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Home , Backbone Limestone, Bailey Limestone, Brazil Formation, Burlington Limestone, Carbondale Formation, Caseyville Formation

Index [Italic page numbers indicate major references]

Abbott Formation, , 251 , 287 beetle borrows, Nebraska, 11 Acadian belt, 429 rocks beetles, Manitoba, 45 Acadian Michigan, 273, 275 Belfast Member, Brassfield Illinois, 243 , 47, 49, 53 Formation, , 420, 421 , 359 , 189 Bellepoint Member, Columbus Acrophyllum oneidaense, 287 Arikaree Group, Nebraska, 13, 14, , Ohio, 396 Adams County, Ohio, 420, 431 15, 25, 28 Belleview Valley, , 160 Adams County, Wisconsin, 183 Arikareean age, Nebraska, 3 Bellevue Limestone, Indiana, 366, Admire Group, Nebraska, 37 arthropods 367 Aglaspis, 83 , 83 Bennett Member, Red Eagle Ainsworth Table, Nebraska, 5 Missouri, 137 Formation, Nebraska, 37 Alexander County, Illinois, 247, 257 Ash Hollow Creek, Nebraska, 31 Benton County, Indiana, 344 algae Ash Hollow Formation, Nebraska, 1, Benzie County, Michigan, 303 Indian, 333 2, 5, 26, 29 Berea , Ohio, 404, 405, Michigan, 282 Ash Hollow State Historical Park, 406, 427, 428 Missouri, 137 Nebraska, 29 Berne Conglomerate, Logan Ohio, 428 asphalt, Illinois, 211 Formation, Ohio, 411, 412, 413 Alger County, Michigan, 277 Asphalting, 246 Bethany Falls Limestone Member, Algonquin age, Michigan, 286, 287 Asterobillingsa, 114 Swope Formation, Missouri, Allamakee County, Iowa, 81, 83, 84 Astrohippus, 26 135, 138 Allegheny Group, Ohio, 407 Atherton Formation, Indiana, 352 Bethany Falls Limestone, Iowa, 123 Allen County, Indiana, 328, 329, 330 athyrids, Iowa, 111 Betula, 401 Allensville Member, Logan Atokan time Big Badlands, South Dakota, 2 Formation, Ohio, 412 Illinois, 253 Big Bay de Not, Michigan, 282 alligators, Nebraska, 5 Nebraska, 36 Big Blue Series, 36 Alpena, Michigan, 297 , 91, 110, 111 Big Clifty Sandstone Formation, Alpena County, Michigan, 297, 300 atrypids, Iowa, 114 Indiana, 372, 373, 374, 387, Altonian Substage, Illinois, 234 Au Sable Point, Michigan, 278 388 Alveolites, 283 Austinella, 106 Big Eric’s Crossing, Michigan, 273 Ambonychia, 106 , 225 Big Limestone Mountain, Michigan, Americus Member, West Branch 264, 265, 266, 267 Formation, Nebraska, 37 Bachelor Sandstone, Missouri, 141, Big Pine Creek, Indiana, 343, 344, Amery till, 43, 44, 45 142, 146 346 ammonites, Iowa, 99 , Illinois, 245, Big Sioux River Valley, Iowa, 97 ammonoids, Iowa, 120 247 Big Sioux River, 8, 79 amphibians Baculites, 42 Bignell Loess, Nebraska, 40, 41 Michigan, 306 Bahama Platform, 294 Bijou Hills, South Dakota, 4 Nebraska, 4 Bailey Falls, Illinois, 221 biomicrites, Nebraska, 9 amphicyonids, Nebraska, 4 Rock, Illinois, 245 birds, Michigan, 306 Amphigenia, 247 Bailey Limestone, Indiana, 335 bison, Nebraska, 5 Amphipora sp., 91, 92, 384, 385 Baird Mountain Limestone Member, Bituminous Slate Rock, , Amplexus, 283, 290 Northview Formation, 173, 175 384, 385 Anataphrus, 106 Baird Mountain Quarry, Missouri, 173 bivalves Ancell Group Baraboo Quartzite, Wisconsin, 77, Iowa, 95, 99, 100, 101, 104, 106, Illinois, 219 78, 177, 199 111, 126, 127, 128, 129 Iowa, 93, 96 Baraboo Syncline, Wisconsin, 195, Michigan, 292 Anchiopsis anchiops, 287 198 Nebraska, 40, 42 Ancient Island, Michigan, 286, 287 Baraga Group, Michigan, 273 Biwalik Iron Formation, Minnesota, Ancillotoechia, 111 Barboo interval, Iowa, 77 49 , Minnesota, 47, 49 Barron Quartzite, Wisconsin, 77 Black Earth Dolomite, St. Lawrence Anthracospirifer increbescens, 249 Barstovian age, Nebraska, 5 Formation, Wisconsin, 191 antilocaprids, Nebraska, 26 Battery Rock Sandstone Member, Black Hand Gorge State Nature , Michigan, 297, 301 , Illinois, Preserve, Ohio, 411 Aphelaspis, 183 249, 250, 253, 256 Black Hand Sandstone Member, Aphrodina, 101 Bay Creek, Illinois, 259, 261 , Ohio, 411, Appalachian Basin, 335, 420, 428, Beaver Bay Complex, Minnesota, 62, 412 429 65 Black Sink sinkhole, Missouri, 150 Appalachian orogeny, 242 Beaver Island, Michigan, 266 Blancan age, Nebraska, 5 Appalachian Plateau, 416 beavers, Nebraska, 42 Blanding Formation, Iowa, 106 Arachnophyllum, 283, 290 , Ohio, 427, 428 , Iowa, 129 Aral Dunes, Michigan, 305 , Indiana, 387, Bloomington bridge section, Arbutus Darn, Wisconsin, 189 388 Nebraska, 40 Arch Rock, Mackinac Island, Beechwood Limestone, Kentucky, 384 Bloomington Morainic System,

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Illinois, 234 Burnt Bluff Group, Michigan, 282, Cataract Lake emergency spillway, Bolivina crenulata, 42 283, 289 290 Indiana, 349 , Missouri, 151, Burr Member, Grenola Formation, Catazyga, 368 163 Nebraska, 36 Catenipora escharoides, 384 borages, Nebraska, 4 Bush Bay Dolomite, Michigan, 291, Catskill Delta, Ohio, 429 Borden Delta 292 Cayugan age, Indiana, 335 Illinois, 242 Bushberg Sandstone, Missouri, 141, Cedar Bluffs Till, Nebraska, 20, 21 Indiana, 359, 360, 361 142, 143, 146, 175 Cedar Bluffs, Nebraska, 19 Kentucky, 382 Bushveld intrusion, Minnesota, Cedar County, Nebraska, 4 , Kentucky, 386 63 Cedar River, Iowa, 109, 113 Borden Group, Indiana, 337, 355, Butler County, Ohio, 423 Cedar Valley Formation, Iowa, 113 359, 371, 382 Butler Hill caldera, Missouri, 161, Cedaria, 179, 183 Borden Siltstone, Illinois, 242 163 Cedarville Dolomite, Ohio, 419, 421, Butler Hill Granite, Missouri, 156, 422 Illinois, 211, 246, 247, 248 157 Cenomanian age, Iowa, 98, 99 Indiana, 325, 326, 360, 367, 368, Byer Sandstone, , Cenozoic, Nebraska, 1, 13, 23 390 Ohio, 411, 412, 413 Central Lowlands Province, 1, 359, Iowa, 81, 83, 84, 90, 91, 92, 95, Byron Dolomite, Michigan, 283, 290 366 103, 104, 106, 110, 111, 112, Centronella glansfagea, 287 113, 114, 115, 116, 126, 127, , Michigan, 290 128, 129 Cache River, Illinois, 259 Illinois, 211 Kentucky, 384, 385 Cache Valley, Illinois, 257 Indiana, 367, 390 Michigan, 283, 287, 290, 291, Cagle Loess Member, Atherton Iowa, 91, 126, 127, 128 292, 294, 297, 313 Formation, Indiana, 352 Michigan, 284, 292, 301 Missouri, 137 Calamites, 314 Ohio, 397, 404, 410 Nebraska, 37, 38 Calumet time, Indiana, 322, 324 Ceraurus, 106 Ohio, 397, 404, 410, 416, 420, Calvin 28 cryptoexplosive Cerro Gordo County, Iowa, 89 421 disturbance, Michigan, 315 Cerro Gordo Member, Limi Creek Brainard Formation, Illinois, 227 Calvinella sp., 83 Formation, Iowa, 89, 90, 91, 92 Brassfield Limestone Formation Camaraspis convexa, 81 , Ohio, 404, 405, 406 Indiana, 368 Camarotoechia winiskenses, 283, 290 Champlainian Series Ohio, 419, 420, 421, 435 Illinois, 219 , Indiana, 349 Iowa, 81 Missouri, 142, 