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Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa Programme de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose en Afriq'ue de l'Ou€st
JOTNT TROGRAMME COMMITTET COMITE CONJOINT DU PBOGRAMME Officc of tlte Chairman JPC .CCP Bureru du Pr6sident
JOINT PROGRAMME COMMITTEE JPC11.3 Eleventh session (ocP December /EAc/go.t) 3- 6 1g!O ORIGINAL: ENGLISH a September 1!!0 Provisional agend a item /
ONCHOCERCIASIS COI{TROL PROGRAI{ME IN WEST AFRICA EXPERT ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Report of the eleventh sessj-on ouagadougou@
CoNTEtITS
Page List of Participants ... 2 Executive Summary A. Opening of the session 5 B. Adoption 9 of the agenda 10 C. Fo1low-up EAC.10 of recommendations 10 D. Matters arising from the tenth session of the E. Administrative JpC .. 11 and financial briefing 11 F. Report of the eleventh session of the Ecotogical Group G. Review ..... 13 of vector control operati.ons 75 H. Review of epidemiological evaluation activities and surveillance I. Di.sease control with ivermectin 16 J. Devolution 77 K. Revj.ew 1B of the Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy project 20 L. Review of draft plan of Operations for the fourth Financial phase (L992-t997) .... 27 22 N. External review of OCp 0. Other matters 25 25 i. Date and place of EAC .72 .. O. Adoption of the report 26 R. Closure 26 of the session 26
Annex I: Report of the eleventh session of the Ecological Group '27 Annex II: Format for discussions on devolution 6z JPC11 .3 (0CP/EAC/90.1) paSe 2
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
Members:
Dr Y. Aboagye-Atta, Resident Medical Officer, Department of Health and Nuclear Medicine, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.0. Box 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
Dr A.D.M. Bryceson, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 4 St Pancras Way, London NW1 OPE, United Kingdom a Professor J.S. Diallo, Soci6t6 Panafricaine d'Ophta1mologie, B.P. 6191, Dakar Senegal
Professor H.J. Diesfeld, Director, Institut fUr Tropenhygiene und dffentlisches Gesundheits Wesen, Universit[t Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld ]24, D 6900 Heidelberg , Federal Republic of Germany Professor T.A. Freyvogel, Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Bas1e, Switzerland
Dr N.G. Gratz, Chemin du Ruisseau, 4, L29t Commugny, Vaud, Switzerland Professor D.H. Molyneux, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, United Kingdom Professor A.S. Mu1ler, Director, Department of Tropical Hygiene, Royal Tropical Institute, 63 Mauritskade, 1092 AD Amsterdam, The Netherlands (Chairman)
Dr J.L. Stockard, 1/ Angel Wing Drive, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina 29926, United States of America
Representative of the Ecological Group:
Dr H.H. de Iongh, Technical Advisory Directorate, Ministry of Development Cooperation, P.0. Box 20061, 25OO EB The Hague, The Netherlands World Health Organization:
Dr E.M. Samba, Director, Onchocerciasis Control Programme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso Dr S. Accorsi, Epidemiological Evaluation Unit, Onchocerciasis Control Programme, Ouagadougou
Dr 0. Ba, Epidemiological Evaluation Unit, Onchocerciasis Control Programme, 0uagadougou
Dr D.A.T. Baldry, OCP Liaison 0ffice, Onchocercj-asis Control Programme, WHO/HQ, Geneva, Switzerland
Dr Y. Bissan, Vector Control Unit, Onchocerciasis Control Programme, Banako, Mali
Mr D. Boakye, Consultant, 0nchocerciasis Control Programme, Bamako Dr D.A. Carvalho, Coordinator, Directorrs 0ffice, Onchocerciasis Control Programme, Ouagadougou JPC11.3 (ocP/EAC/90. I ) page 3
Dr 0.!.J, Christensen, Consultant, Onchocerciasis Control Programme, Geneva
Dr H. Creusveaux, Consultant, Onchocerciasis Control Programme, Ouagadougou
Dr Y. Dadzie, Epidemiological Evaluation Unit, Onchocerciasis Control Programme, Ouagadougou
F Dr P. de Raadt, Associate Director, Control- of Tropical Diseases Division, Geneva
Dr De So1e, Epidemiological Evaluation ) G. Chief, Unit, Onchocerciasis Control Progrnmme, Ouagadougou
Dr C.D. Ginger, Manager, Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Project, Onchocerciasis Control Programroe, Geneva
Dr T. Godal, Director, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva
Dr P. Gui1let, Vector Control Unit, Onchocerciasis Control Progrannme, Bamako
Dr G. Imboua-Bogui, WHO Sub-Regional Office for Africa (WHO/AFRO), Banako Mr G. Koulischer, Chief. Administration and Management, Onchocerciasis Control Prograrnme, Ouagadougou
Dr D. Qui116v6r6, Chief, Vector Control Unit, Onchocerciasis Control Progrqmme, 0uagadougou
Dr C.P. Ranachandran, Secretary, Steering Committee on Filariasis, Special programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva
Miss M.L. Ravelonanosy, Programme Officer, Directorrs Office, Qnchocerciasis Control Programme, Ouagadougou
Dr J.H.F. Remme, Chief, Biostatistics and Information Systems Unit, Onchocerciasis Control Programme, 0uagadougou
Dr A. S6k6t61i, Vector Control Unit, Onchocerciasis Control Programme, Bamako Mr J.E. Senghor, Information Officer, Onchocerciasis Control programme, 0uagadougou
Mr E.A. Soumbey, Biostatistlcs and Information Systems Unit, 0nchocerciasis Control Programme, Ouagadougou
Dr J.F. Walsh, Vector Control Unit, Onchocerciasis Control Progranme, Kara, Togo
Mr L. Yan6ogo, Vector Control Unit, Onchocerciasis Control programme, 0uagadougou
Mr D.G. Zerbo, Vector Control Unit, Onchocerciasis Control programme, 0uagadougou
Mr J.B. Zongo, Socioecononic Development Unit, Onchocerclasis Control Programme, 0uagadougou JPC11 .3 ( 0CP/EAC/90. 1 ) page 4
Connittee of $pqqilo:ing Agencies
Mr B. Benton, Onchocerciasis Coordinator, Population and Human Resources Division, Sahelian Department, World Bank, 1818 H. Street N.W., Washinston D.C. 20433, USA
Dr B.H . Liese, Director, Health Services Department, Wor'ld Bank, 1B1B H. Street N.W ., Washington, D.C. 20433, USA 4
External Review Tean ( Professor Gerald Webbe, Sub-Dean, Department of Medical Parasitology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, St Albans, United Kingdom, (Tean Leader)
Dr John Wilson, Consultant in Anthropology and Public Health, the World Bank Washj-ngton, D.C., USA, (Executive Secretary)
Mr Lawrence A. Dash, Retired Former Economist with USAID, Nesquehoning, USA Dr Paul Lechuga, Directeur du Centre d'Epidemiologie, de Statistiques et d'Information, OCCGE, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
Dr Steven Smits, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Dr George Tsalikis, Associate Professor of Pub1ic Administration, Specializing in Health Administration, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada JPC11.3 (0cP/EAc/90. 1 ) page 5
EXECU"TIVE SUMMARY
1. The eleventh session of the Expert Advisory Committee (EAC) was held in Ouagadougou at the headquarters of the onchocercj.asis contror programme in !'lest Africa (OCP) from 11 to 15 June 1990. Informal briefing sessions were held during the previous weekend.
2- The Comnittee noted that operations had proceeded reasonably smoothly over the last year without any najor problems of vector reinvasion and/or larvicide resistance. However, there had been increased concern about rising progrrmme costs, due mainly to the reduced purchasing power of the uS doIlar, to the necessity to purchase a more expensive replacement larvicide and to rising personnel costs.
3. With regard to discussions on matters arising from the 1989 (tenth) sess1on of the Joint Progrnmme committee (Jpc), the EAc was informed that its 19g9 recommendation to sustain vector control operations in parts of the Extension areas for 14 years had been noted by the Jpc. The Jpc had recognized the importance of intensifying the search for a macrofilaricide and the development of an efficient diagnostic test for onchocerciasis.
4. During an administrative and financial briefing the Committee was inforned that durinc t989 the funding shortfall for the third Financial phase had been reduced from US $p million to uS $4.! million. Savings through strict operational and administrative management practices had also been achieved. Although it was becoming increasingly difficult to make poricy further savings, a of strict economization would remain in force during 1990 ane 1991. This was especially important for 1!!1 since the least costly option for operations, and the one accepted by the EAC, hras expected to us $5.8 million more than the emount projected in the approved Modified"o"t plan of Operations for the third Financial Phase. Rccorii.ngty, the Onchocerciasis Fund contingency reserve' currently projected at US $fO miffion through the remainder of the phase, would have to be drawn down proportionately to a low 1eve1, unless further supplemental contributions could be obtained. l' After reviewing the report of the eleventh session (Annex of the Ecological Group I) ttre EAC expressed its satisfaction with the Group's findings and endorsed its reconmendations on aquatic monitoring and applied research programmes to be conducted by the hydrobiology teams of the programme and of the Participating Countries.
6' fne Committee was informed of the further progress made by the Vector Control Unit (VCU) in expanding its operati.ons in the Exiension areas while reducing them parts programme in of the original area. Although there had been a sigrrificant increase in the geographical coverage of vector control and despite increased rainfal1, there had been significant reductions in the quantities of insecticides used and in the numbers or rti.gt t hours required for spraying operations. The Committee took special note that, by the strict rotation of larvicides' resj-stance problems had been minimal and-that by breeding treating savanna sites in Sierra Leone, reinvasion had been amested in eastern Guinea, southern Ma1i, C6te d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso. The 7' Committee was also reassured to learn that the entry into a new aerial contract had proceeded without major problems and that new larvicide release systems were functioning to the satisfactlon of Programme staff. As remained programme larviciding the cornerstone of operations, the committee urged the Programme to actively search for new compounds and to stimulate the pesticide industry to submit candidates for evaluation. JPC11.3 (0cP/EAc/90.1) page 5
B. tn reviewing epideniological evaluation and surveillance activities the Committee was informed that epidemiological mapping which was essential for the planning of control strategies, including the identification of communities for ivermectj-n treatment, had now almost been completed. 9. The important role of epidemiological findings for decision-making regarding the cessation of larviciding was stressed, as was the contribution of the epidemiological mode1. The importance of the model in predicting the long-term effect of larviciding and of ivermectin distribution was underlined as was its predictive value concerning the occurrence and control of recrudescence. The Committee reviewed the criteria for cessation of larviciding and stressed the need for intensified research in the field of early diagnosis of onchocerciasis, in collaboration with the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) and other institutions. The contribution of the Epidemiological Evaluation Unit to the preparation for, and implementation of, the devolution process was recognized.
10. With regard to the communit), distribution of ivermectin by national teams under OCP supervision, the Committee noted that over 116 000 people were treated in 1989 with a coverage of the order of 60l. Further confirnation had been obtained that ivermectin was safe for large-scale distribution but that it did not lower the parasite load in the skin sufficiently to prevent the uptake of microfilaria by the vector, Ivermectin did not therefore prevent or block transmission of the parasite. The Committee was very encouraged by studies on treated individuals in the savElnna which had shown that annual treatments caused the regression of some eye lesions and the arrest of others. 11. It was agreed that ivermectin should be distributed for six years in the Extension areas where community nicrofilarial loads were above 10, to prevent incidence and deterioration of eye disease, wherever it accompanied vector control. After that period larviciding would have reduced the parasite reservoir to a leve1 at which the risk of ocular disease would no longer be significant. During this period the Progrnmme would continue to be the provider of ivermectin on behalf of the Participating Countries.
12. The consideration by the Committee of devolution activities followed a structured format which would apply also to future EAC discussions on this issue and thereby facilitate monitoring of progress nade in devolution. EAC underlined the inportance of OCP and the World Health Organization Regionat Office for Africa (WHO/AFRO) supporting Participating Countries in collecting and analyzing information relevant to their devolution process and encouraged national authorities to take into account such issues as community ahrareness of the disease and j,ts control and relevant behavioural aspects.
13. The Conmittee reconfirned the need to incorporate oncho surveillance and control within the overall public heatth activities of the countries concerned and emphasized the role of the Comnittee of Sponsoring Agencies (CSA) and WHO/AFRO in facilitating the Participating Countries' contact with Donors for support of the implementation of their devolution plans. It welcomed WHo/AFRo's increasing involvement in the devolution process and encouraged OCP to continue supporting Participating Countries in preparing their devolution plans. JPC11.3 (0cP/EAc/90. 1 ) page 7
14. ttre importance of training in devolution activities was underlined and OCP was encouraged to continue its efforts in this respect. It was also recommended that the Programme should help to increase intercountry communications to allow for timely exchanges of experience in implementing devolution. A clear definition of recrrrdescence was also considered essential and the urgent need for a simple, sensitive and specific diagnostic test was stressed. The Committee expected a report on the progress made by the Progranme in amiving at an operational definition of recrudescence be presented next session. t to at its 11. The research and development progrrmme of the Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Project (OCT) was discussed by the Conmittee. Ciba-Geigy had shown in clinical trials in Latin America that the conpound CGP 6140 would achieve 70-75/ macrofilaricidal activity in onchocerciasis patients, using a 5-dose regimen given over three days, but the therapeutic ratio was poor and the delivery schedule was inappropriate for field use. Thus OCT continues, in collaboration with Ciba-Geigy, in the preclinical development of a potentially superror analogue, CGI 18041, and volunteer clinical trials should begin during 1991. Unfortunately, no other clinical candidates had been identified, but recognizing the operational advantages for onchocerciasis control of a safe and effective macrofilaricide, the Conmittee recomnended that OCT continue its research and development programme and fuI1y endorsed a proposal made by the Directors of OCP and TDR for a combined chemotherapy project. 15. The Committee discussed a draft of the PIan of operations for the fourth Financial Phase (1992-7997) which after incorporation of sug8estions by EAC members would be considered by CSA before presentation to the Donors' Meeting in October 1990. The final version would be considered for approval by JPC in 1991. The draft PIan of Operations presented five strategy options acconpanied by their budgetary implications. After reviewlng those options the Committee realized that in view of the costs involved, and the prospects for donor funding for the fourth Financial Phase, the least expensive option, number ! was the only realistic one to pursue. The Committee recommended that the Progrnmme Director work out the negative consequences of curtailing operations below the level of option 5, such as further reductions of staff, the use of cheaper insecticides and the reduction of flight hours. 1/. Discussj.ons took place between members of the Committee and of the External Review Team. Special attention was given to various aspects of devolution and to strategy options for the Progremme and for the post-OCP phase.
18. The Committee revj.ewed research requirements and recommended that the highest priority be given to the search for new larvicides and improved formulations of existing compounds, to the search for a macrofj,laricide, and, to the development of a sensitive and specific diagnostic test for the early diagnosis of infection. A fu11 list of recommendations for research, together with priority ratings is presented in Section M of the report.
L9. The Committee made the following main recommendations (a) ttrat the Programme objective be redefined as "to eliminate onchocerciasis as a disease of public hearth importance and as an obstacle to socioeconomic development throughout the Programme area and to ensure that the Partlcipating countries are in a position to maj.ntain this achievement" I (b) concerning the Plan of Operations for the fourth Flnancial Phase, that Programme staff expose the negative consequences of any further budgetary declines upon the Programme's object.ives; JPCl1.3 ( 0CP/EAC/90. 1 ) page B
(c) Programme findings should be documented (publications, manuals, etc) in such a way that the Participating Countries will have the maximum technical documentation at their disposal during the devolution process;
(d) improvements in intercountry communications to facilitate the coordination and monitoring of national devotution activities by the Participating Countries ; ,' (e) where there was no conflict of interest, representatives of pharmaceutical conpanies should be encouraged to participate in OCT Scientific Working Group and Steering Committee meetings; JPC11.3 ( ocP/EAcl9O. 1 ) page 9
A. OPENING OF T}IE SESSION
20. The eleventh session of the Expert Advisory Committee (EAC) was held in the headquarters of the onchocerci.asis Control Programme in West Africa (OCp) in Ouagadougou from 11 to 15 June 1990.
