate class, 185 continental effects, 37, 490 Ankylosauria, 276–278 Ornithischia and Saurischia pelvises, 95–96 continental flood basalt extinctions (CFB), Ceratopsia, 308 Ornithoscelida and Saurischia, 97–99 479–481 domes for, 291–292 Sir Richard Owen and, 424–425 contour feathers, 108 nodosaurids, 277 Dinosauriformes, 89 convergent evolution, 156, 490 Pachycephalosauria, 291–292 dinosauromorphs, 89–92, 401, 403 Cope, Edward Drinker, 423, 428–429 Sauropoda, 228 dinosaurs coprolites, 11, 444, 490 definition (phylogenetics), 60 birds as, 197–198, 204–205 coracoid, 71, 490 deinonychosaurs, 132–135, 169–171 boxer versus puncher, 428–429 coronoid process, 247, 490 deltoid crest, 491 brains, 310, 351–352 cost (dinosaur excavation), 22–23 dense Haversian bone, 491 chewing food, 247–249 Courtillot, Vincent, 479–481 dental battery, 298, 491 coloration, 311–312 coverage metric, 398 denticles, 491 demographics of, 398 crest (hadrosaurid), 329–332 derived characters, 55–56, 75, 244–245, erect stance of, 81–84 Cretaceous Period 296–298, 491, see also characters evolution of, 81–84 climate of, 38 determinate growth, 353 extinctions, 472–473 defined, 490 detritus, 478, 491 flowering plants and, 414 dinosaur census, 473 development of Mesozoic Era, 394–400 dinosaurs and plants, 412–415 Ceratopsia, 305 naming of, 2 diversity of vertebrate faunas during, hadrosaurid, 331 paleobiology, 349–367 405–407 Ornithopoda, 333–334 perforate acetabulum, 81–82 early, 35 Pachycephalosauria, 295 rapid pace of dscoveries of, 2 endemism, 406 Sauropoda, 228–230 rarity of, 472 geologic timeline, 33 Stegosauria, 258–259 “Sue”,16–17 land bridge (Bering Straits), 406–407 developmental biology, 491 weight estimation, 215–237 late, 35–37 D’Hondt, S. L., 462 Dinosaurs Rediscovered, The, 145 mammal evolution during, 476–478 diagnostic characters, 52, 491 diphyletic origins, 423 Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction (K-Pg) Diapsida, 76–79, 491 Diplodocoidea, 231–232, 238 asteroid hypothesis, 454–457 diastema, 246, 491 disarticulated bones, 8, 492 biological record of, 464–478 digestive tract disaster biotas, 476, 492 defined, 454 Ankylosauria, 273 Discovering Dinosaurs, 440 numbers of, 459 Ornithopoda, 328 display (feather), 106–107 ocean, 464–466 Pachycephalosauria, 288 display (sexual) terrestrial, 466–478 Sauropoda, 227 coloration of, 144–145 Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary, 496 Digging Dinosaurs, 333 defined, 143 Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction, 490 digitigrade hands, 222, 224 intraspecific, 264 Crichton, Michael, 364 digitigrade limbs, 492 Ornithopoda, 251, 333–334 cropping, 491 digitigrade stance, 122–123 Pachycephalosauria, 291 cropping skull part, 246 dimensionless speed, 362 types of, 202–203 crurotarsal ankle, 88, 90 Dingus, L., 398 distal direction, 492 Crurotarsi, 80, 88–90, 491 dinosaur bones diversity (dinosaur) Cuppy, W., 482 age determination, 354–357 actual, 398 curation (fossil), 21–22, 491 growth trajectories, 356–357 ceratopsian fossil record, 399

510 Index of Subjects

diversity (dinosaur) (cont.) elements, 67, 492 feather, 107–108 cladistic estimates, 398–399 Enantiornithes, 190–191, 493 Ornithopoda, 337–339 Cretaceous, 405–407 encephalization, 493 Pachycephalosauria, 293–296 defined, 400, 492 encephalization quotient (EQ), 351–352, 493 Sauropod, 230–238 ecological, 473 endemic organism, 493 Sauropodomorpha, 230–238 extinctions and, 472–473 endemism, 404, 493 secondary, 100 Jurassic Epoch, 404–405 endocasts, 310 Thyreophora, 278–282 known, 398 endosymbionts, 227, 493 evolutionary biology, 443 Late Triassic, 400–404 endothermy, see also ectothermy evolutionary theory, 46–47 paleoenvironments, 398–400 birds and, 432–440 evolutionary tree tetrapod, 395 cladograms, 374–375 cladograms and, 54, 57–58 DNA hybridization, 195, 492 defined, 372 overview of, 47–48, 50 Dobzhansky, Theodosius, 63 definition of, 493 exhumation (fossil), 13 Dodson, P., 362, 398 in dinosaurs, 424–425 extant phylogenetic bracketing, 133 Dollo, Louis, 423, 430 versus ectothermy, 373–380 extinction categories Dollo’s Law of Irreversible Evolution, 430 locomotion, 376 background, 458 domes (Pachycephalosauria) Ostrom and, 427–428 mass, 458–459 for defense, 291–292 predators and prey, 376–377 extinction hypotheses, see also asteroid for display, 291 types of, 373 extinctions dominance (dinosaur), 402 energy output continental flood basalt (CFB), 479–481 Dott, R. H., Jr., 482 cellular respiration, 391 nonscientific, 482–483 down, 492 endotherms versus ectotherms, 373 parsimony of, 475 downy feathers, 108, 206 Enlightenment, The, 421, 493 press-pulse, 481–484 dynamic similarity, 492 environment testability of, 474 burial, 9 extinctions E paleo, 18, 398–400, 500 avian dinosaur, 473–474 Eagle, R. A., 385 Sauropod, 223 counting minimum dinosaur numbers and, Early Cretaceous, 405 epeiric seas, 38 472 ecological diversity, 473, 492 epicontinental seas, 33, 493 dinosaurs, 472–473 ecospace, 476, 492 EQ, 378 evidence of sudden, 475–476, 478–479 ectothermy, see also endothermy eras, 32, 493 mammal, 469 bone histology, 380–381 erect stance plant, 466–467 brains and, 378 defined, 493 proposed cause for, 477–478 breathing and, 382 dinosaur feature, 81–84 vertebrate, 467–469 clumped isotopes and, 385–386 ornithodirans, 88 volcanic, 462–464 defined, 372, 492 Erickson, G., 162, 358 extraterrestrial sources, 454, 493 versus endothermy, 373–380 esophagous, 493 geographic distribution, 379–380 estivation, 493 F hearts and, 378 Euornithopoda, 322, 493 Farlow, J. O., 240, 265, 359 metabolism strategies for, 386–388 Eurypoda Fastovsky, David, 398, 469 skulls and, 378–379 Ankylosauria, 268–282 fauna stable isotopes and, 382–383 cladogram of, 279–280 definition of, 494 teeth and, 385–386 defined, 256 Late Triassic, 403–404 temperature measurements to determine definition of, 493 Fayum Oasis (Egypt), 434–435 rate of, 383–384 evolution of, 278 feathers edentulous theropods, 129–132 Stegosauria, 257 for display, 202–203 Egawa, S., 93 Eusauropods, 230–231 endothermy and, 433–436 eggs eustatic sea levels, 33, 493 evolution of, 245 Amniota, 76–77 Evans, David, 276 flight, 206 Ceratopsia, 304–305 Evo-Devo (evolution and development), 443, for insulation, 202 K-strategy, 230 493 living birds components, 206 maternal behavior, 145–147 evolution origin of, 105–106 Ornithopoda, 333–334 Ceratopsia, 312–316 ornithischian, 251 prosauropod, 215–217 convergent, 156 reasons for without flight, 105–108 r-strategy, 229–230 dates and, 102 theropod, 136, 144–145, 197–198 Sauropoda, 228 definition of, 493 feeding and diet electrons, 40, 492 Dinosauria, 97–101 Ankylosauria, 260–272