143, 146 Breadtray Granite, Missouri, 157 Illinois, 241 Chapel Rock, , Brereton Cyclothem, Illinois, 223, Michigan, 264, 266, 277, 278, Michigan, 278, 279 225 279, 315 Chapin Oolite, 127, 128 Brevispirfer gregarius, 384, 385 Missouri, 147, 151 Chariocephalus whitfieldi, 83 Broadwater Formation, Nebraska, 26, , 177 Charlevoix County, Michigan, 293 27 Wisconsin, 177, 185, 191, 195, Charlevoix Limestone, Michigan, Brookings, South Dakota, 77 198 294, 296 Brookville Formation, Indiana, 366, Camden County, Missouri, 147 charophytes, Iowa, 92 367 camels, Nebraska, 1, 4, 5, 17, 26, 42 Chatsworth , Indiana, 344, Brown County, Nebraska, 1, 4 Campylorthis, 95 347 Brown Siltstone beds, Nebraska, 23 , 47, 53 84 Cheltenham Clay Member, Spoon Brownstone Hills, Indiana, 363 Canton Shale Member, , Illinois, 219 Brownsville Limestone, Nebraska, 36 Formation, Illinois, 225 Cherry County, Nebraska, 1 Brule Formation, Nebraska, 2, 14, Canville Limestone, Iowa, 123 Cherryvale Shale, Iowa, 123 23, 25, 31, 32 Cap Rock Member, Ash Hollow Chester Escarpment, Indiana, 375, Brushy Fork Valley, Ohio, 414 Formation, Nebraska, 1, 2, 4, 5 377, 379 bryozoans Cape Formation, Illinois, 239, 240 Chesterian Series Illinois, 211, 246, 247 Cape Limestone, Missouri, 143, 146 Indiana, 387 Indiana, 358, 390 Carbondale Formation, Illinois, 219, Illinois, 248, 251, 253 Iowa, 84, 91, 92, 95, 106, 110, 221, 237 Chippewa County, Michigan, 281 117, 126, 128, 129 Carbondale Group, Indiana, 349, 350 Chippewa County, Wisconsin, 177 Kentucky, 384, 385 age, Ohio, 403 Chippewa Creek, Ohio, 404, 405 Michigan, 283, 294, 300, 367 Carlile Shale Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, 177 Missouri, 137 Iowa, 99 gregarius, 127 Ohio, 397, 420, 421 Nebraska, 8 Chonopectus, 126, 127 Bucanella, 104 Carlton County, Minnesota, 67 , Illinois, 240 Buffalo Creek, Missouri, 139 carnivores, Nebraska, 17 Cincinnati Arch, 337, 365, 429, 433 Buffalo Rock, Illinois, 220 Cartersburg Till Member, Trafalgar Cincinnati Platform, 419, 421 Bumastus, 110 Formation, Indiana, 346, 340 Cincinnatian Series Burge Member, Valentine Formation, Caryocrinites, 110 Illinois, 240 Nebraska, 4, 5 Caseyville Formation, Illinois, 244, Indiana, 366, 367 Burlington area, Iowa, 125 249, 250, 251 Michigan, 315 Cass County, Michigan, 315 Missouri, 142, 143, 146 Illinois, 240 Cass County, Nebraska, 36 Clarendonian age, Nebraska, 5, 26 Iowa, 125, 129 cat family, Nebraska, 4 Clarion Shale and Sandstone, Ohio, Missouri, 133, 141 Cataract Group, Michigan, 290 416

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Clathrodicyon vesiculosum, 283 Council Grove Group, Big Blue Degonia Sandstone, Illinois, 249 Clear Creek , Illinois, 245, 247 Series, Nebraska, 36 Delavan Till Member, Wedron Clermont-Brainard interval, Iowa, 107 Covel Conglomerate Member, Formation, Illinois, 234 Member, , Carbondale Formation, Illinois, Dermis cyclothem, Iowa, 123 Ohio, 404, 406, 427, 428 225 Dennis Formation, Missouri, 138 Climacograptus typicalis putillus, coyotes, Nebraska, 42 Dennis Hollow, Illinois, 237, 240 103 Cranaena, 116, 117 Derby-Doerun Dolomite, Missouri, Clinton Group, Michigan, 289 Crawford County, Indiana, 387 151, 152, 168 Clioscaphites sp., 42 Crawford Upland, Indiana, 375, 377, Des Moines County, Iowa, 125, 127, , Illinois, 248, 249 383, 388 129 Cloverdale Till members, Indiana, Crawfordsville Moraine, Indiana, 347 Des Plaines River, Illinois, 229 351 Crepicephalus, 179, 183 Desmoinesian Series, Illinois, 221, Clymenia zone, Iowa, 127 Cretaceus 237 coal, Ohio, 408, 409 Illinois, 258, 259, 261 Desquamatia, 114, 115, 116, 117 coal measures, Indiana, 349 Iowa, 77, 97 Formation, Indiana, Coastal Plain Province, 258 Nebraska, 3, 7, 20, 39 325, 327 coccoliths, Iowa, 99, 100 Devil’s Backbone, Illinois, 245 coelenterates Illinois, 247, 248 Devil’s Bake Oven, Illinois, 245 Indiana, 390 Indiana, 326 Devils Gulch Member, Valentine Iowa, 91 Iowa, 110, 112, 116, 117, 125, Formation, Nebraska, 4 Colchester (No. 2) Coal Member, 129 Devils Kitchen sinkhole, Missouri, Carbondale Formation, Illinois, Michigan, 294, 295 150 219, 223, 224 Nebraska, 38 , Michigan, 308 Ohio, 420, 421 Illinois, 240, 245, 247 Collignoniceras, 99 crocodile remains, Nebraska, 12 Indiana, 325, 326, 327, 337, 338, Colorado Group, Nebraska, 9 Croixam Series, Iowa, 81 361, 371, 381 Colosseum sinkhole, Missouri, 149 crustaceans, Nebraska, 12 Iowa, 90, 91, 113, 125 Columbia Syncline, Illinois, 237 cryptoexplosive disturbances, Kentucky, 381 , Ohio 395, 396, Michigan, 315, 319 Manitoba, 43, 45 397, 398 cryptovolcanic structure, Ohio, 431 Michigan, 263, 264, 286, 287, Compact Lime Rock, Indiana, 384 Ctenacanthus, 309 293, 297, 319 Composita subquadrata, 249 Ctenodonta, 367 Missouri, 133, 134, 143, 146 Compton Formation, Missouri, 175 Cumberland River Valley, 259, 261 Ohio, 396, 403, 427, 435 Conemaugh Group, Ohio, 407 Cumberland River, 260 Devonochonetes, 248 Conocardium sp., 116, 128, 287 Cuyahoga County, Ohio, 399 Diceromyonia, 104, 106 Cuyahoga Formation, Ohio, 404, Dikelocephalus sp., 83 Illinois, 240 405, 411, 412, 413 , Indiana, 366 Iowa, 83, 92, 104, 120, 128, 129 Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Dinohippus, 26 Michigan, 297, 300, 301 Area, Ohio, 403 dinosaur remains, Nebraska, 12 Missouri, 137 Cyclonema inflatum, 367 Dixon County, Nebraska, 7 conularids Cyclora, 104 Dodge County, Wisconsin, 228 Iowa, 126 cyclothems dog family, Nebraska, 4 Missouri, 137 Illinois, 221 Doleroides, 95 Cook County, Illinois, 209 Iowa, 119 dolomitization Copper Harbor Conglomerate, Cyrtocylmenia, 126 Iowa, 95, 96, 106, 112, 129 Michigan, 270, 271, 272 Cyrtodonta, 111 Wisconsin, 204 copper mines, Michigan, 270 Cyrtolites, 104 Douvillina sp., 91 Copperas Mountain, Ohio, 427 Cyrtospirifer whitneyi, 90, 91 Dresbach Sandstone, Michigan, 278 Dresbachian Stage Illinois, 211, 247 Dakota Badlands, 4 Iowa, 81 Indiana, 325, 326, 328, 367, 368, Dakota Formation, Iowa, 97, 98, 100 Wisconsin, 183 381, 384 Dakota Group, Nebraska, 7, 8, 10, Dripping Springs Escarpment, Iowa, 91, 95, 106, 110, 112, 114, 11, 20, 97, 100 Kentucky, 375 115, 116, 117, 128, 129 Dalamnella, 95 Drury Shale Member, Caseyville Kentucky, 381 Dalejina, 111 Formation, Illinois, 253, 256 Michigan, 282, 283, 284, 290, Davenport Member, Wapsipinicon Dryas, 401 292, 294 Formation, Iowa, 113, 114 Dubuque County, Iowa, 106 Ohio, 397, 420 , Missouri, 151, , Iowa, 95, 96, Coralville Lake area, Iowa, 113 152, 168 103 Coralville Member, Cedar Valley , Ohio, 419, 420, Duer Ranch, Nebraska, 23 Formation, Iowa, 113, 115, 116 422 Duluth, Minnesota, 59, 60, 63 Cordaites, 314 Deadman Quartzite, Iowa, 77 , Minnesota, 47, 49, Cordell Dolomite, Michigan, 283, Decatur County, Iowa, 123 50, 51, 63, 69, 70, 72 284, 290, 291 Decorah Formation Dunderbergia, 183 Cornulites sp., 91, 106, 108 Iowa, 83, 84, 95, 96 dunes, sand Corophoides, 201 Missouri, 142, 143, 145 Indiana, 321, 329 Cosoryx, 26 Wisconsin, 201, 204, 205, 208 Michigan, 305 Cottonwood Member, Beattie deer, Nebraska, 42 Nebraska, 5, 15, 27 Formation, Nebraska, 36 deglaciation, Indiana, 322

