U.S. Geological Survey Great Lakes Geologic Mapping Coalition Publications Updated March 2020
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Lexicon of Pleistocene Stratigraphic Units of Wisconsin
Lexicon of Pleistocene Stratigraphic Units of Wisconsin ON ATI RM FO K CREE MILLER 0 20 40 mi Douglas Member 0 50 km Lake ? Crab Member EDITORS C O Kent M. Syverson P P Florence Member E R Lee Clayton F Wildcat A Lake ? L L Member Nashville Member John W. Attig M S r ik be a F m n O r e R e TRADE RIVER M a M A T b David M. Mickelson e I O N FM k Pokegama m a e L r Creek Mbr M n e M b f a e f lv m m i Sy e l M Prairie b C e in Farm r r sk er e o emb lv P Member M i S ill S L rr L e A M Middle F Edgar ER M Inlet HOLY HILL V F Mbr RI Member FM Bakerville MARATHON Liberty Grove M Member FM F r Member e E b m E e PIERCE N M Two Rivers Member FM Keene U re PIERCE A o nm Hersey Member W le FM G Member E Branch River Member Kinnickinnic K H HOLY HILL Member r B Chilton e FM O Kirby Lake b IG Mbr Boundaries Member m L F e L M A Y Formation T s S F r M e H d l Member H a I o V r L i c Explanation o L n M Area of sediment deposited F e m during last part of Wisconsin O b er Glaciation, between about R 35,000 and 11,000 years M A Ozaukee before present. -
Indiana Glaciers.PM6
How the Ice Age Shaped Indiana Jerry Wilson Published by Wilstar Media, www.wilstar.com Indianapolis, Indiana 1 Previiously published as The Topography of Indiana: Ice Age Legacy, © 1988 by Jerry Wilson. Second Edition Copyright © 2008 by Jerry Wilson ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2 For Aaron and Shana and In Memory of Donna 3 Introduction During the time that I have been a science teacher I have tried to enlist in my students the desire to understand and the ability to reason. Logical reasoning is the surest way to overcome the unknown. The best aid to reasoning effectively is having the knowledge and an understanding of the things that have previ- ously been determined or discovered by others. Having an understanding of the reasons things are the way they are and how they got that way can help an individual to utilize his or her resources more effectively. I want my students to realize that changes that have taken place on the earth in the past have had an effect on them. Why are some towns in Indiana subject to flooding, whereas others are not? Why are cemeteries built on old beach fronts in Northwest Indiana? Why would it be easier to dig a basement in Valparaiso than in Bloomington? These things are a direct result of the glaciers that advanced southward over Indiana during the last Ice Age. The history of the land upon which we live is fascinating. Why are there large granite boulders nested in some of the fields of northern Indiana since Indiana has no granite bedrock? They are known as glacial erratics, or dropstones, and were formed in Canada or the upper Midwest hundreds of millions of years ago. -
Stratigraphy of Lake Michigan Lobe Deposits in Van Buren County, Michigan
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 6-2003 Stratigraphy of Lake Michigan Lobe Deposits in Van Buren County, Michigan Steven P. Beukema Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Beukema, Steven P., "Stratigraphy of Lake Michigan Lobe Deposits in Van Buren County, Michigan" (2003). Master's Theses. 4445. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/4445 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. f STRATIGRAPHY OF LAKE MICiflGANLOBE DEPOSITS IN VAN BUREN COUNTY, MICiflGAN by Steven P. Beukema A Thesis Submitted to the Facultyof The Graduate College in partial fulfillmentof the requirements forthe Degree of Master of Science Departmentof Geosciences WesternMichigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan June 2003 Copyright by Steven P. Beukema 2003 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are several people who deserve recognition for their generous support. I would first like to thank Bill Bush forsuggesting the idea of doing graduate work in geology at WMU. Two of my cohorts in the department, Andrew Kozlowski and Brian Bird, deserve special recognition for endless hours of ruminating with me about many things, in particular about the last 20,000 years in southwest Michigan. I wish also to thank Andrew forstepping out of his pessimistic outlook to offerme continual encouragement to pursue science and academia. Brian was always willing to spend time making figures and answering my constant questions about GIS, Canvas, and a host of other programs. -