Index of Subjects 511

Ceratopsia, 301–303 genotypes, 62, 494 head butting behavior endothermy and, 376–377 genus name, 46 Pachycephalosauria, 291–292 Ornithischia, 246 geochemistry, 495 and sexual selection, 295–296 Ornithopoda, 326–328 geochronology, 28–31, 495 hearing (theropod), 132 Sauropoda, 226 geologic time hearts, 378 Stegosauria, 259–261 biostratigraphy, 32 heat capacity, 36 feet eras, periods, and epochs, 32–34 Heilmann, G., 185 bird, 208 geochronology, 28–31 Hell Creek (Montana), 432, 467, 475 Sauropoda, 222, 224 lithostratigraphy, 31–32 hemal arch, 495 theropod, 125 plate tectonics and, 455 Hennig, Willi, 431, 440 three-toed theropod, 153 geological preservation, 394 herbivores femur, 71, 494 ghost lineages, 399, 495 Ankylosauria, 273 fibula, 71, 494 ghost taxa, 439–441 Ornithopoda, 322, 326–328 Field, Daniel, 196 gigantism, 159 Pachycephalosauria, 288 fit variant (organic evolution), 62 gigantothermy, 386, 495 plant, 407–414 fitness, 494 Gilmore, C. W., 426 prosauropods as, 214 flight feathers, 108, 206, 494 girdles (anatomy), 71, 495 Hernandez-Rivera, René, 19 flood basalt, 494 gizzard, 495 hesperornithiform, 190–193 flowering plants, 412, 414 Glen Rose trackway sites, 223 heterodontosaurids, 250–251 fluid dynamic analysis, 382 global extinction, 458–459 hierarchy, 49–51, 56–57, 496 flux, 494 glycogen, 262, 495 high edemism, 404 Folsom projectile point, 494 glycolysis, 391 histology, 496 footplate, 494 Gnathostomata, 67, 495 Holiday, Casey, 382 footprints (trace fossil), 11, 494 Gobi Desert, Mongolia, 164, 422, 439–441 Holland, W. J., 236 foramen magnum, 74, 494 Godefroit, P., 245 Holtz, Tom, 152, 181 foraminifera, 464, 466, 494 Golden Age of Dinosaurs, 412–415 homeothermy fossilization Golden Age of Paleontology, defined, 372, 496 defined, 24, 494 428–429 teeth and, 385–386 endpoint processes of, 9 Gondwana, 33, 495 temperature measurements to determine fossils Goodwin, M. B., 293, 315 rate of, 383 birds, 196 grade (morphological stage), 200 homologous structures, 47–48 collection of, 13–23 Grady, J. M., 387 homology, 47–49, 133, 496 defined, 8, 494 Granger, W., 426 Hopson, J. A., 329–331, 352 importance of sedimentary rock to, 394 Great North American Dinosaur Rush, horn cores, 297, 496 preparation and curation of, 21–22 428–429 Horner, J. R., 141, 294–295, 333, 354, 365, preparation of, 21–22 greenhouse conditions, 38 437–438 preservation, 394 gregarious behavior, 263, 308, 495 hornlets, 143, 496 types of, 8, 24 gregarious bonebeds, 11 horns, 296–298 fossorial ability, 494 growth trajectories, 356–357, 381 How to Build a Dinosaur, 365 Fraas, Eberhard, 435 gut, 495 Humboldt Museum, 435–437 fractionation, 382–383 gymnosperms, 214, 407–410, 495 humerus, 71, 496 Fricke, H, 385 Huxley, T. H., 185 frill, 298, 305–306, 308, 316, 494 H hyoid bones, 272, 496 furcula, 153, 208, 494 hadrosaurids, 326, 328–332, 339 hypothesis half-life, 29, 495 defined, 3 G Hallett, M., 220 proof in, 3–4 Galton, P., 374, 439 Halstead, L. B., 70 testable, 3 gamete, 494 hands hypothesis of relationship, 58, 496 Garbani, Harley, 19 Ornithopoda, 324–326 gastralia, 494 prosauropod, 214 I gastroliths, 11, 214, 260, 301, 494 Sauropoda, 222, 224 Ibrahim, Nizar, 435 Gauthier, Jacques A., 60, 185, 197, 432–440 theropod, 124–126 ichnofossils, 11, 496 Genasauria, 251–252, 494 hard tissue fossils, 8, 495 Ichthyornithiformes, 193 genasaurs, 317 hatch mark, 52 ichthyosaurs, 464–465, 496 general character, 494 Hatcher, J. B., 426 ilium, 71, 496 generalist lifestyles, 476, 494 Haversian bone, 352–355 immune responses (zombie), 364 generic name, 46, 494 Haversian canals, 352, 495 impact ejecta, 496

512 Index of Subjects

impact winter, 459, 496 Late Devonian extinction, 459 and evidence for asteroid extinctions, indeterminate growth, 353 Late Jurassic, 405 478–479 insulation (feather), 106, 202 Late Ordocician extinction, 459 Marsh, O. C., 232, 236, 266, 423, 428–429 intelligence, 351–352 Late Triassic, 400–404 mass extinctions, 402–403, 458–459, 497 interspecific behavior, 496 Laurasia, 33, 497 maternal behavior interspecific display, 305 leaf-shaped teeth, 288 Ceratopsia, 317 intraspecific behavior, 496 Leidy, J., 423 Ornithopoda, 339 intraspecific display, 264, 305 Lepidosauromorpha, 75, 79, 497 theropod, 145–147 iridium, 454, 456, 496 Li, Q., 199 matrix (rock), 19, 497 iridium anomaly, 454, 457, 496 limbs (tetrapod), 71 Matthew, W.D., 426 Ischigualasto Formation (Argentina), 93, 102 lines of arrested growth (LAGs), 354, 497 Mayor, Adrienne, 420 ischium, 71, 496 Linnaean classification, 46–47 McIntosh, J. S., 236–237 isotopes Linnaeus, Carolus, 46, 78, 180 McKinney, M. L., 458 defined, 496 Lipps, J., 470 MDT, see minimal divergence time unstable, 28–29 lithostratigraphy, 28, 31–32, 497 media and science, 4–5 local preservation, 394 megaflora, 497 J locality, 18 megaomnivore, 166–167 jacket (fossil), 20, 496 locomotion, see also stance melanosomes, 144, 311–312 Janensch, Werner, 436 Ankylosauria, 276 Meng, Q., 182 jaws Ceratopsia, 303–304 mesotarsal ankle, 90, 497 akinetic, 328 dinosaur, 361–363 mesotarsal joint, 81 Ceratopsia, 303 endothermy and, 376 mesothermy, 387 and dinosaur chewing, 247–249 Ornithopoda, 323–324 Mesozoic Era heterodontosaurids, 250 prosauropods, 215 climate of, 37 kinetic, 328 running, 81, 121–124 defined, 497 Ornithopoda, 327–329 Sauropoda, 220–224, 227 dinosaur geographic distribution, theropod, 129–132 Stegosauria, 258–261 394–400 Jehol Biota, 185, 188–189 low edemism, 404 dinosaurs of, 394–400 Jerison, H. J., 351, 378 lower temporal fenestra, 77–79, 497 geologic time of, 33 Jurassic Epoch Lull, R.S., 426 timeline, 34 climate of, 38 Lyell, Charles, 442 metabolism, 372, 386–388, 497 defined, 496 Lyson, T. R., 476 metacarpals, 71, 498 dinosaur diversity, 404–405 metapodials, 71, 498 early and middle, 33–36 M metatarsals, 71, 498 late, 35 macroflora, 466 Michel, Helen V., 455 timeline, 33 Macronaria, 231 micropaleontologists, 464, 498 Jurassic Park (movie), 375, 436–437, 442 Madill, Amelia, 276 microtektites, 456, 460, 498 Main, R. P., 267 Middle Jurassic, 404–405 K mammals migration, 315 keel, 208, 497 extinctions, 469 mille annos (Ma),29 keratin, 248, 364, 497 food chewing, 246–247 minimal divergence time (MDT), 399, 498 Kielen-Jawarowska, Zofia, 164 speciation and specialization in Cretaceous, minimum number (dinosaur), 472, 498 kinetic movement, 328, 497 476–478 Mitchell, Mark, 274 known diversity, 398 mandible, 497 mold (trace fossil), 11, 498 K-strategy, 230, 336, 496 mandibular foramen, 252, 497 molecular clocks, 194–195, 443, 498 K/T boundary, 496 Maniraptora, 167–172 molecular evolution, 498 Mantell, Gideon, 420 monofilamentous feathers, 108 L Mantell, Mary Ann (Woodhouse), 420 monophyletic groups, 55, 498 lactic acid, 372, 497 marginocephalia monospecific bonebeds, 10 LAG, see lines of arrested growth Ceratopsia, 296–316 monotypic bonebeds, 333, 498 Lagerstätte (Germany), 160 characteristics of, 252 morphology, 46, 498 Lambe, L. M., 140, 426 cladogram of, 286 Morrison Formation (United States), 227 Lambeosaurines, 497 defined, 286, 497 mosasaurs, 464, 498 land bridge (Bering Straits), 406, 497 Pachycephalosauria, 286–296 multiple causes hypothesis (extinction), Langer, M. C., 100 marginocephalian shelf, 291 see press-pulse hypothesis Larson, Peter, 16–17 marine fossils mummies (hadrosaurid), 326 Late Cretaceous, 406 Cretaceous Period, 464–465 muscle scars, 133