21. In his opening remarks the Programme Dj-rector gave a warm welcome to EAC Members, with special mention to Professor J.S. Oiiffo who had recently been appointed as a member of the EAC, to Dr H.H. de Iongh who was "epre"".,ting the Ecological Group and to Dr G. Imboua-Bogui who was representing the 9JHO Regional Office for Africa. He also welcomed Professor Gerald liebbe, Team Leader of the oCP External Review and some of his colleagues, pointing out that the progranme t was fortunate that members of the External Review Team were avaiLable in the Programme area to observe the deliberations of the EAC and to meet EAC members. Close collaboration between the External Review Team and the EAC h,as an important contributory factor in the effective implementation of the Tenm's Terms of Reference.
22. The Programme Director went on to explain that during the past year the Progrcmme had not been confronted with major problems of vector reinvasion and larvicide resistance and that, therefore, operations had proceeded reasonably smoothly. However, there had been serious concern about rising progranne costs which were attributable mainly to the US do11ar/CFA Franc exchange rate (at CFA Francs 282-285 for uS dollar 1.0 in June 1!!0, compared to cFA r.ranc 33g'when the 1990 budget had been formulated in 1989), to increasing (now rising staff costs at a rate of about 1l per cent p.a.), and to the ne-essity to purchase a more expensive larvicide to replace chlorphoxim which was no longer available to the Progranme. Accordingly, the Programme Director factors urged the EAC to take these i'nto account when appraising different operational scenarios for the coming years. He further stressed the increasini difficulties experienced in securing appropriate funding, which had to be borne in mind when strateg:y considering options for the fourth Financiar phase (1992-1997). Donors had been extremely generous and continued to be fulry of the progranme. Nevertheless, "rrpporlirr. current Levels of contributions ,olra be difficurt t; maintain, so that very tight budgeting would be required for the fourth Financial phase. 2J' In his introductory statement, the EAC Chairman expressed his gratitude the Progranme to Director for the excellent technical briefing sessions which had been provided to EAC members two days previously. grateful EAC members were also to Programme staff for the provision of written briefing notes which had been distributed prior to the session and which had greatly verbal briefings. facilitated the
24' The EAC chairman welcomed the Leader and other members of the External Review Tean, reiterating the Programme Director's views on the importance of cl-ose collaboration between the Eec ana the External important Review Team at this time when plans were being formulated for operations during fourth Financial Phase. the Finalty, he thanked two EAC nembers for the reports they had submitted on field visirs ro rhe progrqmme area in 1989 anJ-ftto-(";"-;1so paras 111 and tJ2 for further details). JPC11 .3 ( 0cP/EAc/90. 1 ) pa8e 10
B. ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA
25. The following agenda hras adopted by the Committee:
A Opening of the session B Adoption of the agenda c Fol1ow-up of EAC.10 recommendations D Matters arising from the tenth session of the JPC E Administrative and financial briefing F Report of the eleventh session of the Ecological Group G Review of vector control operations H Review of epidemiological evaluation and surveillance activities I Disease control with ivermectin J Devolution K Review of the Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Project L Review of draft Plan of Operations for the fourth Financial Phase (1992-1997) M Research priorities N External Review of OCP 0 Other matters P Date and place of EAC.12 o Adoption of the report R Closure of the session
C. FOLLOW-UP OF EAC.10 RECOMMENDATIONS
26. The Programme Director explained that some of the topics which had formed the basis of EAC.10 recommendations would be discussed under specific agenda items of the current EAC session. Ttris applied particularly to chemotherapy, devolution and proposals for the Plan of Operations for the fourth Financial Phase. It was also recalled that reviews of fol1ow-up action on EAC.IO recommendations were either contalned in the working documents for EAC.11 or had been presented verbally and graphically during the briefing sessions.
27. In response to specific questions, the Progremme Director informed the EAC that:
(i) the assistance of WHO/TDR had been sought on how to proceed with sociological/anthropological studies on community awareness of onchocerciasis and the return of blackflies, (ii) action had been taken to procure more sophisticated equipment for the documentation of ocular lesions,
(iii) a glossary of terms in common use within the Programme was under preparation and would soon be availabte in English and French, (iv) there had been a significant increase in the output of scientific publications by Programme staff, and some of their collaborators. 't.c l..ic(.1 JPC11.3 (0cP/EAc/90. 1 ) page 11
28. the Committee expressed its satisfaction with the progress made in implementing the recommendations made during its previous session. Two areas which the Committee considered should receive increased attention were onchocerciasis control-related research and documentation. With regard to the first of these topics, the Committee advised the Progranme to explore the possibilities of stimulating loca1 institutions and funding agencies to conduct onchocerciasis control-related research. Ttre views of the JPC in this respect could also be obtained. Concerning the second topic, the Committee stressed the importance of making additional technical documentatj.on available to Participating Countries to facilitate the implementation of the devolution process.
D. MATTERS ARISING FROM THE TENTH SESSION OF THE JPC
2p. The Committee was informed by its Chairman of the views expressed by JPC.10 on a number of topics which were of continuing concern to the EAC. lO. The EAC.10 recommendation to sustain aerial larviciding operations for fourteen years in some extension areas had been noted by the JPC without objection and this had been recorded in the final communiqu6. 11. The JPC had recognized the importance of developing a macrofilaricide, whether before or after the Progranme had come to an end and acknowledged the need to give careful consideration to the funding of chemotherapy research beyond the end of the third Financial Phase. Likewise, the JPC had accepted the great importance for devolution of developing an efficient test for the early diagnosis of onchocerciasj_s.
12. The JPC acknowredged the important role to be played by !iHO/AFRO in devolution and looked forward to the report which WHO/AFRO had agreed to present on its participation in devolution, to the next session of the Jpc.
33. The Terms of Reference of the External Review had been approved by the JPC. They were intended to be rather more forward than backward looking and would place emphasis on devolution, socioeconomic development and management. It was very significant for the Progpmme that the External Review would be conducted during the middle of 1!!0 at the time when plans were being formulated for the fourth Financial Phase.
34. On the inportant topic of funding, it had been announced at JPC.1O that during 1989 tne shortfall for the third Finacial Phase had been reduced fron US dollars ! million to US dollars 4.5 million. This had been achieved through increased contributions from current Donors and the recruitment of three new Donors into the Progrsmme.
E. ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINANCIAL BRIEFING Savings
35. The Committee was informed about the adverse effects on the budget of the steady decline in the value of the uS dollar over the past year and of appreciable increases in Programme costs. However, as a result of strict economy measures there had been significant savings which had gone a long way towards covering the us $4.5 million funding gap which existed in December rg8g. JPC11.3 (oCP/EAC/90. 1 ) page 12
36. With regard to Programme operations, the most important savings had been made through: - reduction of flight hours by the optimization of aerial spraying circuits, - reduction of prospection flights and optimization of larvicide treatments, - reduction of the consumption of larvicides and fuel as a result of searchi.ng for better prices, better organization of depots and optimization of larviciding operations, - reorganization of the staff of the entomological evaluation netrlrork in the core area. I 37. At the administrative leve1 savings had been made through: - further staff reductions, - better purchasing arrangements for supplies, - the careful control of vehicle nunbers, increased dieselization and the optimization of the garage/workshop network. 38. The EAC congratulated the Progranme on the success of its economization policy which had been rigidly adhered to without compromizing the quality of its operations. Consequently the Programme had been able to close the financial gap which was due to conditions beyond the Programme's control. The EAC stressed that additional savings would not have been possibte without loss of quality of operations or of abandoning the objective of the Programme.
Seminars
It. The Committee was informed that two management seminars had recently been held in OCP/HQ, Ouagadougou. 40. to deal systematically with administrative questions specific to the Western Extension countries, a seminar was held in February 1!!0 for the five Western Extension national coordinators, as well as for their deputies and administrative assistants. The main subjects considered were:
- Iegal framework and functioning of the national teams, - transport and communications, - finance, - personnel, - supplies, services and buildings.
41. FinaIIy general notions of "Management" were presented. The seminar made a series of recommendations on each of the above fields with a view to improving coordination and rationalization.
42. Following a tradition established in 1987 during the OCP financial crisis, an annual management seminar for the initial Progrnmme area lras organized in April 1!t0, with the participation of all the professional staff, including the chiefs of sectors, ope!'ational zones and aerobases. The execution of the 1990 budget, the preparation for the fourth Financial Phase, and devolution were discussed. "Management" also occupied an important place and saw an active participation by all present (the report on the seminar had been distributed to EAC members). JPC11.3 (0cP/EAc/90. 1 ) page 13
43. fne Committee agreed that these seminars fulfilled important functions for staff of the OCP and of the Participating Countries and had significant beneficial influences on the Programme as a whoIe.
1990 budset
44. fne Conmittee was reminded of the changes which had occurred in the US dollar/CFA Franc exchange rate betlieen the time that the 1990 budget was formulated and when it was actually implemented. With about 55 per cent of Programme purchases being made in CFA Francs the consequence to the Programme was a purchasing-power loss of about US $2.! million during 1990. Economies were continuing to be made but in some Programme components it was unlikely that further savings would be made. For example, it was extremely unlikely that further staff cuts could be made. Nevertheless, the Programme would nake every effort to remain within the 1990 approved budget.
Plan of Action and Budset for 1991
45. fne Comnittee hras requested to review the technical and financial implications of proposed operations for 1pt1 based on four vector control options. Each of the four options implied a level of budgeting higher than previous projections for 1pt1 and the main factors responsibre for such increases were:
- the US dol1ar/CFA Franc exchange rate, running at L.O ; ZB5 in June 1pp0, - personnel - even though the staffing situation would remain stable, personnel costs would increase by US $1.J mil1ion, - the need to purchase larger quantities of insecticides to build up stocks depleted during 1!B!, - the plans to purchase a replacetrent insecticide (pyraclofos) at a much higher price than the compound being replaced (chlorphoxim). 46. Rfter being presented with the four options and the corresponding total expected Programme budgets ranging from US $35.7 (option 1) to US $40.0 million (option 4), the Committee agreed that in view of the financial situation the Progrnmme should proceed with option 1. This option made provision for control operations, as required, in the original progremme area, in the Southern Extension area and in the most southerly part of the Western Extension area. Ivermectin would be distributed in all areas where epidemiological criteria dictated its use whether they were under vector control or not. 47. I representative of the world Bank recatled that, according to the Modified Plan of 0perations for the third Financial Phase (1986-1991), which had been the basis for requesting funding from the Donors, the projected budget for 1p!1 was US $29.! mil1ion, i.e. US $5.8 million less than the estinated budget required for option 1. To make up the gap, the 0nchocerci-asis Fund contingency reserve of US $10.0 million would have to be drawn down proportionately, putting the reserve at a precariously low leve1.
F. REPORT OF THE ELEVENTH SESSION OF THE ECOLOGICAL GROIJP
48. ttre Report of the eleventh session of the Ecological Group, attached hereto as Annex I, was summarized by a member of the Ecological Group in the absence of the Group's Chairman who was unable to attend EAC.11. JPC11. 3 (ocP/EAc/90.1) page 14
49. ttre Committee was informed that the Ecological Group had been obliged to express its concern at the increased utilization during 1989 of the nore toxic larvicides permethrin and carbosulfan. Even though the Ecological Group had cleared pyraclofos for operational use the Progranme had been urged to intensify its efforts to obtain improved formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 (8.t. H-14) and to stimulate the pesticide i.raust"y to suUmit neu, corpounds for evaluation. In this connection, it was reported that a number of new compounds (including the synthetic pyrethroid bioresmethrin and the organophosphate phoxim) were currently being studied. Additional investigations on pyraclofos were also underway.
!0. Although increased impact of permethrin on aquatic invertebrates, as a resurt of more extensive use of this compound, was observed, no impact of larviciding operations on fish had been detected. Representatives of the National Hydrobiology Teams had met with nembers of the Ecological Group and had made a number of suggestions for improving the aquatic monitoring progranmes and for introducing new lines of research. Appreciating the valuable work being done by the National Hydrobiology Teams the Ecological Group had recommended that they receive the Programme's fullest support.
11. The Ecological Group had been impressed by the development of new analytical systems for the interpretation of aquatic monitoring data and for predicting the evolution of aquatic comnunities exposed to larvicides. The application of these new types of analysis would be very useful for interpreting a large emount of drift data and for studying the refugia of a wide variety of non-target organisms. These and many other anaryses were being facilitated by the expansion of the Programme's environmental- database. However, more work needed to be done on the database and the Programme had therefore been advised to seek the assistance of an external consultant.
52. with regard to the western Extensi.on area, the Ecological Group had considered that, while it was necessary to continue the monitoring of rivers in Sierra Leone, such activities were not necessary in the north-western part of the area where the fauna was similar to that encountered in the Original Programme area.
53. The Ecological Group had noted that appropriate folIow-up action had been taken on eighteen of the twenty-one recommendations made during its tenth session. However, it was considered that further attention needed to be given to studies on refugia, to the training of hydrobiologists in Sierra Leone, to the publication of monitoring data and to the provision of additional support to National Teams to enable them to broaden their environmental outlook and activities and to equip them for addressing a greater variety of environmental issues during the posI-OCP period. Finally, the Ecological Group had approved the hydrobiological work programme for l99O/7991,
54. fne EAC expressed its satisfaction with the report of the eleventh session of the Ecological Group and complimented the hydrobiology teams of the Progremme and of the Participating Countries for their industry and dedication in implementing the directives of the Ecological Group. hlhile aknowledging that broad environmental issues, especially with regard to agricultural pesticides and to resettlement, were outside the mandate of the Programme, the EAC noted with appreciation that efforts were being made to introduce national hydrobiologists to a wider variety of environmental monitoring subjects and techniques. JPC11.3 ( ocP/EAc/90. 1 ) page 15
!!. After discussing some of the more detailed aspects of aquatic monitoring the EAC expressed the view that studies should be initiated on the occurrence and significance of insecticide resistance amongst aquatic non-target organisms, especially amongst invertebrates which were most exposed to the Programme's larviciding operations. The EAC also urged that information be collected on the impact of permethrin on non-target organisms outside the Programme area with a view to arriving at a better understanding of the impact of this compound when used in the Progrnmme area.
56. Before closing the discussion of this agenda item the EAC was informed that a Netherlands-sponsored environmental mi.ssion had visited the Programme area early in 1990 to examine various aspects of aquatic monitoring and to collect information on the possible secondary impacts of onchocerciasis control on the environment. The nission's draft report was currently under review by the Progrqmroe Director and his staff before being submitted to the Netherlands Governnent with reconmendations for fol1ow-up action.
G. REVIEW OF VECTOR CONIBOL OPERATIONS
57. Ttre EAC was informed that vector control operations had been initiated in areas of the liestern Extension (except for western Mali and Guinea-Bissau) and had been continued for the second year running in the Southern Extension area. However, at the same time it had been possible to discontinue larviciding throughout Burkina Faso and Niger. This progress h,as noted with satisfaction by the EAC.
58. ttre EAC also noted that at the same time that vector control operations had increased in the Western Extension area, the Vector Control Unit (VCU) had been abre to reduce both the number of flight hours and the quantities of insecticides used, as compared to the previous year. These reductions had been achieved even though there had been increased river discharge rates due to the unusually heavy rains of 1989.
59. The fact that there was no serious impedinent to the Programme's vector control operations due to insecticide resistance confirmed the correctness of the Programme's policy of rotational insecticide use. The EAC also noted with satisfaction that vector reinvasion of northern C6te d'Ivoire and southern Burkina Faso had continued to be arrested by larviciding in the upper River Sassandra basin in Guinea, whilst siniLar results had been obtained i.n eastern Guinea and southern Mali as a result of insecticide treatments to savanna vector breeding sites in northern Sierra Leone. It was accepted that infiltration of blackflies from Nigeria along the Programme's eastern border could not be prevented. Accordingly, it was expected that annual transmission potentials would remai-n above acceptable levels. 60. ttre EAC emphasized the great importance of the programme continuing its search for new larvicides, particularly compounds from group,s unlikely to have cross-resistance with those which were already in use. The EAC atso urged the Programme to intensify its contacts with the pesticide industry to stimulate the provision of candidate compounds for evaluation, and strongly supported the Programmers activities in insecticide testing and development.
