Epilogue to the English Edition of “ Who He Does Not Howl with the Wolf Autobiography of Gottfried Wagner
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1 Epilogue to the English edition of “ Who he does not howl with the Wolf Autobiography of Gottfried Wagner (UK: Sanctuary/ April 1998 - USA-Canada: St.Martin’s & Picador, NYC / Fall 1998) When the original German edition of this book appeared at the end of February 1997, I was aware that it was likely to polarize public opinion on the subject of `Richard Wagner in Bayreuth`. But I underestimated international media interest and the subsequent knock-on effect, because I mistakenly assumed that my autobiography would be driven into the background by other passionately conducted discussions in the German-speaking countries on repression of the Nazi period. Fierce controversy had broken out yet again, over Daniel Goldhagen`s book, Hitler`s Willing Executioners, and over the exhibition on the crimes of the German Nazi Wehrmacht in Munich. But in `neutral` Switzerland too, people had been forced to face up to the topic of the repression of Hitler`s barbarism. The overwhelming weight of evidence against the Swiss banks who had done murky business with Nazi gold, in other words with stolen Jewish property, had aroused worldwide attention. The increased international sensitivity to the subject of repression was to work in my favour on discussion of my book. In subsequent reading tours from March to mid December 1997 in Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Belgium I made myself available not only for discussion with my readers, but also with the media, in interviews, round table discussions and talk shows. At the same time I was confronted by published reviews of my book. The unusually high pressure resulting from the crossfire of opinions and the constant travelling made it impossible for me to come to any coherent conclusions on these reactions at the time. Like other authors whose books arouse public controversy, I was forced to recognize that opinions on my autobiography had assumed their own dynamic, which only seldom had anything to do with my intentions. At first I found the profusion of reactions to my book confusing, for besides objective articles - such as in the Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Süddeutsche Zeitung, Deutsche Lehrerzeitung, Liechtensteiner Vaterland, Die Presse - others with a conformist tendency appeared, based on vague claims to power, which aimed at preventing constructive criticism of the existing politico-cultural situation within the 2 Bayreuth Redemption Co. Ltd. The similarity of means used against my book by the various conformists in the media scene was striking: simplification and banalization of the subject matter, reminding one of Milan Kundera`s phrase, in his The Book of Laughter and Forgetting: `The struggle of man against power is the struggle of the memory against forgetting.`1 While I was trying to analyse the opinions of the conformist journalists of various provenance, I came across the books The Madness of Normality and False Gods by the psychoanalyst Arno Gruen. In False Gods Gruen sees `the capacity of man from birth to decide over his life. Either his empathy becomes the kernel of his being, or he will constantly try to escape it.` In this sense, for Gruen `human development is always the history of the damage to his abilities`. Hence Gruen distinguishes between `the integrated man, who remains in contact with his inner self and acts accordingly, and the man who focuses outward, who has a divided consciousness and a divided perception. His actions will always be directed against the holistic and in spite of technological progress, offend against life.` 2 In Madness as Normality Gruen describes the split in the inner life of all conformists - therefore in the media too - when dealing with information, in the following way: `In order to rationalize, they have to separate thinking and feeling from one another. Public power is a means for maintaining the inner split. But such a man does not seek power for its own sake, but to find support in it and in order not to disintegrate. Hence he cannot afford any compromises either. Every increase in control enlarges the inner vacuum and of necessity provokes an intensified need for domination. If such people are treated with respect, they will interpret any compliance as weakness. Because for them there is no equality, for them there is only domination and being dominated.`3 Hence Gruen comes to the general conclusion that for the man `who has surrendered to power, there can basically be no equality in social relations. [...] Dealings with other people are determined by strength and weakness. Therefore more and more power must be accumulated. The aim here is to become invulnerable and be able to prove invulnerability.