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Cultural Cooperation in Europe What Role for Foundations? Network of European Foundations for Innovative Cooperation Cultural Cooperation in Europe what role for Foundations? Research report by Fondazione Fitzcarraldo FONDAZIONE FITZCARRALDO Research group: Ugo Bacchella Laura Cherchi Ilda Curti Luca Dal Pozzolo Christopher Gordon Maddalena Rusconi Our special thanks to the experts Raj Isar and Rupert Graf Strachwitz for their commitment to the project and their thoughtful and critical contributions that enriched the research. Furthermore our special thanks go to the NEF Steering Committee: Raymond Georis (NEF), Dan Brändstrom (Stiftelsen Riksbankens Jubileumsfond), Francis Charhon (Fondation de France), Dario Disegni (Compagnia di San Paolo), Gottfried Wagner (European Cultural Foundation). Cultural cooperation in Europe: What role for Foundations? Final Report TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 PART I: A picture of the state-of-the-art ------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 1. The context of reference ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 1.1. Sectors of intervention --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 1.2. Features of the working approach: cooperation tools -------------------------------------- 10 1.3. Territorial scope ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 1.4. Obstacles to international cooperation ------------------------------------------------------- 12 2. Programmes --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 2.1. General remarks ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 2.2. Mobility schemes --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 2.3. Support for education and training processes ------------------------------------------------ 15 2.4. International “think tanks” --------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 2.5. Networks and networking ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 2.6. Prizes and awards --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 2.7. Integrated approaches: some examples ------------------------------------------------------- 19 2.7.1. Community development through the arts ------------------------------------- 19 2.7.2. Multiculturalism/Interculturalism ------------------------------------------------ 24 PART II: Opportunities and challenges --------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 1. The emerging framework ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 1.1. A possible definition of cooperation ----------------------------------------------------------- 28 1.2. The relevance of international cooperation -------------------------------------------------- 30 1.3. Position of foundations in the international area -------------------------------------------- 31 2. Shaping a collaborative/cooperative environment ----------------------------------------------- 34 ANNEX I – Data ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 1. Data of the sample ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 2. Scope and structure of the sample ------------------------------------------------------------------ 39 3. Budget trends ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 ANNEX II – FOUNDATIONS AND OTHER ACTORS ANALYSED ------------------------------------------------- 42 ANNEX III – LIST OF INTERVIEWS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50 ANNEX IV – SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRES ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53 BIBLIOGRAPHY ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 70 Fondazione Fitzcarraldo 3 Cultural cooperation in Europe: What role for Foundations? Final Report INTRODUCTION Compagnia di San Paolo, European Cultural Foundation, Fondation de France, and Stiftelsen Riksbankens Jubileumsfond - four Foundations belonging to the Network of European Foundations for Innovative Cooperation (NEF) - commissioned the Fondazione Fitzcarraldo (Torino, Italy) to conduct the study from January 2003. The reason for the assignment derives from the observation that the cultural cooperation framework in Europe has been deeply affected in the last few years and is currently rapidly changing. The increasing will of the arts community to cooperate and to move into a “European cultural space”is not always supported by adequate financial resources or by the existing forms of support. Furthermore the process of European Union enlargement and the related rethinking / redefinition of its founding principles are bringing new perspectives, actors and issues to the debate that need to be taken fully into the account. If the European dimension is increasingly becoming a natural arena for arts communities and their networks, the public and private national and supranational supporting institutions’ policies need to develop a new framework able to cope with these ongoing developments. There is an increasing mismatch between cultural needs on the one hand and available tools on the other. Institutions have to learn to deal with the current economic insecurity/ instability and the difficulties involved in piloting a critical mass of funds and resources in the direction of cultural cooperation. An understanding of the new framework of international cultural cooperation and of its implications in terms of policies, tools and actors, a comprehensive evaluation of the experiences and practices developed in the past few years and of the key strategies set down for the near future (2003-2005) are preconditions identified by the main public and private policy makers for defining appropriate and innovative strategies, action plans and methodologies. To quote some of the main actions, the Council of Ministers, the European Commission and the European Parliament have taken specific initiatives in the last year to fill this gap. The DG Education and Culture has launched some major studies and researches that include: - the Interim evaluation of Culture 2000 programme; - the restricted tender to carry out of a “Feasibility study concerning the creation of a European observatory of cultural co-operation”; Fondazione Fitzcarraldo 4 Cultural cooperation in Europe: What role for Foundations? Final Report - the open tender to perform a “Study on cultural cooperation in Europe in various cultural and artistic fields”; - the open tender to perform an “Inventory of the best practices linking culture with education in the Member States, the 12 candidate countries and the EEA countries”; - a consultation process on a new cultural framework programme. Although not strictly speaking about 'cultural cooperation' in a narrow sense, also the DG Employment & Social Affairs’ recent call for a “Thematic study using transnational comparisons to identify and analyse cultural policies and programmes which contribute to preventing and reducing poverty and social exclusion”should be considered a sign of interest towards the potential of the cultural cooperation in broader field. In line with such developments the above mentioned Foundations felt the need to carry out their own independent initiative, focusing on their own understanding, priority ranking, and methodology. A self critical approach to past experiences based on sound data and a shared reflection on failures and achievements is essential to Foundations as a whole, in order to be able to maintain overall credibility and to strengthen their public role. The current study fits in the investigation and promotion of the Foundations’ innovative practices as it has been carried out in the directory “Funding Minorities and Multiculturalism in Europe: Funders' Activities against Racism and for Equality in Diversity”(2001). It is furthermore a complement to the explorations on the conditions for adopting innovative approaches and actions, outlined in the research “Creative Europe“, the “Europe in the World”investigation and the current discussions on the potential of a possible future European Cultural Observatory. Starting from this standpoint, the aim of “Cultural Cooperation in Europe: What role for foundations”is to provide private Foundations with a quantitative and qualitative analysis of support for cultural cooperation in Europe, to supply the inputs necessary for designing a framework/ environment for future action, and to offer an illustrative identification of current and possible future partners. In other words the investigation is an attempt to draw the structure of a new environment, a map of (joint) opportunities that could be part of a new cooperative model, and to help encourage best use of the available resources and strategies already committed by foundations. Fondazione Fitzcarraldo 5 PART I A Picture of the State-of-the-Art Cultural cooperation in Europe: What role for Foundations? Final Report 1. THE CONTEXT OF REFERENCE The field of cultural cooperation is extremely complex, and rich in its nuances. If the concept and the definition of culture and cultural cooperation adopted are too broad, the risk is for them to become
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