61. While pleased with the efficacy of pyraclofos (the nehrest operational larvlcide), the EAC rdas concerned at its high cost and at the delay in its availability to the Programme in the required quantity. rn view of the cessation of chlorphoxim manufacture, the EAC would continue to follow with close attention the river trials proposed for phoxim and improved formulations of B.t. H-14. JPC11 .3 (0oP/EAC/90. 1 ) page 15
62. The EAC comnended the Progranme on the establishment of the entomological surveillance network throughout the Western Extension area and on the training activities which had been undertaken in support of that development. The EAC endorsed the need for continuing training of national entomological staff in vector identification methods compatible with the operational needs of the Progrqmme, particularly in view of the necessity to conduct entomological investigations during devolution.
53. fne EAC was pleased to note that the entry of the Programme into a new aerial contract had been achieved without major operational problems. However, it was noted that there was a recurrent problem with regard to pilot turnover. The aerodynnmic efficiency and correct functioning of the new larvicide application equipment (including computer print-outs of operational parameters of treatment circuits), together with the development and utilization of the computer progrFmme designed to reduce flight hours (optimization programme), should enhance savings in this area of Programme activities.
54. fne EAC noted that during the past year or so appreciable progress had been made in recording vector cytotaxonomic data in a computerized form and that this data, when correlated with information on insecticide resistance patterns, h)ou1d be an important tool in managing future vector control operations. Also on the subject of vector cytotaxonomy, the EAC drew attention to the need to formally publish, as soon as possible, descriptions of any new Simulium species identified in the Programme area.
55. EAC reconmendations for research on vectors and vector control-related subjects are contained in Section M of this report.
H. REVIEhI OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVALUATION AND SURVEILLANCE ACTIVITIES
55. Members of EAC congratulated the Progrsmme staff concerned with epidemiological evaluation and ivermectin distribution on the results obtained during the period under review. Ttre increased role of the Epidemiological Evaluation Unit in connection with devolution was recognized.
67. Epidemiological mapping had now been completed throughout most of the OCP area and its importance for decision-making concerning the selection of communities for ivermectin treatment was stressed, as was its significance for planning control strategies. 58. Attention was paid to the need for continued research in the field of early diagnosis, considering also the limited value of skin-snips in populations under i.vermectin treatment. Mention was made of the collaboration with TDR in this respect and of recent collaborative studies initiated at a meeting of grant-holders of the Comnission of the European Communities at the University of Heidelberg in November 1989 and foltowed by a TDR-sponsored meeting in Geneva early in 1990. (See also Section M). 69. ttre findings of epideniologicat evaluation (very low prevalence levels, absence of infection in children, etc) supported decision-making on cessation of larviciding j-n areas where successful vector control had been carried out for 14 years. JPC11.3 ( 0cP/EAc/90. 1 ) page 17
70. The epidemiological nodel had proved its usefulness in predicting the long- term effect of larviciding and of community-wide ivermectin distribution. The important and decisive role of the model in predicting the conditions under which recrudescence might occur and the effect of various regimes of ivermectin control of recrudescence was recognized. The model was now an operational tool under constant refinement and had already proved useful in identifying areas where imperfections of vector control were associated with slower than predicted faIl of community microfilarial load (CMFL) and prevalence of infection. 71. The EAC reviewed the criteria for cessation of larviciding which would need to be kept under continuing review. Currently larviciding will be discontinued after 14 years if the decline in CMFL and prevalence of skin microfilariae in indicator villages have been in accordance with model predictions. Furthermore, there should have been no significant incidence of infection (including no incidence in children born since the start of vector control) during the control period and the results of cross-sectional surveys in surrounding villages should be consistent with those for the indicator vi1lages. In case these criteria are not met, detailed investigations will be undertaken to determine the risk of recrudescence of infection and to estimate the required additional period of larviciding.
72. In respect to devolution, it was noted that the unit responsible for epideniological evaluation and surveillance had contributed substantially by surveys' preparation and updating of protocols, training and supervision of national teams.
/1. Finally, the EAC considered that the potential hazard of the skin-snips procedure, with regard to the transmission of viral infections, required that the technique be constantly monitored by Programme and national staff.
I. DISEASE CONTROL WITH IVERMECTIN
74. In 1989 over 116 000 people were treated with ivermectin by OCP. Coverage of a given population was of the order of 60l, which included 751 of infected individuals at the first dosage and 951 of infected individuals at the second annual treatment. The question of treating nore frequently than once a year lvas discussed but the present data did not suggest that there woufd be any greater advantage in terms of the control of eye disease. However the possibility that treatment at shorter intervals would contribute significantly to a sustained effect on transmission should be further investigated.
75. The safety of ivermectin was confirmed. A period of 16 hours monitoring ,by a teBm member would be maintained, as much for social as medical reasons. 76. Communities for treatment have so far been selected on the grounds of the risk of developing onchocercal blindness. Detailed mapping based on skin snipping had identified populations with a community microfilarial load (CMFL) of 10 mf/s or more. In the forest region of Sierra Leone communities with a CMFL in excess of 2J mf/s were considered to be at risk of developing onchocercal blindness. 77. In response to concerns expressed about the apparent limited effect of ivermectin in the Asubende study it was explained that the rapid repopulation of microfilariae in the treated population might have been due to a high worm load in an area which had only recently come under vector control. There was a suggestion that an enhanced effect was obtained after the second annual treatment round and a long-term follow-up was planned. JPCl1.3 (ocP /EAC/gO.L) page 18
78. Rltfrough a high-coverage community-wide treatment with ivernectin resulted in a considerable reduction in transmission (up to 602) this would not produce an adequate decline in the human reservoir of the parasite to al-low time-Iimited control. AIso, even if ivermectin distribution would be used in transnission control, the target population would be much greater than that identified for morbidity control, which considers only communities at risk of onchocercal blindness (CMFL equal to or greater than 10 mf/s).
79. Studies on treated individuals in the savanna have shown that annual treatment caused regression of iridocyclitis and sclerosing keratitis, and arrest of optic atrophy and choroidoretinitis. No data were available for those areas where less blinding forms of onchocerciasis were present.
BO. So far there had been no study of ivermectin distribution in a conmunity where recrudescence/reinfection had taken ptace, as no such focus had arisen. such a study was highry desirable, if possible, before devorution.
81. Ivermectin would be distributed for six years in the Extension areas wherever it accompanied vector control- operations, after which period larviciding would have reduced the parasite reservoir to a level at which the risk of ocular disease would no longer be significant. 82. ttre only failure of ivermectin so far was at the second treatment in Dienkoa, and it was attributed to problems of storage of tablets. In future a sample from each batch of tablets for treatment woul-d be retained and stored ideally for study in the event of another failure.
83. n successful meeting was hel-d in April 1990 with the non-governmental organizations (NGOs) involved in ivermectin distribution. It was intended to assemble the NGOs again and after joint discussion of the results, to publish the experience. Also the NGOs h,ere encouraged to adhere to the OCp nethod of distribution of ivermectin and recording.
84. tne exclusion criteria had recently become less stringent. The limitation regarding mothers lactating infants h,as expected to be reduced to one week and the exclusion of epileptics had been lifted.
85. ocp continued to be the provider of ivermectin on behalf of the Participating Countries. The formalities regarding requests to Merck Sharp and Dohne for supply of ivermectin had been simpiified by the Mectizan Expert Committee.
85. r'rre EAC urged the Programme staff to replace the term,,mass treatment,, (which implied whole populations) by one which better reflected the highly selective and targeted approach used by OCp.
87. seC recommendati.ons for research on ivermectin distribution are contai.ned in Section M of this report.
J. DEVOLUTION proposed BB. A format for discussions on devolution (Annex II) which, it was hoped, would facilitate structured discussions, was presented to the EAC. This format, which adopted the management by objective approach, identified what was needed to be done in the processes leading towards devolution and what roles the partners identified as participating countries, ocp, l.JHo, csA, worrd Bank, could p1ay. rt also suggested mechanisms for monitoring progress in the performance of these various functions. JPC11.3 ( ocP/EAc/gO. 1 ) page 19
89. Some EAC members felt that infornation on the inventory of health facilities would be of limited use, partly because some facilities might not be functioning and partly because previous attempts to obtain such information fron the Participating Countries had been difficult. Other menbers felt that such information was available but that it would need updating. OCP and WHO/AFRO rrrere requested to help the Participating Countries in preparing their inventories. t0. Relevant information on existing functional prograomes into which onchocerciasis activities could be incorporated was thought to be what was needed. During the devolution period many Participating Countries would be involved in identifying priority health care needs, and during that period they should be encouraged to incorporate onchocerciasis-related activities into their plans, as a high priority. pl. The EAC considered that Participating Countries should concern themselves with socio-anthropological research, the findings from which should lead, through health education, to community awareness of the possibility of renewed onchocerciasis transmission. National institutions and sociologists capable of conducting such research, would have to be identified and discussions held with them on possible research subjects. t2. Ivernectin distribution in the Participating Countries was now being carried out by nationals but with OCP staff supervision and in the future devolution process OCP would have to provide guidelines for diagnosis and treatment in the countries. Ttrere were some Participating Countries distributing ivermectin outside the Progranne but feedback to OCP by the countries had not been forthcoming raising problens of accountability to the manufacturer.
93. Up to the end of 1989 OCP had trained 308 nationals from Participating Countries, of whom !1 were currently working for OCP, 111 were in national onchocerciasis progrrmmes, and 109 were in other national programmes. TDR had also trained a number of nationals and track should be kept of then so that they did not become lost to the Programme.
94. Training of nationals by Participating Countries had begun in some countries, and needed encouragement. OCP had a core of well trained nationals in each country, capable of undertaking appropriate training prograomes. Manuals for survej.llance activities and other teaching materials were in use, and had proved useful. They were to be revised as necessary. 95. Nationals were being trained in their discipline in national instltutions in West Africa. In addition, ttre Progranme was holding discussions with the University of Ghana and with the Johns Hopkins University, USA, with regard to the training of nationals teading to the Masters Degree in Public Health (MPH).
96. The EAC noted that the coordination and monitoring of national devolution activities were considered as major functions of the Progremme, of WHO and of the National Onchocerciasis Committees. To facilitate progress by all the partners involved, the EAC recommended that improvements be made in intercountry communications. JPC11 .3 ( 0cP/EAc/90. 1 ) paSe 20
97. The EAC expressed its interest in a clear definition of recrudescence. After considerable discussion of this subject it was concluded that no quantitative criteria for recrudescence detection were as yet available, even though the dynamics of recrudescence were broadly understood. The most important requirement for recrudescence control was the ability to recognize renewed transmission early on, in order to respond promptly. This required a highly specific test for the early detection of infection. The Progranme was therefore strongly encouraged to examine carefully the relevant data and model prediction on this point and to report back to the EAC at its next session.
98. Documentation of the massive OCP technical, scientific and managerial expertise for wider distribution to the scientific and donor community and health administrators rdas considered important; so also was the need to strengthen research capacities in the Participating Countries covered by the Programme. 99. The three-phase scenario of health development continues to be the policy of WHO/AFRO who would continue to strengthen the health delivery systems especially at the operational leve1 of the district. Countries would set aside 5'/. of their country WHO biennial budget for onchocerciasis activities. Strategic support was being given to Ministry of Health headquarters, but the emphasis was on decentralization to make the districts and the peripheral structures more operational. Strengthening of managerial capability at this level remained a priority concern.
100. The EAC welcomed the increasing WHO involvement in the devolution process since its 10th session. It was also pleased to note that WHO would continue to assist countries in preparing their action plans and in coordinating extra-budgetary resources to assist Participating Countries, and that the CSA would make every effort to assist Participating Countries in obtaining bilateral assistance for the implementation of their devolution progrrmmes.
K. REVIEW OF THE ONCHOCERCIASIS CHEMOTHERAPY PROJECT 101. The Project Manager, in introducing the subject, highlighted points of particular importance from Document OCP/EAC 11.3 "Report of the Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Project, with a plan for the continuation of research on a macrofilaricide during the period 1992-t997". EAC commended the Project Manager on the report and its presentation.
102. At present, only two compounds were under consideration for ctinical use as macrofilaricides, and both had potential problems of toxicity such that they might not meet aII requirements of efficacy, safety and applicability.
103. Clinical trials with the first compound, CGP 6140, remained in the hands of Ciba-Geigy, and fuI1 results from a multiple-dose treatment were expected by August 1t!0. Previous OCT trials using a slightly different regimen, encountered unacceptable toxicity, and the drug could not be recommended for further studies by OCT/OCP until its safety had been clearly demonstrated. 104. tfre second compound, CGI 18041, was macrofilaricidai in Ciba-Geigy animal studies, and had an acceptable pharmacological safety profile. The company had agreed to proceed with preclinical development, and the first clinical studies in volunteers were envisaged for July 1991 with patient studies following if Phase I studies were satisfactory. JPC11.3 (0cP/EAc/90. 1 ) page 21
101. 0ther active compounds from various sources were at an early stage of preclinical investigation. Meanwhile, studies on j.vermectin, given in combination with another drug - initially albendazole - were being undertaken at the Onchocerciasis Clinical Research Centre in Hohoe (Ghana).
105. The approach followed by OCT in response to CSA recommendations in 1!88, had not resulted in the identification of additional macrofilaricides, and the provision of test compounds by the pharmaceutical industry had been poor. In view of the longer term approach recommended by JPC.10, OCT proposed to solicit a limited amount of research on biochenical targets in adult worms to facilitate its approaches to industry.
10J. Following the successful operation of the joint Preclinical Drug Development Tean (PDDT), OCP and TDR proposed to amalgamate their programmes of macrofilaricide development, as recommended by EAC at its last meeting. The Directors of OCP and TDR tabled a joint proposal outlining the adninis- tration of a conbined progranme, which should greatly enhance efficiency. EAC conmended the proposal of Director OCP and TDR, and recommended that OCP proceed with the arrangement. The Project Manager was asked to provide EAC, at its next meeting, with a detailed budget separating the contributions of OCP from those of TDR.
108. EAC reconfirmed its view that the development of a macrofilaricide was essential if the mandate of OcP was to be fulfilled, and expressed its determination to do all it could towards its development.
109. The EAC also agreed, after lengthy discussion, that a limited amount of targeted research was essential within oCT to facilitate the necessary approaches to industry.
110. Noting the dissatisfaction of both OCT and collaborating pharnaceutical conpanies with the current exclusion of companies from ocT meetings, the Conmittee recommended that where there was no obvious conflict of interest, company representatives should be encouraged to participate in Strategic Working Group and Steering Committee meetings.
L. REVIEW OF DRAFT PLAN OF OPERAT]ONS FOR THE FOURTH FINANCIAL PHASE (t992-t997)
111. The Committee h,as presented with a first draft of the Plan of Qperations for the fourth Financial Phase (1992-L997) for its consideration and comments. Attached to the document were tables presentj.ng the budgetary implicatlons of five options on which EAC was invited to express its preference. The variants in the options were vector control/no vector control in certain parts of the Western Extension area and General Service staff on OCP salary/on government contract.
712. It was explained that following the EAC consideration of this first draft and after incorporation of modifications suggested by members of the Committee, the document wourd be considered, stilr in draft forn, by the cSA before submission to the Donors' Conference in October 1990. A finalized version would be presented to the EAC at its 1p!1 session before submission to the JPC during the same year.
111. After reviewlng the Plan of Operations the EAC concluded that the plan was sound and took into account all activities which were essential to enable the Progrsmme to reach its objective. JPC11.3 ( ocP/EAc/90. 1 ) page 22
114. When discussing the budgetary implications, it became clear that, in view of the amount of money required for the execution of the fourth Phase, only the least costly option of the five options presented, could be seriously considered. ln view of overriding financial considerations provided by the Programme Director and the World Bank, the EAC agreed to only consider option ! which provided for an emount of approximately US $163 million for the six-year period, excluding the cost of OCT, which according to the proposal submitted by OCP to EAC would amount to an additional US $2.1 million annually, i.e. close to US $14 million for the entire fourth Phase. Hence, the total cost of this least expensive option would be nearly equivalent to the total cost of the third Financial Phase (approximately US $U9.6 million). 11!. According to option 5, no larviciding would take place in the northern part of the Western Extension area. At the same time it hras assumed that all OCP General Service staff in the original and Southern Extension areas would be transferred to enployment of the Participating countries concerned. 116. The EAC considered oprion 5 (uS $153 473 oo0) to be the borrom line ar which OCP could hopefully adhere to its objective.