Geologic Resources Inventory Map Document for Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Directorate Geologic Resources Division Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore GRI Ancillary Map Information Document Produced to accompany the Geologic Resources Inventory (GRI) Digital Geologic Data for Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore indu_geology.pdf Version: 3/4/2014 I Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Geologic Resources Inventory Map Document for Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Table of Contents Geologic R.e..s.o..u..r.c..e..s.. .I.n..v.e..n..t.o..r..y. .M...a..p.. .D..o..c..u..m...e..n..t....................................................................... 1 About the N..P..S.. .G...e..o..l.o..g..i.c. .R...e..s.o..u..r.c..e..s.. .I.n..v.e..n..t.o..r..y. .P...r.o..g..r.a..m........................................................... 2 GRI Digital .M...a..p.. .a..n..d.. .S..o..u..r.c..e.. .M...a..p.. .C..i.t.a..t.i.o..n............................................................................... 4 Map Unit Li.s..t.......................................................................................................................... 5 Map Unit De..s..c..r.i.p..t.i.o..n..s............................................................................................................. 7 Qlmm - Fille..d.. .a..n..d.. .m..o..d..i.f.i.e..d../.d..i.s..t.u..r.b..e..d.. .l.a..n..d.. .(.H..o..l.o..c..e..n..e..).................................................................................................. 7 Qlma1 - Ch.a..n..n..e..l. .a..n..d.. .f.l.o..o..d..p..l.a..in.. .(..H..o..l.o..c..e..n..e..)................................................................................................................. 7 Qlma2 - Ch.a..n..n..e..l. .a..n..d.. .f.l.o..o..d..p..l.a..in. -
Geology of Michigan and the Great Lakes
35133_Geo_Michigan_Cover.qxd 11/13/07 10:26 AM Page 1 “The Geology of Michigan and the Great Lakes” is written to augment any introductory earth science, environmental geology, geologic, or geographic course offering, and is designed to introduce students in Michigan and the Great Lakes to important regional geologic concepts and events. Although Michigan’s geologic past spans the Precambrian through the Holocene, much of the rock record, Pennsylvanian through Pliocene, is miss- ing. Glacial events during the Pleistocene removed these rocks. However, these same glacial events left behind a rich legacy of surficial deposits, various landscape features, lakes, and rivers. Michigan is one of the most scenic states in the nation, providing numerous recre- ational opportunities to inhabitants and visitors alike. Geology of the region has also played an important, and often controlling, role in the pattern of settlement and ongoing economic development of the state. Vital resources such as iron ore, copper, gypsum, salt, oil, and gas have greatly contributed to Michigan’s growth and industrial might. Ample supplies of high-quality water support a vibrant population and strong industrial base throughout the Great Lakes region. These water supplies are now becoming increasingly important in light of modern economic growth and population demands. This text introduces the student to the geology of Michigan and the Great Lakes region. It begins with the Precambrian basement terrains as they relate to plate tectonic events. It describes Paleozoic clastic and carbonate rocks, restricted basin salts, and Niagaran pinnacle reefs. Quaternary glacial events and the development of today’s modern landscapes are also discussed. -
Quaternary Geology of the Indiana Portion of the Eastern Extent of The
Quaternary Geology of the Indiana Portion of the Eastern TODD A. THOMPSON, STATE GEOLOGIST Extent of the South Bend 30- x 60-Minute Quadrangle By José Luis Antinao and Robin F. Rupp Bloomington, Indiana OVERVIEW OF THE GEOLOGY, STRATIGRAPHY, AND MORPHOLOGY 2021 The map area is underlain by unconsolidated deposits of Pleistocene and Holocene age having thicknesses greater than 350 ft north of South Bend, and more than 450 ft -86°7'30" 580000E -86°0'00" -86°15'00" 5 575 northeast of Mishawaka, usually reaching 200 ft elsewhere. All surficial deposits are -86°22'30" 5 5 565 70 -86°30'00" 5 5 55 60 800 45 50 800 mid- to late Wisconsin Episode or younger (<50,000 years ago, or <50 ka), occurring Qma 31 Qas Qac 800 as a minor (<100 ft) cover above a thicker pre-Wisconsin package. A thin, Qml Qwv2 % Dreamwold ? Qwe1 Qwv1 Qwpp1 Heights Qwe1 Qwe1 discontinuous cover of postglacial alluvial, lacustrine, paludal, and aeolian deposits Qwv3 800 800 41°45'00" Qac5 % Qwe1 41°45'00" Qao5 % not exceeding 25 ft caps the glacial sequence. 80 Qwe2 700 800 Qwpp3 Qwe1 Qao5 % 23 Qwpp3 800 Landforms and near-surface deposits reflect the interplay between the Saginaw and I 800 ND % Qao3 I % AN Qao5 Lake Michigan Lobes of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. In the Mishawaka fan upland Qwpp2 A T Granger INDI OL ANA TOLL RD 80 L RD Qwpp2 Qwpp2 Qao4 (Bleuer and Melhorn, 1989) at the center of the map, the morphology is marked by a 31 ? Qac 46 Qml BUS 46 shallow (30–50 ft depth) pre-Wisconsin buried surface, similar to the one present in 20 Qao4 Roseland 800 20 Qao4 800 800 southwestern Elkhart County (Fleming and Karaffa, 2012). -