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Illinois, 239, 240 Formation, Illinois, 225 , Illinois, 242, Iowa, 84, 95 243 qDunveganoceras pondi, 100 Fairgrange Till Member, Wedron Fort Wayne, Indiana, 325 Dutch Creek Sandstone Member, Formation, Indiana, 346 Fort Wayne Bank, Indiana, 325 , 247 Fairhaven Till, Ohio, 415 Fort Wayne Moraine, Indiana, 328, Fairport Harbor, Ohio, 391 329, 330 Eagle Rock, Scotts Bluff National , indiana, 366 Fort Wayne Outlet, Indiana, 328, Monument, Nebraska, 14 Falls City Formation, Nebraska, 37, 329, 330, 331 Eagle Valley–Moorman Syncline, 38 plants Illinois, 242 Falls of the Iowa, 98, 101 East Fork Black River, Missouri, 171 Indiana, 381 Michigan, 314 East Fork White River, Indiana, 383 Kentucky, 381 Nebraska, 4, 12, 30 Eastern Nebraska Uplift, 35 Fardenia, 111 Ohio, 401, 410 Eaton County, Michigan, 311 Farm Creek, Illinois, 231, 232 Eau Claire, Wisconsin, 179 Farm Creek Secton, Illinois, 231 Illinois, 211, 234, 249, 246, 247, Eau Claire County, Wisconsin, 179 Farmdale Park Section, Illinois, 235 248, 249 Farmdale Soil, Illinois, 231, 233, Indiana, 325, 328, 333, 365, 367, Iowa, 81 234, 235 368, 381, 384, 387, 389 Wisconsin, 179, 182, 183, 185 Farmdalian Substage Iowa, 81, 83, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, Eau Claire Sandstone Members, Illinois, 231, 233 95, 104, 106, 111, 119, 126, Munising Formation, Michigan, Ohio, 400 127, 128 278, 315 faults Kentucky, 381 Illinois, 241, 245 Manitoba, 44 Illinois, 247 Indiana, 338, 339, 342 Michigan, 282, 283, 284, 287, Indiana, 367, 390 Michigan, 266, 315, 319 290, 291, 292, 298, 306, 308, Iowa, 95, 106, 111 Missouri, 135, 139, 141 309, 311, 313 Missouri, 137 Ohio, 433 Missouri, 137 Ohio, 397, 421 Favistella, 368 Nebraska, 1, 3, 4, 5, 15, 26, 27, echinoids, Iowa, 91, 92 sp., 110, 116, 283, 290, 30, 36, 40, 42 , Indiana, 359, 325 Ohio, 399, 401, 404, 410, 416, 360, 361 Fayette, Michigan, 282, 289 429 Elephant Rocks, Missouri, 159 Fayette Till, Ohio, 425 Wisconsin , 179, 183, 185, 201 elephants, Nebraska, 42 Fern Glen Formation Fountain Bluff, Illinois, 245 Elk Mound Group, Wisconsin, 195, Illinois, 240 Fox Island, Indiana, 330 198 Missouri, 141, 145 Fox River, Illinois, 217 Elkhorn River, 20, 21 Finkelnburgia, 83 Francis Creek Shale Member, Ellis-Paxton Moraine, Indiana, 347 fish debris Carbondale Formation, Illinois, Elsey Formation, Missouri, 173 Iowa, 99, 100, 128 225 Elvinia, 81, 184 Michigan, 306, 311 , Iowa, 81 Elwood Formation, Illinois, 228 Nebraska, 4, 12 Franconian Stage Elwren Formation, Indiana, 372, 388 Ohio, 404 Iowa, 81 Ely Greenstone, 54, 55 Fisheries oweni, 95 Wisconsin, 184 Ely’s Peak , Minnesota, 71 Five Point Formation, Nebraska, 37 Franklin County, Nebraska, 39, 42 Eminence Dolomite, Missouri, 147, Flambeau Quartzite, Wisconsin, 77 Freda Formation, Michigan, 271, 272 148, 149 Fletcheria, 111 Fremont, Nebraska, 19 Emmet County, Michigan, 293 Flexicalymene, 106 French Canyon, Illinois, 219 Engadine Group, Michigan, 289, 291, Flint Creek, Iowa, 125, 127, 128, Friendship Mound, Wisconsin, 185 292 129 fucoids, Michigan, 282 English River, Iowa, 128 flint deposits, Ohio, 415 Fuson Shale, Nebraska, 10 English River Siltstone, Iowa, 125, Flint Ridge, Ohio, 415 Fusulina carmani, 416 126 Floyd County, Iowa, 89 fusulinids entelodonts, Nebraska, 15 Floydia concentric, 91 Nebraska, 36, 37 Eoleperditia, 95 Foerstia, 428 Ohio, 416, 418 Eoplectodonta, 106 Fond du Lac Formation, Minnesota, epibionts, Iowa, 91 67, 69, 70 Galena Dolomite Formation, Erie Lobe (ice), 329, 330, 331 Foraker Formation, Nebraska, 37 Wisconsin, 201, 204 Erwin Sandstone, Wisconsin, 177 Eskridge Formation, Nebraska, 36 Indiana, 390 Illinois, 221, 223 Eucalyptocrinites, 110 Iowa, 91, 99, 100, 101, 123 Indiana, 338 Euclid Member, Bedford Formation, Manitoba, 43 Iowa, 84, 95, 96, 103 Ohio, 404, 405 Michigan, 300 Galesburg Formation , Ohio, 419, 421, Nebraska, 8, 12, 42 Iowa, 123 422 forbs, Nebraska, 4, 30 Missouri, 138 Eureka–House Springs Anticline, Forest City Basin, Nebraska, 36 Member, Missouri, 141 Fort Atkinson Formation, Illinois, Wonewoc Formation, Wisconsin, , Missouri, 143 227 183, 185 Excello Member, Brookville Fort Falls, Nebraska, 5 Garden Peninsula, Michigan, 282, Formation, Indiana, 367 Fort Niobrara National Wildlife 289, 290 Excello Shale Member, Carbondale Refuge, Nebraska, 1 Gardena Section, Illinois, 235

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Garfield Heights, Ohio, 399 Great Bend area, Indiana, 343 Henry Formation, Illinois, 217, 234 Gasconade Dolomite, Missouri, 148, , ancient, 305, 308 Herculaneum-Barnhart, Missouri, 143 149 Great Plains, 1 Hesperorthis, 95 gastropod Green Bay Peninsula, Michigan, 282 Heterohelix, 12 Illinois, 211 Greene County, Ohio, 419, 420 Hexagonaria sp., 114, 116, 247, Indiana, 326, 368, 390 Greenfield Formation, Ohio, 433 294, 295, 328 Iowa, 83, 91, 92, 104, 106, 110, Greenhorn Cyclothem, Iowa, 99, 100 Hiatella , 44 111, 116, 126, 127, 128, 129 Greenhorn Formation Highland County, Ohio, 420, 431 Michigan, 284, 292 Iowa, 99, 100 Hindia, 104 Nebraska, 37, 42 Nebraska, 7, 8, 9, 12 Hiscobeccus, 368 Ohio, 397, 400, 401, 416 , Minnesota, 53 Hoadley Hill, Wisconsin, 205 Geogebic County, Michigan, 269 Grenola Formation, Nebraska, 36, 37 Hocking County, Ohio, 412 Geogebic Range, Michigan, 277, Grenville Province, Indiana, 346 303, 311 Grindstaff Sandstone Member, Abbott Illinois, 261 , Michigan, 282 Formation, Illinois, 253 Missouri, 137 Gering Formation, Nebraska, 13, 14, Gunflint Iron Formation, Minnesota, Nebraska, 2, 5 15, 16 49, 50 Holopea sp., 91, 104 Gilman Canyon Loess Bed, Nebraska, Gunflint Lake, Minnesota, 47 Holtedahlina, 106 21 Gunter Sandstone, Missouri, 148, 149 Holtsclaw Siltstone Member, Borden Gilmore City Limestone, Iowa, 129 Gutenberg, Iowa, 93 Formation, Kentucky, 386 Gitchie Manitou State Preserve, Iowa, Gutenberg Limestone, Iowa, 84 Hopkinton Formation, Iowa, 106 77 Gypidula, 117 horses, Nebraska, 4, 5, 17, 26, 42 glacial grooves, Ohio, 