Index of Subjects 513

musculature organic evolution, 61–63 skeletal system of, 290–293 bird, 209 organismic evolution, 46, 55–56 social behavior, 291 theropod, 133 Ornithischia pack-hunting, 141–145 Cerapoda, 252 Padien, K., 354, 404 N defined, 499 palate, 74, 500 nares, 74, 219, 498 derived characters, 244–245 paleobiology (dinosaur) natural groups, 55 feeding and diet, 246 breathing, 350–351 natural selection, 62, 498 Genasauria, 251–252 defined, 427, 500 neck (Sauropoda), 219, 226 Neornithischia, 252 endotherms versus ectotherms, 372–373 Neoceratopsia, 313 primitive, 248–251 reasons for, 350 neoceratosaurs, 156, 498 Saurischia and, 95–96 paleobiology (warm bloodedness) neonates, 229 Thyreophora, 252 cladogram, 374 Neornithes, 180, 190, 193–195 Ornithodira, 80, 88–90, 499 endotherms versus ectotherms, 373–380 Neornithischia, 251–252 Ornithomimosauria, 129–131, 163–165 evidence for, 374–380 Neosauropoda, 231–232 Ornithopoda paleobotanists, 407 Neotheropoda, 152–154 basal, 335 paleobotany, 500 Nesbit, Sterling, 92, 448 basal Ornithopoda, 335 Paleocene, 466–468 nests brains of, 328–329 paleoclimates, 36, 500 Ceratopsia, 306 cladogram of, 323–324 paleoenvironments, 18, 398–400, 500 Ornithopoda, 333 defined, 499 paleontology prosauropod, 215–217 demographics of, 322 cost of, 22–23 neural arch, 69, 498 display, 333–334 defined, 500 neurons, 40 evolution of, 337–339 finding fossils, 13 neutrons, 499 feeding and diet, 326–328 scientific logistics of, 17–19 node, 52, 499 limbs, 324–326 paleontology history Nodosauridae locomotion of, 323–324 asteroid extinctions, 441–442 Borealopelta, 274–275 maternal behavior, 333–334, 339 baby boomer leaders in, 436–441 characteristics of, 271 phylogeny of, 322–323 beginnings of, 420–423 defined, 499 social behavior, 329–336 birds and dinosaurs in, 432–440 evolution of, 279–282 Ornithoraces, 189 cladistic revolution, 431–440 nodosaurids, 277 Ornithoscelida, 97–99 contemporary, 444–449 nonavian dinosaurs, 2–3, 120, 499 Ornithothoraces, 499 early twentieth century, 425–431 nondiagnostic features, 499 Ornithurae, 500 Ernst Stromer, 434–435 Nopcsa, Franz Baron, 438 Ornithuromorpha, 190–194, 204–205, 500 Franz Baron Nopcsa, 438 Norell, Mark A., 439–441 Osborn, H.F., 161, 163, 236 late twentieth century, 427–434, 442–444 Norian Stage, 101 ossification, 277 nineteenth century, 424–425 Norman, D.B., 98 ossified tendons, 324–325 seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, notochord, 499 Osteichthyes, 67, 500 421–422 nuchal ligament, 220, 499 osteoderms, 238, 257, 264–265, 291, 500 Tendaguru (Tanzania), 435–442 nucleus (atom), 40, 499 Ostrom, John H., 181, 185, 374, 427–428, 439, Victorian, 422–430 nutrient cycling, 466, 499 450 Paleozoic Era, 33, 500 nutrient turnover, 380, 499 Otero, A., 215, 217 palpebral bone, 500 oviraptorisaurids, 131–132 palynoflora, 466, 500 O Owen, Sir Richard, 2, 322, 372, 424–425 Pangaea, 33, 36, 101, 103, 404, 500 obligate bipeds, 100, 121, 499 oxidation, 391, 500 parasagittal stance, 81–84, 402, 500 obligate quadrupeds, 323 parascapular spine, 500 occipital condyle, 71, 499 P Paraves, 169–175, 203–204 occiput, 290–291, 499 Pachycephalosauria parsimony, 58, 500 occlusion (teeth), 247, 499 brain size of, 288–290 patellar groove, 500 ocean extinctions, 464–466 cladogram of, 293–294 Paul, Gregory, 163 O’Connor, Jingmai, 448–449 defined, 500 pectoral girdle, 71, 500 olfactory bulbs, 263, 499 development of, 295 pectoralis muscle, 209, 500 On the Origin of Species, 47, 57, 61, 63, 181 display features, 291 pedestal, 500 Onchopristis (giant saw), 139 dome for defense, 291–292 peer-review process, 4 ontogeny, 305, 307, 499 evolution of, 293–296 pelvic girdle, 71, 500 opisthopubic orientation, 244, 499 feeding and diet, 288 pelvis orbit, 74, 499 global distribution, 287–290 ornithischia, 244

