Butler University Botanical Studies

Volume 10 Article 4

Forest Succession in the Valparaiso and Packerton Moraines in Indiana

John L. Oliver

Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/botanical The Butler University Botanical Studies journal was published by the Botany Department of Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, from 1929 to 1964. The scientific journal eaturf ed original papers primarily on plant ecology, taxonomy, and microbiology.

Recommended Citation Oliver, John L. (1951) "Forest Succession in the Valparaiso and Packerton Moraines in Indiana," Butler University Botanical Studies: Vol. 10 , Article 4. Retrieved from: https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/botanical/vol10/iss1/4

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Butler University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Butler University Botanical Studies by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ Butler University. For more information, please contact [email protected].

Butler University Botanical Studies (1929-1964)

Edited by

Ray C. Friesner

The Butler University Botanical Studies journal was published by the Botany Department of Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, from 1929 to 1964. The scientific journal featured original papers primarily on plant ecology, taxonomy, and microbiology. The papers contain valuable historical studies, especially floristic surveys that document Indiana’s vegetation in past decades. Authors were Butler faculty, current and former master’s degree students and undergraduates, and other Indiana botanists. The journal was started by Stanley Cain, noted conservation biologist, and edited through most of its years of production by Ray C. Friesner, Butler’s first botanist and founder of the department in 1919. The journal was distributed to learned societies and libraries through exchange.

During the years of the journal’s publication, the Butler University Botany Department had an active program of research and student training. 201 bachelor’s degrees and 75 master’s degrees in Botany were conferred during this period. Thirty-five of these graduates went on to earn doctorates at other institutions.

The Botany Department attracted many notable faculty members and students. Distinguished faculty, in addition to Cain and Friesner , included John E. Potzger, a forest ecologist and palynologist, Willard Nelson Clute, co-founder of the American Fern Society, Marion T. Hall, former director of the Morton Arboretum, C. Mervin Palmer, Rex Webster, and John Pelton. Some of the former undergraduate and master’s students who made active contributions to the fields of botany and ecology include Dwight. W. Billings, Fay Kenoyer Daily, William A. Daily, Rexford Daudenmire, Francis Hueber, Frank McCormick, Scott McCoy, Robert Petty, Potzger, Helene Starcs, and Theodore Sperry. Cain, Daubenmire, Potzger, and Billings served as Presidents of the Ecological Society of America.

Requests for use of materials, especially figures and tables for use in ecology text books, from the Butler University Botanical Studies continue to be granted. For more information, visit www.butler.edu/herbarium.