`4 But what do Gruen`s perceptions have to do with the Redemption Co. Ltd in Bayreuth, conformist journalists of all shades and my autobiography? Anyone who has studied some of the striking reactions of the said groups to my book over the past year, will 3 understand the connection. Reactions of the Redemption Co. Ltd and its circles On 28 February 1997 my father, Wolfgang Wagner, to the applause of the Festspiele sponsors, the Society of Friends of Bayreuth, foremost among them President E. Hilger and private banker K.G. Schmidt, described my autobiography as `insulting, defamatory and slanderous`. With reference to the Bayreuth Festspiele he called the book `a considerable impairment and as yet unassessable injury to its international repute`. As in his 1994 autobiography, Acts, in his three-page open letter to the international media he ignored the influence of Wagner`s and Hitler`s antisemitism on the Bayreuth Festspiele and hence on himself and his work. It was clear to me that the city of Bayreuth and the media subservient to the Festspielhügel would now have to take up positions against me, as my attack on the institution of the Festspiele also applied to them. A pleasant surprise for me was that the Redemption Co. Ltd and its circles could neither dominate the international, independent media world in their usual way, with their furtive legal threats, nor with demagogic counter- attacks. On the contrary: hitting out at me helped my book to attract even greater international attention. Because of the stir it caused, it was catapulted into the bestseller lists in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, and translations into six different languages have been negotiated. On 10 March 1997 the mayors of the city of Bayreuth issued an open letter in which my book was decried as `malicious agitation` and therefore they refused any serious discussion on the results of Wagner`s antisemitism. But this open letter also brought about the opposite of intentions: discussion flared up anew and international media pressure on the repression paradise of Bayreuth grew. The comparison of my father`s autobiography with mine now became more focused. My wish for a disclosure of the connection between family and German history and the case of the Wagners in Bayreuth was given more and more respect. The Neue Zürcher Zeitung of 12-13 April 1997 acknowledged that `[my] book had rendered a contribution to that critical history of Bayreuth that neither Wieland nor Wolfgang Wagner have provided or provoked`. On the very day of my reading in Bayreuth - 24 April 1997 - I learned from the 4 Nordbayrischer Kurier, which is loyal to the Festspielhügel, that a planned exhibition on my grandmother Winifred Wagner, Hitler`s intimate friend, had been cancelled by the Festspiele. At the end of April the Neue Zürcher Zeitung reported, regarding the official reasons for cancellation: `A still incomplete processing of archive material from all over the world which has only recently become accessible. The in part surprising new facts would first have to be classified according to their historical background, declared Wolfgang Wagner. Selected documents on that part of Festspiele history which is accompanied by manifold prejudices [ = Nazi period] will be published in this year`s Festspiele book` (dpa). The truth was that as a result of the discussions provoked by my book, a German bank had withdrawn its offer to finance the planned pro-Winifred Wagner exhibition. The international media recognized the intention to deceive of the Festspiele administration and frankly expressed doubts on the reasons given for the cancellation. At the opening of the Bayreuth Festspiele on 25 July 1997 they really thought in the Festspiele book that they could hoodwink the world`s media, as the truth of Bayreuth writing of history, that six postcards (from the years 1929 to 1936) from Hitler to Winifred Wagner were the sum total of the correspondence from the Führer to the great lady from 1923 to 1945. The atmosphere during the international press conference on 27 July was correspondingly charged. There were some hard-hitting attacks from the international media regarding the irresponsible treatment of undesirable, incriminating documents before, during and after the Nazi period. In spite of this situation both sponsors and the Festspiele administration kept up the attack against me: on 28 August - at the end of the Festspiele - one could read in the Süddeutsche Zeitung the Festspiele administration`s corrected version of events during the press conference on 27 July: `By “fascist and racist elements”, which Wolfgang Wagner located among many critics [on 27 July 1997], he meant the book by his son Gottfried, not articles by journalists.` In this sense too, the attempts should be interpreted from September on by the chief dramaturg of the Bayreuth Festspiele, in close cooperation with some members of the Society of Friends of Bayreuth to bring their massive influence to bear on German and international public opinion (inter alia in Austria, Britain, the Netherlands and Finland). 5 Two conformist opinions: Seferens and Spotts In the slander campaign waged by the Redemption Co Ltd and their circles, the publication of an article in the Allgemeine Jüdische Wochenzeitung (AJWZ) on 2 May 1997 played a decisive part.