514 Index of Subjects

pelvis (cont.) productivity, 502 running retroverted, 159 prosauropods, 212, 214–217, 502 dinosaurs, 81 perforate acetabulum, 81–82, 93, 500 prospecting (fossil), 19, 502 theropod, 121–124 perimineralization, 500 protons, 40, 502 Rutherford, Ernest, 419 periods (geologic), 33, 500 proximal direction, 502 permineralization, 10 proxy, 373 S Permo-Triassic extinction, 459, 501 psaudosuchians, see dinosauromorphs sacrum, 71, 503 Persons, W.S., 106 Pterosauria Sadler, P.M., 398 phalanges, 71, 501 defined, 502 Saharan dinosaurs, 434–435 Phanerozoic time, 501 and dinosaur ancestry, 81 Sakamoto, M., 406 phenotype, 62, 501 pterosaurs, 97–100, 203, 401 Sarcopterygii, 67, 503 photosynthesis, 501 pubis, 71 Saurapoda, 503 phylogenetic bracketing, 133 publis, 502 Saurischia, 95–99, 114, 202, 503 phylogenetic classification, 60 pull of the Recent, 395, 502 Sauropod Dinosaurs, The, 220 phylogenetic systematics, 45, 48–49, 57–58, pygostyle, 187, 208, 502 Sauropoda 501 brain size of, 222–223 phylogenetic tree R cladogram of, 218 cladograms and, 57 radiometric (numeric) dating, 502 defense, 228 science of, 59 radius, 71, 502 defined, 217 phylogeny, 45–46, 501 rarefaction, 398 environment of, 223 phylum, 501 rate of decay reaction, 29–31 evolution of, 230–238 phytosaur, 501 Raup, D. M., 459 feeding and diet, 226 piscivorous diet, 138 Rayfield, E., 446 growth and development of, 228–230 planktonic organisms, 464, 501 recent time, 502 high-browsing morphology of, planning (collection process), 13–19 recurved teeth, 128, 502 223–226 plant diversity, 412–415 Red Deer River (Alberta, Canada), 433 locomotion, 227 plant extinctions, 466–467 regression, 502 morphology of, 218–224 plant herbivores, 407–414 relationship skeletal system of, 219 plantigrade feet, 222, 224, 501 defined, 46, 502 skull, 218–220 plantigrade stance, 124 determining, 47–50 social behavior of, 227–228 plate tectonics, 33, 41, 455 hypothesis of, 58 teeth, 218–219 pleisiosaurs, 464, 501 and Linnaean classification system, 46–47 types of, 223–226 pleurocoels, 154, 219, 226, 501 relative dating, 32, 503 Sauropodomorpha pleurokinesis, 328, 501 remodeled bone, 352 defiition of, 212–213 Plot, Robert, 422–423 remodeling process, 352, 503 demographics of, 212 pneumatic bones, 208, 219, 226 renewable resources, 503 evolution of, 230–238 pneumatic foramina, 154, 219, 501 replacement (bones), 9–11, 503 as one of first dinosaurs, 213–214 pneumaticity, 374, 501 Reptilia, 78–79, 503 phylogeny of, 98 poikilothermy, 372, 383–386, 501 respiration, 391 Scansoriopterygidae, 172–177 Popper, Karl, 3 respiratory turbinates, 378, 503 scapula, 71, 503 Powell, J. L., 455 Retallack, G., 444 scenario (evolutionary tree), 54 precocial offspring, 501 retroverted pelvis, 159 Schoene, Blair, 463, 481 predator/prey biomass ratio, 377, 501 rhamphotheca, 248, 259, 503 Schuchert Award, 449 predentary bone, 244–245, 501 Richards, M. A., 455, 481 Schweitzer, Mary H., 364, 443 preparation (fossil), 21–22 Ricqlès, A. de, 354 science preparation laboratory, 21, 501 Ridgely, R. C., 132 chemistry basics, 40 preparators, 21 Riggs, E. S., 236 hypotheses in, 3 prepubic process, 501 Rise and Fall of Dinosaurs, The,92 paleontological logistics, 17–19 preservation (fossil), 394 Robertson, D. S., 460 phylogenetic systematics and, 59 press-pulse hypothesis, 481–484 robust anatomy, 503 in poplular media, 4–5 primary bone, 352–353 robust hypothesis, 503 testing proof in, 3–4 primary production (oceanic), 465 rock, 503 sclerotic rings, 330, 503 primary productivity, 478–479, see also Rogers, R., 385 scutes (bony plates), 252, 503 ancestral characters rostral bone, 297, 299, 503 seasonality, 37, 503 primitive characters, 55–56, see also ancestral Rozhdestvensky, A.K., 426 secondary bone, 352, 503 characters r-strategy, 229–230, 336, 502 secondary evolution, 100, 503 processes (vertebral), 69, 501 Ruben, J. A., 374, 378 secondary palate, 75, 272, 503

Index of Subjects 515

sedimentary rock Ceratopsia, 296–300 evolution of, 278–280 defined, 503 defined, 504 feeding and diet, 259–261 finding fossils in, 13 ectothermy and, 378–379 locomotion, 258 limitations of, 394 hadrosaurid, 332 phylogeny of, 256 right rocks for fossils, 18 mammal, 248 plates and spines of, 264–265 sedimentologists, 18, 503 mammalian, 246–247 skull, 261 seed, 407, 503 ornithischian, 251 social behavior, 263 Seeley, H. G., 95–96, 114, 249, 423, 431 Ornithopoda, 338, 340 thermoregulation in, 265–267 Sellers, W. I., 363 Pachycephalosauria, 289 Sternberg, Charles H., 426 semi-lunate carpal, 168, 503 prosauropod, 215 Sternberg, R. M., 426 senses Sauropoda, 218–220 sternum, 504 T. rex, 162 Stegosauria, 261 Steward, Thomas, 197 theropod, 131–135 tetrapod, 71–75 Strangelove oceans, 466 tyrannosaur, 132–135 Titanosaur, 229 strata, 28, 31, 504 Sepkoski, J. J., 459 Triceratops, 301 stratigraphy Sereno, Paul, 441 Zuul, 275 defined, 28, 504 sexual dimorphism skull roof, 74, 504 divisions of, 28 Ceratopsia, 305–307 smell Strauss, D. J., 398 defined, 143, 504 Ankylosauria, 268–271, 276 stride length, 361 hadrosaurid, 331 olfactory bulbs, 263 Stromer, Ernst, 434–435 Pachycephalosauria, 291 Pachycephalosauria, 288 styliform element, 174 prosauropod, 215 theropod, 132 subatomic partcles, 40, 504 Stegosauria, 263 Smith, John Maynard, 264 substitutions (DNA rate), 195, 504 sexual selection social behavior Sue (Tyrannosaurus rex), 16–17 Ceratopsia, 305–307 Ceratopsia, 305, 307–308 Sues, H.-D., 290

defined, 143, 504 Ornithopoda, 329–336 sulfur dioxide (SO2), 480–481 hadrosaurid, 329–331 Pachycephalosauria, 291 superposition, 504 Pachycephalosauria, 291 prosauropod, 215 supracoracoideus muscle, 209, 505 theropod, 142–145 Sauropoda, 227–228 survivorship patterns, 467, 469, 485, 505 shaft, 504 Stegosauria, 263 Synapsida, 76–78, 505 Sheehan, P. M., 460, 469 soft tissue, 504 synsacrum, 208, 505 shocked quartz, 456–462, 504 soft tissue fossils, 8 short-frill, 314 specializations (species), 476, 504 T Showers, W., 383–384 speciation, 476 tactile organs (feather), 106 Shubin, Neil, 71 species name, 46 tail Shultz, P. H., 462 species specific characteristics, 264, 504 Ankylosauria, 277–278 sigmoidal shape, 504 specific name, 46, 504 sauropod, 225–226 Signor, P., 470 speed, see locomotion Sauropoda, 225 Signor–Lipps Effect, 469–471 sphenopsid plant, 504 theropod, 153 silesaurids, 99–101 spines and plates (Ornithopoda), 333 tail-club, 277–278 Sin in the Sediment, 482 Sprain, Courtney, 463 taphonomy, 18 sinus cavity, 504 sprawling stance, 88, 504 tarsals, 71, 505 skeletal system stable isotopes, 382–383, 504 tarsometatarsus, 208, 505 bird, 208–209 stance, see also locomotion taxa, 46 defined, 504 digitigrade, 122 taxon, 46, 505 Dinosauria pelvises, 95–96 endothermy and, 375–376 Taylor, Bert L., 264 for erect stance, 81–84 evolution of, 83 tectonic activity, 38, 505 heterodontosaurids, 249 parasagittal, 402 teeth, see also chewing food ornithischian, 251 plantigrade, 124 Ankylosauria, 270, 272–273 Pachycephalosauria, 290–293 stapes, 74, 504 bite lack of, 208 Sauropoda, 219–224 statistics, 443, 472 cheek, 247 tetrapod, 71–72 Stegosauria dental battery, 298 skin impression fossils, 8 braincase of, 261–263 ectothermy and, 385–386 skull characteristics of, 257–259 heterodontosaurid, 250–251 Ankylosauria, 270 cladogram of, 279 leaf-shaped, 288 Archosauromorpha, 80 defined, 504 Ornithopoda, 327 Borealopelta, 274 development of, 258–259 Pachycephalosauria, 290