adds to the unfol analyzed have p FOREST SUCCESSION IN THE VALPARAISO forests which liv AND PACKERTON MORAINES IN INDIANAl The two pol By JOHN L. OLIVER Lake County, in Indiana has experienced many climatic changes due primarily to Kosciusko Count its geographical location which brought it in contact with climates past vegetation which find expression in boreal, grassland, and the southern deciduous Indiana as in the forest vegetations. Many of the vegetational changes we will per:­ Indiana was ~ haps never be able to reconstruct for: lack of fossil records. The more recent of these climatic changes, however:, left their imprint on known noian, the Early records of forest history and on present-day plant distribution in the northern one· Indiana. For the northern half of the state, pollen studies reconstrnct as physiographic remarkably well even the fluctuations of great formations and the morainic systems climatic succession of formations and associations. present study. T of which remain: From present-day vegetation it might be assumed that the history others having beel of western Indiana vegetation di Hers from that of eastern and central Leroy bog is an e Indiana vegetation. This possibility prompted the present study. Moderating climate replaced a simple forest with a complex associa­ same depth. is nol tion of species in which physiogr:aphy began to playa part in selection PHYSIOC of genera and species. The Indiana vegetation of today therefore shows both climatic and physiographic controls. The botanical areas While both LE as defined by Deam (1) are, geologically speaking, a comparatively glaciation, they ar, recent development, as clearly revealed by fossil pollens in sediments bog lies within tht which accumulated during post-glacial times. the southern end ( It seems also to ha Some of the greatest modifications and replacements in Indiana It belongs to the r vegetation occurred when continental ice sheets moved southward and vVisconsin Cary S covered most of the state. As the melting ice sheets withdrew, the Leroy and northe clark spruce forests e~ltered upon the stage, only to build a better soil type with a comb which, combined with a moderating climate, favored invasion by the taller pines. They in turn were replaced by the broad-leaved species. The Packerton the moraines of tr When civilized !pan came to Indiana, much of this drama had been its origin in north packed into the deepening layers of soil. Pollen analysis is a method Cass, ·Miami, Ful of searching the ruins for records of that drama, and every profile nates about the 11 Morainic system c 1 A portion of a thesis submilled in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science degree in the Division of Graduate Instruction, of Oswego, Indial Butler University. canoe Lake. 20 adds to the unfolding picture of migrating forests which bogs already analyzed have pr~sented to llS. Potzger (8) calls them "phantom THE VALPARAISO forests which live again in the pollen records." INES IN INDIANA 1 The two pollen profiles presented here, one from Leroy Bog, OLIVER Lake County, in the Valparaiso Moraine, the other from Shoe Lake, imatic changes due primarily to Kosciusko County, in the Packerton Moraine, show that progress of ght it in contact with climates past vegetation was not the same in the northwestern corner of and, and the southern deciduous Indiana as in the north-central portion of the state. :getational changes we will per­ Indiana was subjected to three distinct glacial periods: The Illi­ ack of fossil records. The more noian, the Early Wisconsin, and the Late \iVisconsin glaciations. In ever, left their imprint on known the northern one-third of the state, the Late Wisconsin glacier left resent-day plant distribution in state, pollen studies reconstruct as physiographic featmes several series of morainic systems. Two , s of great formations and the morainic systems, probably terminal moraines, are involved in the associations. present study. The retreat of the glacier also left many lakes, some of which remain today, although considerably diminished in size, the ight be assumed that the history others having been filled in completely by deposition of plant remains. from that of eastern and central Leroy bog is an example of the latter while Shoe Lake, of about the y promptcd the present study. same depth, is not yet completely filled in. e forest with a complex associa­ began to playa part in selection PHYSIOGRAPHY OF ARE:AS INVESTIGATED a vegetation of today therefore ic controls. The botanical areas 'While both Leroy bog and Shoe Lake are in the Late Wisconsin 'Ql1y speaking, a comparatively glaciation, they are in dif ferent morainic systems (Malott, 7). Leroy d by fossil pollens in sediments bog lies within the Valparaiso Morainic system which swings around I times. the southern end of Lake Michigan and extends into lower IvIichigan. It seems also to have been the southern boundary of old Lake Chicago. n and replacements in Indiana It belongs to the morainic system of the Lake Michigan lobe of Late ice sheets moved southward and 'Wisconsin Cary Substage. The bog is located two miles southeast of elting ice sheets witbdrew, the Leroy and northeast of Crown Point, Indiana. It is of the valley stage, only to build a better soil type with a combination of gentle and steep slopes surrounding it. cl'mate, favored invasion by the ed by the broad-leaved species. The Packerton Moraine in which Shoe Lake is located belongs to the moraines of the Saginaw lobe of late Wisconsin Substage. It has , much of this drama had been its origin in northern Carroll County, extends northeastward through il. Pollen analysis is a method Cass, Miami, Fulton, Kosciusko, and Whitley Counties, and termi­ f that drama, and every profile nates about the middle of Noble County. Here it joins with the Morainic system of the Erie Lobe. Shoe Lake is two miles southeast ial fulfillment of the requirements Division of Graduate Instruction, of Oswego. Indiana, and one mile south of the eastern end of Tippe­ canoe Lake. 21 METHODS The Hiller-type borer was used to collect the samples in the Leroy bog. Several trial borings were made in an attempt to find the deepest place in the basin which, as shown by Potzger (9), and Potzger and \Vilson (II), is essential to assure a complete profile, since lakes be­ gin filling in the deepest parts of their basins. For the samples at Shoe Lake, I am indebted to Dr. Ira T. \Vilson and co-workers who collected the samples according to the method described by v\lil­ son (14). The laboratory technique employed was essentially the same as that described by Geisler (3). Some experimentation with stains was made. Crystal violet in clove oil was found to stain the pollen grains much more consistently than the aqueous solution of crystal violet. A small amount of safranin was also added to provide a con­ trast in the materials with which the pollens were associated. This combination rendered the pollen grains easily distinguishable from animal cysts, fern spores, and other plant remains. The aqueous solution of crystal violet seemed to have no effect on the pollen grains at some foot-levels where sediments were composed principally of marl. Frequent reference was made to Erc1tman (2) as an aid to interpretation of unknown pollens.

