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English Compulsory – Ii ENGLISH COMPULSORY – II B.A. English Semester - I BAG - 103 SHRI VENKATESHWARA UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH-244236 BOARD OF STUDIES Prof (Dr.) P.K.Bharti Vice Chancellor Dr. Rajesh Singh Director Directorate of Distance Education SUBJECT EXPERT Dr. S.K.Bhogal, Professor Dr. Yogeshwar Prasad Sharma, Professor Dr. Uma Mishra, Asst. Professor COURSE CO-ORDINATOR Mr. Shakeel Kausar Dy. Registrar Authors Dr Priyanka Bhardwaj, Units: (1, 2.0-2.2, 2.2.1, 2.4.3, 2.5.1, 2.6.3, 2.9.2, 2.10-2.14) © Dr Priyanka Bhardwaj, 2019 Dr Shuchi Agrawal, Units: (2.3, 2.4-2.4.2, 2.9-2.9.1, 3.2.3) © Dr Shuchi Agrawal, 2019 Khusi Pattanayak, Units: (2.3.1-2.3.4, 2.6.2, 2.8-2.8.1) © Khusi Pattanayak, 2019 Deb Dulal Halder, Units: (2.5, 2.6-2.6.1, 2.7-2.7.1) © Deb Dulal Halder, 2019 Vivek Kumar, Units: (3.0-3.1, 3.2-3.2.2, 3.2.4-3.2.5, 3.3-3.4.3, 3.5-3.5.3, 3.6-3.10) © Vivek Kumar, 2019 Dr Joita Dhar Rakshit, Unit: (4.2-4.4) © Dr Joita Dhar Rakshit, 2019 Pramindha Banerjee, Unit: (5.3, 5.4.3) © Pramindha Banerjee, 2019 Vikas Publishing House, Units: (4.0-4.1, 4.5-4.9, 5.0-5.2, 5.4-5.4.2, 5.5-5.9) © Reserved, 2019 All rights reserved. No part of this publication which is material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form or by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the Publisher. Information contained in this book has been published by VIKAS® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. and has been obtained by its Authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the Publisher and its Authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of this information and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use. Vikas® is the registered trademark of Vikas® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. VIKAS® PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT LTD E-28, Sector-8, Noida - 201301 (UP) Phone: 0120-4078900 Fax: 0120-4078999 Regd. Office: A-27, 2nd Floor, Mohan Co-operative Industrial Estate, New Delhi 1100 44 Website: www.vikaspublishing.com Email: [email protected] SYLLABI-BOOK MAPPING TABLE English Compulsory – II Syllabi Mapping in Book Unit – A: Explanations from Starred Text Unit 1: Explanations From Starred Text (Pages 3-14) Unit – B: Poetry Unit 2: Poetry Philip Sidney - The Nightingale (Pages 15-78) George Herbert - The Pulley *John Milton - On this Blindness *William Blake - And Did Those Feet *William Wordsworth - London, 1802 Robert Browning - Porphyria’s Lover *Thomas Hardy - The Darkling Thrush *WH Auden - The Unknown Citizen Unit – C: Fiction Unit 3: Fiction Charles Dickens - Great Expectations (Pages 79-120) Unit – D: Essay Writing Unit 4: Essay Writing (Pages 121-148) Unit – E: Grammar and Usage Unit 5: Grammar and Usage Phrases and Idioms, Antonyms and Synonyms, Interchange of (Pages 149-175) Parts of Speech, Diminutives, Substition of a Group of Words by a Single Word CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 UNIT 1 EXPLANATIONS FROM STARRED TEXT 3-14 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Milton, Blake and Wordworth 1.2.1 John Milton: On His Blindness 1.2.2 William Blake: And Did Those Feet in Ancient Time 1.2.3 William Wordsworth: London, 1802 1.3 Hardy and Auden 1.3.1 Thomas Hardy: The Darkling Thrush 1.3.2 W.H. Auden: The Unknown Citizen 1.4 Summary 1.5 Key Terms 1.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 1.7 Questions and Exercises 1.8 Further Reading UNIT 2 POETRY 15-78 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Unit Objectives 2.2 Philip Sidney: An Introduction 2.2.1 The Nightingale: Text and Explanation 2.3 Metaphysical Poetry and George Herbert 2.3.1 Characteristics 2.3.2 Conceit and Metaphysical Conceit 2.3.3 George Herbert 2.3.4 The Pulley: Text and Explanation 2.4 John Milton: An Introduction 2.4.1 Milton and the Puritan Age 2.4.2 Literature in the Early Seventeenth Century 2.4.3 On His Blindness: Text and Explanation 2.5 William Blake: An Introduction 2.5.1 And Did Those Feet in Ancient Time: Text and Explanation 2.6 William Wordsworth: An Introduction 2.6.1 Literary Background 2.6.2 Life and Works of Wordsworth 2.6.3 London, 1802: Text and Explanation 2.7 Robert Browning: An Introduction 2.7.1 Porphyria’s Lover: Text and Explanation 2.8 Thomas Hardy: An Introduction 2.8.1 The Darkling Thrush: Text and Explanation 2.9 W. H. Auden and the Modern Age 2.9.1 W. H. Auden