Behavior of the James Lobe, South Dakota During Termination I
Behavior of the James Lobe, South Dakota during Termination I A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Geology of the McMicken College of Arts and Sciences by Stephanie L. Heath MSc., University of Maine BSc., University of Maine July 18, 2019 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Thomas V. Lowell Dr. Aaron Diefendorf Dr. Aaron Putnam Dr. Dylan Ward i ABSTRACT The Laurentide Ice Sheet was the largest ice sheet of the last glacial period that terminated in an extensive terrestrial margin. This dissertation aims to assess the possible linkages between the behavior of the southern Laurentide margin and sea surface temperature in the adjacent North Atlantic Ocean. Toward this end, a new chronology for the westernmost lobe of the Southern Laurentide is developed and compared to the existing paradigm of southern Laurentide behavior during the last glacial period. Heath et al., (2018) address the question of whether the terrestrial lobes of the southern Laurentide Ice Sheet margin advanced during periods of decreased sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic. This study establishes the pattern of asynchronous behavior between eastern and western sectors of the southern Laurentide margin and identifies a chronologic gap in the western sector. This is the first comprehensive review of the southern Laurentide margin since Denton and Hughes (1981) and Mickelson and Colgan (2003). The results of Heath et al., (2018) also revealed the lack of chronologic data from the Lobe, South Dakota, the westernmost lobe of the southern Laurentide margin. -
Analysis of an Interlobate Boundary in the Wisconsinan Drift of Kalamazoo County and Adjacent Areas in Southwestern Michigan
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 8-1977 Analysis of an Interlobate Boundary in the Wisconsinan Drift of Kalamazoo County and Adjacent Areas in Southwestern Michigan Norman A. Lovan Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Lovan, Norman A., "Analysis of an Interlobate Boundary in the Wisconsinan Drift of Kalamazoo County and Adjacent Areas in Southwestern Michigan" (1977). Master's Theses. 2207. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/2207 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ANALYSIS OF AN INTERLOBATE BOUNDARY IN THE WISCONSINAN DRIFT OF KALAMAZOO COUNTY AND ADJACENT AREAS IN SOUTHWESTERN MICHIGAN by Norman A. Lovan A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Science Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan August 19 77 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ANALYSIS OF AN INTERLOBATE BOUNDARY IN THE WISCONSINAN DRIFT OF KALAMAZOO COUNTY AND ADJACENT AREAS IN SOUTHWESTERN MICHIGAN Norman A. Lovan, M.S. Western Michigan University, 1977 ABSTRACT A detailed investigation of selected textural and mineralogical aspects of tills in southwestern Michigan is used to define an interlobate boundary relationship be tween the Wisconsinan ice of the Lake Michigan and Saginaw lobes. Bedrock underlying the study area contributed lit tle to the bulk composition of the tills investigated. -
Stratigraphic Analysis of Diamicton Units in Southern Allegan County, Michigan
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 4-2002 Stratigraphic Analysis of Diamicton Units in Southern Allegan County, Michigan Shannon A. Wong Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Wong, Shannon A., "Stratigraphic Analysis of Diamicton Units in Southern Allegan County, Michigan" (2002). Master's Theses. 4417. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/4417 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF DIAMICTON UNITS IN SOUTHERN ALLEGAN COUNTY, MICHIGAN by Shannon A. Wong A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillmentof the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Department of Geosciences WesternMichigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan April 2002 Copyright by Shannon A. Wong 2002 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I gratefullyacknowledge some of the geology graduate students at Western Michigan University and friendswho have accompanied me in the field. Their assistance is greatly appreciated. I would like to thank John Grace, Andrew Kozlowski, and Brian Bird for their advice and support at the onset of my laboratory work. Getting started is the hardest part, especially when learning a new technique. I would like to acknowledge the US Army Research Officefor one year of sup port. I would also like to acknowledge my main advisor, Alan Kehew, forhis tremen dous help on my thesis and Ron Chase forintroducing me to his research site in Allegan County. -
PLEISTOCENE STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS of Wisconsin
MISCELLANEOUS PAPER 84-1 PLEISTOCENE STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS OF WISCONSiN by David M. Mickelson, Lee Clayton, Robert W. Baker, William N. Mode and Allan F. Schneider available from Geological and Natural History Survey University of Wisconsin-Extension 1815 University Avenue Madison, Wisconsin 53705 MISCELLANEOUS PAPER 84-1 PLEISTOCENE STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS OF WISCONSIN by David M. Mickelson, Lee Clayton, Robert W. Baker, William N. Mode and Allan F. Schneider available from Geological and Natural History Survey University of Wisconsin�Extension 1815 University Avenue Madison, Wisconsin 53705 JUL 1984 CONTENTS Acknowledgements ..................... ..............It ................................................It .................. iv Abstract ............................................................................................................................ I Introduction It .. .. ........ .. .... .. ................ .. ........ .. .. .. ........ .. .. .. .. .. .... ........ .. .... .. .. ............ .. ........ I Principles of Lithostratigraphic Classification in Wisconsin •• •••••••• 2 Summary of Lithostratigraphic Units Defined in this Paper ••••••••••••• 5 Units of Probable Pre-Wisconsinan and Early Wisconsinan Age •••••••• 5 Units of Late Wisconsinan Age ............................................................................ 7 References Cited ............................................................................................................ 12 Appendix 1. Walworth Formation .. ................ ......It .... ....It -
Traverse City Environmental Assessment 2012
Traverse City Environmental Stewardship Assessment 2012 Let Our Resources Work For You. Workforce • Business • Community Acknowledgements The Northwest Michigan Council of Governments would like to thank all of the people who gave their time and resources towards the development of the City of Traverse City’s Environ- mental Stewardship Assessment. Prepared by: PO Box 506 Traverse City, MI 49685-0506 www.nwm.org With funding from: Financial assistance for this project was provided, in part, by the Michigan Coastal Manage- ment Program, Office of the Great Lakes, Department of Environmental Quality, through a grant from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Com- merce. Michigan's Office of the Great Lakes leads policy development and implements programs to protect, restore and sustain our most precious natural resource. The office collaborates with partners to support sustainable use of these coastal resources, coordinate restoration of severely degraded areas, manage water quality and quantity, prevent aquatic invasive species and engage in emerging issues. We are committed to our Great Lakes mission to ensure a healthy environment, strong economy and high quality of life. 2012 Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................................. i Contents .................................................................................................................................................................. -
Glacial Lakes Around Michigan
The Glacial Lakes around Michigan By William R. Farrand, University of Michigan Bulletin 4, revised 1988 Geological Survey Division Michigan Department of Environmental Quality Bulletin 4 - Glacial Lakes Around Michigan By William R. Farrand, University of Michigan, 1967 revised 1998 Illustrated by Kathline Clahassey, University of Michigan Published by Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. Geological Survey Division Contents Preface............................................................................................................................................ 3 Abstract........................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Was There A Glacier?..................................................................................................................... 4 Figure 1: The modem Great Lakes have a water surface area greater than 95,000 square miles, a total drainage area of about 295,000 square miles, and a shore line 8,300 miles long. ................................................................................................4 Figure 2: Features originating at a glacier front occur in a definite order. ...................................................................................5 Figure 3: Landforms of continental glaciation are unmistakable. Compare with figure 2 ............................................................5