777. The development of a macrofilaricide being of high priority to OCP as well as to the Participating Countrj.es after devolution, support for OCT during Phase IV was considered nandatory. It should be realized, that, if a macrofilaricide beceme available before OCP cane to an end, it would result in considerable savings during the final years of the Programme. 118. The EAC emphasized that the budget for option 5 did not include contingency cost increases other than for salary increases. It also did not seen realistic to expect all the Participating Countries to absorb satary costs for all General Service staff as of 1992.
11$. The EAC was of the opinion that any leve1 of financing betow that necessary to implement option 5 (us $163 473 000) would prevent the progranme from fulfilling its objective, and recommended that Programme staff determine and make explicit the consequences of any further budgetary restrictions on that objective.
M. RESEARCH PRIORITIES
120. The EAC expressed its satisfaction with the progress made j.n various lines of research, as reported in scientific publications and described in the reports of the Annual Technical Review Meeting (January 1990), of the 11th session of the Ecological Group (February/March, 1990) and of the Insecticide Research Unit (May, 1990).
121. In reviewing the Programme's proposals for research during the coming year, the EAC remarked that many research topics, especially those addressing operational issues, were continuations of those recommended during its lOth session. Requirements for operational research were stiIl great but neh, research topics related to evaluating the impact of the Programme and the issues of devolution were attracting increasing attention.
L22. With regard to non-operational research, which in a variety of ways was relevant to devolution and posL-OCP activities, and covered many new disciplines (e.9. sociology and anthropology), the EAC thought it is 1ike1y that the interest of external institutions and funding agencies could be attracted if the appropriate contacts were established. JPC11.3 ( 0cP/EAc/90. 1 ) page 23
123. The EAC endorsed the research recommendations contained in the report of the 11th session of the Ecological Group. The EAC also agreed that the main research emphasis should be on vector bionomics and control, 0. volvulus characteristics, chemotherapy, diagnostic tests, modelling and health systems research.
124. The EAC recommended that the highest priority be given to:
(a) continued intensive searching for new larvicides, particularly *,D compounds from groups which were unlikely to develop cross-resistance to those currently j,n use, and the evaluation of candidate compounds and improved formulations of existing compounds; (b) the search for a nacrofilaricide suitable for large-scale distribution (this remaining the primary objective of the Onchocerciasis Chenotherapy Project) ; (c) the development of a simple but highly sensitive and specific test for the early diagnosis of infection, in collaboration with TDR and other institutions.
125. The EAC also recomnended that a high Ieve1 priority be accorded to the following research topics:
(a) in addition to the recommendations for environmental research contained in the Report of the Ecological Group (Annex I), studies should be initiated to determine the occumence and significance of insecticide resistance amongst aquatic non-target organisms. In addition, infornation should be collected on the impact of permethrin on non-target organisms outside the OCP area to arrive at a better understanding of the impact of this compound as used by the Programme; (b) further fIy-feeding and transmission experiments to deternine the relationship between different levels of microfilarial load in infected persons and the risk of transmission, examining both savanna and forest vector species; (c) continuation of studies to ascertain the blinding potential of 0.volvulus transmitted under varying ecological conditions and by dj.fferent vector species, and, to improve the identification of the parasite at the infective 1arva1 stage (L3); the latter particularly with regard to the separation of different hunan strains and to distinguishing between human and animal strains transmitted by blackflies. Related to the foregoing, further studies were required to investigate DNA probes as means of differentiating between blinding and non-blinding forms of the parasite. Collaboration with TDR will be maintained for these studies;
(d) further development of the epidemiological model to enhance its predictive value and its contribution to the Programme's planning processes, with special emphasis being given to predicting the risks and dynamics of recrudescence, the incidence leve1 above which controf measures with ivermectin would have to be introduced, and the role of ivernectin in such recrudescence conlrol; JPC11 .3 (ocP /E^e/9o.7) page 24
(e) operational studies (most appropriately in parts of the Extension areas where OCP is not involved in ivermectin treatment) on the cost- effectiveness of different ivermectin delivery systems, e.g. active community treatment by mobile teams versus passive treatment at fixed centres, involving different combinations of inputs from OCP, national health services, NGO's or PVO's; (f) related to (e) above, studies on the best ways of preparing the populations of oncho-controlled areas for the return of blackflies after the cessation of larviciding, and on r^,ays of creating and sustaining population awareness of the possiblities of recrudescence. while the Progranme should take the initiative in stinurating such research, national institutions should be encouraged to implement it; (g) the development of an in vitro test for determining the leve1 of microfilarial susceptibt' litJ, to i.vermectin.
126. The EAC also recomnended that research be conducted on the following topics:
(a) an investigation of the poor efficiency of B.t. H-14 in parts of the Eastern Operational Area where differences in water chemistry could be significant factors;
(b) further studies on the changing patterns of savanna vector movements in response to ecological and climatic changes;
(c) continuing investigations on the geographical and seasonal distribution as hlell as the vectorial importance of Simulium species and forms in the Extension areas, and correlation of the findings with onchocerciasis epidemiolog'y ;
(d) continuation of cytotaxononic studies of vectors and correlation of the results with those obtained from insecticide susceptibility testing; (e) detailed studies on the potential probtems of residual transmission for a two-year period following the cessation of larviciding operations;
(f) continuation of studies on the long-term effects of ivermectin on the clinical, in particular ocular, manifestations of the disease and on transni-ssion, when administered arone at increased frequency or in conbination with other drugs; (S) if operationally feasible, studies on the benefit of ivermectin treatment on the general health of infected populations;
(h) in collaboration with WHO/AFR0, operational research on hearth care delivery to faciritate the increased involvement of participating Countries in epidemiological surveillance and the control of recrudescence. More specifically, this research should identify the requirements for devolution to succeed on a sustainable basis, investigate operational aspects of devolution and assess the extent to which the necessary infrastructures and resources exist in the countries concerned so as to assist in closing the gap between what was required and what was available; JPC11 .3 ( 0cP/EAc/90. 1 ) page 25
(i) studies in the Original Programme area on human migrations to determine what sort of new onchocerciasis infections were being introduced and their implications for recrudescence.
N. EXTERNAL REVIEIi OF OCP
L27. A useful series of discussions took place between members of the External Review 1sem, the EAC and staff of WHO. These discussions were primarily orientated towards various aspects of devolution and addressed the following main issues:
- the role of the EAC during the transitional period when the devolution process was being implemented, - measures to ensure adequate coordination of ivermectin distribution, - the organization and institutional framework of an intercountry facility which would take over when OCP cane to an end, - systems for monitoring disease control problems associated with human migration into onchocerciasis-controlled areas, - the implications of benefits which OCP provides to national staff in the Western Extension, within the devolution context, - the requirements for an immunodiagnostic test and the means by which it would be irnplemented, - strategy options for OCP and during the post-O0P phase.
O. OTHER MATTERS
Progranme ob jective
128. During discussions on devolution (see Section J, above) the EAC ca.me to realize that the Programme objective, as it stood at present, did not adequately reflect the necessity for Participating Countries to be appropriately equipped to ensure that Programme achievements lrere sustained after the Progranme had come to an end. 12$. After reviewing the background to the formulation of the current definition of the Progrnmme's objective and following a detailed debate of possible refinements, the EAC recommended that the objective be redefined as:
"to eliminate onchocerciasis as a disease of public health importance and as an obstacle to socioeconomic development throughout the Programme area and to ensure that the Participating Countrj-es are in a position to maintain this achievement".
Field visits by EAC members
1lO. Two EAC members reported upon field visits they had made to the Programme area durine L9B9/199O; one to Sierra Leone and the other to Togo. 111. The member who had visited Sierra Leone had given particular attention to the activities of and the administrative arrangements for national teans, to aviation facilities and to possibilities for collaboration with other IIN agencies, institutions and non-governmental organizations to facilitate devolution. JPC11 .3 (ocP /EAc/9o.7) page 26
1]2. The other menber, who had visited Togo, had been especially concerned with the staffing situation at the Kara Operational Base, with entomological observati,ons which indicated that changes j.n some vector populations could be attributed to accelerated evolution and to defining recrudescence criteria.
1ll. In both cases, the findings of the EAC members were discussed under the appropriate agenda item and especially within the devolution context.
134. The importance of such field visits by EAC members was again stressed by both the EAC Chairman and the Programme Director. There were important benefits to the EAC as a whole, to the Progpmme and to the Participating Countries. Problem areas identified by EAC members could often be addressed by the Progrnmme without undue deIay, either through direct contact with governments or during administrative and management seminars.
135. In concluding the discussion of this topic it was agreed that at1 EAC members should be encouraged to visit the Progranme area at regular intervals and that, as far as possible, two or more members should visit the sane areas at the snme tine to a1low for on-site exchange of views. The EAC Chairman would coordinate the next series of field visits to be made during late 1990 and early L997.
P. DATE AND PLACE OF EAC.12 135. The twelfth session of the Expert Advisory Conmittee would be held in Ouagadougou throughout the week commencing 10 June 1991, it being understood that members would arrive in Ouagadougou on Friday 7 June to attend briefings provided by Progranme staff the following day.
Q. ADOPTION OF THE REPORT
1ll. The report of the eleventh session of the EAC was approved by the Committee at the close of the session.
R. CLOSURE OF THE SESSION
1lB. Before bringing the session to a c1ose, the EAC Chairman expressed the Committeers appreciation for the excellent way in which the session had been organized and conducted. The distribution of briefing documents to EAC members before the session had been a very welcome innovation which had greatly facilitated exchanges of information during the briefing periods and during the formal session.
139. The Chairman closed the sessj.on by thanking the Programme Director and his staff for their contributions to the Committee's deliberations. Special thanks for their technical competence and friendship were also extended to three of the Programme's key staff members, Dr J.F. Walsh, Dr J.H.F. Remme and Dr G. de SoIe, who would shortly be leaving the Programme. JPC1l .3 (oCP/EAC/90.1) page 27
ANNEX I
REPORT OF THE ELEVENTH SESSION OF THE ECOLOGICAL GROUP KARA, 27 FEBRUARY - 2 MARCH 1990
CONTENTS
Page
A INTRODUCTION 28
B ADOPTION OF AGENDA 28 c REPORT ON VECTOR CONTROL ACTIVITIES 29
D SEARCH FOR NEhI LARVICIDES 29
E IMPACT OF POTENTIALLY OPERATIONAL LARVICIDES PYRACLOFOS AND BIORESMETHRIN 30
F IMPACT OF PERMETHRIN AND CARBOSULFAN ON THE ENVIRONMENT 32
G REPORT ON AQUATIC MONITORING ACTIVITIES 33
H ANALYSIS OF AQUATIC MONITORING DATA AND THE PROBLEMS OF PREDICTING THE EVOLUTION OF AQUATIC COMMI.]NITIES EXPOSED TO LARVICIDES 36
I MONITORING ACTIVITIES IN THE WESTERN EXTENSION 4r
J GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND BIOLOGY OF CERTAIN SPECIES AND OTHER RESEARCH WORK 4z
K. FOLLOW-UP ON EG.1O RECOMMENDATIONS 43
L. FOLLOW-UP ON PTIBLICATIONS 44
M. SUPPORT TO NATIONAL TEAMS 44
N. WoRK PRoGRAMME FoR lggo/97 4S
O. OTHER MATTERS 4S
P. SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS 46
O. ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE NEXT SESSION 46
R. APPROVAL OF REPORT 46
S. CLOSURE OF THE SESSION 4t
FIGURES 1 TO 4 48 to 5r APPENDICES 1 TO 7 52 to 6t JPC11 .3 (ocP /EAc/9o.L) Annex I p.g.-U
A. INT'RODUCTION 7. The Ecological Group held its eleventh session in Kara, Togo, from 2J February to 2 March 1$t0 under the chairmanship of Dr C. L6v6que. Participants are listed in Appendix 1.
2. The session was opened by the Programme Director, Dr E.M. Samba, who welconed Group Members to Kara and wished them a successful meeting. He went on to point out that the OCP was sti1l evolving and this applied especially to the Progrqmme's approach to environmental monitoring. Some of the Programme's Donors now hoped that OCP experience in aquatic nonitoring could be utilized to assist Participating Countries to address broader environmental issues and problems and, in this connection, they were ready to provide additional support for training and institutional strengthening. 3. 0n this same subject, the Programme Director was happy to introduce to the Group a Netherlands-sponsored environoental nission composed of Professor J.H.Koeman and Dr C. D6joux. The mission had been touring parts of the OCP area to exemine various aspects of aquatic monitoring and to obtain information on the secondary impact of onchocerciasis control on the environment. The Group was grateful for the opportunity to discuss some of the mission's findings and conclusions, which would be compiled into a report for review by the Joint Programme Committee (see also Section 0).
B ADOPTION OF AGENDA
4 The following agenda was adopted: a Report on vector control activities Search for new larvicides Impact of pyraclofos, permethrin and carbosulfan Report on aquatic monitoring activities Analysis of aquatic monitoring data and the problems of predicting the evolution of aquatic communities exposed to larvicides Monitoring activities in the Western Extension Geographicaf distribution and biology of certain species and other research work Follow-up on EG.10 recommendations Fo1low-up of publications Support to national teams lrlork programme for L99O/9L Other tratters Arrangements for next, session Approval of Report. Working documents are listed in Appendix 2. JPC11.3 ( 0cP/EAc/90. 1 ) Annex I page 29
C. REPORT ON VECTOR CONTROL ACTIVITIES 5. The Chief of the Vector Control Unit (VCU) and his staff described the vector control operations and the entomological results obtained during 1989. The most important of these activities were : cessation of larviciding in most of the initial oCP area, complete larvicide coverage of the Southern Extension, extension of larviciding into Sierra Leone and Senegal in the llestern Extension, extended rotational use of five larvicides and treatment suspensions during flood conditions, increased suppression of reinvasion. Further details of these activities are contained in the main text of the EAC report. 6. The Group noted that, in 1t8p, there had been unusually high river discharge rates in parts of the Progranne area (e.g. Rivers Como6, Nzi and Sassandra in COte d'Ivoire) which had required permethrin to be used more extensively than expected, because ehlorphoxim had not been available in sufficient quantity to bridge the gap between the cessation of B.t. H-14 treatments and the interruption of treatments at peak discharges. Carbosulfan had also been used much more extensively than during 1!BJ, partly for the sane reason, and partly to reduce the risk of the development of resistance to pernethrin in areas where there was significant use of synthetic pyrethroids for agricultural purposes.
7. fn conclusion, the Group was obliged to express its concern at the changing balance in the utilization of, on the one hand, temephos and B.t. H-14 and, on the other hand, the more toxic compounds permethrin and carbosulfan. It was considered that, in some rivers, the number of pernethrin treatments had increased to the extent that there was a real ri.sk of significant damage to the aquatic environment. This state of affairs underlined the importance of obtaining a better formulation of B.t. H-14, and the Group therefore recommended that efforts be intensl?fed to develop improved formulations of this compound which could enter into operational status in the near future. The Group further recommended that one of its Members and an appropriate OCP/VCU scientist attend a neeting between WHO and the pesticide industry which would be held in WHO/HQ, Geneva, in June 1!p0, to present the Progranme's insecticide requirements and to stimulate insecticide-manufacturing companies to submit additional candidate larvicides for screening.