RESULTS

LE.ROY BOG Figure 1 presents the percentage relationship of the genera. It may, however, be desirable to make specific mention of some of the more significant features of vegetational behavior as shown by the percentage figures. Successional trends with marked climatic im­ plications that are diff icult to explain are presented in the Leroy bog profile. Chief among these is the initial oak period superceded by a definite Picea-Abies periocl, which is turn is replaced again by Quer­ cus twice after an interval represented by 8 foot-levels. From the 24-foot level to the surface, the oak-controlled forest is reflected by high pollen percentages. The persistence of Picea to the surface layer is somewhat striking and suggests successful relic participation in a changing association. Pinus is never of great importance in Leroy bog, the greatest percentage representation of the combined species being 12%. AI­ 22 LEROY 80G mples in the Leroy rut. i!!~~~ ...... ,;:::a-;;;;:z:\"ol't;".lf, s­ -. 'II to find the deepest ~f"L.,r.....-+...---.i-----J-'w--'-o--J~~L-~ I, and Potzger and me, since lakes be­ ;. " l+---+--+-+--ll-+---l: ~- 'or the samptes at ~ - 8--~'--/-+_-+-f-+__-+-1---.j. ~ ld co-workers who described by Wil­ if" I • ;---llllnr -I 1'1' '1 11 ' I' ~. ltially the same as ;. II' ~.I ...... 'II...... 'I--+_--,-I...... I ...... J..I'--!~ ltation with stains to stain the pollen 1l-­ I = ~ '---,--+--1' solution of crystal ---+-----!...... ,I.~l_I- d to provide a con­ il-.,.... I I t ~ rill I II e associated. This ~ II ji---TI-+-f---!---+---\-+­ stinguishable from ,ins. The aqueous on the pollen grains ll­ fr-~~'-,'"' ~ ." :,,---~ ~~ ~o· ---1 osed principally of "1-·I ' ~ H-t!ll+.LJ' l!" !l­ 1 (2) as an aid to ! 6-;-.+-­ ~ ~ 1---+--IIi-U-..IJ--=LI'----t--+--­ oa • ~ ! I tl­

or --0" , "'11'"' nl1TJflrf'llrmmIlffll­ ~._Io . " .., ." II~'I s-

~ Ilfii'1IIIIIUI~rTnrl,M"mllllml,-,ni,--j-- l;­ I w I!­ l- of the genera. It ~-ff- g- III III r '111 "1" lIPiII...... ··'.n'..--t··--t­ "I ~m h.rtr!~...-t--i~ tion of some of the It- I B--­f-+_-+-HI"II'IH-+--1--I ~ >r as shown by the ~ l!­ larked climatic im­ 1 " jl'I'11 VI II 1111'1 It- ed in the Leroy bog ;r+-iE I-I-+--+-i~+-+~-+--+-- I .,----+-f.-+---+----1-.r--i-"rri---!1I g- iod superceded by a ! i "'1 f " Iced again by Quer­ ~ s­ .. ..-r--+---+--+--.-.J..--j-----t-+..-....-h-.--+-+-­ I .... .: It-levels. From the ! It- )rest is reflected by g- 'icea to the surface -." 111 LlI relic participation s­ 1111"11