516 Index of Subjects

teeth (cont.) toothless, 129–132 V prosauropod, 216 therapsids, 401, 505 vane, 206, 506 recurved, 128 therizinosaurs, 168, 415 Varrachio, D., 141 Sauropoda, 218–219, 226–227 thermoregulation vascular plants, 407 Stegosauria, 259–260, 262 defined, 265, 505 vascular system, 506 T. rex, 162 Stegosauria, 265–267 vertebrae, 69 theropod, 126–128 thorax, 505 vertebral column tyrannosaurauroid, 129 Thulborn, R. A., 362 components of, 69–71 temnospondyl, 379, 401–402, 505 Thyreophora defined, 506 temporal fenestrae, 76–77, 505, see also upper cladogram of, 256 Pachycephalosauria, 291 temporal fenestra defined, 256, 505 Sauropoda, 220–222 temporal time, 505 Eurypoda, 257–263 Vertebrata, 67–70, 506 terrestrial organisms, 478–479 evolution of, 278–282 vertebrate extinctions, 467–469 terrestrial dinosaurs as ornithischian, 252 vestigial limbs, 126 evidence for asteroid extinctions, phylogeny of, 251 Vinther, Jakob, 144 478–479 primitive, 256–257 viruses, 66 logistics of finding, 18 tibia, 71, 505 vision, 132, 135 terrestrial life, 505 timeline and molecular clocks, volcanism, 462–464, 479–481 testable hypothesis, 3, 59, 474, 505 194–195 von Branca, Wilhelm, 435–436 Tetanurae, 152–155, 505 titanosaurs, 229, 232–238 von Huene, Friedrich, 423, 431 Tethyan Seaway (Greek), 505 tonnage (dinosaur), 357–360 Tethys Ocean, 35 toothless theropoda, 129–132 W Tetrapoda trace fossils, 8, 11–12, 505 Wadi el Natrum (Egypt), 434–435 definition of, 69 trachea, 505 Wagner, G. P., 197 derived features, 75 trackways, 11, 123, 141, 215, 222, 361–363, Walker, C. A., 190 diversity, 395 506 Wang, S. C., 398 defined, 505 transgression, 506 Waterhouse Hawkins, Benjamin, 423, limbs, 71 Triassic Epoch 426–427 skeleton components, 69–75 climate of, 37–38 weathering (bone), 9, 14, 506 sprawling stance, 83 defined, 506 Wedel, M., 220 Thecodontia, 97, 505 Pangaea, 33 weight estimation, 215–237 Theropoda time scale, 102 White, P., 472 balance of, 132–135 timeline, 33 Wieland, G. R., 424 and birds, 180–204 Triassic–Jurassic mass extinction, 459 William of Ockham, 58 brain function, 135 trichomonas gallinae, 142 Williams, Maurice, 16–17 cannibalism, 139–141 triosseal foramen, 209, 506 Willis, K., 402 carnivorous characters of, 120 tripodal stance, 225–226 Wilson, G. P., 469 convergent evolution, 155–158 Troodontids, 171–175 Witmer, L. M., 132 dimensionless speed, 362 tubercles, 506 evolution main events, 152 turn (a fossil), 506 X feathers, 136 tympanic membrane, 74, 506 Xing, Xu, 136, 162, 436–440 feathers for insulation in, 202 Tyrannosauroidea, 159 feathers in, 197–198 Tyrannosaurus Sue, 357 Y feet, 125 Young, C. C., 426 hands, 124–126 U jaws, 129–130 ulna, 71, 506 Z maternal behavior, 145–147 unaltered mineralogy, 506 Zanno, Lindsay, 159, 446–448 pack-hunting, 141 Unearthing the Dragon, 440 Zelenitsky, Darla, 446–447 prey and predators, 136–139 ungual phalanges, 71, 506 ziphodent teeth, 121 running, 121–124 unidirectional respiration, 350–351 zombie dinosaurs, 363–366 senses, 131–135 unstable isotopes, 28–29, 506 Zuul, 275–276 sexual behavior, 142–145 upper temporal fenestra, 79, 506, see also zygapophysis, 153, 506 teeth, 126–128 temporal fenestrae

INDEX OF GENERA

– – – – A Aquilapollenites (aquila eagle; pollenites Brontosaurus (bronto thunder; sauros pollen-like), 468 lizard, reptile), 212, 236–237, 432, see Acanthostega (akantho – spine; stega – roof, Araucaria (after Arauco Province (Chile)), 410 also Apatosaurus cover), 69 arboreal hypothesis, 198, 488 Byronosaurus (from Byron Jaffe; sauros – Achelousaurus (after Achelous, a Greek Archaeopteryx (archaeo – ancient; pteryx – lizard, reptile), 440 mythological river diety; saurus – lizard, wing), 105, 145, 180–182, 184–187, 190, reptile), 300, 383 197–198, 201, 204, 311, 356–358, 374, 450 C – Achillonychus (Achillo after Achilles, the Arcocanthosaurus, 143 Caenagnathasia (kainos – recent; gnathus – Greek hero; onycho – claw, nail), 440 Argentinosaurus (after Argentina; sauros – jaw), 168 ’ – Aegyptosaurus (Egypt s lizard; sauros lizard, lizard, reptile), 236, 239 Caihong, 145 reptile), 434 Arrhinoceratops (a – without; rhinos – nose, calcareous nanofossils, 465, 489 Aerosteon (aeros – air; osteon – bone), 154 snout; kera – horn; ops – face), 300 Camarasauromorpha, 231 – – Afrovenator (afro after Africa; venator Asilisaurus (asili – from the Swahili for Camarasaurus (camara – chamber; sauros – hunter), 158, 441 ancestor; sauros – reptile, lizard), 91 lizard, reptile), 216, 218, 220, 226–227, – – Agilisaurus (agilis nimble; sauros lizard, Astrodon, 223 232, 236–237, 405 reptile), 323, 335, 337 Auca Mahuevo (Patagonia), 228–229 CAMP (Central Atlantic Magmatic Province), Alamosaurus (after the Ojo Alamo Formation Avaceratops (after amateur paleontologist Ava 403 – (Texas); sauros lizard, reptile), 234, 238 Cole, who collected the fossil; kera – Camptosaurus (kamptos – ﬂexible; sauros – Albertosaurus (after Alberta (Canada): sauros – horn; ops – face), 316 lizard, reptile), 337–338 – lizard, reptile), 159, 161 163, 356 cannibalism, 139–141 – – Alioramus (ali other; ramus branch, as in B carapace, 274, 276 another branch of tyrannosaurids), 143 Bagaceratops (baga – small (in Mongolian); carbohydrates, 489 – – Allosaurus (allo other, different; sauros kera – horn; ops – face), 300, 313 carbon dioxide (CO ), 414, 480 – 2 lizard, reptile), 23, 113, 122 123, Bahariasaurus (bahariya – Egyptian rock carbon-14 dating, 29–31 125–127, 129–130, 137, 142–143, 155, formation; sauros – lizard, reptile), 434 Carcharodontosaurus (Carcharodon – genus – 157 158, 177, 376, 428, 458 Baptornis (bapto – dipped, submerged; ornis – for the Great Whale Shark; sauros – Allosaurus fragilis, 122 bird), 193 lizard, reptile), 120, 126, 136, 155, 157, Amargasaurus (after Amarga Canyon, Barosaurus (bary – heavy; sauros – lizard, 161, 434, 441 Neuquen Province (Argentina); sauros – reptile), 23, 437 Carnian pluvial episode, 104 lizard, reptile), 235, 238 Baryonyx (bary – heavy; onycho – claw, nail), Carnian Stage, 100 Ammosaurus, 115 136, 155–156 Carnosauria, 155, 157 Amphioxus,67 Beipiaosaurus (after Beipiao, Liaoning Carnotaurus (carnis – ﬂesh, meat; sauros – – – Anchiornis (anchi close; ornis bird), 145, Province (China); sauros – lizard, reptile), lizard, reptile), 126–127, 129, 153, – 171, 174 175, 197, 203, 311 171 155–158 Anchisaurus (anchi – close; sauros – lizard, Blikanasaurus (from Bilikana (South Africa); carpals, 71, 489 reptile), 215 sauros – lizard, reptile), 230 Carpenter, Ken, 266–267 Ankylosaurus, 100 Blincoe, L.J., 482 carpometacarpus, 208, 489 – – – Anomospteris (a without; non law; pteri Borealopelta, 269, 274–275 Carrano, Matthew, T., 444 fern, a reference to abundant growth), Bourke, Jason, 382 Carrier, D. R., 83 408 Bowring, Samuel A., 102 casts, 11, 21–22, 489 – Apatosaurus (apato trick or false, because Boyd, C., 335–336 caudal ligaments, 222 O. C. Marsh thought that the tail bones brachiosaurs, 232 Caudipteryx (cauda – tall; pteryx – wing), 136, – resembled those of a lizard, sauros Brachiosaurus (brachion – arm; sauros – 169, 171–172 lizard, reptile), 96, 137, 219, 221, 223, lizard, reptile), 220, 225, 227, 238–239, cellular respiration, 391, 489 227, 230, 236–238, 381, 428, see also 405, 426, 437 Cenozoic Era, 33, 204, 489 Brontosaurus Brachylophosaurus (brachys – arm; lophos – census (dinosaur), 473 – Apsaravis (apsara winged consorts crest; sauros – lizard, reptile), 331, 340, Central Asiatic Expeditions, 422 prominent in Buddhist and Hindu art; 364 Centrosaurus (centro – center; sauros – lizard, – aves bird), 440 Brachyosaurus, 219 reptile), 300, 306, 308–309, 313–314, 316