D. SEARCH FOR NEW LARVICIDES
8. In the contj.nued search for new larvicides two cotrpounds had been tested in 1989. Betacyfluthrin (OMS 3051), a synthetic pyrethroid, was found very active in troughs against Siqulium damnosum larvae (LCq6 = 0.01 ue/L x 10 min). The second compound (OMS 3052), an org€nophosphate,'ilas found to be four times less active than temephos in troughs 1l,C5O = O.LZ ne/L x 10 min). Both compounds will be tested in gutters for the eialuation of impact on non-target fauna. JPC11.3 (0cP/EAc/90.1) Annex I page l0
9. New formulations of carbosulfan were also tested in 1989. One was a 3O'l a.i. microcapsule formulation and four others were microemulsions with active ingredients varying between 72/, and 251. The microcapsule formulation was less efficient than the current operationat formulati.on, but it was also more stable (activity naintained for at least two days after mixing with water). The microemulsions had the same efficacy as the operational fornulation but they were very irritating to S.damnosum larvae, which started drifting after a few minutes of exposure. A new 2O'/" EC formulation of bioresmethrin was found to have the same activity in troughs as the previous LOI EC formulation. Ttre carbosulfan and bioresmethrin formulations will be tested in 1990, in gutters for impact evaluation, and in sma1l-scaIe river experiments for evaluation of efficacy and carry.
10. River trials with pyraclofos (OMS 3040) had led to several important conclusions. Ttre carry of pyraclofos when dosed at 0.1 ng/L x 10 min. was similar to that obtained with temephos (20 kms at a discharge rate of 1OOm3/s). The present formulation was dense ( >1.1) and did not disperse well enough for spontaneous mixing at the application site. Two new formulations had been proposed by Takeda Chemical Industries to solve this problem. Lower dosages had been tested but had led to incomplete control in some trials. The influence of water condition on the performance of pyraclofos remained to be evaluated. 11. In relation to aerial operations, carry models had been established for temephos, carbosulfan, permethrin and B.t. H-14, based on the results of river trials. These models will be used in the optimization process of aerial operations. Integrated conputer progrrmmes for the prediction of river discharge rates, for the optimization of insecticide applications and for helicopter routing were now functional and being tested in the western operational zone.
72. Susceptibility of S.damnosum s.1. to operati,onal insecticides was constantly being monitored throughout the OCP area. Data for 1987-1990 have been re-analyzed by a new method and compiled into a computer data bank. Results obtained during 1988-1990 had shown that there was no spontaneous cross- resistance between pyraclofos and the other operational insecticides.
E IMPACT OF POTETITIALLY OPERATIONAL LARVICIDES: PYRACLOFOS AND B]ORESMETHRIN Pyraclofos (a) Phvsico-chemical properties
13. The Group noted that pyraclofos was an organophosphorus compound which could be hydrolysed at basic pH leveIs with chenical half-Iife times in water of 700 hours at 2JoC and 190 hours at 37oC (pH = l.O). Pyraclofos would be biodegraded at a fast rate, especially in eutrophic waters. Bio-accumulation was unlikely to occur (as with other organophosphorus insecticides), nainly because of metabolic degradation. JPC11.3 (ocP/EAc/90. 1 ) Annex I page 31 14. Because of its high solubility in water, at a level of several tens of mg/litre, pyraclofos had a strong affinity for the water compartment. This meant that it could be easily dispersed in river water and that it had the possibility of being carried far downstream from the treatment point. (b) Impact on aquatic in'vertebrates
t5. A literature search of information contained in the TOXALL database had provided very few data on the aquatic toxicity of pyraclofos and only one reference to invertebrates (Kono Y., 1988)1.
L6. OCP staff presented the results of a toxicity study, conducted by means of experimental gutter tests in the R. Sassandra, C6te d'Ivoire, which had been designed to compare the short-term environnental impact of pyraclofos, temephos and chlorphoxim. The study had shown that there were detachments of more than Bo% of the mayflies, centroptilum, Baetis and pseudopannota. Amongst other invertebrate groups, including one mayfly, and severaf ciaalsffy and chironomid species, detachment was less than 401. (yam6ogo et aI, 1989). rt was concluded that the pyraclofos formuration used had not had a p-rticularly marked catastrophic inpact and that its short-tern gutter test toxicity for insects was between those of temephos and chlorphoxim. 17. Two reports were also presented on the effects of weekly applications of pyracl0fos to the R.white Bandama, c6te d'rvoire (Konde, lggo; wui110t & Coulibaly, 1990). Five treatments had resulted in important detachments of Orthocladiinae, Chirononini, CentroptiLum and Baetis. A stight decrease in the drift index of some taxa had alsrc been Uut no species had disappeared. Ttrree weeks after the end of an B-week "otea,treatment period with pyracrofos qualitative inverteb."ls ssmpling was conducted downstrenm of a sugar factory. This study showed that at the time (February 1989), effluent from the sugar factory had a more pronounced impact on invertebrates than the pyraclofos applications. rt was also noted that, due to the overlapping of the weekly h'aves of pyraclofos, invertebrate population densities decreased in the lower stretch of the river and the relative composition of the fauna changed s1ight1y. However, less than two months 1ater, recovery of the invertebrate populations was complete and it was therefore concluded that, if used carefully, pyraclofos had an environmentar impact which was within acceptabre limits.
18. The Group was also informed that according to a predictive mode] developed by Elouard and Simier (1990), the long-term impact of pyraclofos on invertebrate fauna could be expected to be similar to that observed for treatnents hrith temephos. (c) act on fish
19. From a literature search of the TOXALL database it had been noted that the 48-hour TLm values for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri = Onchorynchus nykiss), carp (Cyprinus carpio) and killifish (Oryzias 1atipes) were 0.08, 0.044 and 2.O ng/L, respectively (Kono, 1p8B loc.cit.).
1A new pestiEde, pyraclofos. Japan pest. Inf . fif: zl-fL. JPC11.3 ( 0cP/EAc/90. 1 ) Annex I page l2
20. Investigations conducted by OCP had shown that the 24-hour LC5g for Chrysichthys nigrodiFitalus was 0.J mg/L, the 48-hour LC5g was O.Oi ne/L and the J2-hour LC5g was 0.04 me/L. Furthermore, no fish mortaliiy had been recorded during experimental and operational trials, although a slight change in nocturnal drift had been observed. In addition, no fish mortality had been observed under field conditions when several applications of pyraclofos had been made to the R. White Bandana. During a 5-month monitoring period no significant changes in the fish community structure had been observed (K. Traor6, 1990).
2t. 0n the basis of the available information, as summarized above, OCP staff and their collaborators had concluded that the leve1 of fish toxicity of pyraclofos was generally lower than that observed for pernethrin and carbosulfan.
(d) Qq4qlusion and recommendation
22. From the infornation contained in the foregoing paragraphs the Group concluded that pyraclofos had less impact on aquatic invertebrates and fish than pernethrin and carbosulfan. Accordingly, the Group recommended pyractofos as an operational insecticide, but stipulated that post-treatment environmental data continue to be collected at selected nonitoring sites (Entomokro and Danangora on R. Marahou6 and R.Pru). Bioresmethrin
23. The Group was informed that a preliminary ecotoxicological assessment had been nade of bioresnethrin, based on a literature survey, calculation of physico-chemical properties and nodelling of environmental distribution of the insecticide.
24. Bioresmethrin behaved very similarly to other synthetic pyrethroids. It had a high affinity for sediments and suspended solids, a very low solubility, and a high octanol/water partition coefficient. This last property meant that it had a high potential for bio-accumulation. However, there were data which indicated that this chemical was not persistent, because of photo- and bio- degradation, and that it was therefore easily metabolized and excreted. Nevertheless it had to be noted that fron the few existing data on aguatic toxicity, this chemical appeared even more toxic than other synthetic pyrethroids.
F. IMPACT OF PERMETIfiIN AND CARBOSULFAN ON THE ENVIRONMENT Permethrin
25. In accordance with a decision taken during the tenth session of the Ecological Group, a working group had been set up to evaluate the environmental impact of the operational use of permethrin in the OCP area. To make a valid assessment, special procedures had been followed to take into account the rapidly increased use of this compound and the fact that. it also had a high biological activity with regard to the non-target fauna. JPC11.3 ( 0cP/EAc/90. 1 ) Annex I pace 33
26. Ttre working group concluded that under the recommended conditions of application (high river discharge rates and few treatment cycles) the risk of ecological danage to the environment was limited. Itrese conclusions had been confirned by the 1p8t monitoring data and by the elaboration of historical data by means of factorial correspondence analysis. However, it had to be noted that some crustaceans could be endangered. Moreover, due to the particular conditions in an area of the Western Extension (see para. 3C) where the highest number of then recommended treatment cycles of permethrin had been applied to a certain river, damage to invertebrate populations had been confirmed under those conditions.
Carbosulfan 27. From the 1t8t monitoring data, as well as from an analysis of historical series of monitoring data, it had been confirmed that carbosulfan had not had any particular impact on aquatic fauna, under the conditions of use recommended by the Ecological Group. However, it had been noted that, together with permethrin, this compound showed the highest biological activity and therefore applications should be restricted to high river discharges and a limited number of treatment cycles.
G. REPORT ON AQUATIC MONITORING ACTIVITIES (a) Annua1 Meeting of Hydrobiologists 28. The Annual Meeting of Hydrobiologists responsible for aquatic monitoring throughout the Progranme area was held in Kara during 23-24 February 1!!0. tfre meeting was chaired by Dr C. L6v€que and attended by representatives of the oCp, of the natj,onal hydrobiology teans of C6te drlvoi.re, Ghana, Guinea and Ma1i, and of ORSTOM. on 26 February there r^ras a joint meeting of the nationar hydrobiologists and the Ecological Group in order to stimulate exchanges of ideas and to discuss specific problems encountered during monitoring activities. During this session the Group expressed its appreciation for the trigh stanaard of the national reports prepared over the last year and the timely manner in which they had been submitted.
29. The Group reviewed the monitoring results obtained in the OCp area and concluded that there had not been any discernable adverse effects of larviciding operations on fish, even in areas where a fulr rotation of operational larvicides had been applied. 30. Based on currently available data, a permethrin j-nvertebrate clear effect of on the fauna at the R. Niandan monitoring station had been observed (see pata- 26). As a resutt of a shortage of chlorphoxim and because of the possible appearance of temephos resistance, more permethrin treatment cycles had been applied than during the previous years. These R. Niandan observations demonstrated that the prolonged use of permethrin is unsafe for the aquatic environment. Accordingly, the Group reiterated its concern about this compound and urged that its use be restricted to as few applications as possible during the flood period. The Group also recalled that it had previously advised that no more than six cycles of permethrin be emproyed during a r4ret "Laso.r. JPC11.3 (ocP/EAc/90.1) Annex I p.ct 34 31. Studies of the reproductive cycles of fish, in relation to various environmental factors, had been conducted over the past three years. In addition, and in accordance with a recommendation made by the Ecological Group during its tenth session, some of the national hydrobiologists had included stomach analysis of some selected fish species in their sanpling progremme. It was agreed that the national ichthyologists should now send their data from these studies to Dr D. Paugy in order to ensure a standardized analysis, and to provide tables and graphs to be used in a synthesis report. Depending upon the results obtained from the analysis, scientific papers could be published by the national ichthyologists . 32. With regard to aquatic invertebrates, the Group was informed that studies were being conducted to obtain detailed information on the part played by riffles in determining invertebrate drift. 33. The Group was pleased to receive from the national hydrobiologists various suggestions for enhancing the value of the aquatic monitoring activities, notably:
(i) to maintain the same sampling frequencies at the monitoring stations, as defined during the tenth session of the Ecological Group;
(ii ) to continue studies on fish ecology, with special reference to reproductive cycles and to the stomach contents of some selected fish species, to be specified in a protocol which now needed to be established;
( 1r_1) to continue studies on the vertical distribution of drift and to investigate the aggregation index for its analysis and interpretation;
(iv) to replace carbosulfan treatments by pyraclofos in the R. Marahou6 in order to evaluate the inpact of the latter compound at two monitoring stations (Entomokro and Danangoro);
(v) to review the status of the Banboi monitoring station (R. B1ack Volta, Ghana). 34. The Group's responses to these issues were the following: (i) that the current sanpling frequency be maintained at the monitoring stations;
(ii) & (iii) that conplimentary research on fish and invertebrates be contj-nued in 1990, on the understanding that synthesis reports would be prepared for the twelfth session of the Ecological Group. With regard to fish stomach analysis, the Group considered it highly desirable that a detailed protocol be prepared, including criteria for selecting fish species, hours for sampling, sarnpling frequency in relation to larvicide applications, equipment to be used, analytical methods, etc.;
(iv ) that the impact of pyraclofos be studied, in rotational use with other larvicides (R. Marahou6) and in rotational use with B.t. H-14 (R. Pru). JPC11.3 ( 0oP/EAC/90. 1 ) Annex I pace 35 (v) Considering:
- the difficulties encountered in the monitoring of the Bamboi station, - the lack of surber sample data, - the distance of the monitoring station fron the last treatment point, - the inadequacy of other possible sanpling stations with regard to pre-treatment data, the Group considered that there was no necessity to naintain Bamboi as a regular monitoring station. However, it should be sampled every two years by the OCP hydrobiology tean.
35. Fina1ly, the Group recomnended that OCP take all appropriate measures to ensure that the national hydrobiolog:y teams had adequate tools and resources for data preparation. Data forms and figures should be further refined for the final presentation of monitoring results. Improvements had been made in lt8t but further refinenent was still desirable.
(b) Activities of the Progranme team
36. The Group was inforned that the OCP hydrobiolory tean had continued to monitor invertebrate fauna of rivers in COte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Mali and Togo. The team had organized and participated in the evaluation of the medium-term impact of pyraclofos on the non-target fauna of the R. lihlte Bandana. It had also conducted Sutter tests on new formulations of carbosuLfan, the results of which were not yet available. In addition, the team had made pre-treatment collections of invertebrates from several rivers in Sierra Leone.
37. The compilation of monitoring data had continued at OCP headquarters in ouagadougou and, in accordance with a recommendation of the tenth session of the Ecological Group, year-books containing the assembled data had been produced and distributed to national hydrobiologists. 38. Surveillance of the R.Amou in Togo had not demonstrated any adverse effects of B.t. H-14 on the principal taxonomic groups, the abundance of which had remained alnost stable throughout the years, although there had been some seasonal variations. The fauna was dominated by the Chironomidae, which could be explained by the use of agricultural pesticides in the coffee and cocoa plantations which border the R.Amou.
39. Despite treatment with carbosulfan, the environmental condition of the R.Marahou6 remained good. However, it was noted that anong the Ephemeroptera, the Caenidae tere now doninant, whereas during the previous year nembers of the Baetidae had predominated. In addition, a gradual increase in the relative frequency of Hydropsychidae on rocks after the flood period and a parallel decline of the Chironomidae had been observed. 0vera11, the fauna appeared to have experienced few major disturbances.
40. The faunal situation of the R.White Bandana in 1989 was not fundamentally different from that of 1!88. Drift had increased from December 1988 to April 1989, with faunal densities on rocks being highest in February 1989.
4f. Along the R.Como6, the use of permethrin had resutted in an increase j.n the drift index, with a very strong drift of young Mockokidae (Synodontis especially) . JPC11.3 ( 0cP/EAc/90. 1 ) Annex I p.dJ6-
42. At Banboi there was an observed effect of permethrin on drift. As during 1988, a reduction of Tricorythidae and Heptageniidae was also recorded.
43. The OCP hydrobiology team had prepared a year-book of monitoring data for 1!B!, as well as historical data-books for the monitoring sites of the R.White Bandana and R.Niandan. The Group congratulated the team on the preparation of these important documents and for the tearn's efforts in developing a functional nonitoring database in Ouagadougou.