395 Horseshoe Gap, Illinois, 244 glacial ice advances, Iowa, 79 Ha Ha Tonka State Park, Missouri, Horseshoe Quarry, Illinois, 241 glaciation 147 Houchin Creek (No. 4) Coal Member, Manitoba, 43 Hackberry Formation, Iowa, 90, 113 Carbondale Formation, Illinois, Illinois, 213, 229, 260, 261 See also Lime Creek Formation 225 Indiana, 325, 340, 343 Hahatonka chasm, Missouri, 148 Houghton County, Michigan, 263 , indiana, 372 Hahatonka karst landform complex, House Springs, Missouri, 141 Glen Lake, Michigan, 303 Missouri, 147 Howe Member, Red Eagle Formation, Glen O. Jones Lake, Illinois, 245 Hahatonka Spring, 148 Nebraska, 37 Glen Park Limestone, Missouri, 143, Hallopora, 367 Hudson Bay Lowlands, Manitoba, 43 146 Halysites, 283, 290, 325, 384 Hudson River Group, Iowa, 103 Glenrock Member, Red Eagle Hamilton Mound, Wisconsin, 195 Hueston Woods State Park, Ohio, 423 Formation, Nebraska, 37 Hamlin Formation, Nebraska, 37 Hughes Creek Member, Foraker , 128 Formation, Nebraska, 37 Iowa, 83, 85, 93 Haney Limestone, Indiana, 371, 373, Humboldt Fault Zone, Nebraska, 35 Wisconsin, 201, 205 374, 387, 388 Humboldt Oolite, 129 Glenwood time, Indiana, 322 Hannibal Shale Huntington County, Indiana, 335 Glypharthrus, 83 Illinois, 240 Huron County, Michigan, 307 Glyptorthis, 95 Missouri, 133 Huron Member, Ohio Shale, Ohio, Goniatites opimus, 126 Hanover Limestone Member, 427, 428 Gooseberry Falls, Minnesota, 59, 62 Carbondale Formation, Illinois, Huron River, Michigan, 273 gophers, Nebraska, 42 225 hydrozoans, Michigan, 283, 294 Gower Formation, Iowa, 109, 110, Hanover Valley, Ohio, 413 hyolithids, Iowa, 104 111 harbor structures, effects of, 391 Hypsiptycha, 106 Graf area, Iowa, 103 Hardin County, Illinois, 249 Grand Detour Formation, Iowa, 84 , Indiana, 388 Iceland, flood basalts, 60, 62 Grand Ledge, Michigan, 312 Harlan County, Nebraska, 39 ichnofossils, 10 Grand River, Michigan, 311 Harmony Hill Member, Glenwood ichthyodectids, 12 Grand Sable Banks, Michigan, 278 Formation, Wisconsin, 201, 205 Idahoia sp., 81, 83 Grand Sable Dunes, Michigan, 278, Harrison Formation, Nebraska, 13, Idiostroma sp., 91, 116 279 14, 25, 28 Illaenurus sp., 83 Grand Tower, Illinois, 245 Harrods Creek, Indiana, 383 age Grand Tower Limestone, Illinois, , Indiana, 355, Indiana, 366, 383 245, 247 356 Manitoba, 43 Grandview, Minnesota, 67 Hatfield Gneiss, Wisconsin, 189 , 221, 247, 249, 251, Graneros Shale Headlands Beach, Ohio, 391, 192 319, 326, 335, 371, 337, 348, Iowa, 98, 100 Hebertella sp., 367, 368 365, 371, 387 Nebraska, 7, 8, 9, 12 Hedbergella, 12 , 219 Graniteville Granite, Missouri, 159 Hederella sp., 91 Illinois River Valley, 220 Grant County, Wisconsin, 201, 205 Helicelasma, 106 Indian Springs Shale, Indiana, 387, graptolites, Iowa, 103, 104 Heliolites, 283, 290 388, 389 Grassy Mountain Ignimbrite, Helophorus, 402 Indiana Dunes, Indiana, 321 Missouri, 156, 157, 161, 162, Hemphillian age, Nebraska, 5, 26 Inoceramus sp., 9, 12, 100, 101 163 Hendricks Dolomite, Michigan, 283, insectivores, Nebraska, 4 Gravel Point Formation, Michigan, 290 insects 294, 295 Hennepin Hill Member, Glenwood Nebraska, 16 Grayson County, Illinois, 241 Formation, Wisconsin, 201, 205 Ohio, 401

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Interior Low Plateaus Province, 258, Formation, Kentucky, 386 Lobe, 321, 322, 327 359, 388 , Illinois, 240 (glacial), 277, 287, Interior Lowlands Province, 337 Point Formation, Michigan, 305, 322 Valley, Iowa, 81 299 Lake of the , Missouri, 147 Iron County, Missouri, 159 Keweenaw Fault, Michigan, 266 Lake , 306 Iron River syncline, Michigan, 270 Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan, 263, Lake Reddicord, Illinois, 215 , Wisconsin, 184, 264 , 49, 270, 277, 279, 185, 188 Keweenaw sublobe, Superior lobe, 425 Iroquois Moraine, Indiana, 347 Michigan, 264 Lake Superior Basin, 60 lsochilina latimagrinata, 283, 290 Keweenawan age , 59, 63, 64 Lake Vermilion Formation, 56, 58 lsorthoceras, 104, 107 Keweenawan Supergroup, 67, 69, 70, , Michigan, 282 72 Lakewood, Minnesota, 59, 60 Jackson County, Illinois, 245, 247, Keya Paha County, Nebraska, 1 Lamotte Sandstone, Missouri, 161 251 Kilgore Flora, Fort Niobrara, Lansing area, Iowa, 81 Jackson County, Wisconsin, 182, Nebraska, 4 LaPorte County, Indiana, 321 189 , Missouri, LaSalle Anticlinal Belt, Illinois, 220, , Michigan, 142, 143, 145, 146 223 264, 265, 266, 273, 274, 278 Kinderhookian Series Laurel Limestone, Ohio, 419, 420 James Lowland lobe, Nebraska, 21 Illinois, 240 Laurel Member, , Jay Cooke State Park, Minnesota, 67 Indiana, 359 Indiana, 368, 369 Jefferson County, Missouri, 141, 144 Kentucky, 385 , 43, 44, 321 Missouri, 133, 141, 142, 146 Lawrence County, Indiana, 355 Kentucky, 384 Ohio, 405 Le Grand, Iowa, 127 Ohio, 247 King’s Lake, Illinois, 239 lead mining, Missouri, 162, 166 Kingston Plains, Michigan, 278 Ledges of the Grand River, Michigan, Indiana, 338, 339 , Illinois, 249 311 Missouri, 143, 145 Kirkfieldian age, 95 Leelanau County, Michigan, 303 John Bryan State Park, Ohio, 419 Kirkidium, 211 Legion Shale Member, Grenola Johnson County, Illinois, 251, 257 Kittanning Shale and Sandstone, Formation, Nebraska, 37 Johnson County, Iowa, 113, 115 Ohio, 416 Lehmer Member, Falls City Johnson County, Nebraska, 35 Knob Lick Mountain, Missouri, 155 Formation, Nebraska, 37 Johnson Formation, Nebraska, 37 Knoblick Granite, Missouri, 156, lemmings, Nebraska, 5 Johnson Shut-ins, Missouri, 169 157, 162, 166 Leperdita fabulina, 283, 290 Johnson Shut-ins , Missouri, Knobs Overlook, Indiana, 359 Lepidocyclus, 106, 368 171 Knobstone Escarpment, Indiana, 359, Lepidodendron, 249, 314 Jordan River Formation, Michigan, 361, 381, 383 , 111, 367 294 Knox County, Nebraska, 5 Leptobolus, 103, 104 Formation , 366 Lester River, Minnesota, 59, 60 Illinois, 229, 230 Liberty Member, Brookville Iowa, 83, 84, 86 La Salle County, Illinois, 213, 219, Formation, Indiana, 367, 368 Wisconsin, 191 221 Licking County, Ohio, 415 Judyville, Indiana, 343, 346, 347 Lagro Formation, Indiana, 329 Lime Creek Formation, Iowa, 89, 113 Juneau County, Wisconsin, 183 (glacial), 44, 46 Lime Island Dolomite, Michigan, 290 Juniper Hill Member, Lime Creek Lake Algoma (glacial) 305, 322 Lime Rock, Indiana, 384 Formation, Iowa, 90, 91, 92 (glacial), 286, 287, Limestone Mountain, Michigan, 263 , Nebraska, 35 305, 322 Lingle Formation, Illinois, 247, 248 Lake Arbutus, Wisconsin, 189 Lingula sp., 91, 313 Kankakee Arch, 337 , Indiana, 322 Lingulella, 83 Kankakee Flood, Illinois, 227 Lake Border , Illinois, 322 Linn