518 Index of Genera

centrum, 69, 489 D Enaliornis (en – belonging to; ali – other; Cephalaspis (kephale – head; aspis – shield), Dacentrurus (da – very; kentron – spine; ura – ornis – bird), 193 68 tail), 278 Eocursor (Eos – Greek goddess of dawn; Cephalochordate, 67 Daspletosaurus (dasples – frightful; sauros – cursor – runner), 94, 101, 104 Cerapoda, 252, 489 lizard, reptile), 136, 142, 159, 162, 356 Eodromaeus (eo – dawn; drom – run), 94, 121 Ceratopsia Deinocheirus (deino – terrible; cheirus – hand), Eoraptor (Eos – Greek goddess of dawn; brains of, 309–311 164–167, 458 raptor – thief, stealer), 93–94, 109, 213, chewing food, 298–302 Deinonychus (deino – terrible; onychos – claw), 215, 441 cladogram of, 311 106, 125, 135, 153, 168, 182, 374, 427, Eozostrodon – (Eos – Greek goddess of dawn; defense, 308 450 oster – nimble; don – tooth), 401 defined, 489 Deltadromeus (delta – delta; dromeus – Epidendrosaurus (dendro – tree; sauros – derived characters, 296–298 runner), 441 lizard, reptile), 172 development, 305, 307 Dicraeosaurus (dikraios – bifurcated; sauros – Epidexpteryx (epi – close; pteryx – bird), 172 eggs, 304–305 lizard, reptile), 437 Equisetum (Equus – genus of modern horse; evolution of, 312–316 Dicroidium (dikos – forked; eidos – similar to), saeta – hair, the modern horsetail plant), feeding and diet, 301–303 403 408 fossil record completeness, 399 Dilong (emperor dragon (in Chinese)), 136 Eshanosaurus (Eshan – Eshan county (China); locomotion, 303–304 Dilophosaurus (di – two; lophos – crest; sauros – lizard, reptile), 168 migration, 315 sauros – lizard, reptile), 143, 153–154, Euoplocephalus (eu – true; hoplon – shield; sexual selection, 305–307 376, 382, 458 kephale – head), 268–272, 277, 382 social behavior, 305, 307–308 Dimetrodon grandis,77 Eusthenopteron (eu – true; theno – palm of Ceratopsidae, 314 Dimorphodon (di – two; morphos – shape; hand; pteryx – fin), 68–69 Ceratosaurus (kera – horn; sauros – lizard, don – tooth), 402 reptile), 127, 153–154, 498 Diplodocus (diplo – two, twin; docus – spar, F cervical ribs, 222 beam), 98, 210, 216, 219–220, 227, Fostoria,10 Changchengornis (Chang Cheng (Chinese) – 237–238, 405 Great Wall; ornis – bird), 187 Dreadnoughtus (dreadnought – English G Changyuraptor (long-feathered raptor (China)), battleship), 234, 236–237, 239, 360 Gallimimus (Gallus – genus of chicken; 171 Dromaeosaurus, 129 mimus – mimic), 12, 131, 163 Chasmosaurus (chasm – ravine; sauros – Dromiceiomimus (Dromiceius – genus of emu Gasparinisaura (after Argentinian lizard, reptile), 297, 299, 306, 308, 314, (older nomenclature); mimus – mimic), paleontologist Z. Gasparini; sauros – 316 163 lizard, reptile), 335–337 Chindesaurus (from Chinde Mesa, Arizona; Dromomeron (drom – run; meros – femur), 104 Gastonia (after R. Gaston, who discovered it), sauros – lizard, reptile), 102, 104 Dryosaurus (dryos – oak; sauros – lizard, 254 Chungkingosaurus (after Chungking (China); reptile), 333, 338, 437 Giganotosaurus (giga – large; noto – south, sauros – lizard, reptile), 262 Dryptosaurus (drypto – tearing; sauros – southern; sauros – lizard, reptile), 120, Ciona,67 lizard, reptile), 159 142, 155, 157–158, 161, 177 Coelophysis (koilos – hollow; physis – nature), Dynamosaurus imperiosus, 161 Gigantoraptor, 168 22, 97, 102, 104, 127, 139, 142, 144, 147, Dynamoterror, 159 Ginkgoites (ginko-like), 410 152–154 Giraffatitan (giraf – tall; titan – large), 236, Coelurosauria (koilos – hollow; sauros – lizard, E 238, 360 reptile), 152, 155–159, 185, 202, 374, 427 Edmontonia (after Edmonton Formation Gorgosaurus (gorgo – after the gorgons of Coloradisaurus (after the Los Colorado (Canada)), 270, 273 Greek mythology; sauros – lizard, Formation (USA); sauros – lizard, reptile), Edmontosaurus (after Edmonton, Alberta reptile), 140, 159, 162, 356, 376 215 (Canada)); sauros – lizard, reptile), 137, Gryposaurus (grypos – hooked nose; sauros – Compsognathus (compso – neat, elegant; 320, 328, 332, 340, 376, 415 lizard, reptile), 331–332, 340 gnathos – jaw), 136, 160, 165, 376, 405 Einiosaurus (einio – derived from North Guaibasaurus (after the Guaiba River (Brazil); Confuciusornis (after the Chinese philosopher American Indian Blackfoot for buffalo; sauros – lizard, reptile), 94–95, 102, 121 Confucius; ornis – bird), 145, 187–188, sauros – lizard, reptile), 300 381 Elaphrosaurus (elaphros – fleet; sauros – H Corythosaurus (korytho – from Corinthian, as lizard, reptile), 437 Haplocanthosaurus (haplos – single; akantha – in a Corinthian helmet (armor); sauros – Elasmosaurus (elasmo – beaten metal; sauros – spine; sauros – lizard, reptile), 227 lizard, reptile), 327, 329–331, 415 lizard, reptile), 465 Herrerasaurus (after V. Harrera, the Argentine Cryolophosaurus (cryo – cold; lophos – crest; Emausaurus (EMAU is an abbreviation for rancher who discovered it; sauros – sauros – lizard, reptile), 143, 382 Ernst Moritz Arndt Universität; sauros – lizard, reptile), 93–94, 102, 109, 121, 441 Cynognathus (kyon – dog; gnathos – jaw), 401 lizard, reptile), 256–257 Hesperornis, 194