H ANALYSIS OF AQUATIC MONITORING DATA AND THE PROBLEMS OF PREDICTING THE EVOLUTION OF AQUATIC COMMUNITIES EXPOSED TO LARVICIDES
(a) Interpretation of 15 vears of monitor'ing of rdatercourses treated in the OCP area 44. The Group was informed that the data analyses conducted by J.-M. Elouard and M. Simier were centred upon: studies on the patterns of susceptibility of the aquatic j.nsects to the different larvicides, studies on the lotic comnunities subjected to larviciding, trial of a predictive model for the quantification of abundance of aquatic insect populations subjected to larviciding, development of an index for the evaluation of lotic insect community changes caused by larviciding. Patterns of aouatic insect susceDt ibilitv to antiblackflv larvicides 45. The evaluation and the comparison of the toxicity of new insecticides 1ike1y to be used against onchocerciasis vectors were considered necessary in order to decide whether they could be used in control operations. Depending on the general toxicity obtained during gutter tests, a product might be rejected or its use restricted to certain hydrological seasons or to only a few consecutive cycles. 0n the other hand, if it was proved not to be very toxic, its fu1l use could be recommended. 46. Fina11y, from a theoretical point of view, it was considered important to know if the compounds of a particular insecticide fanily (organophosphates, carbamates, synthetic pyrethroids, bio-insecticides) had the saroe type of impact, i.e. were toxic to the same taxa, even if their degree of toxicity was different. 4t. Factorial correspondence analyses had been applied to several groups of insect tests. In these analyses the first axis indicated the toxicity of the compounds, by contrasting the synthetic pyrethroids and carbamates with the organophosphates and B.t. H-14. The second axis showed the selectivity of the products by comparing, in particular, the various Chironomidae groups. The results showed that the toxicity observed was not dependent upon the fa:nily to which a particular insecticide belonged. The typology (pattern of community composi.tion) was very close to that obtained in the long-term (figure 1). JPC11 .3 (ocP/EAc/90.1 ) Annex I pase 37 Structure of lotic insect communities subjected to anti
48. Because the insecticides used by OCP have toxic activity which is not restricted to blackfly larvae, the various compounds are also toxic to some members of the non-target aquatic fauna. In addition, the different insecticides do not have the same toxicity or selectivity for the principal non- target taxa. A hlpothesis can therefore be put forward that a characteristic community structure will appear in the long-run for each individual compound (figure 2); the community structures which emerge are mainly determined by the direct toxicity of a particular compound but are also influenced by the duration of the life-cycles of non-target species, by spatial and trophic competition between them, and by the availability of sources of recolonization. 0n the basis of this h5pothesis the following observations have been made on individual compounds.
- B.t. H-14: The typological differences between the periods of B.t. H-14 IlEatment and the periods of non-treatment were often slight; certain g.t. H-f4 data were comparable to certain pre-treatment data.
- Temephos: The temephos-related comnunity structure changes hrere more marked than those corresponding to the action of B.t. H-14, which means a greater disruption of the environment. T'hey were related to the increase in certain taxa (e.g. Chirononidae) as well as to the sometimes very great decrease of certain taxa (e.9. Tricorythidae). - Chlorphoxim: Chlorphoxim use led to the most specific comnunity structures, particularly characterized by the abundance of the Orthocladiinae and Chironomini and the great reduction of the Tricorythidae and Baetidae populations.
- Carbosulfan: Carbosulfan treatments nade during the high-water period had no measurable influence on the community structure observed from December to March. - Permethrin: Permethrin larviciding during the high-water period disrupted the Iow-water and flood subsidence community structures at Danangoro and Niandan stations. 0n the Niandan, the effect would be greater during the second treatment campaign as compared to that observed during the first one. 49. It was concluded that populations of the various taxa reacted differently to the different insecticides; the populations of some of them remained the same or decreased while others increased. These changes were tikely because of the low susceptibility of some taxa, the decrease of spatiar or trophic competition, and the degree of recolonization.
Predictive model the quantification of abundance of aquatic insect populations subjected to larviciding
50. It was observed that, in the long-term, the biocenoses of the dry season had tlpologies characterj.stic of each of the insecticides used by OCP. These tlpologies hrere more marked, the nore the insecticides used were of greater toxicity. JPC11 .3 ( 0cP/EAc/90. 1 ) Annex I pace-s In addition, long-term typologies resenbled those observed for the fauna remaining after gutter tests. The hypothesis for a quantifiable relationship between the short- and the long-term was thus formufated. The steps necessary for the verification of this hypothesis were the following: (i) quantification for a selected river of the variations of abundance produced by the different insecticides in comparison with those measured during the untreated period;
(ii ) application of the coefficients obtained to the results collected from other rivers before treatnent, followed by comparison with the values observed in the field, for each insecticide; (iii) definition of a numerical relationship between each change of abundance before and after treatment, and the measured toxicity in gutter tests;
( iv) extrapolation of toxicity data measured in gutters to determine how well such results could be used to predict the long-term effects of new insecticides. 51. The R. Marahou6 at Entomokro served as the reference because it had provided nunerous pre-treatment data and extensive infornation on periods when it was treated with temephos, chlorphoxim and B.t. H-14. The model developed had been apptied to the data collected at Danangoro (R.Marahou6), R.Pru and R.Amou, and had been found satisfactory for all the monitoring stations, for all the insecticides and for most of the taxa, with the exception of the Tanytarsini (figure 3). With regard to the short-term, the model allowed the calculation of theoretical long-term impact of all new conpounds, including that of pyraclofos.
lotic insect communi s caused Iarviciding 52. A biocenotic index had been developed for rapid evaluation of changes in comnunity structure caused by insecticides sprayed by the OCP. This index, with values ranging between 0 and 10 units, compared the invertebrate community structure of the pre-treatnent period with those of the treatment periods, for each insecticide. The application of the index to the Eeans per period (means, all months, months of December, January, February and March), gave values which, depending on the station, ranged between 2 and 4 for B.t. H-14, 3 and 5 for temeptros, and 6.5 and 8.5 for chlorphoxim. 53. The application of the index to monthly means showed that the values decreased according to a linear relationship from the month of December to the month of March for temephos and chlorphoxim. However, the relationship was not linear for B.t. H-14, for which the values also decreased from December to February but increased in March. 54. It was pointed out that the index could only be calculated if pre-treatment data were available, and that comparisons between the index values for different months could only be made after correcting the values according to coefficients calculated from the indices/months regression lines. However, the application of the index to each sample amply reflected the evolution of structural changes according to season and insecticide (figure 4). JPCl1.3 (0CP/EAC/90.1 ) Annex I pace 39 55. In conclusion, this index, which was applicable to aII insecticides, seemed to quantify well the structural modifications caused by the antiblackfly insecticides. As regards the sanples, the corrected index values between 0 and ] indicated natural environnental variations, those between 3 and 5 marked changes but of low magnitude, and those above 6 great disruption of the comnunity structures. 56. The Group recommended that a description of the index and the results obtained from its application to OCP monitoring data, be publi shed as soon as possible. (b) Physico-chemical properties of larvicides and their relation to the analys is of monitoring data 57. A member of the Group presented his calculations on the physico-chemical properties of the chemical insecticides used by the OCP which were of help in understanding and predicting the environmental distribution and fate of the insecticides. Thus, it had been possible to forecast that pyraclofos would behave in a similar way to that of chlorphoxin, and that the synthetic pyrethroids and carbosufan should have different interactions with water and sedinents because their affinity for this last compartment hras very strong. With regard to the analysis of aquatic monitoring data and to problems of predicting the evolution of the aquatic conmunities, it r,ras suggested to associate the physico-chemical properties of the insecticides to the analysis of the impact data obtained from both gutter experiments and field trials. (c) Drift analysis 58. It was explained to the Group that the collection of the drifting invertebrate fauna constituted an important method used by OCP for studying the impact of larvicides on the aquatic environment. Collections had been made according to several different protocols (daytime drift at 13.00 and U.00, night drift, nets of 200 micrometer and of 500 micrometer mesh size. etc.), and up to now the results obtained had been subjected to only partial statistical analysis. In view of the large amount of data available, it was now considered necessary to make a g1obal analysis which would permit the hydrobiologlsts to know if, i.n a general manner, drift collections provided evidence for modifications produced by the insecticides. If the hoped-for results were obtained the analytical procedure could be used to assist in selecting the best adapted protocols. 59. After reviewing the varied data available, the Group recommended that the protocol for collecting drift sarnples be completely revised to reflect that only 200 micrometer nesh nets (three in number) were used and that two samples were collected during a 24-hour period (one during daytime and the other during the night). The separatlon of organisms larger than 500 microneters would be made in the laboratory. The Group also requested that a report be presented to the next session of the Ecological Group giving an evaluation oi the new protocol and the results obtained from its use. JPC11.3 (ocP/EAC/9o.1) Annex I ilc" 4d 60. With regard to considerable amount of drift data already available, the Group recomnended that OCP provide the resources necessary to carry out an overall analysis which should be done at 0uagadougou with the assistance of an external consultant.
(d) Synthesis of information on inver recolonization and conmunity organization
51. Ttre Group acknowledged that, despite a long period of data collection and analysis, i.t was still not clear whether the invertebrate diversity in treated rivers was maintained by recolonization from untreated refugia, or because of adaptation to pesticides by the non-target fauna or, more likely, a combination of both. To the extent that refugia have maintained faunal diversity in untreated rivers and that the results of an overall evaluation have demonstrated little or no effect of the pesticides on non-target fauna, reductions in such refugia attributable to land-use changes (e.g. resettlement measures) nay have a significant effect on invertebrate populations. 62. Because of expected land-use changes and as a result of continuing interest in evaluating the direct effects of pesticide use, several avenues of investigation were recognized by the Group as being potentially fruitful. Examples were:
(i) Classification of the invertebrate fauna with regard to the dominant food resources upon which the various groups are dependant. For example, those representatives of taxa that depended on the direct input of plant litter from the gallery forest (stream/riverside vegetation), which were termed "shredders", would undoubtedly show a striking reduction where the forest cover r{,as removed, whether along treated or untreated rivers. A member of the Group, in collaboration with his colleagues, had already undertaken such an analysis of material collected in parts of the oCP area.
(ii ) Characterization of the invertebrate fauna in respect to the probability that it would be likely to be recolonized from refugia. That is to say that taxa with few species and typically long life cycles (e.g. Tricorythidae) would be predicted to be poor recolonizers, whereas those with nany species and short-life cycles (e.9. Tanytarsini) could be expected to be good recolonizers. In addition, information from OCP and from the literature on dispersal potentials for the various tu(a should be summarized.
(iii) Consolidation of data on the refugia of non-target species. For example, a number of samples had already been collected from untreated sites in various sections of the Programme area by a member of the Group and, following special requests, by OCP staff.
( rv) Continued collection of large, qualitative, all-night drift samples from as many locations as possible within the Progranme area for analysis of general patterns of chironomid taxa. Ttre Chirononidae is the largest taxon (in terms of number of species) and most widespread group of invertebrates, and often the nost abundant (density of individuals). JPC11.3 ( ocP/EAc/90. 1 ) Annex I E#-r1
63. In concluding the discussion of these topics a Group Member prepared a suggested programme for the evaluation of past, present and future refugia, which is presented in Appendix l. (e) Ecological Group recommendations
64. In addition to some specific recommendations made above, the Group also made the following overall recommendations on the analysis of monitoring data:
(i) That the initial conpilation and analysis of data should be performed by OCP in Ouagadougou. For this purpose OCP would have to set up databanks in readily accessible form and ensure that expertize in biostatistics was available in Ouagadougou to enable adequate processing of the data.
(ii) That a copy of all information stored outside the OCP and not yet available in Ouagadougou should be obtained and integrated into the current databanks.
(iii) That externar consultants visit ocP to assess current analysis methods, to proceed with further anatyses and eventually to develop new analytical approaches. This would give the additional benefit of bringing external expertise to ocp and to national hydrobiological teams.
I. MONITORING ACTIVITIES IN THE WESTERN EXTENSION
65. After reviewing the existing monitoring network and programme for the Western Extension, the Group concluded that it was not necessary to install pernanent surveillance stations in the north-western part of the area because:
- the aquatic fauna and the ecological conditions of the basins of the R.Ganbia and Corubal were not fundarnentally different from those encountered in most of the original OCp area;
during its previous session the Ecological Group had recommended that the main monitoring effort be continued in those stations for which there were long series of data which could be used to evaluate the impact of new insecticides.
66. The Group endorsed the plans described below for the monitoring of fish and invertebrate communities in the Western Extension area.
(a) Fish monitorins in Mali and eastern Guinea
51. The same monitoring sites and the snme monitoring frequencies as used in 1989 would be adopted in 1990 (see Appendix 5) JPC11.3 (ocPlEAC/go.1) Annex I 6EE-rz (b) Fish monj,toring in Sierra Leone 68. As the fish fauna of Sierra Leone was very different from that found in the sahelo-sudanian zone, it was proposed to fo11ow the recommendation of the ORSTOM mission report (see Appendix 2) and initially to sanple fish at two stations, on a bi-monthly frequency. One station would be Matotaka, R.Jong (Panpana) and the other Magburaka, R.Rokel (Se1i). Both stations had high species richness and were accessible from Makeni (OCP operational base) by a surfaced road. In additron, a third site at Musaia, R.Mongo (Little Scarcies) would be sampled two or three times a year at the beginning of and during the dry season. Single pre-treatment sampling had already been conducted at these three sites. As a new agreement beth,een OCP and ORSTOM had been signed in 1990 to sample these sites and also to train national ichthyologists, it was proposed to prospect one more site on the R.Jong, downstrean from Matotaka, and another one on the R.Moa.
(c) Invertebrate monitoring in Sierra Leone 69. As a follow-up to a recommendation of the tenth session of the Ecological Group several sites in Sierra Leone had been surveyed by Dr J.-M. Elouard (OCP consultant) and the OCP hydrobiology team. From the data collected it appeared that apart from one site at Outanba Park, R. Kaba, where the invertebrate fauna was rich and abundant, the other sites were relatively poor in terms of numbers of taxa and of individuals. Taking account of this information, of the problems of accessibility and of the risks of using less selective larvicides, it was proposed that routine monitoring be conducted at Musaia, R.Mongo, Makpankaw, R.Parnpana, and Mange, R.Little Scarcies/Kaba.
70. After discussion of the information presented on the sites prospected and of the new plan of larvicide treatments for Sierra Leone (including the Rivers Jong, Moa and Sewa) the Group recommended that: (i) additional to the stations proposed for monitoring, the site at Outamba Park, R.Kaba be selected for regular monthly monitoring from December to April; (ii) the R.Jong be prospected (with helicopter support, if possible) and a site selected for regular monitoring, if a suitable one could be found. 7L. Based on new information presented by a Group member on the occurrence of macro-crustaceans in a large river of the Progrnmme area and on an experiment in R.Kan, C6te d'Ivoire, the Group recommended that the collection of macro- crustaceans be included in the monitoring programme of the R.Kaba, Sierra Leone, where these organisms had been observed during a pre-treatment survey.
J GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND BIOLOGY OF CERTAIN SPECIES AND OTHER RESEARCH WORK
(a) Distribution of Ephemeroptera and Baetidae 72. The Group was presented with a summary of the results of light trap catches of insects from more than 120 sampling points in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ma1i, COte d'Ivoire, Senegal and Togo. Analysis of the collections had enabled the establishment of the distribution of Adenophlebiodes s.s. (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) and the Baetidae of the genera Ophelmatostoma and Pseudopannota. With regard to Adenophlebiodes, only one species (A.massirus) JPC1l.3 (ocP/EAc/90. 1 ) Annex I EF-43 was widely distributed in the OCP area. Other species were restricted to forested zones (A.rubeus and A.ornatus) or to the Fouta Djalon (A.adrieni and A.callasea). Concerning the Baetidae, it was observed that Pseudopannota bertrandi. P.muganinani and Ophelmatostoma camerounense were distributed over the whole of the OCP area. P.modesta was restricted to cooler waters. (b) Distribution of Trichoptera
73. A document prepared by Mr F.M. Gibon (OCP consultant) (see Appendix 2) on the geographical distribution of Trichoptera in the Programme area was presented to the Group. It was noted that some of the species were widely distributed in large rivers as well as in small streams. However, other species had limited distributions (e.g. in high altitude situations, in savanna, in forest or in coastal bJ.otopes). It was of special interest with regard to the potential for recoloni.zation that, in general, most of the species had the ability to colonize rivers with different discharge rates. (c) Distribution of fish
74. The Group was informed that two large fish faunal tlpes could be distinguished in West Africa: a sahelo-sudanian fauna which inhabited the majority of river basins (Senegal, Gambia, Niger, Volta, Oueme, Lake Chad Basin and the Nile), and a Guinean fauna which was largely confined to the small coastal river basins south of the Guinea crescent/Fouta Djalon/Mount Nimba range, in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. The Guinean fish fauna exhibited certain affinities u,ith those of the Cameroun region, some elements of which have colonized the delta of the R.Niger and could also reach the R.Ou6n6 and Mono.