County, Iowa, 113 Kankakee Formation, Illinois, 228, Lake Brushy Fork, Ohio, 414 Lioclema sp., 91 229, 230 Lake (glacial), 219, 229, Liospira, 104 , Illinois, 227 321, 322 Liston Creek Limestone Member, Kankakee River State Park, Illinois, , 305 , Indiana, 334 227 Lake County Little Badlands, Nebraska, 2 Kansan glaciation, 20 Indiana, 321, 322 Little Bear Soil, Illinois, 259 Kansan, Indiana, 351, 383 Minnesota, 65 Little Creek, Minnesota, 69 City, Missouri, 135 (glacial), 60, 65 Little Limestone Mountain, Kansas City Group, Missouri, 135, , 391 Michigan, 264, 265, 266, 268 138 Lake Erie Basin, 329, 331 Little Maquoketa River, Iowa, 103 Kansas River Valley, 137 , 294, 300, 307, 308, Little Maquoketa River Valley, Iowa, Kaskaskia Sequence, 326 310, 425 103 Keewatin, 43 Lake Huron Basin, 282 Little Saline Limestone, Missouri, Kekekabic Trail, Minnesota, 49 Lake Kickapoo, Illinois, 215 245, 247 Kelleys Island, Ohio, 395 (glacial), 328, 329, Little Traverse Bay, Michigan, 293, Kentland Dome, Indiana, 337 330, 331, 335 294 Kentland Quarry Fault, Indiana, 338, Lake McBride, Iowa, 114 Little (Wabash) River, Indiana, 331 339, 340 Lake Michigan, 220, 294, 295, 303, Liverpool Cyclothem, Illinois, 223, Kentucky River, 366 311, 321, 328 225 Kenwood Siltstone Member, Borden Lake , 303, 321, 322 Locust Grove, Indiana, 343, 346, 347

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Lodi Siltstone Member, St. Lawrence Martin Formation, Arizona, 91 System Formation, Wisconsin, 191 Massac County, Illinois, 257 Illinois, 237, 250, 251 Logan Formation, Ohio, 411, 412, , Ohio, 419, 421, 422 Indiana, 337, 342, 349, 350, 355, 413 , Nebraska, 4 357, 359, 361, 371, 372, 373, Logan intrusions, Minnesota, 47 Maumee River, Indiana, 329, 331 374, 377, 382, 387, 389 Lone Rock Formation Maynes Creek Dolomite, 128 Iowa, 125, 127 Iowa, 81, 83, 87 Mazatzal Quartzite, Iowa, 77 Kentucky 385 Wisconsin, 185, 188, 194 McCraney Limestone, Iowa, 125, Michigan, 267, 286, 307 Long Creek Member, Foraker 127, 129 Missouri, 133, 139, 141, 143, Formation, Nebraska, 37 McCray Fault, Indiana, 339 145, 146, 173 Long Pine, Nebraska, 5 McGregor Limestone Member, Nebraska, 35, 36 Long Spruce till, 43, 45, 46 Platteville Formation, Ohio, 403, 411, 431 Lophospira hammeli, 368 Wisconsin, 201, 205, 206 Missouri Red. See Graniteville Lost River, Indiana, 375 McKee Fault, Indiana, 339 Granite. Louisiana Limestone, Missouri, 133, McLeansboro Group, Indiana, 349 , 4, 8, 21 134 McNairy Formation, Illinois, 259 Missouri River Valley, 97, 137 , Indiana, 325 Meadville Member, Cuyahoga Mitchell Plain, Indiana, 375, 377, Lover’s Leap, Missouri, 133 Formation, Ohio, 405 383 Lovers Leap section, Indiana, 343 Means Fault, Indiana, 339 Moccasin Springs Formation, Lowell Coal Member, Carbondale Mecca Quarry Shale Member, Indiana, 335 Formation, Illinois, 223, 225 Carbondale Formation, Illinois, Mohawkian Series, Missouri, 142, Lowell Cyclothem, Illinois, 223 225 143, 144, 145 Lower Allegheny Group, Ohio, 416 Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming, molluscan faunas Loxoplocus, 104 26 Indiana, 367, 389 Loxostoma applinae, 42 Megamyonia, 106 Iowa, 95, 104, 120, 126 Lucas Dolostone, Ohio, 395, 396, Megistrocrinus, 117 Manitoba, 44, 46 397, 398 Meppen Limestone Member, Fern Missouri, 137 Ludlovian age, Indiana, 335 Glen Formation, Missouri, 141, Nebraska, 12 Lusk Shale Member, Caseyville 142 Ohio, 401, 425 Formation, Illinois, 253 , 49, 274 Monocheilus micros, 81 LyeIlia, 283, 290 Mesozoic, Illinois, 259 Monroe City Syncline, Illinois, 237 Lyon County, Iowa, 77 Metengonoceras dumbli, 100 Monroe County, Illinois, 237 , Indiana, 366 Monroe Creek Formation, Nebraska, Mackinac Breccia, Michigan, 287 mice, 42 13, 14, 25, 28 Mackinac County, Michigan, 285 Michigamme Formation, Michigan, Montreal River, 271 Mackinac Island, Michigan, 285 273 moraines, Michigan, 303, 305 Mackinac Island State Park, Michigan Basin, 267, 277, 278, 282, Merrill County, Nebraska, 23 Michigan, 285 283, 286, 289, 293, 297, 303, Morton Loess, Illinois, 233, 234, Maclurites, 95 308, 319, 325, 326, 327, 335, 235 Macoma calcarea, 46 337, 420 Mt. Baldy, Indiana, 321, 324 Madison, Indiana, 365 Michigan Formation, Michigan, 308 Mt. Holden, Indiana, 323 Madison County, Missouri, 161, 165 Michigan River, Indiana, 360 Formation Magnetic trail, Minnesota, 49 Midcontinent System, 59, 63, Iowa, 81 Maiden Till Member, Wedron 70, 71, 274 Wisconsin, 177, 179, 183 Formation, Illinois, 216 Midcontinent shelf, 119, 120, 121 Mt. Tom, Indiana, 323, 324 mammals Mifflin Formation Mount Washington, Wisconsin, 179 evolution of 1 Illinois, 84 Muldraugh Hill, Kentucky, 381 Michigan, 306 Indiana, 340, 341 Munising Formation Nebraska, 3, 4, 5 Miles Member, Falls City Formation, Illinois, 264 See also specific mammals Nebraska, 38 Michigan, 278, 279, 315 mammoth, Nebraska, 5 Mill Creek Reef, Indiana, 335 Murchisonia, 104 Mammoth Cave Plateau, Kentucky, Milleratia, 104 Muscatatuck Group, Indiana, 293 375 Miner’s Castle Member, Munising Muscatatuck Regional Slope, Indiana, Manistique Group, Michigan, 282, Formation, Michigan, 278, 279 363, 366, 383 283, 289, 290 , Nebraska, 5, 23, 29 Muscatatuck River, Indiana, 361 , Indiana, 349, Mirror Lake, Michigan, 272 Muskingum County, Ohio, 415 350, 371, 372, 373, 374, 388 Missinaibi Formation, , 43, Muskox mafic intrusion, Minnesota, Manticoceras, 91 45 63 Maple Mill Shale, Iowa, 126 Mississinewa Shale Member, Wabash mustelids, Nebraska, 4 , Illinois, 227, 228 Formation, Indiana, 333, 334, Mytiloides labiatus, 9, 12 Maquoketa Shale Formation 326 Iowa, 96, 103 Delta, 223 Nancy Member, Borden Formation, Missouri, 142, 143, 146 Mississippi Embayment, 241, 258, Kentucky, 386 Marblehead Member, Columbus 259, 260, 261 Napoleon Sandstone Member, Limestone, Ohio, 397, 398 , 81, 237, 245, Marshall Formation, Michigan, Marion County, Missouri, 133 248, 250, 257, 261 308, 309 Marseilles Morainic System, Illinois, Mississippi River Valley, 93, 133, nautiloids, Iowa, 95, 104, 106, 107, 217 191, 250 110, 111, 112 Marshall Formation, Michigan, 307 Mississippian Plateau, 382