Index of Genera 519

Heterodontosaurus (hetero – different; don – Larus, 200–201 Mononykus (mono – one; onychus – claw), tooth; sauros – lizard, reptile), 249–250, Leaellynasaura (after Leaellyn Rich, who 168–169, 422, 439 376 hellped to discover it; sauros – lizard, Montanoceratops (from Montana (USA); kera – Hexinlusaurus (after He Xin-Lu (China); reptile), 328, 379 horn; ops – face), 313, 316, 383 sauros – lizard, reptile), 323, 335 Leptoceratops (lepto – slender; kera – horn; Mussasaurus (mus – mouse, because the Heyunannia, 147 ops – face), 300, 313, 316 specimen, a hatchling, was small; Homalocephale (homalos – even; kephale – Lesothosaurus (after Lesottho (southern Africa); sauros – lizard, reptile), 215–217 head), 284, 288, 290–292 sauros – lizard, reptile), 251, 256, 335 Muttaburrasaurus (after Muttaburra Huayangosaurus (after Hua Yang Guo Zhi Lewisuchus (Lewis – A. D. Lewis, Chief (Australia); sauros – lizard, reptile), (Chin Dynasty name for Sichuan Preparator at Harvard’s Museum of 333 Province, China); sauros – lizard, reptile), Comparative Zoology; suchus – 261, 278 crocodile), 91 N Hylaeosaurus (hylaios – forest; sauros – lizard, Lexovisaurus (after the Lexovil, Gallic Celts Nemegtosaurus (after the Nemegt Formation reptile), 425 enlisted to fight Julius Caesar; sauros – (Mongolia); sauros – lizard, reptile), Hypacrosaurus (hypakros – highest, referring lizard, reptile), 261 219–220 to the spine; sauros – lizard, reptile), 330, Lufengosaurus (after Lu-Feng, Yunnan Neocalamites (neo– new; calamus – a reed), 333, 336, 383 Province (China); sauros – lizard, reptile), 408 Hypsilophodon (hypsi – high; lophos – crest; 215 Nigersaurus (after Niger; sauros – lizard, don – tooth), 327, 335, 337–338 Lycorhinus (likos – wolf; rhinus – snout, nose), reptile), 219 250 Nothorhynchus, 170 I Ichthyornis (ishthys – fish; ornis – bird), M O 193–194, 200, 381 Macroolithus (macro – large; lithos – eggs), Onchopristis (giant saw), 139 Ichthyostega (ichthys – fish; stegos – roof ), 69 147 ontogeny, 305, 307, 499 Iguanodon (iguana – iguana; don – tooth), Magyarosaurus (after Magyars – Hungarian Onychiopsis (appearing like Onychium,a 322–325, 327, 333, 337–338, 421, people; sauros – lizard, reptile), 237 living genus of fern; onychus – claw, a 423–427, 430, 458 Maiasaura (maia – mother; saura – lizard, reference to the curved “fiddlehead”), Ingenia (after the Ingeni locality (Mongolia)), reptile (female ending)), 331, 333–334, 408 168 340–341, 356–359, 381 Opisthocoelicaudia, 227 Majungasaurus (from Mahajanga Ornitholestes (ornitho – bird; lestes – robber), J (Madagascar); sauros – lizard, reptile), 143 Janenschia (after German paleontologist 130, 137, 139–140 Ornithosuchus (ornitho – bird; suchus – Werner Janensch), 356, 358, 435 Malawisaurus (after Malawi; sauros – lizard, crocodile), 185 Jeholosaurus (after Jehol (China); sauros – reptile), 237 Orodromeus (oros – mountain; dromeus – lizard, reptile), 335 Mapusaurus (Mapu is an abbreviation of the runner), 322, 333, 335–337, 339, 341, 383 Jobaria (after Jobar, a creature in Tuareg word Mapuche, an indigenous Oryctodromeus (orycto – dug out; dromeus – (Saharan nomadic tribe) mythology), 441 Argentinian people, and refers to “Earth”; runner), 13, 18, 333–334 sauros – lizard, reptile), 142 Othnielosaurus (after Charles Othniela; K Marasuchus (a reference to the mara, a sauros – lizard, reptile) Charles, 335 Kannemeyeria (after the South African D. R. Patagonian rodent; sauros – lizard, Otozoum (from Otis, a giant), 215 Kannemeyer), 401 reptile), 91–92, 100, 376 Ouranosaurus (ourane – brave (in Nigerian); Kentrosaurus (kentron – prickly, spiny; Marrasuchus, 403 sauros – lizard, reptile), 329, 333–334, sauros – lizard, reptile), 262–263, 266, Massospondylus (masso – massive; spondyl – 338, 458 278, 437 spool, referring to the centrum), 215, 381 Oviraptor (ovi – egg; raptor – thief, stealer), Kotasaurus (after the Kota Formation (India); Matonidium (after British botanist W. G. 132, 143, 145–147, 168, 305, 422, 439 sauros – lizard, reptile), 230 Maton; eidos – similar to (in this case, the Kulindadromeus, 245 genus Matonia, a living genus of fern)), P 408 Pachycephalosaurus (pachy – thick; kephale – L Megalosaurus (mega – large, great; sauros – head; sauros – reptile, lizard), 287 Lagerpeton (lagos – hare; erpeto – creep), 91, lizard, reptile), 155–156, 158, 177, 421, Pachyrhinosaurus (pachy – thick; rhinos – 100, 104 423, 425 nose, snout; sauros – lizard, reptile), 290, Lagosuchus (lagos – hare; suchus – crocodile), Melanorosaurus (melanos – black; oros – 294–295, 300, 316 100 mountain; sauros – lizard, reptile), Pagiophyllum (pagio – fixed, fastened; Lambeosaurus (after Canadian paleontologist 215 phyllum – leaf ), 410 L. M. Lambe; sauros – lizard, reptile), 327, Microraptor (micro – small; raptor – thief, Panoplosaurus (pan – all; hoplon – shield; 330–331 stealer), 120, 136, 169, 174, 181, 197, 203 sauros – lizard, reptile), 270–271, 382