K. FOLLOW-IjP 0N Ec. 10 RECOMMEI,IDATIONS 75. The Group congratulated Progranme staff on the fact that appropriate folIow-up action had been taken on 18 of the 21 reconmendations contained in the report of its tenth session. Outstanding topics were the mapping and evaluation of refugia (Recommendation 12), the training of Sierra Leone hydrobiologists (Recommendation 1l), and the relocation of the ocp hydrobiological team (Recommendation 21). Following discussion of these outstanding topics the Group took note that:
(i) some progress had been made in the napping of refugia and that during the next year there would be an intensification of both the mapping and evaluation aspects of this important subject. Suggestions for how this work could proceed are contained in Appendix l.
(ii ) The difficulty in identifying Sierra Leonian hydrobiologists suitable for training had delayed the implementation of this activity. However, the situation had now improved and it was anticipated that training would commence in March 1-990 (2 persons for fish and 2 for invertebrates). JPC11 .3 (ocP /EAC/gO.t) Annex I p.sel4
(iii) Continuing problems in the relocation of the Programme's existing administrative and technical offices in Banako had strongly indicated that this was not an appropriate time to transfer the OCP hydrobiology tean to Bamako. As conditions in Bamako improved, more careful thought would be given to the possibilities of relocating the hydrobiological tean without disrupting its planned activities.
L. FOLLOW-UP ON PUBLICATIONS
76. The Group reviewed the status of documents which vrere being prepared for publication at the time of its tenth session (Appendix I of the report of EG.10 refers). rt was noted that, of the 13 documents listed in 1989, two had actually been published and two were "in press". While acknowledging that the analysis and writing-up of extensive and complex monj.toring data was a very time-consuming exercise, the Group nevertheless urged OCP staff and their collaborators to make every effort to publish their findings in a timely mElnner.
77. The current status of publications by OCP staff and their colLaborators is presented in Appendix 4.
M. SUPPORT TO NATIONAL TEAMS
78. The Group discussed various means of assisting the national hydrobiology teams in further developing their abilities and the quality of their work. Three leve1s of assistance were identified: (i) Training: in the specific fields of water quality analysis, taxonomical identification of freshwater fauna, application of relevant statistical methods, etc. (ii) Research directly related to monitoring: this t;pe of research, ce results, had always been encouraged, as shown by current projects (see paras. 30-32). National terms and/or the OCP hydrobiologist could propose projects which, in large part, could be included in the current programnes of national monitoring activities.
(iii. ) Research topics more looselv linked to nonitoring but which misht influence it: for instance: land-use, use of pesticides in terrestrial habitats, identification of faunal refugj_a, biological cycles of individual species, taxonomic and zoogeographic research.
79. The Group sincerely hoped that institutions other than OCP would contribute in the context of international or bilateral relatj-onships, to these research and training projects. The various proposals made to national teans or to OCP would be exemined with great interest. However, it had to be remembered that a down-to-earth approach was necessary, consideri.ng that field training in research was a long-term undertaking which required constant scientific guidance. JPC11.3 (0cP/EAc/90. 1 ) Annex I p.d-45
N. WoRK PRoGRAMME FOR Lggo/gt
80. The Group reiterated the importance of adequate provisions being made to ensure that the impact of pyraclofos and the turo other most toxic larvicides (permethrin and carbosulfan) on the non-target aquatic fauna was efficiently monitored. Accordingly, the Group endorsed the fish and invertebrate nonitoring progrqmmes toc L))O/l!tl as presented in Appendices 5 and 6, respectively. 81. The Group also stressed that appropriate attention be given to: (i) the analysis of drift data collected from the different monitoring stations, (ii) the preparation of nonitoring data year-books, (iii) the presentation of monitoring data in graphic and tabular form, ( iv) the preparation of a synthesis paper on the impact of pyraclofos, (v) the detailed mapping of the monitoring sites.
82. Ihe Group reconmended that the OCP Insecticide Research Unit produce a list of the insecticides tested by OCP, which would include data on basic physico- chemj-caI properties and the results of tests on S.dannosurD s.1. larvae. Such a document could al1ow the testing of current nypolEEsEEEfating molecular structure to biological activity.
83. In order to further check on the environmental impact of pyraclofos the Group reconmended that a mandate be given to the Ghana national hydrobiology team to Eonitor, for a period of two years, treatments of the R.Pru at Asubende. OCP should introduce pyraclofos treatnents during the wet season so that monitoring data could be compared with available pre-treatment data which have been collected over several years.
O. OTHER MATIERS
(a) Netherlands-sponsored en,vironmental mission
84. As mentioned in paragraph 3, a Netherlands-sponsored environnental mission was introduced to the Ecological Group and benefited from the opportunity to outline the terms of reference of the mission and to describe some of the nj-ssion's tentative conclusions. At the request of the nission it was agreed that the Group would provide the mission r.rith suggestions for priority environmental research projects, additional to those of the OCi ongoing applied research progrAmmer which the mission could include in its final ""po.i. 85. The research topics proposed by the Group were:
(i) A study on the basis physico-chemical characteristics of the rivers of the OCp area. (if) An investigation of the role of non-point sources of pesticldes on river pollution covering cause-effect relationships and including an inventory of agricultural pesticides. (iii) Taxonomic studies which would lead to an improvement of invertebrate systematics. JPC11.3 (ocP /EAc/go.t) Annex I p.d-46-
( iv) Studies of the feeding behaviour and stomach contents of a selected number of fish species, to be conducted at sanpling stations which were regularly monitored by the OCP and its collaborators.
(v) A study of aquatic refugia, including an inventory of treated and untreated stretches of river and the detailed mapping of major biological refugia in and adjacent to the Progrqmme area. (vi) A study of the relationships between riverine gallery forest vegetation and the assocj.ated aquatic fauna and of the impact of terrestrial environmental degradation on them. 85. The Group stressed that these selected topics were expected to increase the efficiency of the Progrnmme's ongoing monitoring activities and link those activities with the broader issues ofl land-use and envj.ronmental change. Bl. The Group further proposed an elaboration of the selected research topics into bankable proposals which coutd be offered to potential Donors for funding. To ensure effective implementation of accepted proposals it hras suggested to establish links with existing research institutions in the Donor countries and to provide for fellowships. The Group also strongly recommended that provislon for the training of national environmental teans be made within the assistance progremme as a whole. (b) Dr Colin Fairhurst 88. The Group was very sorry to note that, due to iIl health, Dr Colin Fairhurst had been unable to attend its eleventh session. A11 best wishes for a speedy recovery were extended to Dr Fairhurst.
P. SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS 89. A summary of the recommendations contained in the body of this Report is presented in Appendix J.
A. ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE NEXT SESSION
(a) Chairman
90. The Group announced that Dr C. L6v6que would be the Chairman for the Group's twelfth session (1991) and would represent the Group at the 1990 meetings of the Expert Advisory Comnittee and the Joint Progrsnme Comnittee. (b) Date and pIace of twelfth session
91. It was agreed that the twelfth session of the Ecological Group would be convened in Ouagadougou (or another najor OCP base) during the week beginning 2! February 799t. Arrangements would be made for some Group Members to visit monitoring sites in Sierra Leone.
R. APPROVAL OF REPORT
92. The draft report was approved, as anended during the closing session JPC11.3 (ocP/EAC/9o.1 ) Annex I p.ctE
S. CLOSURE OF THE SESSION 93. The session was closed by the Chairman during the afternoon of 2 March 1tt0. JPC11.3 (ocP/EAC/90.1) Annex I page 48
Abrs,'rat rons lce Bae=Bettdae Ce=Canrda
T r r =T r rccry,ti,cag Ps/=Hr6.ort Chr =Cht ronorn "n,*I nr li11=J61yl6;gr r;1 I ap=Taryp6".ee fti=Crthmld ,na !c.
B4 Ocl f. O. * ,h cti I *lt loc Y. 1", lo. T. * tt Ya d. r 1., oa Ca 1", *" * lr,. *"* t lp 1., ?1 Tri * 21 Tap lo2 lo' Az AztnfthlPhos Bro Brorcsmetirtnc Trt Dr D.t. Cr Ctrbosulfro Cr P.rn6tirlnG CooDCr Cy Cyphanothrtnc Dc DclttmcthrtnG trt Etiofcnpor hc ll6thloctrb 02 (rrs 5002 I Cr "rl (x ms 50J4 06 fis 3056 Py Pyrrclofos Ph Chlorphortmc Figure 1: Fauna remaining in the series of Tr llDhcnurrtnc Ttlsttr troughs after the action of the various Tr Abrtco (tim6phos! insecticides tested by OCP -l Crrbtmtte $ lnscctrcroc brologrquc |! Orgrnophosphori 'l Pyrathrrnol.,. JPC11.3 (ocP/EAc/90.1) Annex I page + .o' .tL A + ...'Ctri ,'+ 2 * -.-.-'7.- '\.- - l' .' \ ,' \.\t\!\!\ 1r! A I /'^..'* '\ ,xt I 1f: I -J'.. A I ! I i I , v I , + , \ + o.t;i r^ , \.o. i )t \ pt tP.!-.-.-t.-.-.E o Bhe l*t.. Or * o * A e ^' o
o L6oende o P16-traitement r Abate + chlorphoxime + B,t. {l B.t. aprds permethrine o {A B.t. aprds carbosulfan o non trarte I noate aprds du chlorpnoxime Tap pt = peche traditionnelle I premrer traitement
Abrevratrons Bae=Baetidae Cae=Caenidae Tr i=TricorythiCae
P sy= Hydropsych I dae o Chi=Chironomini e Tat=Tanytarsi n i
: Ta0=TuntroO nut Tri 0cl =0rthocledr t nae
Figure 2: Factorial analysis of correspondences between the data collected before and after the start of larviciding on the Marahou6 at Danangoro. JPC11.3 (ocP/EAC/e0.1) Annex I page 50
Effectifs 5000 TOTAL FAUNA
2000 E Tot 0 W Tot Cl N Tot C2 I 000
0 DAN A DAH C DAH BI. AM Dt PRU Bt Stat ions/i nsecticldes
Figure 3 : Comparison between the observed values (0) and the theoretical values ealculated according to the empirlcal (Cl) and predictive (C2) models, for the population of the taxa inhabiting the Danangoro, Asubende (Pru) and Amou-Oblo (Amou) stat,ions. Prediction for Abate (A), chlorphoxim (ch1) and Bacill-us thuringiensis (Bt). ;
a: Total faunal b Baetidae; c: Caenidae; d. Tricorythidae; e: Hydropsychidae; f: Chironomini; g: Tanytarsini; h: Orthoeladiinae; i: Tanypodinac. JPC11.3 (ocP/EAC/90.1) Annex I page 51
U,ncorrected monthly indices Entomokro I ndex 1er traitement o a 8 o Oa oo a a 7 o a+o"o oa a 6 a 5 a 4 o' 3 a o 2 (}1 o 1 oo Month 0 a 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Figure 4a: Uneorrected monthly values of the index measured at Entomokro s tation before and after treatment.
Corrected Eonthly indiees Entomokro I,ndex 9 o 8 o o 7 oo'o 6 5 o+oo o o 4 a 3 a 2 o 01 a oa o 1O 1 10 o Month a 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Figure 4b: Corrected monthly values of the index measured at Entomokro station beforc anJ after treatment. JPC11 .3 (ocP/EAc/go.t) Annex I page 52
APPENDIX 1
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
Members
Professor D. Calanari, Institute of Agricultural Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 2OLJJ Mi1an, Ita1y
Professor 11.14. Qummins, Director, Pymatuning Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Biology Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 2t532, USA
Dr H. de Iongh, Technical Advisory Directorate, Ministry for Development Cooperation, P.0. Box 20061, 25OO EB The Hague, Nethertands
Dr C. L6vOque (Chairman), Directeur de Recherches, ORSTOM, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire d'Ichtyologie, 4l rue Cuvier, 75237 Paris Cedex 0!, France Dr M. Yasuno, Chief of Aquatic Ecology, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa, Tsukuba, 3O5 Japan
Other participants
Dr J.-M. Elouard, ORSTOM, 20!2 avenue du Val Montferrand, B.P. 5045, 34032 Montpellier Cedex, France
Dr D. Paugy, ORSTOM, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire d'Ichtyologie, 43 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex O!, France
Secretariat
Dr c . Back, VCU/OCP, B.P. 1414, Bouak6, COte d'Ivoire Dr D .A.T. Baldry (Secretary), OCP , WH0/HQ, Geneva, Switzerland Dr P . Guillet, VCU/OCP. B.P. 2279 , Bamako, Mali Mr J . Henderickx, VCU/OCP, B.P. 3 6, Kara, Togo Dr D . Qui116v6r6, VCU/OCP, B.P. 5,49, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso Dr E .M. Semba, Director OCP, B.P. 549, Ouagadougou Mr E J. Senghor, INF/OCP, B.P. 549, Ouagadougou Mr S Sowatr, VCU/OCP, B.P. 36, Kara Mr J .M. Tapsoba, VCU/OCP , B.P 549, ouagadougou Dr J .F. Walsh, VCU/OCP, B.P. 36 Kara Mr L . Ynm6og:o, VCU/OCP, B. P. 54'9, Ouagadougou Mr D .G. Zerbo, VCU/OCP, B. P. 54'p, Ouagadougou JPC11.3 (0cP/EAc/90. 1 ) Annex I pace 53
APPENDIX 2
LIST OF DOCUMENTS ocP/vcu/HYBr0/90. 1 - Year-book of hydrobiological data I - Invertebrate fauna ocP/vcu/r{YBro /90.2 - Year-book of hydrobiological data II - Fish fauna ocP/vcu/lrYBro/90.3 - Data-book of R. Bandama and Niandan (Invertebrates and Fish) 0CP/VCU/HYBLO/9O.4 - lrlest African Mayflies: distribution of the genera Pseudopannota and Ophelmatostona (J.-M. Elouard and P. Hideux) ocP/vcu/HYBlo/90.5 - Mediun-term trial of the toxicity of pyraclofos sprayed on the White Bandana within the franework of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme (F. Konde) ocP/vcu/rrYBro/90.6 - Short-term impact of pyraclofos on the aquatic macroinvertebrates of the white Bandana (COte d'Ivoire) First five weeks of treatment at the Souroukoudougou station (J. Wuitlot and B. Coulibaly) ocP/vcu/HYBro/90.7 - Sumnary of annual report for 1988-1989 (Guinea) Ichthyology (Moussa Elinane Diop) ocP/vcu/HYBro/90.8 - Mission Report (Sierra Leone) (D. Paugy and R. Bigorne) ocP /vcu/ffYBro/go.g - Institute of Aquatic Biology (Ghana) - Summary of L9B8/ L9B9 hydrobiologicat monitoring report ocP/vcu/HYBro/90. 10 - Hydrobiological prospection of the Vlestern Extension area of the Onchocerciasis Control Progrsmme - Selection of invertebrate fauna monitoring sites - Sierra Leone (J.-M. Elouard)
OCP/VCU/|{YBIO/90.11 - Annual report of the Mali ichthyological tean (Summary) (Moussa Kossa Traor6) ocP/vcu/HYBro/go.L2 - Selection of entomofauna monitoring sites and pre- treatment data collection in watercourses in Sierra Leone (Sunmary) (L. Yan6ogo, J.M. Tapsoba and B. Coulibaly) ocP/vcu/HYBro/90. 13 - Summary of annual report for 1988/1989 (Guinea national tean) (Fanfode Konde) ocP/vcu/HYBro/90.74 - Geographic distribution of the principal Trichoptera species in West Africa (F.M. Gibon) JPC11.3 (0CP/EAC/90.1) Annex I p.ctE4
Appendix 2 ocP /vcu/HYBro/9o.75 - Monitoring of entomofauna of the watercourses treated in COte d'Ivoire, Ghana and Togo (Summary) - (OCP Hydrobiology Section) ocP /vcu/HYBro/go.L6 - Summary of the consultantship concerning 'rlnterpretation of 1l years of monitoring of watercourses treated in the OCP area" (J.-M. Elouard and M. Simier)
D)c.0547 /vcu ( 1989 ) - Short-term impact of pyraclofos on the non-target fauna in tropical environment (L. yam6ogo, J.M. Tapsoba and M. Bihoum)
- The impact of permethrin, bi.oresmethrin, carbosulfan and pyraclofos on the non-target aquatic fauna - a literature survey - February lptO (J. Lahr and H.H. de Iongh) JPC11.3 ( 0cP/EAc/90. 1 ) Annex I pace 55
APPENDIX 3
SUGGESTIONS FOR THE EVALUATION OF PAST, PRESENT AND F'T]TURE REFUGIA FOR RECOLONIZATION OF TREATED REACHES OF RIVERS
Phase 1 (1990-1991). Prepare general map (as outlined to the Group by Dr J.F. Walsh) for the three major areas of the Progranne - the "core", the "south" and the "West". These general maps should indicate: 1) sections of river with perennial or seasonal flow, 2) section of river exposed to continuous or seasonal treatment, l) coverage with temephos. B.t. H-14, and other compounds, 4) number of years of treatment. Phase 2 (7992-t993). A detailed analysis of the system (as in Phase 1) of the following rivers and reaches, i.e. all tributary systems in the region of the naned monitoring station: Niaka, Entomokro, Danangoro, Niandan, Amou. Phase 3 $992). Synthesis of all biological data on potential refugia. These data categories would be: 1) all available data on treated and untreated rivers and tributarl,es, 2) pre-treatment data, 3) selected post-treatment data - where treatments have been interrupted (indefinitely) .