y bog, the greatest s being 12%. Al­ 1 23 though the percentage increase is slight, pine shows greater abundance in top levels. This leaves the profile without a Pinus-dominated period. Ulmus is the only other genus with representation in every I f the successions foot-level. 'While it exceeds 10% in many instances, it shows two proceed from an initi decided peaks at 24- and 10-foot leveis. leaved genera, the iIll however, not the cas~ Betula, Fagus, AceI', and Carya appear toward the middle of the Shoe Lake present Sl profiie, they are never of great numerical importance, and decline to­ ward the topmost levels. Tsuga and Larix are very scattered and studies of this type, I represented by very small percentages. For Tsuga this expresses a directly concerned wi typical Indiana condition. meaning of the pollen deepest place in the ba! Fraxinus, Juglans, Salix, and Tilia are represented by small per­ tional record. as Potz centages which are concentrated primarily at mid-profile levels. With the advent of these broadleaved species, a more complex type of forest in Michigan and Wisc is indicated. The increase in percentages of oak and the decline of The most difficult such genera as AceI', Fagus, and Juglans indicates increasing dryness. the initial Quercus pea is almost certainly jus SHOE LAKE has entered into the w The initial forest consisted chiefly of Picea and Abies which have by the Quercus dam in the extremely high representation of 98.5 % in the bottom level. At as shown by the remai the 32-foot level Picea returns but is sparsely represented above the or the differences can 30-foot level. Abies is absent from the 25-foot level to the top. If we superimposed The Pinus period begins at tbe 38-foot level and continues through level of Shoe Lake, SlH the 30-foot level. It alternates in dominance with Quercus and Picea. lar. It is true that in ~ This pine period shows all the characteristics of a transition stage: and troughs which are the point where broad-leaved genera begin to encroach on the coni­ failed to find a pine pi ferous species. Quercus is well represented in the 37-, 36-, 35-, and pollen studies in northe 31-foot levels. It assumes the dominance of the profile at the 29-foot is a characteristic feal level and retains it to the top with a maximum of 67.5% at the Indiana bordering on t 10-foot level. It is conceivable tl Carya and Ulmt1s are both fairly prominent m the upper two­ fluctuations in glacial thirds of the profile but both diminish slightly toward the top. Fagus receded su fficiently tu and AceI' are both pcrsistent in the top half of the profile and Acer and elms, and subseque continues down into the bottom half with diminishing proportions. Leroy bog, likewise, all AceI' reaches a maximum of 15.5% at the 22-foot level. Fagus valves spruce, pille, and reaches its maximum of 18% at the 19-foot level. ger and Wilsoll, 11), JE Tsuga is represented only in three foot-levels, which is very and Reed bog (Griffin, typical for Indiana; while Fraxinus, Juglans, Salix, and Tilia ap­ between Quercus and thJ parently played, only minor roles in the crown cover. has made a prominent e 24 slight, pine shows greater abundance DISCUSSION profile without a Pinus-dominated If the successions shown in a pollen profile lack fluctuations and r genus with representation in every proceed from an initial spruce-fir forest to one controlled by broad­ % in many instances, it shows two levels. leaved genera, the interpretations are comparatively clear. This is, however, not the case in the present analysis. Both Leroy bog and rya appear toward the middle of the Shoe Lake present successions which are difficult to interpret. In numerical importance, and decline to- studies of this type, one soon realizes that many other factors, not a and Larix are very scattered and directly concerned with the profile as such, may obscure the real tages. For Tsuga this expresses a meaning of the pollen records. There is the problem of locating the deepest place in the basin which alone may contain the complete deposi­ d Tilia are represented by small per­ tional record. as Potzger (9, 10) has shown for a number of bogs primarily at mid-profile levels. With in Michigan and 'Wisconsin. species, a more complex type of forest oercentages of oak and the decline of The most difficult problem in the present study is to account for J uglans indicates increasing dryness. the initial Quercus peak in the Leroy bog (32-foot level), which one is almost certainly justified in declaring impossible if no truncation has entered into the work. If we eliminate this difficulty presented iefly of Picea and Abies which have by the Quercus dominance in the lowest foot-levels, the successions n of 98.5% in the bottom level. At as shown by the remaining portions of the two profiles are identical but is sparsely represented above the or the differences can at least be satisfactorily explained. rom the 25-foot level to the top. If we superimposed the 31 foot level of Leroy bog upon the 32-foot e 38-foot level and continues through level of Shoe Lake, successions to higher levels are more nearly simi­ in dominance with Quercus and Picea. lar. It is true that in Shoe Lake profile we have oak and pine peaks haracteristics of a transition stage: and troughs which are absent in the Leroy bog. Guennel (5) also era begin to encroach on the coni­ failed to find a pine period in the Merrillville bog. More extensive Tepresented in the 37-, 36-, 35-, and pollen studies in northern Indiana may show that lack of a pine period Qrninance of the profile at the 29-foot isa characteristic feature of the forest history in the section of with a maximum of 67.5% at the Indiana bordering on the prairie climax.