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Illinois, 227, 229 361, 365, 366, 371, 381 Paint Creek, Ohio, 427 Wisconsin, 228 Ohio River Valley, 261, 366, 381 Palaeoconcha, 104 , , 43 Ohio Shale, Ohio, 427 Palaeoneilo, 104 Nemaha County, Nebraska, 36 , Nebraska, 23, 31, 32 Paleozoic Nemaha Uplift, Nebraska, 35 Omadi Sandstone Formation, Ponca Illinois, 220, 223, 258, 259, 260, Neuropteris, 314 State Park, Nebraska, 10, 11 263 Neva Member, Grenola Formation, Omalodiscus pattersoni, 400 Indiana, 325, 337, 365 Nebraska, 36 Omaralluk Formation, 44 Iowa, 77, 81 Omphysma, 283, 290 Michigan, 263, 264, 265, 267, Illinois, 243, 244 Onaga Formation, Nebraska, 38 286, 315 Indiana, 338, 361, 371, 382, 386 Formation Missouri, 161, 167 Kentucky 384, Iowa, 83, 84 Ohio, 403 , Indiana, 359, Wisconsin, 194 Wisconsin, 177 360, 361, 382, 386 Onniella, 106 Paleozoic- , New Ulm, Minnesota, 77, 78 Ontario River, Indiana, 360 Indiana, 325, 328 Newton County, Indiana, 337 Ontonagon County, Michigan, 269 Palestine Sandstone, Illinois, 248, Niagara Group, Michigan, 289 Orange County, Indiana, 375 249 Niagara Limestone Orangeville Rise, Indiana, 375 Palisades-Kepler State Park, Iowa, Indiana, 384 Sequence 109 Iowa, 103 Illinois, 220, 221, 223, 227, 237, palynomorphs, Iowa, 98 , New York, 282 239, 240 , Indiana, 351 Niagara River Escarpment, Michigan, Indiana, 337, 338, 341, 342, 365, Paracyclas sabini, 91 282, 289 366, 371 Paraspirifer acuminates, 384, 385 Niagaran Series Iowa, 81, 93, 103 Partridge Point, Michigan, 300 Indiana, 326 Michigan, 263, 264, 277, 278, Pascola Arch, 259, 261 Michigan, 282, 289 279, 315 Pawnee County, Nebraska, 35 Niangua River, Missouri, 147 Missouri, 141, 142, 143, 144, Paxton Quarry, Michigan, 297, 299, Nickerson Till, Nebraska, 20, 21 145,.146, 148, 173, 175 300 Niobrara, Nebraska, 77 Nebraska, 36 Pearlette Ash, Nebraska, 20 Niobrara Formation, Nebraska, 39 Ohio, 431, 435 Pecatonica Dolomite Member, Niobrara River, Nebraska, 1, 2, 4 Wisconsin, 201, 205 Platteville Formation, Niobrara River Valley, Nebraska, 1, oredonts, Nebraska, 4 Wisconsin, 201, 205, 219 2, 3, 5 Orella Member, Brule Formation, Pecatonica Formation, Iowa, 85 Nokomis Member, Glenwood Nebraska, 13, 14 peccaries, Nebraska, 4, 42 Formation, Wisconsin, 201, 205 oreodonts, Nebraska, 17 Peddicord Formation, Illinois, 213, Formation, Orodus, 309 215 Michigan, 270, 271, 272 Ortega Quartzite, 77 Peebles Formation, Ohio, 433 Nopeming Formation, Minnesota, 70, Orthogruptus sp., 103, 104 pelecypods 71 Orthopleura, 116 Iowa, 91 Norman Upland, Indiana, 361, 363, Orthopora sp., 91 Michigan, 284, 287, 294 381, 383 Orthospirifer, 114, 117 Nebraska, 37 North American , 77 Osagean Series Ohio, 397, 410, 416 North Hill Group, Iowa, 125, 127, Indiana, 359 pelmatozoan debris 128 Iowa, 129 Illinois, 211 North Platte River, 15 Missouri, 133, 141, 145, 173 Michigan, 300 North Platte River Valley, Nebraska, Osagia, 37 pelmicrites, 9 13, 15 Osgood Member, Salamonie Pendleton Sandstone Bed, Indiana, North Shore Volcanic Group, Dolomite, Indiana, 368, 369 327 Minnesota, 59, 64, 65, 66, 69, Osgood Shale, Ohio, 419, 420, 422 System 70, 71 ossicles, Illinois, 211 Illinois. 219. 221, 237, 245, 248, , Indiana, 250, 251 384 Indiana, 367, 389, 390 Indiana, 337, 349, 371, 372, 374 Northern Peninsula, Michigan, 289 Iowa, 91, 95, 104 Iowa, 116, 119 Northview Formation, Missouri, 173, Michigan, 282, 294, 300 Michigan, 286, 311 175 Nebraska, 42 Missouri, 135, 157 Nortonechinus, 92 Ostrea congests, 42 Nebraska, 35 Norwalk Member, , Otis Formation, Iowa, 110 Ohio, 405, 407, 415 Wisconsin, 194 Otoe County, Nebraska, 36 Pennyroyal Plateau, Kentucky, 374 Nuculites, 104 Otter River, Michigan, 264 , Minnestoa, 68, Outer Blue Grass, Kentucky, 383 73 Oak Bluff Formation, Michigan, 270, Owen Member, Lime Creek Pentamerella zone, Iowa, 114, 116, 271, 272 Formation, Iowa, 89, 90, 91, 92 117 Obolus, 81 Ozark dome, Missouri, 156, 161 pentamerids, Michigan, 282 Oepikina, 95 Ozark Uplift, 250 Pentamerus, 106, 283, 290, 421 Ogallala Group, Nebraska, 1, 4, 5, Ozarks, 147, 148, 151, 245 Pentremites sulcatus, 249 25, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33 Peoria Loess Ohio and Erio Canal, Ohio, 411, 413 Pachyphyllum woodmani, 91 Illinois, 234, 250 Ohio Brush Creek, Ohio, 433 Gainesville Township Park, Ohio, Nebraska, 8, 9, 20, 21, 40, 41 Ohio River, 257, 258, 261, 351, 391, 392 , Nebraska, 35

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Petalotrypa sp., 91 Caseyville Formation, Illinois, , 95, 367, 368 Petoskey Formation, Michigan, 294, 253, 256 Ramp Creek Formation, Indiana, 355 296 Powder Mill Group, Michigan, 264, Ramp Fault, Indiana, 339, 340 Petoskey Stones, 294, 295 267 Rancholabrean age, Fort Niobrara, Petrocrania sp., 91 prairie dogs, Nebraska, 42 Nebraska, 5 , 117 Prairie du Chien Group Rapid Member, Cedar Valley Phanerozoic, Iowa, 77 Illinois, 219 Formation, Iowa, 114, 116 Picea, 425 Iowa, 81, 83, 85, 93 Rapson Creek Dolomite, Michigan, Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, Michigan, 279, 315 291, 292 Michigan, 277 Wisconsin, 194 Rattlesnake Ferry Fault Zone, Pierre Shale, Nebraska, 3, 14, 39 Prasopora, 84 Illinois, 245 Pierson Formation, 173, 174 Red Bridge Limestone Bed, Indiana, Pike County, Ohio, 431 Iowa, 77, 81 334 Pionodema, 95 Michigan, 263, 265, 270, 273, Red Cloud, Nebraska, 39, 41, 42 Pipestone, Minnesota, 77, 78 277 Red Eagle Formation, Nebraska, 37 Pipestone County, Minnesota, 73 Minnesote, 47 Red Sink sinkhole, Missouri, 150 Pipestone National Monument, Missouri, 155, 159, 161, 165, Reeds Spring Formation, Missouri, Minnesota, 73 167, 169 173 Plaesiomys, 106, 368 Nebraska, 35 reefs, , 209, 283, 325, 326, Plagioglypta, 104, 106 Wisconsin, 177 327, 333 plant fossils. See fossil plants Presque Isle River, Michigan, 272 Reelfoot Rift, Illinois, 241 Platte Plains, Michigan, 303 Presque Isle syncline, Michigan, 270 , Indiana, 387, Platte River, Nebraska, 19 Primitia, 104 388 Platte River Valley, Nebraska, 19 Proconodontus, 83 Remsburg Ranch beds, Nebraska, 26 Platteville Formation Prosaukia curvicastata, 279 Reno Member, Lone Rock Formation, Illinois, 219 Prospect Hill Siltstone, Iowa, 125, Iowa, 81 Indiana, 338, 341 128, 131 reptiles Iowa, 83, 84, 93 Protathyris, 111 Michigan, 306 Wisconsin, 201, 205 Nebraska, 4 , Missouri, 141, Manitoba, 43 Republican River, 4 142, 143, 144, 145 Michigan, 270, 273, 274, 275 Reserve Member, Falls City sp., 106, 367 Minnesota, 47, 49, 50, 59, 63, 67, Formation, Nebraska, 37 , Indiana, 73 Retichonetes, 117, 127 325, 326, 333 Missouri, 155, 161 Reticulatrypa, 111 Pleasantville Sandstone Member, Wisconsin, 195 Reynolds County, Missouri, 167, 169 Carbondale Formation, Illinois, Protolabis, 26 Reynoldsburg Coal Member, Abbott 225 protozoans, Missouri, 137 Formation, Illinois, 253 Plectorthis, 367 Prychophyllum, 283, 290 rhinoceros, 4, 5, 17, 26 Pleistocene Pseudagnostus josepha, 81, 83 Rhipidium, 325 Illinois, 231, 248, 250 Pseudoatrypa, 