520 Index of Genera

Panphagia (pan – all; phagein – to eat, R Spinosaurus (spina – spine; sauros – lizard, referring to its inferred omnivorous diet), Rahonavis (rahon – menace from the clouds (in reptile), 120, 138–139, 152, 155–156, 94 Malagsay); avis – bird), 184–185, 188, 364 158, 161, 177, 333, 426, 434–435, 441 Parahesperornis (para – near; that is, similar to Rajasaurus (real dinosaur (Indian)), 441 Stagonolepis (stagon – drop, a reference to the Hesperornis), 193 Rapetosaurus (rapeto – mischievous; sauros – drop-like pits on the scutes; lepis – scale), Paralititan (para – near; titan – large), 236 lizard, reptile), 137 90 Paranthodon (para – near; anthos – flower; Regaliceratops (regalis – royal; ceratops – Staurikosaurus (stauriko – a reference to the don – tooth), 262 horned face), 300 Southern Cross, a constellation; sauros – Parasaurolophus (para – near; that is, similar Rhea (the wife of the Titan Kronos, in Greek lizard, reptile), 94–95, 102 to Saurolophus), 14, 330–331, 337 mythology), 379 Stegoceras (stegos – roof; kera – horn), 288, Parksosaurus (after paleontologist W. A. Riojasaurus (after Rioja (Argentina); sauros – 290–293, 379 Parks; sauros – lizard, reptile), 335, 337 lizard, reptile), 215 Stegosaurus (stegos – roof; sauros – lizard, Passer (to pass), 81, 92, 98, 120, 180–181 Rugops (ruga – wrinkle; ops – face), 441 reptile), 96, 100, 137, 244, 254, 259, Patagopteryx (after Patagonia (Argentina); Rutiodon (ruti – wrinkle; don – tooth), 90 261–267, 278–279, 281, 295, 428 pteryx – wing), 190–193, 381 Stormbergia (after Stormberg, South Africa), Pentaceratops (penta – five; kera – horn; ops – S 335 face), 22, 300, 316 Saltosaurus (after Salta Province (Argentina); Struthiomimus (strouthion – ostritch; mimos – Pikaia (after Mt. Pika (British Columbia, sauros – lizard, reptile), 212, 217, 237 mimic), 124, 127, 163, 167, 265, 361 Canada)), 66 Sanjuansaurus (from San Juan Province, Stryacosaurus, 458 Pinacosaurus (pina – pine, pine nut; sauros – Argentina; sauros – lizard, reptile), 94 Stygimoloch (stygi – of the river Styx lizard, reptile), 269–270, 277 Sapeornis chaoyangensis, 189 (boundary of Hades or hell); moloch – Pisanosaurus (Pisano – after Juan A. Pisano, Sarcosuchus (sarco – carnivorous; suchus – devil), 291, 294–295 and Argentine paleontologist), 94, 101, crocodile), 441 Styracosaurus (styraz – spike on the end of 249–250, 335 Saturnalia (after the Roman festival of the spear; sauros – lizard, reptile), 299–300, Plateosaurus (plateos – flat; sauros – lizard, winter solstice), 94–95 458 reptile), 72, 74, 212, 215–216, 376 Saurolophus (sauros – lizard, reptile; lophos – Suchomimus (suchus – crocodile; mimus – Platypterygius (platys – broad; pteryion – fin), crest), 141, 332, 340 mimic), 441 465 Sauropelta (sauros – lizard, reptile; pelte – Sulcavis geeorum, 191 Pleuromeia (pleuro – rib; meion – small; a shield), 272 Suskityrannus, 448 reference to the underground nutrient- Scelidosaurus (skelis – limb; sauros – lizard, Syntarsus (syn – fused; tarsos – tarsus), storing part of the stem (corm) which is reptile), 256–257, 278, 280 142–144, 147, 381 small relative to its ancestors), 408 Schizoneura (schizo – split, divided; neura – Szechuanosaurus (after Szechuan Province Postosuchus (post– behind; suchus – neuron, brain), 408 (China); sauros – lizard, reptile), 158 crocodile), 90 Scutellosaurus (scutellum – small shield; Prenocephale (prenes – sloping; kephale – sauros – lizard, reptile), 256–257, 278 T head), 288 Shamosaurus (shamo – desert (in Chinese); Tarbosaurus (tarbos – terror; sauros – lizard, Proceratosaurus (pro – before; that is, before sauros – lizard, reptile), 270, 279 reptile), 141, 162–163 Ceratosaurus), 143 Shunosaurus (after Shuno, an old name for Tarchia (tarchi – brain (in Mongolian)), 270 Proganochelys, 401 Sichuan Province (China); sauros – lizard, Tawa hallae,97 Prosaurolophus (pro – before; that is, before reptile), 219–220, 227, 230, 232 Telmatosaurus (telmat – swamp; sauros – Saurolophus), 332, 340 Shuvuuia (bird (in Mongolian)), 364, 381, 440 lizard, reptile), 340 Protarchaeopteryx (pro – before; that is, before Silesaurus (sil – from Silesia; sauros – lizard, Tendaguru (Tanzania), 223, 227, 263, Archaeopteryx), 136 reptile), 91–92, 403 435–442 Proteacidites, 468 Silvisaurus (silva – forest; sauros – lizard, Tenontosaurus (tenon – tendon; sauros – Protoceratops (proto – before, early; that is, reptile), 270 reptile, 141, 338 before Ceratops), 136–137, 145, 284, Sinornithosaurus (sino – China; ornitho – bird; Texacephale (Texas – state of origin (USA); 298–299, 304–306, 309, 313, 316, 333, sauros – lizard, reptile), 136, 145, 169, cephale – head), 311 420–422, 458, 482 173, 197 Thecodontosaurus (theko – socket; don – tooth; Protosuchus (proto – before; suchus – crocodile), Sinosauripteryx (sino – China; sauros – lizard, sauros 215 90 reptile; pteryx – wing), 136, 144–145, Thescelosaurus (theskelos – astonishing; Pseudolagosuchus (pseudo – false; that is, false 160, 163, 166, 168, 197 sauros – lizard, reptile), 335, 337, 378 Lagosuchus), 91–92, 403 Sinraptor (sinae – indigineous Chinese people; Tianyulong (from the Tianyu Museum of Psittacosaurus (psittaco – parrot; sauros – raptor – thief, stealer), 155, 157 Nature (China)), 245, 247, 251, 309, lizard, reptile), 298–301, 303, Sordes (Latin for filth), 108 374 305–307, 309, 311–313, 356, 358, Sphaerotholus (sphaira – ball; tholos – dome), Tikaalik (Inuktitut eskimo (Canada) word for 381 379 “burbot” a freshwater fish), 68–69

Index of Genera 521

Titanoceratops (titan – large; kera – horn; 144, 147, 152, 161–164, 355–357, 362, Y ops – face), 300 365, 376, 383, 424, 426, 441 Yandusaurus (yan – salt; du – capital Tornieria (after German paleontologist Tyrannosaurus Sue, 357 (in Chinese); sauros – lizard, reptile), 335, G. Tornier), 437 338 Torosaurus (tauro – bull; sauros – lizard, V Yangchuanosaurus (after Yangchuan County reptile), 300, 314 Vegavis (after Vega Island Province; avis – (China); sauros – lizard, reptile), Torvosaurus (torvus – savage; sauros – lizard, bird), 193–195, 446 143 reptile), 155–156, 315–316 Velociraptor (velo – swift; raptor – thief, Yi qi (Mandarin pronunciation of dinosaur), Triceratops (tri – three; kera – horn; stealer), 12, 129, 136–137, 168, 364, 376, 172, 176 ops – face), 81, 92, 98, 100, 136, 379, 422, 482 Yinlong (hidden dinosaur (Chinese)), 301, 140–142, 305, 307–309, 313–316, Vulcanodon (after Vulcanus, the Roman god of 312 337 Fire; don – tooth), 217, 230 Yunnanosauros (after Yunnan Province Troodon (troo – wound; don – tooth), 129, 141, (China); sauros – lizard, reptile), 380 W 215 Tuojiangosaurus (after Tuojiang (China); Wendiceratops (after Wendy Sloboda, who Yutyrannus (yu – feather; tyrannus – tyrant), sauros – lizard, reptile), 258, 261, discovered it, kera – horn; ops – face), 136, 160–164, 375 278 300, 313, 315 Yutyrannus huali, 136 Turanoceratops, 314 Wielandiella (after US paleontologist/ Tylosaurus (tylos – projection; sauros – lizard, paleobotanist G. R. Wieland), 410 Z reptile), 465 Williamsoniella (after British paleobotanist Zephyrosaurus (Zephyros – Greek god of the Tyrannosaurus (tyranno – tyrant; sauros – W. C. Williamson) 410 West Wind; sauros – lizard, reptile), 335, lizard, reptile), 8, 15, 32, 46, 82, 119–120, Wuerhosaurus (after Wuerho (China); sauros – 338 126–127, 129, 132–135, 137, 141–142, lizard, reptile), 278 Zhouornis hani, 191