It is conceivable that these fluctuations Il1 vegetations indicate fairly prominent in the upper two­ fluctuations in glacial advances and retreats. Perhaps the glacicr inish slightly toward the top. Fagus receded sufficiently to permit replacement of the pines by the oaks the top half of the profile and Acer and elms, and subsequent glacial advance again favored the pine. In hal f with diminishing proportions. Leroy bog, likewise, an unstable climate is indicated, but here it in­ 5.5% at the 22-foot level. Fagus volves spruce, pine, and oak. The spectra of Tippecanoe Lake (Potz­ t the 19-foot level. ger and Wilson, 11), Jeff bog (Keller, 6). Lake Cicott (Smith, 12), in three foot-levels, which is very and Reed bog (Griffin, 4) show some of these fluctuations, especially "nus, Juglans, Salix, and Tilia ap­ between Quercus and the coni fers. In each of the cases ci ted, Quercus in the crown cover. has made a prominent entrance before the pine period is evident. 24 2S Voss (15) analyzed seven bogs within the Valparaiso Moraine in is close to the prairie northeastern Illinois (Lake County). In each of these, pine shows after a period when t similar fluctuations to those 0 f Leroy Bog, and in most cases the top levels also show fair percentages of pine pollen, indicating relic Uncloubtedly the 0, persistence. Oak makes its entrance in what may be considered a species, especially at h found in the lower Ie normal lTI

As statecl before, there is need for further pollen studies in north­ 1. This paper pre ern Indiana, especially in the northwestern corner (Lake ancl Porter Lake, located in Lake Counties) and in the Valparaiso Moraine in general, in order to get northern part of Indial an understanding of climatically controlled forest behaviors. Guennel 2. The purpose 0 (5) was able to show the development of the relic pine consociation vegetation in the nort! at the .Merrillville Bog which man of today terminated a few years north-central section. ago. Similar relic colonies are also indicated in the upper levels of Leroy and Shoe Lake bogs. Fire might have eliminated them just 3. Both the bog a previons to the advent of civilized man. In fact, in Lake County even fluctuations in forest 1 today may be found scattered colonies of Pinus ban.biana. the Leroy bog profile the Picea periOd. The rapid succession from the spruce-fir period (Shoe Lake, 32­ foot level) to the oak-elm stage is important in that it is an indicator 4. Quercus makes of a change from a cold, moist climate to a warm, dry climate within ternating in dominance a comparatively short space of time. The rapidity with which these tions are best expJaine glaciers and their ef fec broadleaved trees replaced the conifers is strikingly evident at Shoe Lake (26-foot level). Here in the course of one foot-level there is 5. :Major forest SI almost a complete change in forest cover £1'01'11 conifers to broad­ 'L'lmus to Picea-Abies, t leaved genera and as suddenly again in the next foot-level conifers Pinus-Quercus, to Qnel replace broad-leaved genera. At Leroy (26-foot level) the replace­ 6. The Shoe Lake ment is more gradual. was: Picea to Pinus. to During the long period following the struggle between the conifers to Picea-Abies, to Ollen Quercu~:Cln' ancl the oaks, first one and then the other dominating, the association Ulmus. to complex was by no means static. True, oak was apparently of great­ Quercus-mixed hardwoc est abundance, but one is impressed with the "troughs" which are 7. Climatic change~ due to increase of abundance of pollens contributed by Ulmus, Acer, rapid from cold-moist, Fagus-all genera which suggest improved soil moisture conditions. warm-moist climate. If one were to point to one factor as being dif ferent in the closing 8. The climatic chit' foot-levels of Leroy hog from Shoe Lake, it is the decline 0 fAcer, cold-moist, to cool-dry. Fagns and uglans with a compensating increase in oak. Leroy bog J warm-dry, to warm-moil 26 ithin the Valparaiso :\loraine in is close to the prairie border and it may mean less favorable rainfall In each of these, pine shows after a period when the fourth foot-level was being deposited. • Bog, and in most cases the top Undoubtedly the oak pollens are representative of several different f pine pollen, indicating relic species. especially at higher levels. It is possible that the oak pollen in what may be considered a found in the lower levels was contributed by Quercus borealis var. and after assuming dominance, ma.t"ima. So far, however, no morphological difference has been dis­ ,t that oak percentages are never covered by which the several Quercus species can be separated. (as they arc at Leroy) may be tion that the profile is truncated. SUMMARY r further pollen studies in 11orth­ 1. This paper presents pollen studies from Leroy bog and Shoe stern corner (Lake and Porter Lake, located in Lake and Kosciusko Counties respectively, in the raine in general, in order to get northern part of Indiana. trolled forest behayiors. Guennel 2. The purpose of the study was to compare progress of past It of the relic pine consociation vegetation in the northwestern corner of the state with that in the f today terminated a few years north-central section. indicated in the upper kye1s of 3. Both the bog and the lake present spectra that show several might have eliminated them just fluctuations in forest types in their lower levels, and truncation of . In fact, in Lake County even the Leroy bog profile is suspected because Quercus here precedes e of Pinus banbimw. the Picea period. TlIce-fir pcriod (Shoe Lake, 32­ 4. Quercus makes