Life and Works 2.9.2 The Unknown Citizen: Text and Explanation 2.10 Summary 2.11 Key Terms 2.12 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 2.13 Questions and Exercises 2.14 Further Reading UNIT 3 FICTION 79-120 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Unit Objectives 3.2 Charles Dickens and the Victorian Age 3.2.1 Rise of the Novel 3.2.2 Different Ages of the Novel 3.2.3 Literature in the Victorian Age 3.2.4 Background on Charles Dickens 3.2.5 Dickens’ Style of Writing 3.3 Great Expectations’ Plot and Overview 3.3.1 Great Expectations: An Overview 3.3.2 Plot Summary 3.4 Character Analysis 3.4.1 Pip, the Narrator of Dickens’ Great Expectations 3.4.2 Estella; 3.4.3 Miss Havisham 3.5 Major Themes in Great Expectations 3.5.1 Class Structure in Great Expectations 3.5.2 Ambition and Self Improvement 3.5.3 Crime, Guilt and Innocence 3.6 Summary 3.7 Key Terms 3.8 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 3.9 Questions and Exercises 3.10 Further Reading UNIT 4 ESSAY WRITING 121-148 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Unit Objectives 4.2 Effective Writing Skills 4.2.1 Characteristics of a Good Essay 4.2.2 Essay and its Types 4.3 Parts of an Essay 4.4 Selected Essays 4.5 Summary 4.6 Key Terms 4.7 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 4.8 Questions and Exercises 4.9 Further Reading UNIT 5 GRAMMAR AND USAGE 149-175 5.0 Introduction 5.1 Unit Objectives 5.2 Phrases and Idioms 5.3 Synonyms and Antonyms 5.3.1 Synonyms; 5.3.2 Antonyms 5.4 Modification of Words 5.4.1 Interchange of Parts of Speech 5.4.2 Diminutives 5.4.3 Substitution of a Group of Words by a Single Word 5.5 Summary 5.6 Key Terms 5.7 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 5.8 Questions and Exercises 5.9 Further Reading Introduction INTRODUCTION The subject of English Compulsory deals with two interrelated but different areas of NOTES study: Language and literature. Literature can be described as a learning tool to develop an understanding of people, culture and tradition. It guides us to a new world of experience and helps us evolve ourselves through its literary journey. Significance in literature can be determined by looking at what the author says and how he/she says it. Literature is essential to us as it speaks in its various forms such as poetry, drama, prose and fiction. Poetry, for instance refers to that form of literature which intends to utilize imagery, symbols, rhythm and limited words to express ideas. While fiction is any narrative that deals with events that are not factual, but rather imaginary, it is often applied to the theatrical, cinematic and musical work. Language is the heart of communication since it is the medium through which the ideas and feelings are shared with other people. A solid grip over the grammar of the language allows the person using the language not only communicate more freely but also makes the communication more interesting. This book, English Compulsory-II, is written in a self-instructional format and is divided into five units. Each unit begins with an ‘Introduction’ to the topic followed by an outline of the ‘Unit Objectives’. The content is then presented in a simple and easy-to understand manner, and is interspersed with ‘Check Your Progress’ questions to test the reader’s understanding of the topic. A list of ‘Questions and Exercises’ is also provided at the end of each unit, and includes short-answer as well as long-answer questions. The ‘Summary’ and ‘Key Terms’ section are useful tools for students and are meant for effective recapitulation of the text. Self-Instructional Material 1 Explanations From UNIT 1 EXPLANATIONS FROM Starred Text STARRED TEXT NOTES Structure 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Milton, Blake and Wordworth 1.2.1 John Milton: On His Blindness 1.2.2 William Blake: And Did Those Feet in Ancient Time 1.2.3 William Wordsworth: London, 1802 1.3 Hardy and Auden 1.3.1 Thomas Hardy: The Darkling Thrush 1.3.2 W.H. Auden: The Unknown Citizen 1.4 Summary 1.5 Key Terms 1.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 1.7 Questions and Exercises 1.8 Further Reading 1.0 INTRODUCTION In this unit, the important lines from the poems of Blake, Milton, Wordsworth, Hardy and Auden have been explained in detail. First, just after the text of the poems, a small paragraph explains the jist of the poem in terms of its genre, style and themes.
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