114, 116, 117 rhychonellids, Iowa, 111 Indiana, 325, 328, 337, 342, 249, Pseudopolygnathus multistriatus, 129 Rhynchospira lowi, 283 351, 365, 383 Pterinea, 106 Rib Mountain Quartzite, Wisconsin, Iowa 79, 129 Ptychaspis striata, 81 77 Michigan, 303, 311 Ptychodus, 42 Richardson County, Nebraska, 35, 36 Missouri, 137 Pulaski County, Illinois, 257 Richland Loess, Illinois, 217, 234 Nebraska, 2, 5, 9, 20, 33, 39, 40 Rise of Lost River, Indiana, 375, 379 Ohio, 411 Quarry Hill, Illinois, 247 River Cave sinkhole, Missouri, 149 plesiosaur bones, Iowa, 99 quartzite, Medicine Bow Mountains, Robein Silt, Illinois, 231, 233, 234, Plethomytilus, 111 Wyoming, 26 235 Pleuracanthus, 314 Quaternary Rota Formation, Nebraska, 37 Indiana, 325, 365 , Indiana, 382, Illinois, 260 Manitoba, 44 386 Nebraska, 23, 26, 31, 39 Michigan, 277 Rocklandian age, 95 Pliohippus, 26 Nebraska, 4, 8, 9, 11, 23, 27, 31, Rockview Dolomite, Michigan, 291, Plum River Fault Zone, Iowa, 110 33, 35 292 Pointe Aux Barques, Michigan, 307 Ohio, 399 rodents, Nebraska, 4, 5 Polygnathus sp., 129, 298 Quimby’s Mill Member, Platteville Rosebud Formation, Nebraska, 2, 4 Pomona Fault, Illinois, 248 Formaton, Wisconsin, 201, 204, rostroconchs Ponca State Park, Nebraska, 7 205. 206 Iowa, 116 Pope County, Illinois, 241, 251, 257 Ohio, 397 Porcupine Mountain, Michigan, 269 rabbits, Nebraska, 42 Rotalipora, 12 Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Raber Fossil Beds, Michigan, 281 Rough Creek Graben, Illinois, 241 Park, Michigan, 269 Raccoon Creek Group, Indiana, 349, Rough Creek–Shawneetown Fault Porkies. See Porcupine Mountains 350 System, Illinois, 241, 243 Porter County, Indiana, 321, 322 Raccoon shale, Ohio, 412 , Minnesota, 49, Potosi Hill, Wisconsin, 201 , Illinois, 210, 230 50 Pottsville Group, Ohio, 410 radioactive material, Michigan, 275 Roxana Silt, Illinois, 234 Pounds Escarpment, Illinois, 251 radiolarian, Michigan, 297, 299 ruminants, Nebraska, 4 Pounds Sandstone Member, Radnor Till, Illinois, 235 Rush Lake, Michigan, 307, 309

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Sable Creek, Michigan, 278 Scotch Grove Formation, 109, 110, Nebraska, 11 Sable Falls, Michigan, 278 111 Sioux Uplift, Iowa, 77 Saganaga Tonalite, Minnesota, 47, Scotts Bluff National Monument, Siphonodella, 127, 128 48 Nebraska, 13 Skillett Creek, Wisconsin, 199 , Michigan, 307 Scottsburg Lowland, Indiana, 361, Skolithos, 201 St. David Cyclothem, Illinois, 223, 381, 382, 383 Skrainka Hill, Missouri, 162, 163 225 Seagull Lake-Gunflint Lake area, Sky Pilot till, 43, 45 St. Francis River, Missouri, 165, 166 Minnesota, 47 Slabtown Granite, Missouri, 156, St. Francois County, Missouri, 151, Seelyville Coal Member, Raccoon 162, 165, 166 152, 155 Creek Group, Indiana, 350 Sleeping Bear Dune complex, St. Francois Mountains, Missouri, Selenoides iowensis, 95 Michigan, 305 155, 159, 161, 165, 167, 169 Sellers Limestone Member, Sleeping Bear Dunes national St. Joe Limestone Casey vine Formation, Illinois, lakeshore, Michigan, 303 , 173 256 Smith Falls, Nebraska, 5 Oklahoma, 173 Sellersburg Limestone, Kentucky, 384 snails, fossil St. Laurent Limestone, Missouri, 247 Sentinel Rock, Scotts Bluff National Michigan, 300, 301 St. Lawrence Formation Monument, Nebraska, 14 Nebraska, 40, 42 Iowa, 83, 84, 87 Septemchiton, 104 Snider Till Member, Wedron Wisconsin 191 Serpent Mound disturbance, Ohio, Formation, Indiana, 345, 346, St. Louis Limestone, Indiana, 356 431 347 St. Louis River, Minnesota, 67, 69 Serpent Mount, Ohio, 342 Solon Member, Cedar Valley St. Peter River, Wisconsin, 201 Formation, Iowa, 114 St. Peter Sandstone Illinois, 219 Solon Sea, 114 Illinois, 213, 219 Indiana, 337, 338, 341 Soudan Hill, Minnesota, 56 Indiana, 338, 339, 342, 371 Iowa, 83, 85 Soudan Iron-formation Member, Ely Iowa, 83, 84, 85, 93 sharks, Nebraska, 12 Greenstone, 55, 56 Missouri, 143 Sharon Conglomerate, Ohio, 404, South Manitou Island, Michigan, 305 Ottawa, 219 405, 406 Sowerbyella, 95 Wisconsin, 201, 205 Shawneetown Fault Zone, Illinois, Spatiopora, 106 Ste. Genevieve County, Illinois, 247 241 Spechts Ferry Formation Ste. Genevieve Fault Zone, Illinois, Sheep pasture Bluff, Wisconsin, 185 Illinois, 239 245, 250 Shelby vine Till, Ohio, 424 Iowa, 85 Ste. Genevieve Limestone, Indiana, Shell Rock Formation, Iowa, 90, 113 Spechts Ferry Shale Member, Decorah 351, 377 Sherman Hill, Michigan, 264, 267 Formation, Wisconsin, 204, 208 Salamonie Dolomite, Indiana, 338, Shermanian age, Iowa, 96 Speed Member, North Vernon 368, 369 Shoals, Indiana, 371 Limestone, Kentucky, 384 , Indiana, 355, 356, shut-in, definition of, 170 Sphenophyllum, 314 358 Sigillaria, 314 Spickert Knob Formation, Indiana, Salem Point Member, Grenola Silurian 359, 360, 361 Formation, Nebraska, 36 Illinois, 227, 240 Spinatrypa sp., 91, 114, 117 Salina Group Indiana, 325, 338, 365, 368, 371 Spinocyrtia oweni, 91 Indiana, 325, 335 Iowa, 103, 106, 109, 113 spiriferid, Iowa, 116 Michigan, 292 Michigan, 263, 265, 281, 287, Spirinella, 111 Sallyards Limestone Member, Grenola 289 Spirorbis sp., 91 Formation, Nebraska, 36 Ohio, 419, 435 sponges Salt River, Indiana, 383 Silurian reefs, 209, 283, 325, 326, Iowa, 104 Saluda Formation, Indiana, 365, 366, 327, 333 Missouri, 137 367, 368 Silurian Sea, 283 Spoon Formation, Illinois, 219 San Juan volcanic field, Colorado, 24 Silurian-Devonian unconformity, , Ohio, 419, 421 sand dunes. See dunes, sand Indiana, 325, 326 Springview Table, Nebraska, 5 Sand Rock, Kentucky, 384 Silver Creek Hydraulic Limestone, Springville Shale, Illinois, 242, 243 Sangamon Interglaciation, Manitoba, Indiana, 384 , Michigan, 43 Silver Creek Member, North Vernon 297, 300, 301, 302 Sangamon Soil, Illinois, 232, 234, Limestone, Kentucky, 384 squirrels, Nebraska, 5 235 Silver Mine district, Missouri, 165 Stampers Creek, Indiana, 379 age, Manitoba, 43, 45 silver mining, Missouri, 166 Stark Shale, 123 Santonian age, Nebraska, 42 Silver River, Michigan, 264 Starrs Cave Oolite, Iowa, 125, 128 Sarpy County, Nebraska, 36 Silvermine Granite, Missouri, 156, Starrs Cave Park, Iowa, 125 Sauk Sequence, Iowa, 81, 93 162, 165, 166 Starved Rock, Illinois, 219 Saukiella minor, 83 sinkholes Starved Rock Sandstone Member, St. Scales Formation, Illinois, 103, 106, Indiana, 379 Peter Sandstone, Illinois, 213 239, 240 Michigan, 296 State Quarry Member, Cedar Valley scaphopods, Iowa, 104, 126, 128 Missouri, 148, 149, 150 Formation, Iowa, 116 Schackoina trituberculata, 42 Sioux City, Iowa, 97 , Indiana, 349 Schellwienella, 128 Stenotrema leai, 425 Schizophoria sp., 91, 114, 117 Iowa, 77 Stillwater mafic intrusion, 63 Schoolcraft Dolomite, Michigan, Minnesota, 73 Stockton Hill Formation, Wisconsin, 283, 290 Sioux Ridge 194 scolecodonts, Iowa, 92, 104 Iowa, 77 Stokesoceras romingeri, 283