unusually early entrances and re-entrances, al­ portant in that it is an indi~at~r ternating in dominance with the coniferous species. These fluctua­ nte to a warm, dry climate wlthJl1 tions are best explained as the result of advances and retreats of . The rapidity with which these glaciers and their effects on climate. ft!rs is strikingly evident at Shoe 5. Major forest succession shown in Leroy bog is: Quercus­ course of one foot-level there is L'lmus to Picea-Abies, to Picea-Quercus, to Quercus-Ulmus, to Picea­ t cover from conifers to broad­ Pinus-Quercus, to Quercus-Ulmus. n in the next foot-level coni fers roy (26-foot leYel) the replace­ 6. The Shoe Lake spectmm indicates that succession of forests ,vas: Picea to Pinus. to Pinus-Quercus, to Quercus-Ulmus, to Pinus, to Picea-Abies, to Quercus-Ulmus, to Picea-Pinus, to Pinus-Quereus­ the struggle between the conifers ulmus, to Quercus-Ulmus-Acer-Fagus, to Quercus-Ulmus-Carya, to other dominating, the association Quercus-mixed hardwoods. rtle, oak was apparently of great­ with the "troughs" which are 7. Climatic changes at Leroy Bog were apparently comparatively llcns contributed by Ulmus, Acer, rapid from cold-moist, to warm-dry, and then more gradually to prO\'ed soil moisture conditions. warm-moist climate. as being different in the closing 8. The climatic changes suggested by the Shoe L,ke prof ile are: Lake, it is the decline of Acer, cold-moist, to cool-dry, to warm-dry, to cold-moist, to cool-dry, to ting increase in oak. Leroy bog warm-dry, to warm-moist. 27 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Sincere appreciation is expressed to Dr. John E. Potzger, Charles THEEFFE D. Griffin, and Gayther Plummer for collecting the samples at Leroy VITAMI] Bog, and to Dr. Ira T. Wilson and his assistants for the set of samples RATE A from Shoe Lake. TERIAl My deepest gratitude and appreciation go to Dr .John E. Potzger for directing this study and to both him and Dr. M. Esther Potzger for critical reading of the manuscript. From the g( appears that la. LITERATURE CITED cause a retarda 1. DEAM, CHARLES C. Flora of Indiana. Indiana Department of Conserva­ see what effect! tion. Indianapolis, Indiana. 1940. 2. ERDTMAN, G. An introduction to pollen analysis. Chronica Botanica Co. B group have c 1943. common types 0 3. GEISLER, FLORENCE. A new method for separation of fossil pollen from peat. Butler Univ. Bot. Stud. 3 :141-146. 1935. The few av, 4. GRIFFlN, CHARLES D. A pollen profile from Reed Bog, Randolph County, are concerned '" Indiana. Butler Univ. Bot. Stud. 9 :131-139. 1950. Kosar and Kasai 5. GL'ENNEL, G. K. History of forests in the glacial Lake Chicago area. 3,000,5,000, and Butler Univ. Bot. Stud. 9 :140-158. 1950. Dorfman et al. ( 6. KELLER, CARL O. A comparative pollen study of three Indiana bogs. Butler Univ. Bot. Stud. 6 :65-80. 1943. centrations of 3, 7. MALOTT, C. A. The physiography of Indiana. Handbook of Indiana Geol­ ogy. Pp. 112-118. 1922. Other papers 8. POTZGER,]. E. Phantom Forests. School Sci. and Math. 48 :509-516. 1948. of large amounts 9. . Pollen study of five bogs in Price and Sawyer Counties, Wiscon­ and Baird (3) aT sin. Butler Univ. Bot. Stud. 6 :54-64. 1943. found by Rosenf, 10. . A pollen study in the tension zone of lower Michigan. Butler Univ. Bot. Stud. 8:161-177. 1948. 11. , and IRA T. WILSON. Post-pleistocene forest migration as indi­ cated by sediments from three deep inland lakes. Amer. Midland Nat. Stock culture 25 :270-289. 1941. Nutrient Agar. ' 12. SMITH, WXLLlAM M. Pollen spectrum of Lake Cicott bog, Cass County, the plate counts. Indiana. Butler Univ. Bot. Stud. 4:43-54. 1937. 13. SWICKARD, DAYTON A. Comparison of pollen spectra from bogs of early medium was lIsed and late Wisconsin glaciation in Indiana. Butler Univ. Bot. Stud. 5 :67-84. ments. Five cc.. 1941. and the vitamin s 14. V·lILSON, IRA T. A new device for sampling lake sediments. Jour. Sed. certain organism~ Petrology. 11 :73-79. 1941. growth. Proteus ~ 15. Voss, JOHN. Postglacial migration of forests in Illinois, Wisconsin and Minnesota. Bot. Gaz. 96 :1-43. 1934. acid; Bacillus sub

1 A portion of a for the Master of Butler University. 28