Phase 4 (1994). A detailed analysis (as in Phase 2) for the entire Programme area. This analysis to be updated each year. It is critical that this analysis be converted to the format of established Geographical Information System (GIS, e.g. ARCINFO) techniques. Once maps are digitized, such an approach will permit detailed nanipulation of the data relating changes in land-use and treatnent strategy to the potential for recoloni-zation of non-target fauna. JPC11.3 (ocP /EAc/go.t) Annex I fi#-55-
Rpppworx 4
CURRENT STATUS OF PIIBLICATIONS
Published
Agndse (J.-F.), Pasteur (N.) et L6v6que (C.), 1989 - Diff6renciation g6n6tique de quelques populations de Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus et de C. johnelsi (Pisces, Bagridae) de COte d'Ivoire et du MaIi. Rev. hydrobiol. trop. 22 (2): 101-106
Bigorne (R. ) et Paugy (D. ), 1990 - Descripti on de Marcusenius merona-i D.sp., nouvelle de Mormyridae (Teteostei) de Siema Leone. Ichthyo!. Expl-p. Freshwaters, 1 (1): 33-38 Elouard (J.-M.), et Fairhurst (C.P.), 1989 - Impact des insecticides antisinulidiens employ6s par le Progrsmme de Lutte contre 1'Onchocercose sur les entomoc6noses aquatiques. Emploi altern6 de 1'Abate, du chlorphoxime et du Bacillus thuringiensis . Bull.IFAN, 47
Elouard (J.-M.), 1989 - West African Ephemeroptera. The genus Ivleqhadorythus (Tricorythidae). Aquatic insects, 11 (1): 1-10
Gillies (M.T.) and Elouard (J.-M.), 1989 - The Mayfly-mussel association, a ne!, exanple from the ri.ver Niger basin. In Mayflies and stoneflies - life History and biology. I.C. Canpbell ed. Sluwer acd. Pressz 299-197 L6vOque (C. ), 1989 - Remarques taxinomiques sur quelques petits Barbus (Pisces, Cyprinidae) d'Afrique de l'Ouest (Premidre partie). Cvbium 13 (2)
L6v6que (C.), 1989 - The Onchocerciasis Control Programme monitoring activities. Paper presented for a SCOPE volume on 'tEcological effects in different climates"
L6vEque (C.), Paugy (D.), Teugels (G.c.) et Romand (R.), 1989 - Inventaire taxonomique et distribution des poissons d'eau douce des bassins c6tiers de Guin6e et de Guin6e Bissau. Rev. hydrobiol. trop.22 (2\: LO1 -727
Paugy (D.) et Guegan (J.-F.), 1989 - Note ir propos de trois espdces d'Hydrocynus (Pisces, Charicidae) du bassin du Niger suivie de la r6habilitation de 1'espdce Hydrocynus vittatus (Castelnau, 181). Rev. hydrobiol. trop 22 (7) z 63-69
Paugy (D.), 1990 - Note d propos des Petersiini (Teleostei: Characidae) d'Afrique occidentale. Ic 1 (1): 75-84 Teugels (G.G. ), L6v6que, Paugy (D. ) et Traor6 (K), 1988 - Etat des connaissances sur 1a faune ichthyologique des bassins cOtiers de COte d'Ivoire et de I'Ouest du Ghana. Rev. hydrobiol. trop. 2t (3): 22L-237
Ya.m6ogo (L.), L6v6que (C.), Traor6 (K.) et Fairhurst (C.P.), 1988 - Dix ans de surveillance de Ia faune aquatique des rividres d'Afrique de 1'Ouest trait6es contre les simulies (Diptera: Simuliidae) agents vecteurs de 1'onchocercose humaine. Paper presented at the "Conf6rence des entomologistes d'Expression frangaise (Canada) . Naturaliste canadien 7L5,287-298 JPC11.3 ( 0cP/EAc/90. 1 ) Annex I pace 57
Appendix 4 In press
Bigorne (R. ) - Mise en s5mon5rmie de Gnathonenus brevicaudatus Pellegrin, L9979 avec Gnathonemus petersii Gunter, (Teleostei, Mornyridae). Cybium
Bigorne (R.) - Les genres Brienomyrus et Isichthys (pisces, Mormyridae) en Afrique de 1'Ouest Rev. hydrobiol. trop. Bigorne (R. ) - R6vision syst6matique du genre Pollimyrus (Teleostei, Mormyridae) en Afrique de 1'Ouest Rev. hydrobiol. trop. Dejoux (C.) and Elouard (J.-M.), 1989 - 6. Potential impact of microbial insecticides on the freshwater envj.ronment, with special references to the WHO/UNDP/WorId Bank/Onchocerciasis Control Programme . Microbial insecticides
Fairhurst (C.P.), Lesaque (C.), Elouard (J.-M.), Paugy (D.) and Yan6ogo (L.) - Ecological effects of larviciding. Proceedings O-Now. 'sSrnposium on Onchocerciasis
Paugy (D.), Guegan (J.-F.) and Agndse (J.-F.) - Three sinultaneous and independant approaches to characterize a nerd species of Labeo (Teleostei, Clprinidae) from hlest Afrlca. Can. journal ZF,i-oIi_
Paug:y (D.), L6v€que (C.), Teugels (G.G.), Bigorne (R.) and Romand (R.) - Freshwater fishes of Sierra Leone and Liberia: annoted checklist and distribution. Rev. hydrobiol. trop.
Paugy (D.) et B6nech (V.) - Les poissons d'eau douce des bassins cOtiers du Togo (Afrique de I'Ouest). Rev. hydrobiol. trop.
Yaneogo (L.), calamari (D.), Grunewald (J.) and Fairhurst (c.p.) - The aquatic monitoring and bioassay component of the WHo onchocerciasis Control Progrqmme in West Africa. Verhandlungen
In preparation calanari (D.), Guitlet (P.), Traor6 (K.) and yan6ogo (L.) - Ecological approach for the impact assessment of carbosulfan in the Onchocerciasis Control Programme. Chemosphere cummins (K.l'l.), wirzbach (M.A.), Elouard (J.-M.) and ya-m6ogo (L.) - Functional organization of running water invertebrate associations in eastern Guinea. Journ. North. Amer. Benthological Soc.
Elouard (J.-M.) and Fairhurst (C.) - The aggregation of fresh-water insects from different coll-ection methods in West Africa. Ecologia generalis Elouard (J.-M.) and Fairhurst (C.) - Utilization of the aggregation index to measure long-term effects produced by the large-scaIe use of sinuliid pesticides in the Onchocerciasis control Programme. chemosphere JPC11.3 ( ocP/EAc/90. 1 ) Annex I p.d-58
Appendix 4
Elouard (J.-M.) and Hideux (P.) - Mayflies of West Africa. Thraulobaetodes, an atypic nehr genus of crawling baetid. Proceedings oT'-Eh-6-5IxE[- International Mayflies Conference, Grenada, Spain
Elouard (J.-M.), Gillies (M.T.) et Wuillot (J) - Eph6mdres d'Afrique de 1'0uest. Le genre Pseudopannota (Baetidae). Rev. hydiobiol. trop. Gillies (M.T.), Elouard (J.-M.) and wuillor (J) - Mayflies in wesr Africa - The genus 0phelmatostoma (Baetidae) . Rev. hydrobiol trop.
Hideux (P.) and Elouard (J.-M.) - Mayflies of liest Africa. The subgenus Adenophlebiodes (Ephemeroptera: Lephebiidae). Aquatic insectq
Paugy (D.) - Les cycles de reproduction des poissons de Baoul6 (Ht S6n6ga1, Mali ) . Rev. h.vdrobiol . trop.
Paugy (D. ) - Le peuplement ichthyologique du Baoul6 (Ht S6n6ga1, Mali) avant son traitement aux insecticides antisimulidiens Rev. hvdrobiol trop. Yam6ogo (L.), Tapsoba (J.-M.) and Calamari (D.) - Laboratory toxicity of potential blackfly larvicides on some fish species in the Onchocerciasis control Progranme area (llest Africa). Ecological E4vir. saf
Yan6ogo (L.), Calamari (D.), Elouard (J.-M.), Guillet (p.), paugy (D.) and Walsh (J.F. ) - Ecological assessment of the OCP use of permethrin. Reviews of Envi ronmental Toxicoloev JPC11.3 (0cP/EAc/90.1) Annex I pace 59
APPENDIX 5
[ioRK PRoGRAMME 1990
FISH MONITORING
COTINIBY LARVICIDES H(PECTED srrE/Rrvm SAMPLING FREQTIENCIES TO BE USED C6te d'Ivoire Niaka/White Bandana Bi-monthly B.t. H-14, pyraclofos and carbosulfan .Ganse/Comoe Bi-nonthly B.t. H-14, pyraclofos, carbosulfan & pernethrin
.Pont Routier/Leraba Bi-monthly Temephos (May and June) Mali .Nissira/Baoude Monthly No treatment Guinea .Baranana/Dion Bi-monthly B.t. H-14, tenephos, pyraclofos & pernethrin . Mandiana/Sankarani Monthly No treatnent
. Boussol6/Milo Four times a year B.t. H-14, temephos during dry season pyraclofos & permethrin
Ghana . Sabari/0ti Bi-monthly B.t. H-14 & pyraclofos ( carbosulfanr )
.Asubende/Pru Bi-nonthly B.t. H-14 & pyraclofos Sierra Leone . Matokaka/Jong Bi-monthly B.t. H-14 & tenephos . Magburaka/Rokel (pernethrin) r
.Moussaia/Kaba Two or three times B.t. H-14 & temephos a year during dry season
* If necessary JPC11 .3 (ocP /EAc/go.t) Annex I p.d-60
APPENDIX 6
woRK PRoGRAMME 1gg0
INVERTEBRATE MONITORING
COI]NTRY LARVICIDES EXPECTED SITE/RIVER CODE SAMPLING FREQUENCIES TO BE USED
COte d'Ivoire A . Da"a.Ed;7G""r,f,0 8 Once a month from B.t. H-14, pyraclofos . Entomokro/Mardhou6 L6 November to April & carbosulfan
.Niaka/lihite Bandama 3 Once a month from B.t. H-14, pyraclofos November to April & carbosulfan Ganse/Comoe 2 Once a month from B.t. H-14, pyraclofos September to carbosulfan & January permethrin Mali Kokofata/Bakoye 57 Once a month from June/ No treatment July to December/ in 1990 January Guinea . Sassanbaya/Niandan 6L Once a nonth from B.t. H-14, temephos, November to April pyraclofos & permethrin
Ghana .Banboi/Black Volta t2 Once every 2 years B.t. H-14, during hret season permethrin, after analyses of carbosulfan & drift data pyraclofos
Asubende/Pru 20 Once a nonth fron B.r. H-14 & November to April pyraclofos for 2 years JPC11.3 (ocP/EAC/90. 1 ) Annex I EE 61
APPENDIX 7
SI]MMARY OF RECOMMEI.IDATIONS
1 Intensification of efforts to develope improved formulations of B.t. H-14 (Paragraph J).
2 Participation of an OCP/VCU staff nenber and a member of the Ecological Group at a joint I'lHO/Pesticide Industry Consultation to be held in WHO/HQ in June 1990 (Paragraph 7). 3. Pyraclofos as an operational insecticide (Paragraph 22).
4 Taking of appropriate measures to ensure that the national hydrobiolory teams have adequate tools and resources for data preparation (Paragraph 35).
5 Publication of a description of the Elouard and Sinier index for evaluating changes in community structure caused by exposure to larvicides (Paragraph 56).
5 Revision of protocol for collecting drift samples (Paragraph 59).
7 0vera11 analysis of drift data (Paragraph 60). 8 rnitial compilation and analysis of monitoring data to be performed in Ouagadougou (Paragraph 64) .
9 copy of all monitoring data stored outside the Ocp to be obtained and integrated into the Ouagadougou databank (Paragraph 54). 10. External consultant to assess current analysis methods (paragraph 64). 11. Additional nonitoring sites in Sierra Leone (paragraph 70).
72. Inclusion of macrocrustaceans in collections in Sierra Leone (Paragraph J1). 13. Production of a list of insecticides tested by Ocp, including physicochemical and toxicological data (paragraph 82). 14. Monitoring the impact of pyraclofos in Ghana (paragraph 8l). 15. Training of national envj.ronmental teams (paragraph 8/). JPC11.3 (0cP/EAc/90.1 ) page 62
ANNEX II
FORII'AT FOR DISCUSSIONS ON DEVOLUTION
A PARTNERS AND THE ROLES THEY CAN PLAY TO SUPPORT DEVOLUTION Participating Coun!ries
(i) Inventory of health infrastructure and activities going on in area in health including Donor - agency and non-governmental organization (NGO) activities (ii) National plans for onchocerciasis control and surveillance - first draft in preparation - draft completed - final draft submitted - approved - operational (iii) Resources mobilisation
- national staff with OCP assistance - national staff without OCP assistance (iv) Training, retraining, manual development and/or adaptation (") Community awareness through health education
(vi) Drug distribution and administration and record keeping (vii) Intersectoral collaboration
Onchocqrciasis Control Progranme (OCP)
(i) Training of trainers, development of ,*u"i" and other teaching materials
(ii ) Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment
( r_l-1 ) Record keeping of ivermectin distribution outside OCP area
(iv ) Coordination and monitoring of devolution activities
(v) Definition of recrudescence and recommended acti.on (vi) Documentation of OCP's technical, scientific and managerial expertise
(vii) Strengthening of research capacities in OCP area JPC11 .3 (ocP/EAc/90. 1 ) page 53
World Heal rh ation (WHO) (i) Formulation of national health policies
(ii) Strengthening of national health systems
(iii) Manpower development
(iv) rnstitutional strengthening for training, research and managenent (v) coordination of external assistance to participating \ countries (vi) Inter-country facility
ComEittee of Sponsoring AEencies (CSA)
Assistance to Participating Countries in obtaining bilateral assistance.
B. MECHANISMS FOR MONITORING PROGRESS Participating Countries
(i) Individual NOC meetings (ii) Annual meeting of NOCs (iii) Report of NOC meeting
Control Progrqmmg (ocP)
(i) Programme Directorrs contacts and activities (ii) NOCs neetings (iii) Report to EAC
Woqld Health Orsaniza tion (WHO)
(i) Report of National I'JHO representatives (ii) Subregional meetings on technical cooperation (iii) WHO/AFRO/OCP meetings (iv) Report to EAC
Conmi ttee of Sponsorincr Aeen ies ( CSA
(i) CSA meetings (ii ) Report to EAC
C. EAC DISCUSS]ONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS