Old English Paradigms Cheat Sheet Adjectives and Pronouns Typical uses of the cases Adjective Declesions Interrogative Personal Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns Case Function Example: gōd, good and Indefinite Pronouns Nominative Subject Weak Declension Strong Declension hwā? hwæt? iċ, I þū, hē hēo hit, he she it se, 'this, that' þes, 'this' Accusative Object who? what? you m f n m f n mf n m f n m f n m f n Genitive Possession nom. gōda gōde gōde gōd gōd gōd hwā hwæt iċ þū hē hēo hit se sēo þæt þes þēos þis

r Dative “by/with/to/for” a

l accus. gōdan gōdan gōde gōdne gōde gōd hwone hwæt mē þē hine hīe hit þone þā þæt þisne þās þis u

g gen. gōdan gōdan gōdan gōdes gōdre gōdes hwæs hwæs mīn þīn his hire his þæs þǣre þæs þisses þisse þisses Instrumental Instrument/agent (rare) n i dat. gōdan gōdan gōdan gōdum gōdre gōdum hwǣm hwǣm mē þē him hire him þǣm þǣre þǣm þissum þisse þissum S instr. — — — gōde — gōde hwȳ hwȳ — — — — — þȳ — þȳ þȳ s — þȳ s nom. gōdan gōde gōd wē ġē hīe þā þās l a

r accus. gōdan gōde gōd ūs ēow hīe þā þās

u No plural l gen. gōdra gōdra gōdra ūre ēower hira þāra þissa P dat. gōdum gōdum gōdum ūs ēow him þǣm þissum Nouns Weak Nouns Strong Nouns n-stems o-stems ā-stems Consonant Declension u-stems nama, m. sunne, f.,. ēage, n., stān, m., scip, n., word, n., ġiefu, f., lār, f., mann, bōc, f., fæder, m. mōdor, f.. sunu, m. hand, f. 'name' 'sun' 'eye' 'stone' 'ship' 'word' 'gift' 'teaching' m., 'man' 'book' 'father' 'mother' 'son' 'hand'

r nom. nama sunne ēaġe stān scip word ġiefu lār mann bōc fæder mōdor sunu hand Principal Parts of the Strong Verbs a l

u acc. naman sunnan ēaġe stān scip word ġiefe lāre mann bōc fæder mōdor sunu hand PIE e-grade (‘) PIE o- PIE Ø-grade (_’)

g grade (‘_)

n gen. naman sunnan ēaġan stānes scipes wordes ġiefe lāre mannes bēċ fæder mōdor sunu handa i 1 2* 3 4 5 S dat. naman sunnan ēaġan stāne scipe worde ġiefe lāre menn bēċ fæder mōdor suna handa Class Frame Infinitive 3rd S Pret sg Pret pl. Past Part nom. naman sunnan ēaġan stānas scipu word ġiefa lāra menn bēċ fæder mōdor suna handa Prs l

a ī ā i i

r accus. naman sunnan ēaġan stānas scipu word ġiefa lāra menn bēċ fæder mōdor suna handa u l gen. namena sunnena ēaġena stāna scipa worda ġiefa lāra manna bōca fædera mōdra suna handa 1 i+C ī ī ā i i P dat. namum sunnum ēaġum stānum scipum wordum ġiefum lārum mannum bōcum fæderum mōdrum sunum handum drīfan drīfð drāf drifon gedrifen ēo/ū ēa u o Verbs ēo īe ēa u o eo/u 'Irregular' Strong Weak I Weak II Preterite-Present 2 + C cēosan cīesð cēas curon gecoren Tense Mood Number Person bēon, 'to be' singan, to fremman, 'to hīeran, 'to lufian, 'to love' wītan, ‘to know’ ū ȳ ēa u o sing; do' honour' lūcan lȳ cð lēac lucon gelocen 1 eom bēo singe fremme hīere lufie wāt i | e/eo/ie a | ea/æ u u | o Singular 2 eart bist sing(e)st fremest hīerst lufast wāst i i a u u Indic. 3 is biþ sing(e)þ fremeþ hīerþ lufaþ wāt bindan bind band bundon gebunden sind / bēoþ singaþ fremmaþ hīeraþ lufiaþ witon Plural 1, 2, and 3 V e i ea u o

t sindon 3 + l/r/h/n

n + C helpan hilpð healp hulpon geholpen e Singular 1, 2, and 3 sīe bēo singe fremme hīere lufie wite s Subjun. eo ie ea u o e Plural 1, 2, and 3 sīen bēon singen fremmen hīeren lufien witen r

P hweorfan hwierf hwearf hwurfon gehworfen Singular 1, 2, and 3 wes bēo sing freme hīer lufa wite Imperative ð Plural 1, 2, and 3 wesaþ bēoþ singaþ fremmaþ hīeraþ lufiaþ witaþ e æ ǣ o Infinitive bēon singan fremman hīeran lufian witan e + l/r/m e i æ ǣ o Infl. Infin. tō bēonne tō singenne tō fremmenne tō hīerenne tō lufienne witenne 4 beran birð bær bǣ ron boren Participle wesende bēonde singende fremmende hīerende lufiende witende niman nimð nam nōmon genumen 1 wæs sang fremede hīerde lufode irreg cuman cymð c(w)ōm c(w)ōman gec(w)umen Singular 2 wǣ re sunge fremedest hīerdest lufodest wiste/wisse Indic. e/i | i æ ǣ e 3 wæs sang fremede hīerde lufode e t 5 + C e i æ ǣ e s

a Plural 1, 2, and 3 wǣ ron sungon fremedon hīerdon lufodon wisson/wiston (! l/r/m/n) sprecan spricð spræc sprǣ con gesprecen P Singular 1, 2, and 3 wǣ re sunge fremede hīerde lufode wisse/wiste a | e ō ō a Subjun. a+C | Plural 1, 2, and 3 wǣ ren sungen fremeden hīerden lufoden wissen/wisten 6 e/ie + CC a æ ō ō a Participle — ġesungen ġefremed ġehīered ġelufod ġewiten faran færð fōr fōron gefaren Legend: es = unambiguous form (or nearly so); hit = form is identical in nominative and accusative a/o/ea/æ/e ē | ēo ē | ēo ā | ō | ēa* a/o/ea/ ā ǣ ē ē ā 7 æ/e hātan hǣ tt hēt hēton hāten +C © Daniel Paul O'Donnell, 2008-2020. Old English Cheatsheet by Daniel Paul O'Donnell is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. ō ē ēo ēo ō flōwan flēwð flēow flēowon flōwen * = caused by regular sound changes (i-mutation, breaking, etc.)