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Stone Creek section, Indiana. See 68, 69, 70 Ullin Limestone, Illinois, 240 Lovers Leap section Thornton Reef, Illinois, 209 ungulates, Nebraska, 17 , Michigan, 266, Three Lick Bed, Ohio, 427 Union County, Illinois, 245, 247, 306 , Minnesota, 49 251, 257 Streptelasma, 283, 290, 368 , Michigan, Union Fault Zone, Nebraska, 35 Stricklandia multilirata, 291 300, 301 Union Spring, Michigan, 271 Stromatactis, 333 Ticona Bedrock Valley, Illinois, 213 Upper Mississippi River Valley, 84, stromatolites, Michigan, 283 tills 125 stromatoporoids Illinois, 213, 232, 235 Illinois, 211 Indiana, 322, 343, 346, 366 Valentine Formation, Nebraska, 1, 2, Indiana, 325, 326 Manitoba, 43, 44 3, 4, 5 Iowa, 91, 92, 112, 116 Missouri, 137 Valley of the Giants, Michigan, 306 Kentucky, 385 Nebraska, 20 Valmeyer Anticline, Illinois, 237 Michigan, 283, 292 Ohio, 393, 395, 400, 423 Valmeyeran Series Ohio, 396, 397, 420 , Illinois, 322 Illinois, 240, 242 Strophodonta, 114, 117 Tioga Bentonite Bed, Indiana, 328 Indiana, 386 , 95, 106, 368 Tippecanoe Sequence Kentucky, 386 Strophonelloides hybrida, 91 Indiana, 326 Valparaiso glaciation, Illinois, 220 Strum, Wisconsin, 183 Iowa, 81, 93 , Indiana, 321 Sturgeon River, Michigan, 264 Tiskilwa ice margin, Illinois, 215, Van Oser Member, Jordan Sandstone, Subprionocychus, 99 216 Wisconsin, 194 Sugar Run Formation, Illinois, 230 Tiskilwa Till Member, Wedron Vandalia Till Member, Farmdale Park, Sulcoretopora, 117 Formation, Illinois, 216 Illinois, 235 Sullivan Slough, Iowa, 127 Todd Valley, Nebraska 19 Vanport Limestone, Ohio, 415 Sulphur, Indiana, 387 Todd Valley Sand, Nebraska, 20 Variatrypa sp., 116 Summit Peak, Michigan, 272 Toleston time, Indiana, 322, 324 Venice Member, Columbus Summum Cyclothem, Illinois, 223, Tolliver Swallowhole, Indiana, 375, Limestone, Ohio, 396, 397, 398 225 379 Vermilion district, Minnesota, 47, 53 Sundance, Manitoba, 44 Tonics Cyclothem, Illinois, 223 Vermilion River, Illinois, 220 Sundance till, 43, 44 Tonti Sandstone Member, St. Peter Vermilionville Sandstone Member, Superior lobe, Michigan, 264 Sandstone, Illinois, 219 Carbondale Formation, Illinois, Superior Province, Canadian Shield, tortoises, Nebraska, 5 223, 225 53 Tower-Soudan anticline, Minnesota, Vermiporella, 95 Survant Coal Member, Illinois and 54 Vertigo alpestris oughtoni, 425 Indiana, 225 Trafalgar Formation, Indiana, 329, Vinton Member, Logan Formation, Swope cyclothem, 123 340, 345, 346 Ohio, 412 Swope Formation, Missouri, 135, Transcontinental Arch, 84, 96, 126 decussata, 290 138 Transverse Group, Michigan, 293 voles, Nebraska, 5 Syringopora, 283, 290 Traverse Limestone Formation Syringostroma, 396 Indiana, 325, 328 Wabash, Indiana 333 Syringothyris extenuates, 127, 360 Michigan, 319, 328 Wabash and , Indiana, Trempealeau County, Wisconsin, 183, 329 Taconic sources, Iowa, 96, 108 184, 185, 191 Wabash County, Indiana, 335 Taney County, Missouri, 173 Trempealeau Formation, Michigan, Wabash Formation, Indiana, 325, tapirs, 4, 17 279, 315 326, 333, 334 Tasmanites, 338 Trempealeauan Stage, Iowa, 83 Wabash Moraine, Indiana, 330 Taum Sauk caldera, Missour, 167 Trier Ditch. See Six Mile Creek Wabash Platform, Ohio, 396 Taum Sauk Mountain, Missouri, 157 Channel Wabash Reef, Indiana, 333 Taum Sauk Rhyolite, Missouri, 167 , Indiana, 329, 335, , 335, 413 Illinois, 211, 246 343 Teays River valley, Indiana, 328 Indiana, 367, 390 Wabash-Erie Channel, Indiana, 329, Teleoceras, 26 Iowa, 81, 83, 95, 104, 106, 110, 330, 331 Tellerina sp., 83 112, 129 Wabash-Erie Divide, Indiana, 329 Tennessee River, 260, 261 Michigan, 279, 283, 287, 291, Wabaunsee Group, Vigil Series, 38 Tennessee River Valley, 259, 261 294 Wapsipinicon Formation, Iowa, 113 Tentaculites, 238, 328 Ohio, 397, 420 Warren County, Indiana, 343, 371 Tenticospirifer cyrtiniformia, 91 Wisconsin, 179, 183 Warsaw Shale, Illinois, 240 Tertiary Tripidoleptus, 248 Washington County, Iowa, 128 Illinois, 258, 259 Tunnel City Group, Wisconsin, 188 Washingtonville Shale, Ohio, 410 Indiana, 363, 366, 383 Turonian age, Iowa, 99 Wassonville Dolomite, Iowa, 125, Nebraska, 1, 2, 4, 13, 32, 33 turtle remains, Nebraska, 12 128 Tete des Morts Formation, Iowa, 106 Tuscaloosa Gravel, Illinois, 259 Waterloo Quartzite, Wisconsin, 77 tetracorals, Michigan, 287 Tuscarora intrusion, Minnesota, 50, Waterloo-Dupo Anticline, Illinois, Tetradium, 368 51 237 Tetraphalerella, 106 Two Harbors, Minnesota 59, 61 Waynesville Shale Member, Thaerodonta, 368 Tylothyris, 114, 116 Brookville Formation, Indiana, Thelecalymene mammilata, 104 Formation, 367 Theodossia hungerfordi, 90, 91 Ohio, 433 Wayside Sandstone Member, Thomson Formation, Minnesota, 67, Tyrell Sea, 44, 46 Caseyville Formation, Illinois,

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249, 250, 253 Whiterockian, Missouri, 143 Manitoba, 43, 45 weasles, Nebraska, 4 , Indiana, 366, , Iowa, 95, 96 Webster County, Nebraska, 39, 41 367, 368, 369 Wocklumeria zone, 127 Wedekindellina euthysepta, 416 Whitney Member, Brule Formation, Wolf Creek Formation, Iowa, 129 Wedron Formation Nebraska, 13, 14, 17, 23, 25, wolverines, Fort Niobrara, Nebraska, Illinois, 213, 216, 234 31, 32 4, 5 Indiana, 345, 346 wildflowers, Michigan, 288 Wonewoc Formation Wedron Section, Illinois, 213 Wilhelmi Formation, Illinois, 228 Iowa, 81, 84 Wellsville Hill, Ohio, 407 wind erosion, Scotts Bluff National Wisconsin, 183 Wesley Chapel Gulf, Indiana, 375, Monument, Nebraska, 15 Wood Siding Formation, Nebraska, 379 Winnebago River, 89, 90 38 Western Interior Province, 97 Winterset Limestone, Iowa, 123 Woodbury Member, Dakota Western Interior Seaway, 99 Winterset, Iowa, 119 Formation, 10 Western Loess Hills, Iowa, 97 Wisconsin Arch, 188 Woodfordian glaciation, Illinois, Westernia pulchra, 91 Wisconsin Dome, 84 213, 235 Westonia, 83 Wisconsinan glaciation Woodfordian time Whiskey Creek Formation, Michigan, Illinois, 213, 227, 235 Indiana, 322, 329 294 Nebraska, 21 Ohio, 400 Whispering Dell, Missouri, 149 Ohio, 423 White River Group, Nebraska, 2, 13, Wisconsinan Stage Zaphrentis, 283, 290 14, 23, 27, 28, 32 Illinois, 233, 234, 250, 261 Zoophycos, 300, 302 Whitehall, Wisconsin, 185 Indiana, 322, 329, 340, 366, 384 Zygospira, 104, 106, 367

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